In this study, the dynamics of soil thermal, hydrologic, and ecosystem processes were coupled to project how the carbon budgets of boreal forests will respond to changes in atmospheric CO2, climate, and fire disturbance. The ability of the model to simulate gross primary production and ecosystem respiration was verified for a mature black spruce ecosystem in Canada, the age-dependent pattern of the simulated vegetation carbon was verified with inventory data on aboveground growth of Alaskan black spruce forests, and the model was applied to a postfire chronosequence in interior Alaska. The comparison between the simulated soil temperature and field-based estimates during the growing season (May to September) of 1997 revealed that the model was able to accurately simulate monthly temperatures at 10 cm (R > 0.93) for control and burned stands of the fire chronosequence. Similarly, the simulated and field-based estimates of soil respiration for control and burned stands were correlated (R = 0.84 and 0.74 for control and burned stands, respectively). The simulated and observed decadal to century-scale dynamics of soil temperature and carbon dynamics, which are represented by mean monthly values of these variables during the growing season, were correlated among stands (R = 0.93 and 0.71 for soil temperature at 20- and 10-cm depths, R = 0.95 and 0.91 for soil respiration and soil carbon, respectively). Sensitivity analyses indicate that along with differences in fire and climate history a number of other factors influence the response of carbon dynamics to fire disturbance. These factors include nitrogen fixation, the growth of moss, changes in the depth of the organic layer, soil drainage, and fire severity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001jd001244","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Zhuang, Q., McGuire, A., O’Neill, K.P., Harden, J., Romanovsky, V., and Yarie, J., 2003, Modeling soil thermal and carbon dynamics of a fire chronosequence in interior Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 108, no. 1, p. FFR 3-1-FFR 3-26, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001244.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"FFR 3-1","endPage":"FFR 3-26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489827,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jd001244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":388134,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tanana River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -142.75634765625,\n 63.25093928818513\n ],\n [\n -142.62451171875,\n 63.50447451397417\n ],\n [\n -144.9810791015625,\n 64.18724867664994\n ],\n [\n -145.579833984375,\n 64.21832589114345\n ],\n [\n -145.78857421875,\n 63.91564308935915\n ],\n [\n -143.17932128906247,\n 63.21878040291831\n ],\n [\n -142.921142578125,\n 63.15435519659187\n ],\n [\n -142.75634765625,\n 63.25093928818513\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c2be4b0c8380cd6fabb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhuang, Q.","contributorId":40772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neill, K. P.","contributorId":104935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Romanovsky, V.E.","contributorId":54721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yarie, J.","contributorId":92847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yarie","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026017,"text":"70026017 - 2003 - Arctic transitions in the Land - Atmosphere System (ATLAS): Background, objectives, results, and future directions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:35","indexId":"70026017","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arctic transitions in the Land - Atmosphere System (ATLAS): Background, objectives, results, and future directions","docAbstract":"This paper briefly reviews the background, objectives, and results of the Arctic Transitions in the Land-Atmosphere System (ATLAS) Project to date and provides thoughts on future directions. The key goal of the ATLAS Project is to improve understanding of controls over spatial and temporal variability of terrestrial processes in the Arctic that have potential consequences for the climate system, i.e., processes that affect the exchange of water and energy with the atmosphere, the exchange of radiatively active gases with the atmosphere, and the delivery of freshwater to the Arctic Ocean. Three important conclusions have emerged from research associated with the ATLAS Project. First, associated with the observation that the Alaskan Arctic has warmed significantly in the last 30 years, permafrost is warming, shrubs are expanding, and there has been a temporary release of carbon dioxide from tundra soils. Second, the winter is a more important period of biological activity than previously appreciated. Biotic processes, including shrub expansion and decomposition, affect snow structure and accumulation and affect the annual carbon budget of tundra ecosystems. Third, observed vegetation changes can have a significant positive feedback to regional warming. These vegetation effects are, however, less strong than those exerted by land-ocean heating contrasts and the topographic constraints on air mass movements. The papers of this special section provide additional insights related to these conclusions and to the overall goal of ATLAS.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"McGuire, A., Sturm, M., and Chapin, F.S., 2003, Arctic transitions in the Land - Atmosphere System (ATLAS): Background, objectives, results, and future directions: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 108, no. 2.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed57e4b0c8380cd49750","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturm, M.","contributorId":81834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturm","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F. S. III","contributorId":16776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025969,"text":"70025969 - 2003 - Isotopic composition of carbon dioxide from a boreal forest fire: Inferring carbon loss from measurements and modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-06T16:16:04.313654","indexId":"70025969","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1836,"text":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic composition of carbon dioxide from a boreal forest fire: Inferring carbon loss from measurements and modeling","docAbstract":"Fire is an important pathway for carbon (C) loss from boreal forest ecosystems and has a strong effect on ecosystem C balance. Fires can range widely in severity, defined as the amount of vegetation and forest floor consumed by fire, depending on local fuel and climatic conditions. Here we explore a novel method for estimating fire severity and loss of C from fire using the atmosphere to integrate ecosystem heterogeneity at the watershed scale. We measured the δ13C and Δ14C isotopic values of CO2 emitted from an experimental forest fire at the Caribou-Poker Creek Research Watershed (CPCRW), near Fairbanks, Alaska. We used inverse modeling combined with dual isotope measurements of C contained in aboveground black spruce biomass and soil organic horizons to estimate the amount of C released by this fire. The experimental burn was a medium to severe intensity fire that released, on average, about 2.5 kg Cm−2, more than half of the C contained in vegetation and soil organic horizon pools. For vegetation, the model predicted that approximately 70–75% of pools such as needles, fine branches, and bark were consumed by fire, whereas only 20–30% of pools such as coarse branches and cones were consumed. The fire was predicted to have almost completely consumed surface soil organic horizons and burned about half of the deepest humic horizon. The ability to estimate the amount of biomass combusted and C emission from fires at the watershed scale provides an extensive approach that can complement more limited intensive ground-based measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001gb001840","issn":"08866236","usgsCitation":"Schuur, E., Trumbore, S., Mack, M., and Harden, J., 2003, Isotopic composition of carbon dioxide from a boreal forest fire: Inferring carbon loss from measurements and modeling: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 17, no. 1, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001840.","productDescription":"9 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gb001840","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":387733,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Fairbanks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.2822265625,\n 64.37794095121995\n ],\n [\n -146.513671875,\n 64.37794095121995\n ],\n [\n -146.513671875,\n 65.34851379240024\n ],\n [\n -149.2822265625,\n 65.34851379240024\n ],\n [\n -149.2822265625,\n 64.37794095121995\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f9fe4b0c8380cd64682","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuur, E.A.G.","contributorId":106679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuur","given":"E.A.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trumbore, S.E.","contributorId":57879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trumbore","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mack, M.C.","contributorId":87238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025766,"text":"70025766 - 2003 - The importance of genetic verification for determination of Atlantic salmon in north Pacific waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T16:28:32","indexId":"70025766","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of genetic verification for determination of Atlantic salmon in north Pacific waters","docAbstract":"Genetic analyses of two unknown but putative Atlantic salmon Salmo salar captured in the Copper River drainage, Alaska, demonstrated the need for validation of morphologically unusual fishes. Mitochondrial DNA sequences (control region and cytochrome b) and data from two nuclear genes [first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) sequence and growth hormone (GH1) amplification product] indicated that the fish caught in fresh water on the Martin River was a coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, while the other fish caught in the intertidal zone of the Copper River delta near Grass Island was an Atlantic salmon. Determination of unusual or cryptic fish based on limited physical characteristics and expected seasonal spawning run timing will add to the controversy over farmed Atlantic salmon and their potential effects on native Pacific species. It is clear that determination of all putative collections of Atlantic salmon found in Pacific waters requires validation. Due to uncertainty of fish identification in the field using plastic morphometric characters, it is recommended that genetic analyses be part of the validation process. ?? 2003 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00072.x","issn":"00221112","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, J., Williams, I., Sage, G.K., and Zimmerman, C.E., 2003, The importance of genetic verification for determination of Atlantic salmon in north Pacific waters: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 62, no. 4, p. 871-878, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00072.x.","startPage":"871","endPage":"878","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208890,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00072.x"}],"volume":"62","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacf7e4b08c986b3238a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, J.L.","contributorId":105665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, I.","contributorId":36343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sage, G. Kevin 0000-0003-1431-2286 ksage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1431-2286","contributorId":4348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sage","given":"G.","email":"ksage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kevin","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":406502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70006980,"text":"70006980 - 2003 - Habitat characteristics of polar bear terrestrial maternal den sites in northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-06T15:20:36.17559","indexId":"70006980","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Habitat characteristics of polar bear terrestrial maternal den sites in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) give birth to and nurture their young in dens of ice and snow. During 1999-2001, we measured the structure of 22 dens on the coastal plain of northern Alaska after polar bear families had evacuated their dens in the spring. During the summers of 2001 and 2002, we revisited the sites of 42 maternal and autumn exploratory dens and recorded characteristics of the under-snow habitat. The structure of polar bear snow dens was highly variable. Most were simple chambers with a single entrance/egress tunnel. Others had multiple chambers and additional tunnels. Thickness of snow above and below dens was highly variable, but most dens were overlain by less than 1 m of snow. Dens were located on, or associated with, pronounced landscape features (primarily coastal and river banks, but also a lake shore and an abandoned oil field gravel pad) that are readily distinguished from the surrounding terrain in summer and catch snow in early winter. Although easily identified, den landforms in northern Alaska were more subtle than den habitats in many other parts of the Arctic. The structure of polar bear dens in Alaska was strikingly similar to that of dens elsewhere and has remained largely unchanged in northern Alaska for more than 25 years. Knowledge of den structure and site characteristics will allow resource managers to identify habitats with the greatest probability of holding dens. This information may assist resource managers in preventing negative impacts of mineral exploration and extraction on polar bears.
","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic602","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., Amstrup, S.C., and Fischbach, A.S., 2003, Habitat characteristics of polar bear terrestrial maternal den sites in northern Alaska: Arctic, v. 56, no. 1, p. 55-62, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic602.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387212,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"northern Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -166.640625,\n 66.96447630005638\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 66.96447630005638\n ],\n [\n -141.328125,\n 71.85622888185527\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 71.85622888185527\n ],\n [\n -166.640625,\n 66.96447630005638\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"56","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f02e4b0c8380cd5c9eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":355604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fischbach, Anthony S. 0000-0002-6555-865X afischbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-865X","contributorId":2865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischbach","given":"Anthony","email":"afischbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025793,"text":"70025793 - 2003 - Identification of linear and threshold responses in streams along a gradient of urbanization in Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:18:38","indexId":"70025793","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of linear and threshold responses in streams along a gradient of urbanization in Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"We examined biotic and physiochemical responses in urbanized Anchorage, Alaska, to the percent of impervious area within stream basins, as determined by high-resolution IKONOS satellite imagery and aerial photography. Eighteen of the 86 variables examined, including riparian and instream habitat, macroinvertebrate communities, and water/sediment chemistry, were significantly correlated with percent impervious area. Variables related to channel condition, instream substrate, water chemistry, and residential and transportation right-of-way land uses were identified by principal components analysis as significant factors separating site groups. Detrended canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the macroinvertebrate communities responded to an urbanization gradient closely paralleling the percent of impervious area within the subbasin. A sliding regression analysis of variables significantly correlated with percent impervious area revealed 8 variables exhibiting threshold responses that correspond to a mean of 4.4-5.8% impervious area, much lower than mean values reported in other, similar investigations. As contributing factors to a subbasin's impervious area, storm drains and roads appeared to be important elements influencing the degradation of water quality with respect to the biota.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1026211808745","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Ourso, R.T., and Frenzel, S., 2003, Identification of linear and threshold responses in streams along a gradient of urbanization in Anchorage, Alaska: Hydrobiologia, v. 501, p. 117-131, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026211808745.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.281982421875,\n 60.975772391022176\n ],\n [\n -149.46350097656247,\n 60.975772391022176\n ],\n [\n -149.46350097656247,\n 61.38225157465406\n ],\n [\n -150.281982421875,\n 61.38225157465406\n ],\n [\n -150.281982421875,\n 60.975772391022176\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"501","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3830e4b0c8380cd61498","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ourso, Robert T. 0000-0002-5952-8681 rtourso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-8681","contributorId":203207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ourso","given":"Robert","email":"rtourso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frenzel, S.A.","contributorId":9246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025807,"text":"70025807 - 2003 - Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T09:00:15","indexId":"70025807","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon","docAbstract":"Tag retention and tag-related mortality are concerns for any tagging study but are rarely estimated. We assessed retention and mortality rates for esophageal radio tag implants in adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Migrating sockeye salmon captured at the outlet of Lake Clark, Alaska, were implanted with one of four different radio tags (14.5 × 43 mm (diameter × length), 14.5 × 49 mm, 16 × 46 mm, and 19 × 51 mm). Fish were observed for 15 to 35 d after tagging to determine retention and mortality rates. The overall tag retention rate was high (0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.92-1.00; minimum, 33 d), with one loss of a 19-mm × 51- mm tag. Mortality of tagged sockeye salmon (0.02; 95% CI, 0-0.08) was similar to that of untagged controls (0.03 (0-0.15)). Sockeye salmon with body lengths (mid-eye to tail fork) of 585-649 mm retained tags as large as 19 × 51 mm and those with body lengths of 499-628 mm retained tags as small as 14.5 × 43 mm for a minimum of 33 d with no increase in mortality. The tags used in this study represent a suite of radio tags that vary in size, operational life, and cost but that are effective in tracking adult anadromous salmon with little tag loss or increase in fish mortality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0978:RTRATM>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Ramstad, K.M., and Woody, C.A., 2003, Radio tag retention and tag-related mortality among adult sockeye salmon: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 23, no. 3, p. 978-982, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2003)023<0978:RTRATM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"978","endPage":"982","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Lake Clark","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a939ae4b0c8380cd80f13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramstad, Kristina M.","contributorId":172547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramstad","given":"Kristina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woody, Carol Ann","contributorId":172548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Woody","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025861,"text":"70025861 - 2003 - Photographic techniques for characterizing streambed particle sizes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T18:17:39","indexId":"70025861","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Photographic techniques for characterizing streambed particle sizes","docAbstract":"We developed photographic techniques to characterize coarse (>2-mm) and fine (≤2-mm) streambed particle sizes in 12 streams in Anchorage, Alaska. Results were compared with current sampling techniques to assess which provided greater sampling efficiency and accuracy. The streams sampled were wadeable and contained gravel—cobble streambeds. Gradients ranged from about 5% at the upstream sites to about 0.25% at the downstream sites. Mean particle sizes and size-frequency distributions resulting from digitized photographs differed significantly from those resulting from Wolman pebble counts for five sites in the analysis. Wolman counts were biased toward selecting larger particles. Photographic analysis also yielded a greater number of measured particles (mean = 989) than did the Wolman counts (mean = 328). Stream embeddedness ratings assigned from field and photographic observations were significantly different at 5 of the 12 sites, although both types of ratings showed a positive relationship with digitized surface fines. Visual estimates of embeddedness and digitized surface fines may both be useful indicators of benthic conditions, but digitizing surface fines produces quantitative rather than qualitative data. Benefits of the photographic techniques include reduced field time, minimal streambed disturbance, convenience of postfield processing, easy sample archiving, and improved accuracy and replication potential.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0605:PTFCSP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Whitman, M.S., Moran, E.H., and Ourso, R.T., 2003, Photographic techniques for characterizing streambed particle sizes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 132, no. 3, p. 605-610, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0605:PTFCSP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"610","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234680,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"132","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a22e4b0c8380cd78d55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitman, Matthew S.","contributorId":67961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitman","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7217,"text":"Bureau of Land Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moran, Edward H. emoran@usgs.gov","contributorId":5445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"Edward","email":"emoran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ourso, Robert T. 0000-0002-5952-8681 rtourso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5952-8681","contributorId":203207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ourso","given":"Robert","email":"rtourso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":87203,"text":"87203 - 2003 - Polar bear, Ursus maritimus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-14T13:03:22","indexId":"87203","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"displayTitle":"Polar bear, Ursus maritimus","title":"Polar bear, Ursus maritimus","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, management, and conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Hopkins University Press","publisherLocation":"Baltimore, MD","isbn":"9780801874161","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., 2003, Polar bear, Ursus maritimus, chap. of Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, management, and conservation.","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349991,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/wild-mammals-north-america"}],"otherGeospatial":"North America","edition":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684a08","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Feldhamer, G.A.","contributorId":112410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feldhamer","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504836,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, B.C.","contributorId":102433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504835,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, J.A.","contributorId":6156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504834,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":297479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025954,"text":"70025954 - 2003 - Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:33","indexId":"70025954","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence","docAbstract":"On 23 October 2002, the Mw 6.7 Nenana Mountain earthquake occurred in central Alaska. It was followed on 3 November 2002 by the Mw 7.9 Denali Fault mainshock, the largest strike-slip earthquake to occur in North America during the past 150 years. We have modeled static Coulomb stress transfer effects during this sequence. We find that the Nenana Mountain foreshock transferred 30-50 kPa of Coulomb stress to the hypocentral region of the Denali Fault mainshock, encouraging its occurrence. We also find that the two main earthquakes together transferred more than 400 kPa of Coulomb stress to the Cross Creek segment of the Totschunda fault system and to the Denali fault southeast of the mainshock rupture, and up to 80 kPa to the Denali fault west of the Nenana Mountain rupture. Other major faults in the region experienced much smaller static Coulomb stress changes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Anderson, G., and Ji, C., 2003, Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 6, p. 43-1.","startPage":"43","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"-41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96f4e4b08c986b31b7d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, G.","contributorId":26490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ji, C.","contributorId":31093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025626,"text":"70025626 - 2003 - Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T17:19:10","indexId":"70025626","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters","docAbstract":"The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) population in California (USA) and the Alaskan sea otter (E. lutris kenyoni) population in the Aleutian Islands (USA) chain have recently declined. In order to evaluate disease as a contributing factor to the declines, health assessments of these two sea otter populations were conducted by evaluating hematologic and/or serum biochemical values and exposure to six marine and terrestrial pathogens using blood collected during ongoing studies from 1995 through 2000. Samples from 72 free-ranging Alaskan, 78 free-ranging southern, and (for pathogen exposure only) 41 debilitated southern sea otters in rehabilitation facilities were evaluated and compared to investigate regional differences. Serum chemistry and hematology values did not indicate a specific disease process as a cause for the declines. Statistically significant differences were found between free-ranging adult southern and Alaskan population mean serum levels of creatinine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, glucose, phosphorous, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and sodium. These were likely due to varying parasite loads, contaminant exposures, and physiologic or nutrition statuses. No free-ranging sea otters had signs of disease at capture, and prevalences of exposure to calicivirus, Brucella spp., and Leptospira spp. were low. The high prevalence (35%) of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging southern sea otters, lack of antibodies to this parasite in Alaskan sea otters, and the pathogen's propensity to cause mortality in southern sea otters suggests that this parasite may be important to sea otter population dynamics in California but not in Alaska. The evidence for exposure to pathogens of public health importance (e.g., Leptospira spp., T. gondii) in the southern sea otter population, and the naïveté of both populations to other pathogens (e.g., morbillivirus and Coccidiodes immitis) may have important implications for their management and recovery.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-39.4.837","usgsCitation":"Hanni, K., Mazet, J., Gulland, F., Estes, J.A., Staedler, M., Murray, M., Miller, M.A., and Jessup, D.A., 2003, Clinical pathology and assessment of pathogen exposure in southern and Alaskan sea otters: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 39, no. 4, p. 837-850, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.4.837.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"837","endPage":"850","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478525,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-39.4.837","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":236242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f670e4b0c8380cd4c770","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanni, K.D.","contributorId":13797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanni","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazet, J.A.K.","contributorId":57794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mazet","given":"J.A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gulland, F.M.D.","contributorId":50704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulland","given":"F.M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Staedler, M.","contributorId":68260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staedler","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Murray, M.J.","contributorId":30421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Miller, Melissa A.","contributorId":57701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39007,"text":"CA Dept of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jessup, David A.","contributorId":96226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jessup","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6952,"text":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":405920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70025676,"text":"70025676 - 2003 - Effects of implanted radio transmitters with percutaneous antennas on the behavior of Canada Geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T13:51:30","indexId":"70025676","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2284,"text":"Journal of Field Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of implanted radio transmitters with percutaneous antennas on the behavior of Canada Geese","docAbstract":"We examined whether surgically-implanted radio transmitters with percutaneous antennas affected behavior of Lesser Canada Geese (Branta canadensis parvipes) in Anchorage, Alaska. We implanted either a 26-g VHF radio transmitter or a larger VHF radio that was the same mass (35 g) and shape as a satellite transmitter in the coelom of adult females captured during molt in 2000. A control group of females was marked with leg bands. We simultaneously observed behavior of radio-marked and control females from 4-62 d following capture. We observed no differences in the proportion of time birds in different treatments allocated among grazing, resting, comfort, walking, and alert behavior. Females in different treatments spent a similar proportion of time in the water. Implantation of radio transmitters did not affect the frequency of agonistic interactions. We conclude that coelomic radio transmitters with percutaneous antennas had minimal effects on the behavior of Canada Geese.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1648/0273-8570-74.3.250","issn":"02738570","usgsCitation":"Hupp, J.W., Ruhl, G., Pearce, J.M., Mulcahy, D.M., and Tomeo, M., 2003, Effects of implanted radio transmitters with percutaneous antennas on the behavior of Canada Geese: Journal of Field Ornithology, v. 74, no. 3, p. 250-256, https://doi.org/10.1648/0273-8570-74.3.250.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"256","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234741,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","volume":"74","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0722e4b0c8380cd5158f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Jerry W. 0000-0002-6439-3910 jhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6439-3910","contributorId":127803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Jerry","email":"jhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruhl, G.A.","contributorId":107901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tomeo, M.A.","contributorId":88539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomeo","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70025677,"text":"70025677 - 2003 - Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, do not extrude eggs annually in southeastern Alaska: An in situ study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T18:15:08","indexId":"70025677","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2235,"text":"Journal of Crustacean Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, do not extrude eggs annually in southeastern Alaska: An in situ study","docAbstract":"The reproductive biology of female Dungeness crabs was studied with crab-pot and dive-transect sampling in five bays within or near Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeastern Alaska, in April and September yearly from 1992 to 1998. A large percentage of nonovigerous, mature females was found in April, a time when females were expected to be brooding eggs that hatch in May and June. Our study examined differences between ovigerous and nonovigerous females collected in April and September samples to corroborate our previous laboratory study in which we found nonannual egg extrusion among Dungeness crabs. Seasonal differences in the catches of ovigerous and nonovigerous females, crab sizes, shell condition, and appendage injury were examined. Additionally, all crabs collected from two bays were tagged beginning in the fall of 1995; tagging was conducted twice annually. Our pot and dive data indicate that females, particularly larger ones, do not extrude eggs annually. Larger females have lower molting probabilities, which limits mating potential and increases reliance on stored sperm. The tagging study confirmed that at least some females do not extrude eggs in one year and then extrude eggs at a later time without molting, thus skipping at least one reproductive season. A reproductive cycle of Dungeness crabs in Alaska is introduced which includes earlier egg extrusion by larger females and nonannual egg extrusion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Crustacean Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0280:DCCMDN]2.0.CO;2","issn":"02780372","usgsCitation":"Swiney, K., Shirley, T.C., Taggart, S.J., and O’Clair, C.E., 2003, Dungeness crab, Cancer magister, do not extrude eggs annually in southeastern Alaska: An in situ study: Journal of Crustacean Biology, v. 23, no. 2, p. 280-288, https://doi.org/10.1651/0278-0372(2003)023[0280:DCCMDN]2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"280","endPage":"288","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0417e4b0c8380cd50799","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swiney, K.M.","contributorId":95243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swiney","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shirley, Thomas C.","contributorId":17409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shirley","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12548,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":406133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taggart, S. James","contributorId":30131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taggart","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025684,"text":"70025684 - 2003 - Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the denali fault earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:32","indexId":"70025684","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the denali fault earthquake","docAbstract":"The 3 November 2002 moment magnitude 7.9 Denali fault earthquake generated large, permanent surface displacements in Alaska and large-amplitude surface waves throughout western North America. We find good agreement between strong ground-motion records integrated to displacement and 1-hertz Global Positioning System (GPS) position estimates collected ??? 140 kilometers from the earthquake epicenter. One-hertz GPS receivers also detected seismic surface waves 750 to 3800 kilometers from the epicenter, whereas these waves saturated many of the seismic instruments in the same region. High-frequency GPS increases the dynamic range and frequency bandwidth of ground-motion observations, providing another tool for studying earthquake processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1126/science.1084531","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Larson, K., Bodin, P., and Gomberg, J., 2003, Using 1-Hz GPS data to measure deformations caused by the denali fault earthquake: Science, v. 300, no. 5624, p. 1421-1424, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1084531.","startPage":"1421","endPage":"1424","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208807,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1084531"},{"id":234816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"300","issue":"5624","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00ae4b08c986b329ebf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, K.M.","contributorId":84949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodin, P.","contributorId":29554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026037,"text":"70026037 - 2003 - Body molt of male long-tailed ducks in the nearshore waters of the north slope, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T22:25:47.558974","indexId":"70026037","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Body molt of male long-tailed ducks in the nearshore waters of the north slope, Alaska","docAbstract":"We examined the timing and intensity of body molt in relation to stage of remige growth for postbreeding adult male Long-tailed Ducks (Clangula hyemalis) off the coast of northern Alaska. During this period, remige and rectrix feathers are molted simultaneously with body feathers during the prebasic molt, which results in a period of increased energetic and nutritional demands. We collected birds from late July through mid-August and recorded intensity of molt in eight regions: head and neck, back and rump, greater coverts, lesser coverts, flank and sides, breast, belly, and tail. Using nonlinear regression, we estimated the peak intensity and variation for each region in relation to ninth primary length. We found little evidence of molt in the head and neck region. The greater and lesser coverts, and back and rump reached peak molt intensities earliest and were followed by tail, breast, and belly. Molt intensity in the flank and side region was highly variable and indicated a more prolonged molting pattern in relation to other regions. While body molt occurs simultaneously with wing molt, we found that molt among regions occurred in a staggered pattern. Long-tailed Ducks may employ this staggered molting pattern to minimize the energetic and nutritional requirements of molt.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1676/02-081","issn":"00435643","usgsCitation":"Howell, M., Grand, J., and Flint, P.L., 2003, Body molt of male long-tailed ducks in the nearshore waters of the north slope, Alaska: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 115, no. 2, p. 170-175, https://doi.org/10.1676/02-081.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"170","endPage":"175","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478559,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/02-081","text":"External Repository"},{"id":388623,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Slope","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.02734375,\n 68.84766505841037\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 68.84766505841037\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 72.0739114882038\n ],\n [\n -158.02734375,\n 72.0739114882038\n ],\n [\n -158.02734375,\n 68.84766505841037\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1f5e4b0c8380cd4af0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howell, M.D.","contributorId":22947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J.B.","contributorId":11150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025687,"text":"70025687 - 2003 - Coupled heat and fluid flow modeling of the Carboniferous Kuna Basin, Alaska: Implications for the genesis of the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba ore district","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:34:42","indexId":"70025687","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Coupled heat and fluid flow modeling of the Carboniferous Kuna Basin, Alaska: Implications for the genesis of the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba ore district","docAbstract":"The Red Dog deposit is a giant 175 Mton (16% Zn, 5% Pb), shale-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba ore district situated in the Carboniferous Kuna Basin, Western Brooks Range, Alaska. These SEDEX-type ores are thought to have formed in calcareous turbidites and black mudstone at elevated sub-seafloor temperatures (120-150??C) within a hydrogeologic framework of submarine convection that was structurally organized by large normal faults. The theory for modeling brine migration and heat transport in the Kuna Basin is discussed with application to evaluating flow patterns and heat transport in faulted rift basins and the effects of buoyancy-driven free convection on reactive flow and ore genesis. Finite element simulations show that hydrothermal fluid was discharged into the Red Dog subbasin during a period of basin-wide crustal heat flow of 150-160 mW/m2. Basinal brines circulated to depths as great as 1-3 km along multiple normal faults flowed laterally through thick clastic aquifers acquiring metals and heat, and then rapidly ascended a single discharge fault zone at rates ??? 5 m/year to mix with seafloor sulfur and precipitate massive sulfide ores. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00109-2","issn":"03756742","usgsCitation":"Garven, G., Raffensperger, J.P., Dumoulin, J.A., Bradley, D., Young, L.E., Kelley, K., and Leach, D.L., 2003, Coupled heat and fluid flow modeling of the Carboniferous Kuna Basin, Alaska: Implications for the genesis of the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba ore district, in Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 78-79, p. 215-219, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00109-2.","startPage":"215","endPage":"219","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208847,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(03)00109-2"},{"id":234896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78-79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc89e4b0c8380cd4e2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garven, G.","contributorId":34632,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garven","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Raffensperger, Jeff P. 0000-0001-9275-6646 jpraffen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9275-6646","contributorId":199119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raffensperger","given":"Jeff","email":"jpraffen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":406170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, D.A.","contributorId":32340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Young, L. E.","contributorId":105288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelley, K.D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":75157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"K.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70025690,"text":"70025690 - 2003 - Lead isotopes in North Pacific deep water - Implications for past changes in input sources and circulation patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025690","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead isotopes in North Pacific deep water - Implications for past changes in input sources and circulation patterns","docAbstract":"The sources of non-anthropogenic Pb in seawater have been the subject of debate. Here we present Pb isotope time-series that indicate that the non-anthropogenic Pb budget of the northernmost Pacific Ocean has been governed by ocean circulation and riverine inputs, which in turn have ultimately been controlled by tectonic processes. Despite the fact that the investigated locations are situated within the Asian dust plume, and proximal to extensive arc volcanism, eolian contributions have had little impact. We have obtained the first high-resolution and high-precision Pb isotope time-series of North Pacific deep water from two ferromanganese crusts from the Gulf of Alaska in the NE Pacific Ocean, and from the Detroit Seamount in the NW Pacific Ocean. Both crusts were dated applying 10 Be/9Be ratios and yield continuous time-series for the past 13.5 and 9.6 Myr, respectively. Lead isotopes show a monotonic evolution in 206Pb/204Pb from low values in the Miocene (??? 18.57) to high values at present day (??? 18.84) in both crusts, even though they are separated by more than 3000 km along the Aleutian Arc. The variation exceeds the amplitude found in Equatorial Pacific deep water records by about three-fold. There also is a striking similarity in 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/ 204Pb ratios of the two crusts, indicating the existence of a local circulation cell in the sub-polar North Pacific, where efficient lateral mixing has taken place but only limited exchange (in terms of Pb) with deep water from the Equatorial Pacific has occurred. Both crusts display well-defined trends with age in Pb-Pb isotope mixing plots, which require the involvement of at least four distinct Pb sources for North Pacific deep water. The Pb isotope time-series reveal that eolian supplies (volcanic ash and continent-derived loess) have only been of minor importance for the dissolved Pb budget of marginal sites in the deep North Pacific over the past 6 Myr. The two predominant sources have been young volcanic arcs, one located in the northeastern part and one located in the northwestern part of the Pacific margin, from where material has been eroded and delivered to the ocean, most likely via riverine pathways. ?? 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00069-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"van de Flierdt, T., Frank, M., Halliday, A.N., Hein, J., Hattendorf, B., Gunther, D., and Kubik, P., 2003, Lead isotopes in North Pacific deep water - Implications for past changes in input sources and circulation patterns: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 209, no. 1-2, p. 149-164, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00069-4.","startPage":"149","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208866,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00069-4"},{"id":234932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"209","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45c4e4b0c8380cd674b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van de Flierdt, T.","contributorId":55613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van de Flierdt","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, M.","contributorId":103396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halliday, A. N.","contributorId":87663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halliday","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hattendorf, B.","contributorId":80052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hattendorf","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gunther, D.","contributorId":35491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunther","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kubik, P.W.","contributorId":21691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubik","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70026116,"text":"70026116 - 2003 - Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:31:45","indexId":"70026116","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) techniques are used to calculate the volume of extrusion at Okmok volcano, Alaska by constructing precise digital elevation models (DEMs) that represent volcano topography before and after the 1997 eruption. The posteruption DEM is generated using airborne topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) data where a three-dimensional affine transformation is used to account for the misalignments between different DEM patches. The preeruption DEM is produced using repeat-pass European Remote Sensing satellite data; multiple interferograms are combined to reduce errors due to atmospheric variations, and deformation rates are estimated independently and removed from the interferograms used for DEM generation. The extrusive flow volume associated with the 1997 eruption of Okmok volcano is 0.154 ?? 0.025 km3. The thickest portion is approximately 50 m, although field measurements of the flow margin's height do not exceed 20 m. The in situ measurements at lava edges are not representative of the total thickness, and precise DEM data are absolutely essential to calculate eruption volume based on lava thickness estimations. This study is an example that demonstrates how InSAR will play a significant role in studying volcanoes in remote areas.","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Fielding, E., Patrick, M., and Trautwein, C., 2003, Estimating lava volume by precision combination of multiple baseline spaceborne and airborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar: The 1997 eruption of Okmok Volcano, Alaska: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 41, no. 6, p. 1428-1436, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1428","endPage":"1436","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208780,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2003.811553"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b26e4b0c8380cd525ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fielding, E.","contributorId":51057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fielding","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Patrick, M.R.","contributorId":96059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trautwein, C. M.","contributorId":86748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trautwein","given":"C. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026110,"text":"70026110 - 2003 - Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of δ15N, δD, and δ18O","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T13:41:14","indexId":"70026110","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of δ15N, δD, and δ18O","docAbstract":"The western North American Cordillera hosts a large number of gold-bearing quartz vein systems from the Mother Lode of southern California, through counterparts in British Columbia and southeastern Alaska, to the Klondike district in central Yukon. These vein systems are structurally controlled by major fault zones, which are often reactivated terrane-bounding sutures that formed in orogens built during accretion and subduction of terranes along the continental margin of North America. Mineralization ages span mid-Jurassic to early Tertiary and encompass much of the evolution ofthe Cordilleran orogen. Nitrogen contents and δ15N values of hydrothermal micas from veins are between 130 and 3,500 ppm and 1.7 to 5.5 per mil, respectively. These values are consistent with fluids derived from metamorphic dehydration reactions within the Phanerozoic accretion-subduction complexes, which have δ15N values of 1 to 6 per mil. The δ18O values of gold-bearing vein quartz from different locations in the Cordillera are between 14.6 and 22.2 per mil but are uniform for individual vein systems. The δD values of hydrothermal micas are between -110 and -60 per mil. Ore fluids have calculated δ18O values of 8 to 16 per mil and δD values of -65 to -10 per mil at an estimated temperature of 300δC; δD values of ore fluids do not show any latitudinal control. These results indicate a deep crustal source for the ore-forming fluids, most likely of metamorphic origin. Low δDH2O values of -120 to -130 per mil for a hydrous muscovite from the Sheba vein in the Klondike district reflect secondary exchange between recrystallizing mica and meteoric waters. Collectively, the N, H, and O isotope compositions of ore-related hydrothermal minerals indicate that the formation of these gold-bearing veins involved dilute, aqueous carbonic, and nitrogen-bearing fluids that were generated from metamorphic dehydration reactions at deep crustal levels. These data are not consistent with either mantle-derived fluids or granitoid-related magmatic fluids, nor do they support a model involving deeply circulated meteoric water.
","language":"English","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Jia, Y., Kerrich, R., and Goldfarb, R., 2003, Metamorphic origin of ore-forming fluids for orogenic gold-bearing quartz vein systems in the North American Cordillera: constraints from a reconnaissance study of δ15N, δD, and δ18O: Economic Geology, v. 98, no. 1, p. 109-123.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"123","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5501e4b0c8380cd6d0cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jia, Y.","contributorId":19748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jia","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kerrich, R.","contributorId":47130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kerrich","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.","contributorId":43113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025478,"text":"70025478 - 2003 - Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:59","indexId":"70025478","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Pyroclastic flows entering the sea are plausible mechanisms for tsunami generation at volcanic island arcs worldwide. We evaluate tsunami generation by pyroclastic flow using an example from Aniakchak volcano in Alaska where evidence for tsunami inundation coincident with a major, caldera-forming eruption of the volcano ca. 3.5 ka has been described. Using a numerical model, we simulate the tsunami and compare the results to field estimates of tsunami run up.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., and Watts, P., 2003, Numerical simulation of tsunami generation by pryoclastic flow at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 30, no. 14.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a692de4b0c8380cd73bdb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, P.","contributorId":81669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025489,"text":"70025489 - 2003 - Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-04T16:33:55.381242","indexId":"70025489","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring","docAbstract":"Power analysis is helpful in defining goals for ecological monitoring and evaluating the performance of ongoing efforts. I examined detection standards proposed for population monitoring of seabirds using two programs (MONITOR and TRENDS) specially designed for power analysis of trend data. Neither program models within- and among-years components of variance explicitly and independently, thus an error term that incorporates both components is an essential input. Residual variation in seabird counts consisted of day-to-day variation within years and unexplained variation among years in approximately equal parts. The appropriate measure of error for power analysis is the standard error of estimation (S.E.est) from a regression of annual means against year. Replicate counts within years are helpful in minimizing S.E.est but should not be treated as independent samples for estimating power to detect trends. Other issues include a choice of assumptions about variance structure and selection of an exponential or linear model of population change. Seabird count data are characterized by strong correlations between S.D. and mean, thus a constant CV model is appropriate for power calculations. Time series were fit about equally well with exponential or linear models, but log transformation ensures equal variances over time, a basic assumption of regression analysis. Using sample data from seabird monitoring in Alaska, I computed the number of years required (with annual censusing) to detect trends of -1.4% per year (50% decline in 50 years) and -2.7% per year (50% decline in 25 years). At ??=0.05 and a desired power of 0.9, estimated study intervals ranged from 11 to 69 years depending on species, trend, software, and study design. Power to detect a negative trend of 6.7% per year (50% decline in 10 years) is suggested as an alternative standard for seabird monitoring that achieves a reasonable match between statistical and biological significance.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00301-4","usgsCitation":"Hatch, S.A., 2003, Statistical power for detecting trends with applications to seabird monitoring: Biological Conservation, v. 111, no. 3, p. 317-329, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00301-4.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"329","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island, Semidi Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.39477224351406\n ],\n [\n -146.25411987304688,\n 59.39477224351406\n ],\n [\n -146.25411987304688,\n 59.47752265509619\n ],\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.47752265509619\n ],\n [\n -146.40243530273438,\n 59.39477224351406\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.85867309570312,\n 55.951506585828895\n ],\n [\n -156.59088134765625,\n 55.951506585828895\n ],\n [\n -156.59088134765625,\n 56.27843607650187\n ],\n [\n -156.85867309570312,\n 56.27843607650187\n ],\n [\n -156.85867309570312,\n 55.951506585828895\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9739e4b08c986b31b962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatch, Scott A. 0000-0002-0064-8187 shatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0064-8187","contributorId":2625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Scott","email":"shatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026096,"text":"70026096 - 2003 - Breeding ecology of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) in Alaska: annual variation and effects of El Niño","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T09:31:11","indexId":"70026096","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding ecology of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) in Alaska: annual variation and effects of El Niño","docAbstract":"Both within and among seabird species, different aspects of breeding biology may respond to changes in prey availability in distinct ways, and the identification of species-specific breeding parameters that are sensitive to food availability is useful for monitoring purposes. We present data from a 5-year study (19951999) of the breeding ecology of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) in Alaska. The El Niño Southern Oscillation event of 19971998 provided an opportunity to examine the sensitivity of various breeding parameters to a reduction in prey availability caused by the anomalous oceanographic conditions of 1998. Horned Puffins were able to maintain high fledging success (8397%) over the 5 years of the study, despite the poor local feeding conditions in 1998. The rate of increase in chick mass was lowest in 1998, and evidence suggests that chicks also fledged at the youngest ages in that year. The impacts of reduced food availability on growth varied among body structures, suggesting differential allocation of energy and nutrients. There was no variation among years in either chick diet or the mass of food loads delivered by adults. We suggest that rates of chick growth, specifically mass increase, may be a good parameter to measure for use in monitoring Horned Puffins.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z03-075","issn":"00084301","usgsCitation":"Harding, A., Piatt, J.F., and Hamer, K.C., 2003, Breeding ecology of Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) in Alaska: annual variation and effects of El Niño: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 81, no. 6, p. 1004-1013, https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-075.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1004","endPage":"1013","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-075"}],"volume":"81","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f26de4b0c8380cd4b184","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harding, A.M.A.","contributorId":29088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"A.M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":407890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamer, Keith C.","contributorId":51960,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamer","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":407889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025497,"text":"70025497 - 2003 - Effect of analytical conditions in wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis on the measurement of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths of anadromous salmonids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T14:27:47","indexId":"70025497","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of analytical conditions in wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis on the measurement of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths of anadromous salmonids","docAbstract":"The use of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths is becoming a standard method to describe life history type and the chronology of migrations between freshwater and seawater habitats in teleosts (e.g. Kalish, 1990; Radtke et al., 1990; Secor, 1992; Rieman et al., 1994; Radtke, 1995; Limburg, 1995; Tzeng et al. 1997; Volk et al., 2000; Zimmerman, 2000; Zimmerman and Reeves, 2000, 2002). This method provides critical information concerning the relationship and ecology of species exhibiting phenotypic variation in migratory behavior (Kalish, 1990; Secor, 1999). Methods and procedures, however, vary among laboratories because a standard method or protocol for measurement of Sr in otoliths does not exist. In this note, we examine the variations in analytical conditions in an effort to increase precision of Sr/Ca measurements. From these findings we argue that precision can be maximized with higher beam current (although there is specimen damage) than previously recommended by Gunn et al. (1992).
","language":"English","publisher":"NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service","issn":"00900656","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, C.E., and Nielsen, R.L., 2003, Effect of analytical conditions in wavelength dispersive electron microprobe analysis on the measurement of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) ratios in otoliths of anadromous salmonids: Fishery Bulletin, v. 101, no. 3, p. 712-718.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"712","endPage":"718","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":336082,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fishbull.noaa.gov/1013/1013toc.htm","text":"Fishery Bulletin: Volume 101, Issue 3"}],"volume":"101","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05bee4b0c8380cd50f2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":405420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, Roger L.","contributorId":32045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":405419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189416,"text":"70189416 - 2003 - Seagrasses of the Pacific Coast of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T14:04:41","indexId":"70189416","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seagrasses of the Pacific Coast of North America","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"World atlas of seagrasses","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California Press","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","isbn":"9780520240476","usgsCitation":"Ward, D.H., and Ibarra-Obando, S., 2003, Seagrasses of the Pacific Coast of North America, chap. of World atlas of seagrasses, p. 218-218.","productDescription":"1","startPage":"218","endPage":"218","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343733,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343729,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ucpress.edu/op.php?isbn=9780520240476"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673544e4b0d1f9f05dd7eb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Green, Edmund P.","contributorId":81780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Green","given":"Edmund","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704547,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Short, Frederick T.","contributorId":72078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Short","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704548,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ibarra-Obando, S.E.","contributorId":46726,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ibarra-Obando","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}