The fourth in a series of biennial national Exclusive Economic Zone symposia was held on November 14–16, 1989. The purpose of the meeting was to examine ongoing and planned mapping and research activities in the ocean waters of the United States. Approximately 220 individuals attended the meeting. Issues discussed related to digital seafloor mapping projects, cooperative federal‐state programs, and requirements for additional data and information. Symposium recommendations included the need for increased surveying in coastal waters, development of standards for digital data dissemination, increased coordination with coastal states and federal agencies, and additional geophysical measurement systems abroad all mapping ships.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/15210608909379637","issn":"01490419","usgsCitation":"Lockwood, M., and Hill, G.W., 1989, 1989 Exclusive Economic Zone symposium: Summary and recommendations: Marine Geodesy, v. 13, no. 4, p. 347-350, https://doi.org/10.1080/15210608909379637.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"350","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223706,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e237e4b0c8380cd45a25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockwood, M.","contributorId":63961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, G. W.","contributorId":85551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70039502,"text":"70039502 - 1989 - FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, September 1989","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:51","indexId":"70039502","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-16T11:23:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":358,"text":"FOLD, federally owned Landsat data","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, September 1989","docAbstract":"The FOLD data base lists all Landsat CCT's held by participating agencies. Duplicate CCT listings are maintained when more than one agency holds identical CCT's; this permits the user to select the most convenient site to obtain a copy. Copies of the listing are distributed by EDC to contributing agencies and other selected offices.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center","publisherLocation":"Sioux Falls, SD","doi":"10.3133/70039502","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989, FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, September 1989: FOLD, federally owned Landsat data, 293 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039502.","productDescription":"293 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261632,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039502/report.pdf"},{"id":261633,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039502/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e7ce4b0c8380cd534a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015685,"text":"70015685 - 1989 - Seepage through a hazardous-waste trench cover","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T16:33:21.940769","indexId":"70015685","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seepage through a hazardous-waste trench cover","docAbstract":"Water movement through a waste-trench cover under natural conditions at a low-level radioactive waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois was studied from July 1982 to June 1984, using tensiometers, a moisture probe, and meteorological instruments. Four methods were used to estimate seepage: the Darcy, zero-flux plane, surface-based water-budget, and groundwater-based water-budget methods. Annual seepage estimates ranged from 48 to 216 mm (5-23% of total precipitation), with most seepage occurring in spring. The Darcy method, although limited in accuracy by uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity, was capable of discretizing seepage in space and time and indicated that seepage varied by almost an order of magnitude across the width of the trench. Lowest seepage rates occurred near the center of the cover, where seepage was gradual. Highest rates occurred along the edge of the cover, where seepage was highly episodic, with 84% of the total there being traced to wetting fronts from 28 individual storms. Limitations of the zero-flux-plane method were severe enough for the method to be judged inappropriate for use in this study.Water movement through a waste-trench cover under natural conditions at a low-level radioactive waste disposal site in northwestern Illinois was studied from July 1982 to June 1984, using tensiometers, a moisture probe, and meteorological instruments. Four methods were used to estimate seepage: the Darcy, zero-flux plane, surface-based water-budget, and groundwater-based water-budget methods. Annual seepage estimates ranged from 48 to 216mm (5-23% of total precipitation), with most seepage occurring in spring. The Darcy method, although limited in accuracy by uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity, was capable of discretizing seepage in space and time and indicated that seepage varied by almost an order of magnitude across the width of the trench. Lowest seepage rates occurred near the center of the cover, where seepage was gradual. Highest rates occurred along the edge of the cover, where seepage was highly episodic, with 84% of the total there being traced to wetting fronts from 28 individual storms. Limitations of the zero-flux-plane method were severe enough for the method to be judged inappropriate for use in this study.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90284-9","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., 1989, Seepage through a hazardous-waste trench cover: Journal of Hydrology, v. 108, no. 1-4, p. 213-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90284-9.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"234","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Bureau County","city":"Sheffield","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-89.6309,41.5867],[-89.6266,41.5862],[-89.5179,41.5867],[-89.5124,41.5867],[-89.4025,41.5862],[-89.3945,41.5862],[-89.338,41.5866],[-89.335,41.5866],[-89.3337,41.5866],[-89.2859,41.5856],[-89.2766,41.5856],[-89.168,41.5845],[-89.1676,41.5418],[-89.1672,41.4964],[-89.1668,41.4542],[-89.1664,41.4079],[-89.1654,41.3661],[-89.1649,41.3221],[-89.165,41.3099],[-89.1803,41.309],[-89.1962,41.3113],[-89.2078,41.3127],[-89.2249,41.3137],[-89.25,41.3205],[-89.2646,41.3219],[-89.2677,41.3219],[-89.2732,41.3206],[-89.275,41.3192],[-89.2824,41.3138],[-89.3124,41.3047],[-89.3344,41.3007],[-89.3387,41.298],[-89.3405,41.2957],[-89.3405,41.2934],[-89.3406,41.2889],[-89.3387,41.2853],[-89.3375,41.2816],[-89.3381,41.2775],[-89.3449,41.263],[-89.3479,41.2567],[-89.351,41.249],[-89.3553,41.2336],[-89.3926,41.2336],[-89.4665,41.2336],[-89.4659,41.1488],[-89.6392,41.1487],[-89.6394,41.2331],[-89.7414,41.2339],[-89.7554,41.2338],[-89.8568,41.2345],[-89.8572,41.3207],[-89.8559,41.4088],[-89.8555,41.4523],[-89.8563,41.4973],[-89.8564,41.5191],[-89.8601,41.519],[-89.861,41.5858],[-89.7481,41.586],[-89.7444,41.586],[-89.6309,41.5867]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bureau\",\"state\":\"IL\"}}]}","volume":"108","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8ad9e4b08c986b317401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015480,"text":"70015480 - 1989 - The potential of paleozoic nonmarine trace fossils for paleoecological interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-06T17:13:31.377103","indexId":"70015480","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The potential of paleozoic nonmarine trace fossils for paleoecological interpretations","docAbstract":"Many Late Paleozoic environments have been interpreted as marine because of the co-occurrence of supposedly exclusively marine trace fossils. Beginning in the Late Ordovician, however, nonmarine trace-fossil diversity increased throughout the Paleozoic. This diversification of nonmarine organisms and nonmarine trace fossils was especially prevalent in Devonian and later times. Diversification of freshwater organisms is indicated by the large number of freshwater fish, arthropods, annelids and molluscs that had developed by the Carboniferous. In addition to diverse freshwater assemblages, entirely terrestrial vertebrate and invertebrate ecosystems had developed by the Devonian. This rapid diversification of freshwater and terrestrial organisms is inherently linked to development and diversification of land plants and subsequent shedding of large quantities of organic detritus in nonmarine and marginal-marine areas. Nearshore marine organisms and their larvae that are able to tolerate relatively short periods of lowered salinities will follow salt-water wedges inland during times of reduced freshwater discharge. Similarly, amphidromous marine organisms will migrate periodically inland into nonmarine environments. Undoubtedly, both of these processes were active in the Paleozoic. However, both processes are restricted to stream/distributary channels, interdistributary bays, or estuaries. Therefore, the presence of diverse trace-fossil assemblages in association with floodplain deposits is interpreted to reflect true nonmarine adaptation and diversity. Conversely, diverse trace-fossil assemblages in association with stream/distributary channel deposits, interdistributary-bay deposits, or estuarine deposits may reflect migration of salt-water wedges inland, or migration of marine organisms into freshwater environments (amphidromy), or both.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(89)90003-5","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Maples, C., and Archer, A., 1989, The potential of paleozoic nonmarine trace fossils for paleoecological interpretations: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 73, no. 3-4, p. 185-195, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90003-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"195","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223882,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baeb8e4b08c986b3242c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maples, C.G.","contributorId":7425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maples","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archer, A.W.","contributorId":8620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archer","given":"A.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015449,"text":"70015449 - 1989 - Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Pliocene Bianco section, Calabria, southern Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-06T17:22:41.445244","indexId":"70015449","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Pliocene Bianco section, Calabria, southern Italy","docAbstract":"An integrated micropaleontological and geochemical study was carried out on the Pliocene-age Bianco section located in Calabria, southern Italy. This section is somewhat unique for the Pliocene of the Mediterranean region in that it contains abundant calcareous and siliceous microfossils. Based on the biostratigraphic findings, it ranges in age from approximately 3.7-3.0 Ma.
The Bianco section is composed of marly mudstones intercalated with diatomites, with the diatomites being particularly common in the upper 50 m of the section (above 3.1 Ma). The diatomites contain an abundant benthic foraminiferal assemblage and have a low organic carbon content indicating that bottom waters were fairly well-oxygenated during their deposition. Faunal and floral indicators suggest a cooling of surface waters in this region at 3.1 Ma. The diatom assemblages within the Bianco diatomites are very similar to those living in the Gulf of California, suggesting an upwelling origin for these silica-rich units. A model is proposed which attributes diatomite formation to upwelling induced by climatically controlled changes in local hydrography.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(89)90105-3","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Rio, D., Thunell, R., Sprovieri, R., Bukry, D., Destefano, E., Howell, M., Raffi, I., Sancetta, C., and Sanfilippo, A., 1989, Stratigraphy and depositional history of the Pliocene Bianco section, Calabria, southern Italy: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 76, no. 1-2, p. 85-105, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90105-3.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"105","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224205,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","otherGeospatial":"Pliocene Bianco section, Calabria","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 15.26398570727963,\n 39.650814957442066\n ],\n [\n 15.26398570727963,\n 37.816546402962274\n ],\n [\n 17.306222762393958,\n 37.816546402962274\n ],\n [\n 17.306222762393958,\n 39.650814957442066\n ],\n [\n 15.26398570727963,\n 39.650814957442066\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b998de4b08c986b31c4ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rio, D.","contributorId":47092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rio","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thunell, R.","contributorId":96836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thunell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sprovieri, R.","contributorId":84910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprovieri","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bukry, D.","contributorId":15338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bukry","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Destefano, E.","contributorId":59957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Destefano","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howell, M.","contributorId":98885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Raffi, I.","contributorId":49935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffi","given":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sancetta, C.","contributorId":14951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sancetta","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sanfilippo, A.","contributorId":79631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanfilippo","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70015433,"text":"70015433 - 1989 - Evidence against pervasively deformed bed material beneath rapidly moving lobes of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:46:47.205686","indexId":"70015433","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence against pervasively deformed bed material beneath rapidly moving lobes of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet","docAbstract":"During the Wisconsin Glaciation, the ice lobes of the southern part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet moved rapidly as the result of elevated subglacial water pressure. The rapid movement was probably not accompanied by wide-spread pervasive deformation of unfrozen material under the ice. The till stratigraphy of much of this area is well known, and it is clear that the stratigraphic sequence is generally intact. Therefore, such deformation, if it occurred, would have been restricted to the till sheet that was currently being deposited. However, this seems unlikely as well, because the till of the region commonly contains lenses and clasts of unlithified bedded sand that should have been destroyed by pervasive shearing. If unfrozen deformed-till layers were widely present, they must have been confined to the thin upper parts of till sheets.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(89)90115-2","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Clayton, L., Mickelson, D., and Attig, J., 1989, Evidence against pervasively deformed bed material beneath rapidly moving lobes of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet: Sedimentary Geology, v. 62, no. 2-4, p. 203-208, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90115-2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.02281486939512,\n 49.053692658941515\n ],\n [\n -96.55200902265736,\n 43.644589731514145\n ],\n [\n -91.33275663580397,\n 43.52599622922072\n ],\n [\n -88.05449185822592,\n 43.04210059426296\n ],\n [\n -86.8194367869662,\n 45.173613843960396\n ],\n [\n -87.95642619059345,\n 45.77462497162586\n ],\n [\n -90.33260571754542,\n 46.65508185503721\n ],\n [\n -90.72184023278301,\n 46.923838485855974\n ],\n [\n -91.56756571038056,\n 47.085178927158665\n ],\n [\n -89.62272406862537,\n 48.028300142726124\n ],\n [\n -92.23762560577333,\n 48.557451251421924\n ],\n [\n -97.02281486939512,\n 49.053692658941515\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"2-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d26e4b0c8380cd52e3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clayton, L.","contributorId":55145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mickelson, D.M.","contributorId":102147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mickelson","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Attig, J.W.","contributorId":26410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attig","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014985,"text":"70014985 - 1989 - Stetson Pit, Dare County, North Carolina: An integrated chronologic, faunal, and floral record of subsurface coastal quaternary sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-11T15:39:41.597172","indexId":"70014985","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stetson Pit, Dare County, North Carolina: An integrated chronologic, faunal, and floral record of subsurface coastal quaternary sediments","docAbstract":"Continuous split spoon samples from a drill hole penetrating 34 m of coastal plain sediments at Stetson Pit in Dare County, North Carolina were taken for lithologic, aminostratigraphic, faunal (ostracodes) and floral (pollen) analyses. Three distinct aminozones are recognized in the subsurface section based upon D-alloisoleucine/L-isoleucine (A/I) values in each of the molluscan species Mulinia lateralis and Mercenaria sp. Ostracode zonations in the subsurface section are based on percentages of 80 thermophilic and cryophilic species (those living today south and north of Cape Hatteras) and the percentages of brackish water species. Five assemblage zones are delineated. Six pollen assemblage zones are also delineated within the subsurface section based upon study of 48 sediment samples. The subsurface record at Stetson Pit is interpreted to represent portions of four interglacials based upon the combined faunal, floral and aminostratigraphic data. The two younger aminozones, with amino acid age estimates of 100,000±20,000 yr (−7.2 to −11.2 m MSL) and 300,000–500,000 yr (−13 to −14.2 m MSL), represent portions of middle/late Pleistocene interglacials. The lower aminozone (−17.4 to −33 m MSL) spans an interval that probably includes at least two interglacials (based upon faunal and floral records) and has an age estimated to be between 800,000 and 1,300,000 yr. Boundaries delineated by faunal, floral, and amino acid methods do not always coincide, due to sampling constraints and phase lags between the different records. One major unconformity (at −17.4 m MSL) in the Stetson Pit section is easily recognized from lithologic characteristics and may represent a hiatus of as much as 800,000 yr. Lithologic changes associated with all other zone boundaries are subtle and would probably not be considered significant in the absence of faunal, floral, or amino acid data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(89)90136-3","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"York, L., Wehmiller, J., Cronin, T.M., and Ager, T.A., 1989, Stetson Pit, Dare County, North Carolina: An integrated chronologic, faunal, and floral record of subsurface coastal quaternary sediments: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 72, p. 115-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90136-3.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"132","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Dare County","otherGeospatial":"Stetson Pit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.84863392437401,\n 35.90063411778975\n ],\n [\n -75.84863392437401,\n 35.836059573229306\n ],\n [\n -75.78453889222824,\n 35.836059573229306\n ],\n [\n -75.78453889222824,\n 35.90063411778975\n ],\n [\n -75.84863392437401,\n 35.90063411778975\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b983be4b08c986b31beff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"York, L.L.","contributorId":58401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"York","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wehmiller, J.F.","contributorId":37891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wehmiller","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70015690,"text":"70015690 - 1989 - Analysis of the shallow groundwater flow system near Connetqout Brook, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T16:28:04.334166","indexId":"70015690","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the shallow groundwater flow system near Connetqout Brook, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Streamflow on Long Island is derived principally from shallow groundwater that flows above the deeper regional flow system. The movement of shallow groundwater was studied during 1975-1982 at Connetquot Brook - an undisturbed stream in Connetquot River State Park - in south-central Long Island. The investigation encompassed: (1) field studies of streamflow, groundwater levels, and age of water as indicated by tritium concentrations, and (2) numerical simulation of the shallow flow system to evaluate the hydraulic factors that influence groundwater flow near and beneath the stream.
Analysis of water-level data indicates that groundwater flow is essentially horizontal throughout the drainage basin except near and beneath the stream, where it moves upward diagonally and discharges into the streambank at three sites were 1-2 ft higher than stream stage in the and in wells driven into the streambank at three sites were 1-2 ft higher than stream stage in the first 5 ft of penetration. Increases in head, which were detected to depths of 30 ft beneath the streambed, indicate upward movement of water above that depth.
Water samples from selected wells were analyzed for tritium concentration to determine the relative age of water to locate the bottom boundary of the shallow flow system. Tritium concentrations indicate that the lower boundary is from 45 to 100 ft below the water table.
A two-dimensional cross-sectional flow model of the shallow flow system indicated that: (1) stream width and streambed hydraulic conductivity influence heads mostly within about 50 ft of the stream; (2) the thickness of the shallow flow system influences heads more distant from the stream but has a negligible effect near the stream; and (3) the quantity of water entering the system as recharge from precipitation influences the heads throughout the area.
Field measurements of hydraulic head indicate the shallow flow system to extend to about 30 ft below the stream channel. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the thickness of the shallow system has a negligible effect on head distribution beneath the stream.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90059-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Prince, K.R., Reilly, T.E., and Franke, O., 1989, Analysis of the shallow groundwater flow system near Connetqout Brook, Long Island, New York: Journal of Hydrology, v. 107, no. 1-4, p. 223-250, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90059-0.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"250","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224054,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Connetqout Brook, Long Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.19411787759238,\n 40.80361542962291\n ],\n [\n -73.19411787759238,\n 40.73509468849525\n ],\n [\n -73.1022342051635,\n 40.73509468849525\n ],\n [\n -73.1022342051635,\n 40.80361542962291\n ],\n [\n -73.19411787759238,\n 40.80361542962291\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb40e4b0c8380cd48cf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prince, K. R.","contributorId":7328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prince","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franke, O.L.","contributorId":57082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015592,"text":"70015592 - 1989 - Reconnaissance estimates of natural recharge to desert basins in Nevada, U.S.A., by using chloride-balance calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T16:15:51.819608","indexId":"70015592","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reconnaissance estimates of natural recharge to desert basins in Nevada, U.S.A., by using chloride-balance calculations","docAbstract":"A chloride-balance method for estimating average natural recharge to groundwater basins in the Basin and Range Province of the western United States may be a useful alternative or complement to current techniques. The chloride-balance method, as presented in this paper, equates chloride in recharge water and runoff to chloride deposited in mountainous recharge-source areas by precipitation and dry fallout. Given estimates of annual precipitation on these source areas and chloride concentrations of bulk precipitation and recharge water, the rate of recharge can be estimated providing that: (1) no other major sources of chloride exist; (2) direct runoff to discharge areas in the basin is small or can otherwise be taken in account in the balance; and (3) the recharge sources for the basin are correctly delineated. The estimates are sensitive to the estimated rate of input of chloride from the atmosphere; this is the greatest data need for future applications of the method. Preliminary applications of the method to sixteen basins in Nevada, including Las Vegas Valley, indicate that the method can be a useful tool for hydrologists and resource managers. Correlation coefficients between recharge efficiencies for the basins - estimated on the basis of recharge estimates that use the chloride-balance method and two other currently used techniques - range from 0.54 to 0.95, depending on assumptions about where the method may be applied.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90166-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 1989, Reconnaissance estimates of natural recharge to desert basins in Nevada, U.S.A., by using chloride-balance calculations: Journal of Hydrology, v. 106, no. 1-2, p. 55-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90166-2.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"78","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224103,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"106","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a96cde4b0c8380cd821c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":371318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015462,"text":"70015462 - 1989 - Effects of variations in recharge on groundwater quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-23T16:56:43.907849","indexId":"70015462","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of variations in recharge on groundwater quality","docAbstract":"The predominant regional effect of recharge on municipal groundwater quality in Kansas is the dilution of mineralized water in aquifers with relatively shallow water tables. The individual dissolved constituents contributing most to the water-quality variations are sulfate and chloride, and the calcium and sodium accompanying them, which are derived from the dissolution of evaporite minerals within the aquifer or from saline formation water in bedrock underlying the aquifer. The relationship between recharge and groundwater-quality variation can be quantified by associating certain climatic indices, especially the Palmer Drought Index, with quality observations. The response time of the maximum water-quality change relative to the occurrence of drought or substantial recharge ranges from a month to 3 years depending on the aquifer characteristics, and is generally proportional to the saturated thickness and specific yield. The response time is also affected by discharge to and recharge from nearby streams and by the well construction, particularly the placement of the screened interval, and pumping stress.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90170-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Whittemore, D.O., McGregor, K., and Marotz, G., 1989, Effects of variations in recharge on groundwater quality: Journal of Hydrology, v. 106, no. 1-2, p. 131-145, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90170-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"145","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223602,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a082fe4b0c8380cd519f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whittemore, Donald O.","contributorId":28748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittemore","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGregor, K.M.","contributorId":97641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGregor","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marotz, G.A.","contributorId":75692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marotz","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015117,"text":"70015117 - 1989 - Sediment concentration versus water discharge during single hydrologic events in rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T17:06:38.471714","indexId":"70015117","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment concentration versus water discharge during single hydrologic events in rivers","docAbstract":"Relations between sediment concentration (C) and water discharge (Q) for a hydrologic event, such as a flood, are studied qualitatively by analyzing \"smoothed\" temporal graphs (discharge and concentration vs. time) in terms of mode, spread, and skewness. Comparing C Q ratios at a given discharge on the rising and falling limbs of the discharge hydrograph provides a consistent, reliable method for categorizing C-Q relations. Five common classes of such relations are single-valued (straight or curved), clockwise loop, counterclockwise loop, single-valued plus a loop, and figure eight. Temporal-graph mode and skewness influence the type of relation, whereas temporal-graph spread affects the details of the particular C-Q relation (its graphical breadth, shape, orientation, and plotted location). Field examples of the various types of relations are given, including varieties that heretofore have received little attention, such as the figure eight. Explanations for each type of C-Q relation are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90254-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Williams, G.P., 1989, Sediment concentration versus water discharge during single hydrologic events in rivers: Journal of Hydrology, v. 111, no. 1-4, p. 89-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90254-0.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"106","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224187,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8963e4b08c986b316dc0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, G. P.","contributorId":97472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26521,"text":"wri894056 - 1989 - Low-flow profiles of the upper Chattahoochee River and tributaries in Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T10:03:26","indexId":"wri894056","displayToPublicDate":"2001-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4056","title":"Low-flow profiles of the upper Chattahoochee River and tributaries in Georgia","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri894056","usgsCitation":"Carter, R., Hopkins, E.H., and Perlman, H., 1989, Low-flow profiles of the upper Chattahoochee River and tributaries in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4056, iv, 194 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894056.","productDescription":"iv, 194 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55386,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119066,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4056/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Upper Chattahoochee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.166259765625,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -83.38623046874997,\n 34.99400375757575\n ],\n [\n -83.38623046874997,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -84.166259765625,\n 34.45221847282654\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db6487af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, R.F.","contributorId":101261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, E. H.","contributorId":18411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perlman, H.A.","contributorId":84406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlman","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14071,"text":"ofr89273 - 1989 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Pennsylvania, 1988-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T08:56:15","indexId":"ofr89273","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-273","title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Pennsylvania, 1988-89","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division 's objective of presenting impartial, accurate data and scientific analyses equally to all interested parties, current activities in Pennsylvania are described by a listing of project location, cooperator(s), period of project, project chief, headquarters office, problem, objective, approach, progress and plans. The basic data programs for surface water, groundwater, and water quality are described. Also included is an extensive listing of selected literature on water resources in Pennsylvania and information on obtaining these publications. A brief description of the Water Resources mission of the U.S. Geological Survey and a list of cooperators and types of funding is included and also a description of U.S. Geological Survey data bases and information sources. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89273","usgsCitation":"Helm, R.E., 1989, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in Pennsylvania, 1988-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-273, iii, 79 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89273.","productDescription":"iii, 79 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":42712,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0273/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0273/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4f85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helm, Robert E. (compiler)","contributorId":67103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helm","given":"Robert","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27851,"text":"wri894027 - 1989 - A numerical solution for the diffusion equation in hydrogeologic systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T20:57:46","indexId":"wri894027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4027","title":"A numerical solution for the diffusion equation in hydrogeologic systems","docAbstract":"The documentation of a computer code for the numerical solution of the linear diffusion equation in one or two dimensions in Cartesian or cylindrical coordinates is presented. Applications of the program include molecular diffusion, heat conduction, and fluid flow in confined systems. The flow media may be anisotropic and heterogeneous. The model is formulated by replacing the continuous linear diffusion equation by discrete finite-difference approximations at each node in a block-centered grid. The resulting matrix equation is solved by the method of preconditioned conjugate gradients. The conjugate gradient method does not require the estimation of iteration parameters and is guaranteed convergent in the absence of rounding error. The matrixes are preconditioned to decrease the steps to convergence. The model allows the specification of any number of boundary conditions for any number of stress periods, and the output of a summary table for selected nodes showing flux and the concentration of the flux quantity for each time step. The model is written in a modular format for ease of modification. The model was verified by comparison of numerical and analytical solutions for cases of molecular diffusion, two-dimensional heat transfer, and axisymmetric radial saturated fluid flow. Application of the model to a hypothetical two-dimensional field situation of gas diffusion in the unsaturated zone is demonstrated. The input and output files are included as a check on program installation. The definition of variables, input requirements, flow chart, and program listing are included in the attachments. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of the report can be purchased from Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894027","usgsCitation":"Ishii, A.L., Healy, R.W., and Striegl, R.G., 1989, A numerical solution for the diffusion equation in hydrogeologic systems: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4027, viii, 86 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894027.","productDescription":"viii, 86 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":56672,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2169,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WRIR&number=89-4027","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4027/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6ab940","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ishii, A. L.","contributorId":61464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":198780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29328,"text":"wri884150 - 1989 - Streamflow and stream quality in the coal-mining region, Patoka River basin, southwestern Indiana, 1983-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-22T09:05:46","indexId":"wri884150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4150","title":"Streamflow and stream quality in the coal-mining region, Patoka River basin, southwestern Indiana, 1983-85","docAbstract":"Streamflow and stream-quality data were collected for surface water in the coal-mining region of the Patoka River basin. Data were collected primarily in Pike County.
\nData were collected 4 times at 29 surface-water sites during different seasons and conditions of Streamflow. Data were collected August 1983, July 1984, December 1984, and February through March 1985. Six sites were on the Patoka River. Although the percentage of drainage from coal-mined lands increases from the upstream to the downstream sites, the major land use for all sites on the Patoka River is agriculture. Ten sites were on 8 tributaries to the Patoka River (excluding the South Fork Patoka River), 3 sites were on the South Fork Patoka River (the largest tributary to the Patoka River), and 10 sites were on 10 tributaries to the South Fork Patoka River. The major land use for these sites is coal mining.
\nData obtained at the sites included instantaneous Streamflow, pH, specific conductance, dissolved-oxygen concentration, water temperature and concentrations of alkalinity and hot acidity. Water samples were collected and analyzed to determine the concentrations of dissolved sulfate; dissolved, suspended, and total recoverable iron and manganese; dissolved solids; suspended sediment; and suspended sediment finer than 0.0625-millimeter diameter.
\nStreamflow in the Patoka River has been regulated since 1978 by Patoka Lake. Flow-duration analyses indicate that flow regulation by Patoka Lake generally has increased low streamflows and decreased high streamflows in the Patoka River.
\nWhen compared to sites on the tributaries, sites on the Patoka River generally had smaller values for specific conductance and concentrations of chemical constituents. Sites on the tributaries to the Patoka River (including the South Fork Patoka and its tributaries) had larger values due to the physical and chemical weathering of coal-mined material in their basins. Generally, for sites on the Patoka River, values of specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved sulfate and dissolved, suspended, and total recoverable manganese increased from the upstream to the downstream sites.
\nFor the tributary sites, pH was near neutral at 11 sites (median pH value of 7.3 for all samplings), pH was low at 8 sites (median pH value of 3.7 for all samplings), and pH was variable at 3 sites depending on Streamflow. At sites where pH was near neutral, when compared with sites where pH was low, specific conductance and concentrations of alkalinity, dissolved sulfate, suspended iron, suspended manganese, dissolved solids, and suspended sediment generally were larger, and concentrations of acidity, dissolved iron, total recoverable iron, dissolved manganese, and total manganese generally were smaller. At those sites where pH varied with streamflow, concentrations of chemical constituents also varied.
\nFor sites on the Patoka River, loads of dissolved sulfate, total recoverable manganese, and dissolved solids generally increased from the upstream to the downstream sites; loads of total recoverable iron were variable. Generally, there was an inverse relation of streamflow to concentrations of chemical constituents the greater the streamflow, the smaller the concentrations. For sites on the tributaries, there was an inverse relation of streamflow to specific conductance and to concentrations of alkalinity, acidity, dissolved sulfate, and dissolved solids and a direct relation of streamflow to concentrations of dissolved, suspended, and total iron.
\nData collected from 1965 through 1968 and during May and October 1979 were compared with data collected during the time of the study (1983-85). Few historical data were available, and those that were available were only for selected sites. Data for pH, alkalinity, acidity, and dissolved sulfate indicate minimal or no change in these constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri884150","usgsCitation":"Renn, D., 1989, Streamflow and stream quality in the coal-mining region, Patoka River basin, southwestern Indiana, 1983-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4150, v, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884150.","productDescription":"v, 68 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"73","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4150/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58167,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4150/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Patoka River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.66540527343749,\n 38.25974980039479\n ],\n [\n -87.6544189453125,\n 38.47509432050245\n ],\n [\n -86.48368835449219,\n 38.460578736069024\n ],\n [\n -86.48231506347656,\n 38.25813229639681\n ],\n [\n -87.66540527343749,\n 38.25974980039479\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renn, D.E.","contributorId":36941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renn","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33327,"text":"b1542 - 1989 - Mineral resources of the Alpine Lakes Study Area and additions, Chelan, King, and Kittitas counties, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"b1542","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1542","title":"Mineral resources of the Alpine Lakes Study Area and additions, Chelan, King, and Kittitas counties, Washington","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/b1542","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1989, Mineral resources of the Alpine Lakes Study Area and additions, Chelan, King, and Kittitas counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1542, 1 portfolio (1 v., 2 maps) :ill., maps (some col.) ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1542.","productDescription":"1 portfolio (1 v., 2 maps) :ill., maps (some col.) ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163718,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1542/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":61153,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1542/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61154,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1542/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61155,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1542/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"U.S. Bureau of Mines","contributorId":128223,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Bureau of Mines","id":529471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":11950,"text":"ofr89148 - 1989 - Analytical results for water, soil, and rocks collected near the vicinity of Granite Falls, Washington as part of an arsenic-in-groundwater study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:40","indexId":"ofr89148","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-148","title":"Analytical results for water, soil, and rocks collected near the vicinity of Granite Falls, Washington as part of an arsenic-in-groundwater study","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89148","usgsCitation":"Ficklin, W.H., Frank, D., Briggs, P., and Tucker, R.E., 1989, Analytical results for water, soil, and rocks collected near the vicinity of Granite Falls, Washington as part of an arsenic-in-groundwater study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-148, 9 p. ill., maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89148.","productDescription":"9 p. ill., maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0148/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39945,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0148/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c991","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ficklin, Walter H.","contributorId":52565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, D.G.","contributorId":75546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, P.K.","contributorId":58649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tucker, R. E.","contributorId":50520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38453,"text":"pp1409E - 1989 - Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in Smith Creek valley, a hydrologically closed basin in Lander County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:02","indexId":"pp1409E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"E","title":"Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in Smith Creek valley, a hydrologically closed basin in Lander County, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1409E","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J.M., Carlton, S., and Hines, L., 1989, Ground-water hydrology and simulated effects of development in Smith Creek valley, a hydrologically closed basin in Lander County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, p. E1-E57, 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E57, 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104637,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4862.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4862"},{"id":122090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64944,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409e/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64945,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409e/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64946,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668d86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, J. M.","contributorId":62217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carlton, S.M.","contributorId":18036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlton","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, L.B.","contributorId":49406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26769,"text":"wri884093 - 1989 - Hydrogeology and water quality near a solid- and hazardous-waste landfill, Northwood, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri884093","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4093","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality near a solid- and hazardous-waste landfill, Northwood, Ohio","docAbstract":"Hydrogeology and water quality of ground water and selected streams were evaluated near a landfill in northwestern Ohio. The landfill is used for codisposal of solid and hazardous waste. Water-level and geologic data were collected from 36 wells and 3 surface-water sites during the period November 1983 to November 1985. Water-quality samples were collected from 18 wells and 3 surface-water sites this during this same period.\r\n\r\nThe primary aquifers in the area are the Greenfield Dolomite and underlying Lockport Dolomite of Silurian age. These bedrock carbonates are overlain by two clay tills of Wisconsin age. The tills are capped by a glacial lake clay. The tills generally are saturated, but do not yield sufficient water to be considered an aquifer. Two wells in the study area yield water, in part, from discontinuous deposits of outwash sand and gravel at the lower till-bedrock interface.\r\n\r\nRegional ground-water flow is from southwest to northeast; local flow is influenced by a ground-water mound centered under the northernmost cells of the landfill. Water levels in wells penetrating refuse within the landfill and the presence of leachate seeps indicate that the refuse is saturated. Head relations among the landfill, till, and dolomite aquifer indicate a vertical component of flow downward from the landfill to the dolomite aquifer. Water levels near the landfill fluctuate as much as 14 feet per year, in contrast to fluctuations of less than 3 feet per year in wells upgradient landfill.\r\n\r\nGround waters from wells completed in the dolomite aquifer and glacial till were found to have major-iron concentrations controlled, in large part, by reaction with calcite, dolomite, and other minerals in the aquifer. Only minor departures from equilibrium mineral saturation were noted for ground water, except in wells affected by cement/grout contamination. Molal ratios of calcuim:magnesium in ground water suggest a similar chemical evolution of waters throughout the dolomite aquifer in the study area. Stable-isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen indicate the source of water in the till unit and dolomite aquifer is atmospheric precipitation.\r\n\r\nElevated levels of total dissolved solids, boron, ammonia, and iron in the leachate and in wells downgradient of the landfill may indicate mixing of ground water with leachate. Oxygen and hydrogen stable-isotope ratios were used to differentiate waters from the glacial till and dolomite aquifer. Isotope ratios also show a shift off the local mixing line for leachate and for a well just downgradient from the landfill. The shift to heavier values of o D in the well water may be indicative of leachate mixing with ground water.\r\n\r\nThe effect of this mixing denoted by hydrologic, isotopic, and chemical-quality data is limited mostly to elevated levels of the common ions. Analysis did not indicate significant levels of toxic metals or organic contaminants except phenol, which was present at concentrations of from 1 to 5 micrograms per liter in six wells. Analysis of water-quality data from nearby streams suggest that surface leaching from the landfill does not significantly affect stream-water quality, but may contribute to higher level of trace metals in the streambed sediments.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884093","usgsCitation":"De Roche, J., and Breen, K.J., 1989, Hydrogeology and water quality near a solid- and hazardous-waste landfill, Northwood, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4093, v, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884093.","productDescription":"v, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4093/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55658,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Roche, J.T.","contributorId":66691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Roche","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breen, K. J.","contributorId":44176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":3626,"text":"cir1030 - 1989 - Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15090,"text":"ofr88472 - 1988 - Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty","indexId":"ofr88472","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":3626,"text":"cir1030 - 1989 - Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty","indexId":"cir1030","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"cir1030","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1030","title":"Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty","docAbstract":"The interactions of the water resources on and within the surface of the Earth with the atmosphere that surrounds it are exceedingly complex. Increased uncertainty can be attached to the availability of water of usable quality in the 21st century, therefore, because of potential anthropogenic changes in the global climate system. For the U.S. Geological Survey to continue to fulfill its mission with respect to assessing the Nation's water resources, an expanded program to study the hydrologic implications of climate uncertainty will be required. The goal for this program is to develop knowledge and information concerning the potential water-resources implications for the United States of uncertainties in climate that may result from both anthropogenic and natural changes of the Earth's atmosphere. Like most past and current water-resources programs of the Geological Survey, the climate-uncertainty program should be composed of three elements: (1) research, (2) data collection, and (3) interpretive studies. However, unlike most other programs, the climate-uncertainty program necessarily will be dominated by its research component during its early years. \r\n\r\nCritical new concerns to be addressed by the research component are (1) areal estimates of evapotranspiration, (2) hydrologic resolution within atmospheric (climatic) models at the global scale and at mesoscales, (3) linkages between hydrology and climatology, and (4) methodology for the design of data networks that will help to track the impacts of climate change on water resources. Other ongoing activities in U.S. Geological Survey research programs will be enhanced to make them more compatible with climate-uncertainty research needs. \r\n\r\nThe existing hydrologic data base of the Geological Survey serves as a key element in assessing hydrologic and climatologic change. However, this data base has evolved in response to other needs for hydrologic information and probably is not as sensitive to climate change as is desirable. Therefore, as measurement and network-design methodologies are improved to account for climate-change potential, new data-collection activities will be added to the existing programs. One particular area of data-collection concern pertains to the phenomenon of evapotranspiration. \r\n\r\nInterpretive studies of the hydrologic implications of climate uncertainty will be initiated by establishing several studies at the river-basin scale in diverse hydroclimatic and demographic settings. These studies will serve as tests of the existing methodologies for studying the impacts of climate change and also will help to define subsequent research priorities. A prototype for these studies was initiated in early 1988 in the Delaware River basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir1030","usgsCitation":"Moss, M.E., and Lins, H.F., 1989, Water resources in the twenty-first century; a study of the implications of climate uncertainty: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1030, vi, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1030.","productDescription":"vi, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/1030/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":30669,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1989/1030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0951","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moss, Marshall E.","contributorId":6830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moss","given":"Marshall","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":147281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}