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,{"id":4016,"text":"cir445 - 1961 - Occurrence of minor elements in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:01:22","indexId":"cir445","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"445","title":"Occurrence of minor elements in water","docAbstract":"Three basic studies, using spectrographic methods, have been used to establish the occurrence of minor elements in natural waters. One study, of oceanborne chemicals in principal rivers, has established a method for the quantitative analysis of many minor elements. Strontium, barium, lithium, rubidium, chromium, nickel, copper, lead, boron, titanium, molybdenum, manganese, and vanadium occur most frequently in measurable quantities. \r\n\r\nReconnaissance of the strontium in surface waters of the United States, shows that surface waters in parts of northern and western Texas and southern New Mexico and Arizona are comparatively high in strontium. A study of minor elements in selected waters of California is continuing. Assessment of preliminary data on uranium and radium in waters is facilitated by grouping data for 10 geotectonic regions of the United States.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir445","usgsCitation":"Durum, W.H., and Haffty, J., 1961, Occurrence of minor elements in water: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 445, iii, 11 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;27cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir445.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;27cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31108,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0445/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124478,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0445/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af5e4b07f02db69235d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haffty, Joseph","contributorId":79450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haffty","given":"Joseph","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":52160,"text":"ofr6144 - 1961 - Floods in Wisconsin: Magnitude and frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-21T15:03:10","indexId":"ofr6144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-44","title":"Floods in Wisconsin: Magnitude and frequency","docAbstract":"<p>Flood data from gaging stations on Wisconsin rivers and streams are listed in this report. From these data, composite frequency curves were defined which express the ratio of floods of various recurrence intervals to the mean annual flood. Multiple correlation techniques were used to obtain formulas that relate the basin parameters of drainage area, main channel slope, and lake and reservoir surface area to the mean annual flood. By combining the results from the mean annual flood formulas with the regional frequency curves, the flood-frequency relationship can be determined for most sites in the State where the drainage basin exceeds 20 square miles. The curves and formulas are not applicable to: main stem of several of the larger rivers, highly regulated streams where it is possible for man to alter flood peaks, and drainage basins under 70 square miles in a part of west-central Wisconsin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.3133/ofr6144","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State Highway Commission of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Ericson, D., 1961, Floods in Wisconsin: Magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-44, iv, 109 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6144.","productDescription":"iv, 109 p.","numberOfPages":"124","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178750,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86673,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":3468,"text":"cir437 - 1961 - Progress in the application of landform analysis in studies of semiarid erosion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:09:48","indexId":"cir437","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"437","title":"Progress in the application of landform analysis in studies of semiarid erosion","docAbstract":"The analysis of topographic and hydrologic data gathered during studies of erosion in semiarid areas of Western United States show the following relation: (a) Mean annual sediment yield from small drainage basins is related to a ratio of basin relief to length; (b) mean annual runoff from small drainage basins is related to drainage density; (c) mean annual sediment yield per unit area decreases with increase in drainage area; (d) the form of some convex hill slopes is related to surficial creep; (e) asymmetry of drainage basins, including differences in hill-slope erosion and drainage density, is related to microclimatic variations on slopes of diverse exposure; .(f) the cutting of discontinuous gullies is closely related to steepening by deposition of the semiarid valley floor; (g) aggradation in ephemeral streams seems to be most prevalent in reaches where the ratio of contributing drainage area to channel length is relatively small; and (h) streamchannel shape, expressed as a width-depth ratio, is related to the percentage of silt-clay in bed and bank alluvium. The above relations cannot be detected without measurement of terrain characteristics. They further indicate the importance of quantitative terrain analysis in studies of erosion.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir437","usgsCitation":"Schumm, S.A., and Hadley, R.F., 1961, Progress in the application of landform analysis in studies of semiarid erosion: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 437, iii, 14 p. :diagrs., profile. ;27cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir437.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p. :diagrs., profile. ;27cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30480,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0437/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0437/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schumm, Stanley Alfred","contributorId":101652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumm","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Alfred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hadley, R. F.","contributorId":27028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hadley","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3411,"text":"cir439 - 1961 - Time of travel of water in the Ohio River, Pittsburgh to Cincinnati","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-09T08:32:55","indexId":"cir439","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"439","title":"Time of travel of water in the Ohio River, Pittsburgh to Cincinnati","docAbstract":"This report presents a procedure for estimating the time of travel of water in the Ohio River from Pittsburgh, Pa., to Cincinnati, Ohio, under various river stage conditions. This information is primarily for use by civil defense officials and by others concerned with problems involving travel time of river water. \r\n\r\nTables and charts are presented to show, for a particular stage or discharge at Cincinnati, the average time it would take for water to travel through the entire reach from Pittsburgh, or through successive intermediate segments of the reach. For example, when the discharge at Cincinnati is 200,000 cfs, travel time from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati, a distance of 470 miles, averages about 7 days; and for discharges of more than 200,000 cfs, the travel time decreases very slowly with increasing discharge. When the discharge is 30,000 cfs, travel time is about 28 days; and for discharges of less than 30,000 cfs, the travel time increases very rapidly with decreasing discharge. Estimates of travel time at low discharge are subject to large errors. Statistical analysis of the possible variations of upstream discharge for a given discharge at Cincinnati indicates that the shortest probable travel time from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati ranges from 56 percent of that under average conditions when the discharge at Cincinnati is 15,000 cfs to 93 percent of that under average conditions when the discharge at Cincinnati is 894,000 cfs. \r\n\r\nA chart showing the time distribution of flow at Cincinnati is presented so that the probable travel time of Ohio River water can be determined for any time of the year. This chart provides information which, when applied to the time-of-travel chart, shows that the most probable travel time of water from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati ranges from 160 hours in February to 1,250 hours in September. Also presented is a flow-duration curve that can be used to predict future discharges and, subsequently, times of travel, for use in long-range planning. The procedure used to compute time of travel is described in sufficient detail to make it usable as a guide for similar studies of other rivers that have deans and pools in the reach being studied. \r\n\r\nThe computations for the time-of-travel charts were made as follows: (a) by dividing the reach between Pittsburgh and Cincinnati into four subreaches with a full-range streamgaging station at or near the ends of each; (b) by computing for each subreach mean velocities corresponding to various discharges at Cincinnati, using data obtained from river survey maps and data available from gaging station operations; (c) by assuming that any mass of contaminated water would travel at a rate equal to that of the mean velocity of the river water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir439","usgsCitation":"Steacy, R.E., 1961, Time of travel of water in the Ohio River, Pittsburgh to Cincinnati: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 439, iii, 14 p. :map, diagrs., tables. ;27cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir439.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p. :map, diagrs., tables. ;27cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":30428,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0439/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0439/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.957275390625,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.8046875,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.8046875,\n              40.73893324113601\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.957275390625,\n              40.73893324113601\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.957275390625,\n              38.272688535980976\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b6e4b07f02db533c35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steacy, Robert E.","contributorId":71162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steacy","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":52165,"text":"ofr6150 - 1961 - Data on wells at Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-24T21:05:38.643088","indexId":"ofr6150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-50","title":"Data on wells at Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Ladd Air Force Base, in central Alaska, obtains its water supply from wells. A tabulation of 104 wells gives available data on depth, diameter, yield, and depth of permafrost encountered. Also given are 23 well logs and 21 chemical analyses of well waters and treated waters from Ladd Air Force Base.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6150","usgsCitation":"Feulner, A., 1961, Data on wells at Ladd Air Force Base, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-50, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6150.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419271,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178854,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Ladd Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -147.67058155896018,\n              64.85214806667582\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.67058155896018,\n              64.81946132923088\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.48595313270116,\n              64.81946132923088\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.48595313270116,\n              64.85214806667582\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.67058155896018,\n              64.85214806667582\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feulner, Alvin J.","contributorId":15694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feulner","given":"Alvin J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":71097,"text":"wdrMN611 - 1961 - Surface Water Records of Minnesota, 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"wdrMN611","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MN-61-1","title":"Surface Water Records of Minnesota, 1961","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMN611","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Surface Water Records of Minnesota, 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MN-61-1, vii, 174 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMN611.","productDescription":"vii, 174 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":101515,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1961/mn-61-1/report.pdf","size":"12697","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":192647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1961/mn-61-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":3538,"text":"cir455 - 1961 - Annotated bibliography of water-use data, 1960","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir455","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"455","title":"Annotated bibliography of water-use data, 1960","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir455","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Randall, L., 1961, Annotated bibliography of water-use data, 1960: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 455, iii, 14 p.; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir455.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117471,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0455/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30555,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0455/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bdd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Randall, Lois E.","contributorId":31738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Lois E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":52265,"text":"ofr6299 - 1961 - Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":52265,"text":"ofr6299 - 1961 - Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency","indexId":"ofr6299","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70047418,"text":"70047418 - 1971 - Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968","indexId":"70047418","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70047418,"text":"70047418 - 1971 - Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968","indexId":"70047418","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency characteristics through 1968"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T12:38:22","indexId":"ofr6299","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"62-99","title":"Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents methods by which the magnitude and frequency of expected floods for most streams in Arkansas may be determined. Flood data have been used to define flood-frequency curves applicable to the State.</p><p>Composite frequency curves have been defined showing the relation of the mean annual flood to floods having recurrence intervals of 1. 2 to 50 years. Other curves express the relation of the mean annual flood to drainage basin characteristics. For the northern part of the State, it was found that the slope of the composite frequency curve varies with drainage area size, and an adjustment curve was drawn for use in conjunction with the composite curve for this area.</p><p>By combining data from the composite and mean annual flood curves a flood-frequency curve may be drawn for any stream in Arkansas, not materially affected by works of man, within the limits of drainage area and recurrence interval defined by base data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Smith, Arkansas","doi":"10.3133/ofr6299","usgsCitation":"Patterson, J.L., 1961, Floods in Arkansas, magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 62-99, iv, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6299.","productDescription":"iv, 128 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, James L.","contributorId":17593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":245058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2289,"text":"wsp1539H - 1961 - Ground-water resources of Olmsted Air Force Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-21T10:38:54","indexId":"wsp1539H","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1539","chapter":"H","title":"Ground-water resources of Olmsted Air Force Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>Olmsted Air Force Base is underlain by the Gettysburg shale of Triassic age. The Gettysburg shale at the Air Force Base consists of interbedded red sandstone, siltstone, and shale. The average strike of the strata is N. 43° E., and the strata dip to the northwest at an average angle of 26°. The transmissibility of known aquifers in the warehouse area of the Air Force Base is low. Therefore, wells in the warehouse area have low specific capacities and yield only small supplies of water. Wells on the main base, however, yield relatively large supplies of water because the transmissibilities of the aquifers are relatively high. Pumping tests in the warehouse area and the eastern area of the main base indicated the presence of impermeable boundaries in both areas. Pumping tests in the central and western parts of the main base revealed that the Susquehanna River probably is acting as a source of recharge (forms a recharge boundary) for wells in those areas. Data obtained during this investigation indicate that additional supplies of ground water for Olmsted Air Force Base could best be obtained from the western part of the main base. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1539H","usgsCitation":"Meisler, H., and Longwill, S.M., 1961, Ground-water resources of Olmsted Air Force Base, Middletown, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1539, iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1539H.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28088,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1539h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meisler, Harold","contributorId":34103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meisler","given":"Harold","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Longwill, Stanley Miller","contributorId":85565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longwill","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"Miller","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1260,"text":"wsp1534 - 1961 - Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55762,"text":"ofr5732 - 1957 - Records of selected artesian wells in South Dakota","indexId":"ofr5732","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Records of selected artesian wells in South Dakota"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1260,"text":"wsp1534 - 1961 - Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","indexId":"wsp1534","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:41:30","indexId":"wsp1534","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1534","title":"Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>Artesian aquifers underlie most of South Dakota and large areas in adjacent States. About 15,000 wells have been completed since 1881 in these aquifers within South Dakota. Many wells that originally flowed have ceased to flow and have been abandoned, and others have been equipped with pumps. Many thousands, however, continue to flow. This report presents data collected through June 1958 and includes records of 1,045 flowing and nonflowing artesian wells</p>\n<p>Sufficient information is not available at present (1958) to permit a detailed description of the geologic and hydrologic properties of artesian aquifers or their correlation in South Dakota. The description of&nbsp;the various aquifers given in this report is, therefore, necessarily a general one.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp1534","usgsCitation":"Davis, R.W., Dyer, C., and Powell, J., 1961, Progress report on wells penetrating artesian aquifers in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1534, Report: iv, 100 p.;  3 Plates: 26.00 x 17.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1534.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 100 p.;  3 Plates: 26.00 x 17.50 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26208,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26209,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26210,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26211,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.029541015625,\n              45.935870621190546\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.08447265624999,\n              43.004647127794435\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.536376953125,\n              42.99661231842139\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.031005859375,\n              42.74701217318067\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.811279296875,\n              42.85180609584705\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.23999023437499,\n              42.85180609584705\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.976318359375,\n              42.73894375124379\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.624755859375,\n              42.569264372193864\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.40502929687499,\n              42.21224516288584\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.317138671875,\n              42.25291778330197\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.40502929687499,\n              42.39912215986002\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.45996093749999,\n              42.553080288955826\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.64672851562499,\n              42.73087427928485\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5478515625,\n              42.84375132629021\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.492919921875,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.427001953125,\n              43.15710884095329\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.51489257812499,\n              43.29320031385282\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.51489257812499,\n              43.381097587278596\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.602783203125,\n              43.50872101129684\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.448974609375,\n              43.492782808225\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.43798828125,\n              45.24395342262324\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.51489257812499,\n              45.38301927899065\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.64672851562499,\n              45.40616374516014\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.778564453125,\n              45.51404592560424\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.866455078125,\n              45.63708709571876\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.624755859375,\n              45.767522962149904\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.56982421875,\n              45.94351068030587\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.029541015625,\n              45.935870621190546\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, R. W.","contributorId":93459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dyer, C.F.","contributorId":23917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dyer","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powell, J.E.","contributorId":27030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":71101,"text":"wdrWI611 - 1961 - Surface water records of Wisconsin, 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:03","indexId":"wdrWI611","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WI-61-1","title":"Surface water records of Wisconsin, 1961","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrWI611","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Surface water records of Wisconsin, 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WI-61-1, vi, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWI611.","productDescription":"vi, 143 p.","numberOfPages":"149","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696723","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1165,"text":"wsp1593 - 1961 - Simplified methods for computing total sediment discharge with the modified Einstein procedure","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55755,"text":"ofr5721 - 1957 - Simplified methods for computing total sediment discharge with the modified Einstein procedure","indexId":"ofr5721","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Simplified methods for computing total sediment discharge with the modified Einstein procedure"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1165,"text":"wsp1593 - 1961 - Simplified methods for computing total sediment discharge with the modified Einstein procedure","indexId":"wsp1593","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Simplified methods for computing total sediment discharge with the modified Einstein procedure"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1593","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1593","title":"Simplified methods for computing total sediment discharge with the modified Einstein procedure","docAbstract":"A procedure was presented in 1950 by H. A. Einstein for computing the total discharge of sediment particles of sizes that are in appreciable quantities in the stream bed. This procedure was modified by the U.S. Geological Survey and adapted to computing the total sediment discharge of a stream on the basis of samples of bed sediment, depth-integrated samples of suspended sediment, streamflow measurements, and water temperature. This paper gives simplified methods for computing total sediment discharge by the modified Einstein procedure. Each of four homographs appreciably simplifies a major step in the computations. Within the stated limitations, use of the homographs introduces much less error than is present in either the basic data or the theories on which the computations of total sediment discharge are based. The results are nearly as accurate mathematically as those that could be obtained from the longer and more complex arithmetic and algebraic computations of the Einstein procedure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1593","usgsCitation":"Colby, B.R., and Hubbell, D.W., 1961, Simplified methods for computing total sediment discharge with the modified Einstein procedure: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1593, vi, 17 p. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1593.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26000,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264358,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/plate-1.pdf","size":"3161","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264359,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/plate-2.pdf","size":"2582","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264360,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/plate-3.pdf","size":"1606","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264361,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/plate-4.pdf","size":"355","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264362,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/plate-5.pdf","size":"1808","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264363,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/plate-6.pdf","size":"1599","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264364,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/plate-7.pdf","size":"4402","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":264365,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1593/plate-8.pdf","size":"4532","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f38d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colby, Bruce R.","contributorId":59775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hubbell, David Wellington","contributorId":88330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubbell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"Wellington","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3500,"text":"cir454 - 1961 - Floods in New York, magnitude and frequency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T20:09:46","indexId":"cir454","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"454","title":"Floods in New York, magnitude and frequency","docAbstract":"This report presents a practical means of predicting the probable magnitude of floods on streams in New York State. Because of the limited amount of data on small drainage basins this method is not applicable to sites where the drainage area is less than 10 square miles or to streams where flood peaks are affected materially by manmade regulation. Flood data based on records collected at gaging stations having 5 or more years of record not affected by unnatural regulation or diversion were used to define two types of curves. The first is a composite frequency curve. It expresses the relationship between the mean annual flood and floods of recurrence intervals ranging from 1.1 to 50 years. The second type defines the relation of the mean annual flood to the drainage area above the site. The result obtainable from the combination of the two curves is a flood-frequency curve for any site in the State, gaged or ungaged, within the range of drainage area and recurrence interval defined by the base data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir454","usgsCitation":"Robison, F.L., 1961, Floods in New York, magnitude and frequency: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 454, iii, 10 p. :maps, diagrs. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir454.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p. :maps, diagrs. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":30510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0454/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1961/0454/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e489de4b07f02db524d21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robison, F. Luman","contributorId":103264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Luman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39144,"text":"pp282F - 1961 - Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-16T19:56:16.98169","indexId":"pp282F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"F","title":"Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p>The hydraulic, basin, and geologic characteristics of 16 selected streams in central Pennsylvania were measured for the purpose of studying the relations among these general characteristics and their process of development. The basic parameters which were measured include bankfull width and depth, channel slope, bed material size and shape, length of stream from drainage divide, and size of drainage area. The kinds of bedrock over which the streams flow were noted. In these streams the bankfull channel is filled by flows approximating the 2.3-year flood. By measuring the breadth and mean depth of the channel, it was possible to compute the bankfull mean velocity for each of the 119 sampling stations. These data were then used to compute the downstream changes in hydraulic geometry of the streams studied. This method has been called an indirect computation of the hydraulic geometry. The results obtained by the indirect method are similar to those of the direct method of other workers. The basins were studied by examining the relations of drainage area, discharge, and length of stream from drainage divide. For the streams investigated, excellent correlations were found to exist between drainage area and the 2.3-year flood, as well as between length of stream from the basin divide and drainage area. From these correlations it is possible to predict the discharge for the 2.3-year flood at any arbitrary point along the length of the stream. The long, intermediate, and short axes of pebbles sampled from the bed of the stream were recorded to study both size and sphericity changes along individual streams and among the streams studied. No systematic downstream changes in sphericity were found. Particle size changes are erratic and show no consistent relation to channel slope. Particle size decreases downstream in many streams but remains constant or increases in others. Addition of material by tributaries is one factor affecting particle size and another is the parent material. Wear does not appear to account for some of the changes noted in particle size in a downstream direction. Comparison with laboratory studies indicates that at least in some streams the downstream decrease in size is much greater than would be expected from wear alone. The type of bedrock underlying the channels included in this study appears to affect both channel slope and particle size. For a given length of stream, a stream channel underlain by sandstone tends to have a steeper slope and larger bed material than channels underlain by shale or limestone. Hence, a stream which heads in sandstone and ends in limestone tends to have a more rapid decrease in slope and particle size than a stream heading in limestone and ending in sandstone. The association of steep slopes and small particles for limestone channels implies that slope and particle size may show a vague correlation between lithologic groups although no correlation may exist within a given lithologic type. In addition to the effect of bedrock on slope and particle size, there is some evidence that channels in limestone or dolomite have a slightly smaller cross section at bankfull stage than channels in shale or sandstone. Near the headwaters of many of these streams, a deposit of periglacial rubble affects the slope and bed material size. Some of the debris contains residual boulders which are too large to be moved by ordinary floods and, therefore, impose larger particle sizes in the bed of the stream. The addition of this very coarse debris to the bed material is another example of the influence of geologic factors on stream channels even though the channel consists of unconsolidated debris instead of bedrock. The influence of geologic factors noted in selected streams in central Pennsylvania may not be directly applicable to areas other than the Appalachian Mountains, but the general process is no doubt similar in most areas. In large alluvial valleys bedrock cannot be much of an influencing factor; yet large, thick alluvial deposits and terraces are in a sense \"bedrock\" materials upon which the stream works to form the landscape.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp282F","usgsCitation":"Brush, L.M., 1961, Drainage basins, channels, and flow characteristics of selected streams in central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, Report: 37 p.; 3 Plates: 10.00 x 24.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282F.","productDescription":"Report: 37 p.; 3 Plates: 10.00 x 24.00 inches or smaller","startPage":"145","endPage":"181","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":66643,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66644,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66645,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":66646,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":486127,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4258.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.5,\n              41.2139\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.1372,\n              40.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.1372,\n              41.2139\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.5,\n              41.2139\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635dfb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brush, Lucien M. Jr.","contributorId":107343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brush","given":"Lucien","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24284,"text":"ofr61123 - 1961 - Flow of springs and small streams in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-06T13:13:06","indexId":"ofr61123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61-123","title":"Flow of springs and small streams in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents the results of an investigation to determine the effect of the construction of Tecolote Tunnel in southern Santa Barbara County, California, on the flow of springs and spring-fed streams in the tunnel area. A program of monthly measurement of discharge for this purpose began in late 1948 at 125 springs and streams; tunnel construction started in March 1950 and was completed in January 1956. By late 1951 appreciable seepage was entering the tunnel. </p><p>Incidental to the primary objective of this study, but a necessary part of the investigation, were a study of the discharge pattern of the springs and streams of the region, and an evaluation of the effect on flow of both the Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake of July 21, 1952 and the Refugio brush fire of early September 1955. The most striking characteristic of the regimen of flow in the area is the rapid response of discharge to precipitation. An interesting effect was observed in July 1952 when the Arvin-Tehachapi earthquake abruptly increased the flow at 18 measuring sites. At 15 of these sites this effect was felt for only several months, but at three of the sites the effect remained for several years. As for the Refugio fire, there is some reason to believe that the summer flow of many springs and streams may have increased in the years that followed as a result of decreased evapotranspiration losses, but the evidence is inconclusive. </p><p>The many complex and interrelated factors that influence the discharge of springs and spring-fed streams make it exceedingly difficult to isolate the effect of Tecolote Tunnel on the flow Another major difficulty in evaluating the effect of the tunnel stems from the fact that the calibration period for this study was only three years long, lasting from late 1948 to late 1951, and was uniformly deficient in precipitation, Furthermore, these inadequacies of the calibration period in regard to short length of record and limited range in precipitation, cannot be overcome by the collection of additional discharge information in the years to come. From the data available, however, the following conclusions were reached concerning the effect of Tecolote Tunnel:</p><ol><li>The failure of one spring (site 110 b) can be attributed to construction of the tunnel.<br></li><li>There is no evidence that construction of the tunnel affected the flow of any other spring or stream.<br></li></ol>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr61123","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rantz, S., 1961, Flow of springs and small streams in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 61-123, Report: viii, 282 p.; Plate: 25.46 x 19.32 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr61123.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 282 p.; Plate: 25.46 x 19.32 inches","numberOfPages":"300","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr61123.jpg"},{"id":328170,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":328171,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1961/0123/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Barbara County","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d7e4b07f02db5de988","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rantz, S. E.","contributorId":34106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rantz","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":71755,"text":"tei800 - 1961 - Ground water test well A, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada : a summary of lithologic data, aquifer tests, and construction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"tei800","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"800","title":"Ground water test well A, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada : a summary of lithologic data, aquifer tests, and construction","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei800","usgsCitation":"Price, C., and Thordarson, W., 1961, Ground water test well A, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada : a summary of lithologic data, aquifer tests, and construction: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 800, 60 p., 4 fig. , https://doi.org/10.3133/tei800.","productDescription":"60 p., 4 fig. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/800/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90983,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/800/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90984,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/800/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66d703","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, C.E.","contributorId":19642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thordarson, William","contributorId":23539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thordarson","given":"William","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":71750,"text":"tei794 - 1961 - Geophysical data on the Climax stock, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:52","indexId":"tei794","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"794","title":"Geophysical data on the Climax stock, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/tei794","usgsCitation":"Allingham, J.W., and Zietz, I., 1961, Geophysical data on the Climax stock, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 794, 24 p., 12 fig., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei794.","productDescription":"24 p., 12 fig.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191639,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/794/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":90981,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/794/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c1e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allingham, John W.","contributorId":91848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allingham","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zietz, Isidore","contributorId":76708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isidore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2372,"text":"wsp1587 - 1961 - Water resources of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":51728,"text":"ofr54219 - 1954 - Ground-water resources of the Raft River basin, Cassia County, Idaho - a summary of unpublished data","indexId":"ofr54219","publicationYear":"1954","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water resources of the Raft River basin, Cassia County, Idaho - a summary of unpublished data"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2372,"text":"wsp1587 - 1961 - Water resources of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah","indexId":"wsp1587","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:20:39.37645","indexId":"wsp1587","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1587","title":"Water resources of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah","docAbstract":"<p>Much arable land in the Raft River basin of Idaho lacks water for irrigation, and the potentially irrigable acreage far exceeds the amount that could be irrigated with the estimated total supply of water. Therefore, the amount of uncommitted water that could be intercepted and used within the basin is the limiting factor in further development of its native water supply. Water for additional irrigation might be obtained by constructing surface-storage works, by pumping ground water, or by importing surface water. Additional groundwater development is feasible. As an aid to orderly development and use of the water supplies, the report summarizes available geologic and hydrologic data and, by analysis and interpretation, derives an estimate of the recoverable water yield of the basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1587","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Idaho Department of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Nace, R.L., 1961, Water resources of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1587, Report: vi, 138 p.; 6 Plates: 29.00 x 60.00 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1587.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 138 p.; 6 Plates: 29.00 x 60.00 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"144","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410736,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24773.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":28323,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Provisional water-yield map of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"},{"id":28322,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Provisional isohyetal map of the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"},{"id":28321,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Generalized geologic map of Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"},{"id":28327,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28326,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Pumping rates, in cubic feet per second, of irrigation wells in the Raft River valley, Idaho"},{"id":28325,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Water table contours in the Raft River valley and northern plains section, October-November 1952"},{"id":28324,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1587/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"linkHelpText":"Location of wells and stream-measuring stations in the Raft River basin, Idaho-Utah"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Raft River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113,\n              42.683\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.844,\n              42.683\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.844,\n              41.76\n            ],\n            [\n              -113,\n              41.76\n            ],\n            [\n              -113,\n              42.683\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nace, Raymond L.","contributorId":93460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nace","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":265,"text":"265 - 1961 - Surface water records of Indiana, 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-19T13:33:05","indexId":"265","displayToPublicDate":"1962-01-01T13:18:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Surface water records of Indiana, 1961","docAbstract":"<p>The surface-water records for the 1961 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within the State of Indiana are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of Malcolm D. Hale, district engineer, Surface Water Branch.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This report marks the beginning of a new method of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled \"Surface Water Supply of the United States.\" Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in Indiana were contained in Parts 3A, 4 and 5 of that series.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data will be released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic-data reports will be limited and primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals. These 5-year water-supply papers will show daily discharge and will be compiled on the same geographical areas previously used for the annual series; however, some of the 14 parts of coterminous United States will be further subdivided.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/265","issn":"0565-5986","collaboration":"Prepared under the direction of Malcolm D. Hale, District Engineer, Surface Water Branch, in cooperation with the State of Indiana and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Surface water records of Indiana, 1961, vii, 185 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/265.","productDescription":"vii, 185 p.","numberOfPages":"194","temporalStart":"1960-10-01","temporalEnd":"1961-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/265.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.0979,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,41.7607 ], [ -84.7847,37.7717 ], [ -88.0979,37.7717 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537b2807e4b0929ba496abb8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70171262,"text":"70171262 - 1961 - Use of water-well data in interpreting occurrence of aquifers in northeastern Lyon County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:11:05","indexId":"70171262","displayToPublicDate":"1961-07-12T10:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of water-well data in interpreting occurrence of aquifers in northeastern Lyon County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p><span>In northeastern Lyon County the areal distribution of aquifers of Cretaceous age determined from well-bottom altitudes suggests a series of interbedded sandstones striking northwestward and overlapping one another to the northeast. Probably the numerous thin sandstone aquifers in the area were deposited near the flanks of a Precambrian granite &ldquo;high&rdquo; area by a transgressing Late Cretaceous sea.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1275:UOWDII]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Rodis, H.G., 1961, Use of water-well data in interpreting occurrence of aquifers in northeastern Lyon County, Minnesota: GSA Bulletin, v. 72, p. 1275-1278, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1275:UOWDII]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1275","endPage":"1278","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321704,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Lyon County","volume":"72","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3ee4b07e28b664dc1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodis, Harry G.","contributorId":25141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodis","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70263265,"text":"wdrCA612 - 1961 - Surface Water Records of California, 1961; Volume 2: Northern Great Basin and Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-14T16:40:24.733781","indexId":"wdrCA612","displayToPublicDate":"1961-01-01T10:44:31","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-61-2","title":"Surface Water Records of California, 1961; Volume 2: Northern Great Basin and Central Valley","docAbstract":"<p>The surface-water records for the 1961 water year for gaging stations, partial-record stations, and miscellaneous sites within the State of California are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of Walter Hofmann, district engineer, Surface Water Branch.</p><p>This report marks the beginning of a new method of presenting, annually, basic data on surface-water records by States. Through September 30, 1960, the records of discharge and stage of streams and contents and stage of lakes or reservoirs were published in an annual series of U.S. Geological Survey water-supply papers entitled \"Surface Water Supply of the United States.\" Since 1951 there have been 20 volumes in the series; each volume covered an area whose boundaries coincided with those of certain natural drainage areas. The records in California were contained in Parts 9, 10, and 11 of that series.</p><p>Beginning with the 1961 water year, streamflow records and related data will be released by the Geological Survey in annual reports on a State-boundary basis. Distribution of these basic data reports will be limited and primarily for local needs. The records later will be published in Geological Survey water-supply papers at 5-year intervals. These 5-year water-supply papers will show daily discharge and will be compiled on the same geographical areas previously used for the annual series; however, some of the 14 parts of conterminous United States will be further subdivided.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA612","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of California and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1961, Surface Water Records of California, 1961; Volume 2: Northern Great Basin and Central Valley: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-61-2, xiii, 451- 875 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA612.","productDescription":"xiii, 451- 875 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,{"id":70010750,"text":"70010750 - 1961 - Graphic and algebraic solutions of the discordant lead-uranium age problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-19T17:06:36.661078","indexId":"70010750","displayToPublicDate":"1961-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Graphic and algebraic solutions of the discordant lead-uranium age problem","docAbstract":"<p>Uranium-bearing minerals that give lead-uranium and lead—lead ages that are essentially in agreement, i.e. concordant, generally are considered to have had a relatively simple geologic history and to have been unaltered since their deposition. The concordant ages obtained on such materials are, therefore, assumed to approach closely the actual age of the minerals. Many uranium-bearing samples, particularly uranium ores, give the following discordant age sequences;<span> </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup><mtext>&amp;lt;</mtext><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>235</mn></msup><mtext>&amp;#x2AA1;</mtext><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb<sup>206</sup>U<sup>238</sup>&lt;Pb<sup>207</sup>U<sup>235</sup>⪡Pb<sup>207</sup>Pb<sup>206</sup></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>or, less frequently,<span> </span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-2-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>&amp;#x2AA1;</mtext><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>235</mn></msup><mtext>&amp;lt;</mtext><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb<sup>207</sup>Pb<sup>206</sup>⪡Pb<sup>207</sup>U<sup>235</sup>&lt;Pb<sup>206</sup>U<sup>238</sup></span></span></span>. These discordant age sequences have been attributed most often to uncertainties in the common lead correction, selective loss of radio-active daughter products, loss or gain of lead or uranium, or contamination by an older generation of radiogenic lead.</p><p>The evaluation of discordant lead isotope age data may be separated into two operations. The first operation, with which this paper is concerned, is mechanical in nature and involves the calculation of the different possible concordant ages corresponding to the various processes assumed to have produced the discordant ages. The second operation is more difficult to define and requires, in part, some personal judgement. It includes a synthesis of the possible concordant age solutions with other independent geologic and isotopic evidence. The concordant age ultimately chosen as most acceptable should be consistent not only with the known events in the geologic history of the area, the age relations of the enclosing rocks, and the mineralogic and paragenetic evidence, but also with other independent age measurements and the isotopic data obtained on the lead in related or associated non-radioactive minerals.</p><p>The calculation of the possible concordant ages from discordant age data has been greatly simplified by Wetherill's graphical method of plotting the mole ratios of radiogenic<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-3-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb<sup>206</sup>U<sup>238</sup></span></span></span><sup><span>&nbsp;</span></sup>(<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-4-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">N<sup>206</sup>N<sup>238</sup></span></span></span>) vs. radiogenic<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-5-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>235</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb<sup>207</sup>U<sup>235</sup></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>(<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-6-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>235</mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">N<sup>207</sup>N<sup>235</sup></span></span></span>) after correcting for the contaminating common Pb<sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and Pb<sup>207</sup>. The linear relationships noted in this graphical procedure have been extended to plots of the mole ratios of total<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-7-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb<sup>206</sup>U<sup>238</sup></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>(<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-8-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>t</mn></msup><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>t</sup>N<sup>206</sup>N<sup>238</sup></span></span></span>) vs. total<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-9-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>U</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>235</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb<sup>207</sup>U<sup>235</sup></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>(<span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-10-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><msup><mi></mi><mn>t</mn></msup><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>235</mn></msub></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\"><sup>t</sup>N<sup>207</sup>N<sup>235</sup></span></span></span>). This modification permits the calculation of concordant ages for unaltered samples using only the<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-11-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msup><mtext>Pb</mtext><msup><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msup></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">Pb<sup>207</sup>Pb<sup>206</sup></span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio of the contaminating common lead.</p><p>If isotopic data are available for two samples of the same age,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>x</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>y</i>, from the same or related deposits or outcrops, graphs of the normalized difference ratios<span class=\"display\"><span class=\"formula\"><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-12-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>[</mtext><mtext>(</mtext><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msub><mtext>)x &amp;#x2212; (</mtext><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>206</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msub><mtext>)y</mtext><mtext>(</mtext><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msub><mtext>)x &amp;#x2212;(</mtext><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>238</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msub><mtext>)y</mtext><mtext>] vs. [</mtext><mtext>(</mtext><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msub><mtext>)x &amp;#x2212; (</mtext><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>207</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msub><mtext>)y</mtext><mtext>(</mtext><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>235</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msub><mtext>)x &amp;#x2212;(</mtext><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>235</mn></msub><mtext>N</mtext><msub><mi></mi><mn>204</mn></msub><mtext>)y</mtext><mtext>]</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">[(N<sub>206</sub>N<sub>204</sub>)x − (N<sub>206</sub>N<sub>204</sub>)y(N<sub>238</sub>N<sub>204</sub>)x −(N<sub>238</sub>N<sub>204</sub>)y] vs. [(N<sub>207</sub>N<sub>204</sub>)x − (N<sub>207</sub>N<sub>204</sub>)y(N<sub>235</sub>N<sub>204</sub>)x −(N<sub>235</sub>N<sub>204</sub>)y] </span></span></span></span></span>can give concordant ages corrected for unknown amounts of a common lead with an unknown Pb<sup>207</sup>/ Pb<sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio. (If thorium is absent the difference ratios may be normalized with the more abundant index isotope, Pb<sup>208</sup>.) Similar plots of tho normalized, difference ratios for three genetically related samples (<i>x</i><span>&nbsp;</span>−<span>&nbsp;</span><i>y</i>) and(<i>x</i><span>&nbsp;</span>−<span>&nbsp;</span><i>z</i>), will give concordant ages corrected, in addition, for either one unknown period of past alteration or initial contamination by an older generation of radiogenic lead of unknown Pb<sup>207</sup>/Pb<sup>206</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio.</p><p>Practical numerical solutions for many of tho concordant age calculations are not currently available. However, the algebraic equivalents of these new graphical methods give equations which may be programmed for computing machines. For geologically probable parameters the equations of higher order have two positive real roots that rapidly converge on the exact concordant ages corrected for original radiogenic lead and for loss or gain of lead or uranium. Modifications of these general age equations expanded only to the second degree have been derived for use with desk calculators.</p><p>These graphical and algebraic methods clearly suggest both the type and minimum number of samples necessary for adequate mathematical analysis of discordant lead isotope age data. This mathematical treatment also makes it clear that discordant lead isotope data alone cannot provide the basis for the choice of one of the possible concordant age solutions. The new equations, in particular, provide an incentive to improve our physical constants, analytical techniques and sampling methods in order that we may derive all of the useful geologic information that is available in a comprehensive lead isotope age study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(61)90116-8","usgsCitation":"Stieff, L.R., and Stern, T.W., 1961, Graphic and algebraic solutions of the discordant lead-uranium age problem: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 22, no. 2-4, p. 176-199, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(61)90116-8.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"176","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29c9e4b0c8380cd5ac33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stieff, L. R.","contributorId":25619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stieff","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stern, T. W.","contributorId":36122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stern","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70045414,"text":"wdrCO611 - 1961 - Surface water records of Colorado, 1961","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-22T14:44:25","indexId":"wdrCO611","displayToPublicDate":"1961-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CO-61-1","title":"Surface water records of Colorado, 1961","docAbstract":"The surface-water records for the 1961 water year for gaging stations and miscellaneous sites within the State of Colorado are given in this report. For convenience there are also included records for a few pertinent gaging stations in bordering States. The records were collected and computed by the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, under the direction of W. T. Miller, district engineer, Surface Water Branch, succeeded by J. W. Odell.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/wdrCO611","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of of Colorado and other agencies","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, W.R., 1961, Surface water records of Colorado, 1961: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CO-61-1, xii, 326 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCO611.","productDescription":"xii, 326 p.","numberOfPages":"344","temporalStart":"1960-10-01","temporalEnd":"1961-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":272539,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1961/co-61/report.pdf"},{"id":270917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1961/co-61/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109.000,37.0000 ], [ -109.000,41.0000 ], [ -102.000,41.0000 ], [ -102.000,37.0000 ], [ -109.000,37.0000 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516d216de4b0411d430a8a35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","contributorId":102359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"U.S. Geological Survey","given":"Water","email":"","middleInitial":"Resources Division","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":477466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2980,"text":"wsp1526 - 1961 - Hydraulic and hydrologic aspects of flood-plain planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T20:29:05.829629","indexId":"wsp1526","displayToPublicDate":"1961-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1526","title":"Hydraulic and hydrologic aspects of flood-plain planning","docAbstract":"<p>The valid incentives compelling occupation of the flood plain, up to and eve n into the stream channel, undoubtedly have contributed greatly to the development of the country. But the result has been a heritage of flood disaster, suffering, and enormous costs. Flood destruction awakened a consciousness toward reduction and elimination of flood hazards, originally manifested in the protection of existing developments. More recently, increased knowledge of the problem has shown the impracticability of permitting development that requires costly flood protect/on. The idea of flood zoning, or flood-plain planning, has received greater impetus as a result of this realization. This study shows how hydraulic and hydrologic data concerning the flood regimen of a stream can be used in appraising its flood potential and the risk inherent in occupation of its flood plain. The approach involves the study of flood magnitudes as recorded or computed; flood frequencies based1 on experience shown by many years of gaging-station record; use of existing or computed stagedischarge relations and flood profiles; and, where required, the preparation of flood-zone maps to show the areas inundated by floods of several magnitudes and frequencies. The planner can delineate areas subject to inundation by floods o* specific recurrence intervals for three conditions: (a) for the immediate vicinity of a gaging station; (b) for a gaged stream at a considerable distance from a gaging station; and (c) for an ungaged stream. The average depth for a flood of specific frequency can be estimated on the basis of simple measurements of area of drainage basin, width of channel, and slope of streambed. This simplified approach should be useful in the initial stages of flood-plain planning. Brief discussions are included on various types of flood hazards, the effects of urbanization on flood runoff, and zoning considerations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1526","usgsCitation":"Wiitala, S., Jetter, K., and Sommerville, A.J., 1961, Hydraulic and hydrologic aspects of flood-plain planning: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1526, Report: v, 69 p.; 4 Plates: 34.50 x 18.50 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1526.","productDescription":"Report: v, 69 p.; 4 Plates: 34.50 x 18.50 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415379,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24449.htm"},{"id":247262,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1526/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247261,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1526/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138923,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1526/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29736,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1526/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247264,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1526/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":247263,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1526/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","city":"Carnegie","otherGeospatial":"Chartiers Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.0714,\n              40.4206\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.1194,\n              40.4206\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.1194,\n              40.3189\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0714,\n              40.3189\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0714,\n              40.4206\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a33c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiitala, S.W.","contributorId":41806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiitala","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jetter, K.R.","contributorId":23126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jetter","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sommerville, Alan J.","contributorId":64640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerville","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":146092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}