Limestone forests are the most diverse natural plant communities of Guam. Like other natural vegetation types, these forests have a long history of anthropogenic disturbances, being altered and shaped by humans for more than 4,000 years. Although this occupation represents a relatively long human influence in comparison to other Pacific islands, animals associated with humans, such as commensal rodents, arrived in these islands beginning only 1,000 years ago, and larger mammals, such as pigs (Sus scrofa), may not have arrived until European contact. Limestone forests, which also occur on several other Mariana Islands, developed in the presence of frequent tropical storms and are therefore well adapted to this type of natural disturbance regime. However, recent human activities including large scale clearing and conversion combined with the presence of high levels of alien herbivores and seed predators, and the loss of ecological services provided by the former native avifauna may be causing the decline of Guam's forests. Limestone forests on northern Guam, much like those of other Mariana Islands, were heavily cleared for the construction of military installations during World War II. The accidental introduction of the Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis; BTS) around this same period subsequently accelerated the disappearance of Guam's native avifauna and other endemic terrestrial vertebrates, and with them, seed dispersal, pollination, and the predatory regulation of herbivorous insects.
\nGuam and the Mariana Islands contained a high proportion (32 pecent) of endemic bird species, with 4 forms endemic to Guam alone: the now extinct Guam Flycatcher (Myiagra freycineti), and Guam Bridled White-eye (Zosterops conspicillatpicillata), one of three island endemic subspecies from the Marianas; Guam rail (Rallus owstonii); and Guam Kingfisher (Todiramphus cinnamominus cinnamominus), an island endemic subspecies of the regionally endemic Micronesian Kingfisher. Guam once supported the Mariana Gallinule (Gallinula chloropus guami), the Mariana Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti), Mariana Fruit-Dove (Ptilinopus roseicapilla), White-throated Ground Dove (Gallicolumba xanthonura xanthonura), Mariana Crow (Corvus kubaryi), and the Nightingale Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus luscinia), all endemic to the Mariana Islands. Other regionally endemic endangered species include the Micronesian Megapode (Megapodius laperouse), and the Mariana Swiftlet (Aerodramus bartschi), now reduced to a small population on Guam.
\nLikewise, the flora of Guam is unique, with 21percent of its native vascular plants endemic to the Mariana Islands. In limestone forests of Northern Guam, a number of tall forest tree species such as joga, Elaeocarpus joga (Elaeocarpaceae); pengua or Macaranga thompsonii (Euphorbiaceae); ifit or Intsia bijuga (Fabaceae); seeded breadfruit or Artocarpus marianensis (Moraceae); and umumu or Pisonia grandis (Nyctaginaceae) may be in decline as a result of herbivory by mammals. All show reduced regeneration and age distributions highly skewed towards older individuals. These species provided important habitat for some of Guam's endangered forest birds that remain in captivity such as the Mariana Crow, Guam Kingfisher, and Guam Rail. The recent high frequency of intense tropical storms and herbivory caused by large populations of feral pigs and Philippine sambar deer (Cervus mariannus), as well as invasive alien vines that may suppress tree regeneration, could be permanently altering the structure of regenerating forests and composition of important canopy species on secondary limestone substrates that were cleared and compacted during airfield construction from 1944 through the 1970s. Guam National Wildlife Refuge (GNWR) was established at Ritidian Point, after it was determined to be excess property by the U.S. Navy. Most of the refuge, about 9,087 hectares, is an 'overlay refuge' on lands administered by the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy. Although the military mission comes first on these lands, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service assists in protecting native species and habitats. The recovery of limestone forest on Guam for forest bird habitat may require intensive management, including reduction of feral herbivores, propagation, out-planting, weed control, and periodic suppression of herbivorous insects. Research to support these techniques may be best accomplished in small areas where potential limiting factors can easily be experimentally manipulated.
\nArea 50, a 24 ha enclosure, contains a relictual patch of relatively undisturbed limestone forest surrounded by tarmac allowing easy access and management opportunities to control alien mammals and snakes. These species have been periodically managed in the past, but recent typhoons have damaged snake-proofing on the enclosure fence. A new concrete barrier is planned to provide more permanent control opportunities within this enclosed area or another similar area, thereby allowing experimental research for various management regimes. Eradication and control of alien vertebrate and plant pests will provide habitat where native communities can be restored in a small, intensively managed area. The stated aim of this project is to \"affect ecosystem restoration through the removal and exclusion of introduced species and the reestablishment and propagation of native species, with focus on the reintroduction of native forest bird species.\" This will be achieved by constructing a multispecies barrier surrounding the area, coordinated eradication of selected alien species within the area, and possible reintroduction of Mariana Crow, Guam Kingfisher, and Guam Rail. This barrier also allows experimental research questions to be addressed within the small enclosure around Area 50 that may be applied to manage and restore the larger areas of limestone forest on northern Guam and also similar forests on other islands of the Marianas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051299","usgsCitation":"Hess, S., and Pratt, L.W., 2006, Final integrated trip report: site visits to Area 50, Andersen Air Force Base, Guam National Wildlife Refuge, War in the Pacific National Historical Park, Guam, Rota and Saipan, CNMI, 2004-2005 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1299, iii, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051299.","productDescription":"iii, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"55","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2004-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20051299.GIF"},{"id":8910,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1299/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":279116,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1299/of2005-1299.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.5,15 ], [ 144.5,16 ], [ 145.5,16 ], [ 145.5,15 ], [ 144.5,15 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f478b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Steven C.","contributorId":74462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Steven C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, Linda W. lpratt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Linda","email":"lpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":289816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79377,"text":"ofr20061344 - 2006 - Integrating Stakeholders and Users into the Geography Discipline's Research Process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:57","indexId":"ofr20061344","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1344","title":"Integrating Stakeholders and Users into the Geography Discipline's Research Process","docAbstract":"Future research priorities of Geography emphasize the discipline's leadership role in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in multidisciplinary and integrated research on human and environmental systems and how these systems are interrelated and respond to change \r\n\r\nGeography's research priorities also emphasize providing science that is usable to society and creating decision support products applicable to given customer problems. To achieve these goals, we must understand the relationship between our research and our customer, and how to integrate the customer into the research process. \r\n\r\nThis report details the elements of the research process that help achieve the degree of stakeholder involvement necessary to ensure a successful end-product. It offers suggestions that can help researchers better understand stakeholders and customers and involve them in the research process more effectively, while preserving the integrity of the science. Its aim is to help researchers understand the problems and challenges faced by our customers and communicate the ways in which Geography can help address their problems. \r\n\r\nAdopting these guidelines can improve the efficiency of the research process and lead to higher quality output. We will be able to conduct better research because we will have an improved understanding of the research problem and the stakeholders involved. \r\n\r\nThis report covers a broad range of topics, from identifying and communicating with stakeholders and users, to the use of language, to how to effectively present scientific information to the user. It does not offer a 'one size fits all' method. Instead, perhaps only specific sections are suitable for a given project and customers, depending on project scope and needs. This report is based on the objectives of Geography's strategic plan, U. S. Geological Survey's strategic plan, and Department of Interior's strategic plan. \r\n\r\nSection 2 of these guidelines describes the purpose of the research process in Geography and the need for better user involvement in the process. Section 3 explains how to conduct a stakeholder analysis. Section 4 explains how to conduct a user-needs assessment.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061344","usgsCitation":"Hermans, C.M., and Taketa, R., 2006, Integrating Stakeholders and Users into the Geography Discipline's Research Process (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1344, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061344.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":298,"text":"Geography/Science Impact","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8878,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1344/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e494be4b07f02db591467","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hermans, Caroline M.","contributorId":45012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hermans","given":"Caroline","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taketa, Richard","contributorId":25250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taketa","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79401,"text":"ofr20061214 - 2006 - Timing of hydrocarbon emplacement in ozokerite andcalcite lined fractures, Teapot Dome, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-15T17:28:15","indexId":"ofr20061214","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1214","title":"Timing of hydrocarbon emplacement in ozokerite andcalcite lined fractures, Teapot Dome, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Teapot Dome, Wyoming, also known as National Petroleum Reserve 3, is a candidate for a\nnational CO2 storage test site. The oil field in Upper Cretaceous sandstones at Teapot Dome was\ndiscovered in the 1880's based on surface occurrences of a waxy hydrocarbon, 'ozokerite', within\ncalcite-lined fractures. The goal of this research is to determine if the hydrocarbons resulted from\nactive (i.e. present-day) seepage of the oil reservoirs or from an older episode of local or basinscale\nfluid flow.\nTwo generations of fractures and two separate calcite cementation events are recognized in\noutcrop, and hydrocarbon wax, likely ozokerite, post-dates both calcite generations. The calcite\ncontains two-phase (liquid-vapor), secondary hydrocarbon fluid inclusions that fluoresce a bluewhite\ncolor in UV epi-illumination. The ozokerite also fluoresces blue-white, which suggests that\npetroleum inclusions and the hydrocarbon wax are related. Gas chromatograms (GCs) of ozokerite\nare consistent with GCs of oils from Upper Cretaceous reservoirs at Teapot Dome, indicating that a\nconnection between the fractures and a hydrocarbon reservoir did exist.\nSecondary hydrocarbon inclusions are present in the calcite, which indicates that active oil\nmigration occurred while the fractures were at higher temperatures than surface conditions.\nTherefore, the oil was emplaced within the fractures when they were between 600 to 1500 m deep.\nFurthermore, the ozokerite formed during the uplift and exhumation of the Upper Cretaceous strata\nat Teapot Dome. The fractures in this study have no active connection to any deeper oil-bearing\nstrata.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061214","usgsCitation":"Brennan, S.T., Dennen, K., and Burruss, R.A., 2006, Timing of hydrocarbon emplacement in ozokerite andcalcite lined fractures, Teapot Dome, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1214, v, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061214.","productDescription":"v, 23 p.","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":192069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8901,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b8a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, Sean T. 0000-0002-7102-9359 sbrennan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-9359","contributorId":559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"Sean","email":"sbrennan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dennen, Kristin O.","contributorId":61437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennen","given":"Kristin O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burruss, Robert A. 0000-0001-6827-804X burruss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6827-804X","contributorId":558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burruss","given":"Robert","email":"burruss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79392,"text":"ofr20061008 - 2006 - High-resolution geologic mapping of the inner continental shelf: Boston Harbor and approaches, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-19T14:52:02.88092","indexId":"ofr20061008","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1008","title":"High-resolution geologic mapping of the inner continental shelf: Boston Harbor and approaches, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"This report presents the surficial geologic framework data and information for the sea floor of Boston Harbor and Approaches, Massachusetts (fig. 1.1). This mapping was conducted as part of a cooperative program between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The primary objective of this project was to provide sea floor geologic information and maps of Boston Harbor to aid resource management, scientific research, industry and the public. A secondary objective was to test the feasibility of using NOAA hydrographic survey data, normally collected to update navigation charts, to create maps of the sea floor suitable for geologic and habitat interpretations. Defining sea-floor geology is the first steps toward managing ocean resources and assessing environmental changes due to natural or human activity. The geophysical data for these maps were collected as part of hydrographic surveys carried out by NOAA in 2000 and 2001 (fig. 1.2). Bottom photographs, video, and samples of the sediments were collected in September 2004 to help in the interpretation of the geophysical data. Included in this report are high-resolution maps of the sea floor, at a scale of 1:25,000; the data used to create these maps in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) format; a GIS project; and a gallery of photographs of the sea floor.
Companion maps of sea floor to the north Boston Harbor and Approaches are presented by Barnhardt and others (2006) and to the east by Butman and others (2003a,b,c). See Butman and others (2004) for a map of Massachusetts Bay at a scale of 1:125,000.
The sections of this report are listed in the navigation bar along the left-hand margin of this page. Section 1 (this section) introduces the report. Section 2 presents the large-format map sheets. Section 3 describes data collection, processing, and analysis. Section 4 summarizes the geologic history of the region and discusses geomorphic and anthropogenic features within the study area. Section 4 also provides references that contain additional information about the region. Appendix 1 provides GIS layers of all the data collected in this study, Appendix 2 contains the grain size textural analyses of sediment samples, and Appendix 3 contains bottom photographs of the sea floor in JPG format.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061008","isbn":"1411311337","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, S.D., Butman, B., Barnhardt, W., Danforth, W.W., and Crocker, J.M., 2006, High-resolution geologic mapping of the inner continental shelf: Boston Harbor and approaches, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1008, xi, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061008.","productDescription":"xi, 142 p.","numberOfPages":"153","costCenters":[{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295139,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1008/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.58 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":8892,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1008/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":191955,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1008/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massaachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-70.89594459533691, 42.2660923004151], [-70.89898109436035, 42.274408340454094], [-70.91113471984858, 42.28160667419438], [-70.90760040283202, 42.27378654479985], [-70.92579078674316, 42.27279472351073], [-70.93113327026356, 42.26621437072753], [-70.92720794677729, 42.2626781463623], [-70.93671035766602, 42.26248741149902], [-70.94309425353998, 42.25528526306156], [-70.93923759460449, 42.26263236999524], [-70.94421958923333, 42.263204574585075], [-70.93828964233386, 42.27424049377439], [-70.94930458068838, 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\"3091877\"}","contact":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68891b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, Seth D. 0000-0003-0945-2794 sackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-2794","contributorId":178676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Seth","email":"sackerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butman, Bradford 0000-0002-4174-2073 bbutman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4174-2073","contributorId":943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butman","given":"Bradford","email":"bbutman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhardt, Walter A.","contributorId":80656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhardt","given":"Walter A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danforth, William W. 0000-0002-6382-9487 bdanforth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6382-9487","contributorId":3292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","email":"bdanforth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crocker, James M.","contributorId":55094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crocker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":79340,"text":"ofr20061175 - 2006 - Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream water samples collected in August 2004: Taylor Mountains 1:250,000 scale quadrangle, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-25T21:39:02.714457","indexId":"ofr20061175","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1175","title":"Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream water samples collected in August 2004: Taylor Mountains 1:250,000 scale quadrangle, Alaska","docAbstract":"We report on the chemical analysis of water samples collected from the Taylor Mountains 1:250,000 quadrangle. Samples were collected as part of the multi-year U.S. Geological Survey's project -- Geologic and Mineral Deposit Data for Alaskan Economic Development. Data presented here are from water samples collected primarily in the northeastern part of the Taylor Mountains quadrangle. The data include samples taken from the Taylor Mountains C1, C2, D1, D2, and D4 1:63,360 scale quadrangles. The data are being released at this time with minimal interpretation. Site selection was based on a regional sampling strategy that focused on first and second order drainages. Water sampling site selection was based on landscape parameters that included physiography, wetland extent, lithological changes, and the cursory field review of the mineralogy from the pan concentrates. Stream water in the Taylor Mountians quadrangle is dominated by bicarbonate (HCO3-), though in a few samples more than 50% of the anionic charge can be attibuted to sulfate ( SO42-). The major-cation chemistry range from Ca/Mg dominated to a mix of Ca/Mg/Na+K. Good agreement was found between the major cation and anions in the duplicate samples. Many trace elements were at or near the method detection limit in these samples but good agreement was found between duplicate samples for elements with detectable concentrations. Major ion concentrations were below detection in all field blanks and the trace elements concentrations generally were below detection. However, Ta (range 0.9 -.1 ug/L) and Zn (1 to 3.5 ug/L) were detected in all blanks and Ba ( 0.24 ug/L) and Th (0.2 ug/L) were detected in one blank. There was good agreement between dupilicate total- and methyl- mercury and DOC samples; however, total mercury, methyl-mercury and dissolve organic carbon (DOC) were detected in the blank at 2.35 ng/L, 0.07 ng/L and 0.57 mg/L, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061175","usgsCitation":"Wang, B., Mueller, S., Bailey, E., and Lee, G., 2006, Aqueous geochemical data from the analysis of stream water samples collected in August 2004: Taylor Mountains 1:250,000 scale quadrangle, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1175, Report: iv, 5 p.; 2 Tables, 2 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061175.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 5 p.; 2 Tables, 2 Appendixes","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-08-01","temporalEnd":"2005-08-31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":386,"text":"Mineral Resources - Alaska","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":420180,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78259.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9007,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1070/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9008,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1306/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":9009,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1361/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8833,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1175/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":192133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Taylor Mountains 1:250,000 scale quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.6667,\n 60.5083\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 60.5083\n ],\n [\n -156,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -157.6667,\n 61\n ],\n [\n -157.6667,\n 60.5083\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db67a0ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Bronwen 0000-0003-1044-2227 bwang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1044-2227","contributorId":2351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Bronwen","email":"bwang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, Seth","contributorId":65441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Seth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bailey, Elizabeth","contributorId":61011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Elizabeth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Greg","contributorId":68272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Greg","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":79395,"text":"ofr20061106 - 2006 - Acute Toxicity of the Lampricides TFM and Niclosamide to Three Species of Unionid Mussels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:12","indexId":"ofr20061106","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1106","title":"Acute Toxicity of the Lampricides TFM and Niclosamide to Three Species of Unionid Mussels","docAbstract":"The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), a jawless parasitic eel-like fish native to the Atlantic Ocean (fig. 1), was accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes in the early 20th century through the construction of shipping canals. A member of the Petromyzonidae family, the primitive parasite has been identified as a major cause of the collapse of the Great Lakes fishery in the 1940s and 1950s. The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2'5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) have been used to control larval sea lampreys in tributaries of the Great Lakes since the early 1960s. The lampricide TFM is the main compound used to keep sea lamprey populations in check while niclosamide is used primarily in combination with TFM as a cost-saving measure. The addition of niclosamide at a ratio of 1% to TFM will reduce the amount of TFM required for effective treatment by about 40%.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061106","usgsCitation":"Boogaard, M.A., 2006, Acute Toxicity of the Lampricides TFM and Niclosamide to Three Species of Unionid Mussels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1106, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061106.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"2","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8895,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1106/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boogaard, Michael A. 0000-0002-5192-8437 mboogaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-8437","contributorId":865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boogaard","given":"Michael","email":"mboogaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":79376,"text":"ofr20061276 - 2006 - Surficial geologic map and geodatabase of the Cuddeback Lake 30' x 60' quadrangle, San Bernardino and Kern Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-15T18:57:20.176106","indexId":"ofr20061276","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1276","title":"Surficial geologic map and geodatabase of the Cuddeback Lake 30' x 60' quadrangle, San Bernardino and Kern Counties, California","docAbstract":"A USGS surficial geologic mapping project, focused on the arid Southwest USA, conducted mapping and process studies to investigate landscape development and tectonic evolution. This project included the Cuddeback Lake 1:100,000-scale quadrangle located in the western Mojave Desert north-northeast of Los Angeles, between the southern Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains, in Kern and San Bernardino Counties, California. Geomorphic features include high-relief mountains, small hills, volcanic domes, pediments, broad alluvial valleys, and dry lakes. The mapped area includes pre-Tertiary plutonic, metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and other metamorphic rocks; Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks; and Quaternary sediments and basalts. Included in the area are the El Paso, Lockhart, Blackwater, and Muroc faults as well as the central segment of the Garlock fault zone. The tectonically active western Mojave Desert and the variety of surficial materials have resulted in distinctive geomorphic features and terrains. \r\n\r\nMapping has shown that the tectonically active area near the Garlock fault zone and El Paso Fault influenced development of drainage networks; base level is controlled by fault offset. There is evidence of a late Tertiary drainage network preserved in remnants of alluvial fans and paleo-drainage deposits north of the El Paso Mountains, west of the Lava Mountains, and south and west of the Rand Mountains. Faults identified as being active in the Holocene based on displaced stream channels, scarps, and shutter ridges include the Cantil Valley, Lockhart, Garlock, and Rand Mountain faults. Previously unmapped Holocene and late Pleistocene fault strands identified near the Rand Mountains may represent a splay at the northwest termination of the Lockhart Fault. The informally named Grass Valley fault, NW of Black Mountain, is a right-lateral strike-slip fault that may be a splay of the Blackwater Fault. Holocene activity on the Grass Valley fault is indicated by one displaced early Holocene stream terrace. Mapped faults in Fremont Valley are tentatively identified as surficial expressions of the buried Cantil Valley fault.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061276","usgsCitation":"Amoroso, L., and Miller, D., 2006, Surficial geologic map and geodatabase of the Cuddeback Lake 30' x 60' quadrangle, San Bernardino and Kern Counties, California (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1276, Report: 30 p.; 1 Plate: 69.36 × 35.81 inches; Read Me; Metadata: Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061276.","productDescription":"Report: 30 p.; 1 Plate: 69.36 × 35.81 inches; Read Me; Metadata: Database","numberOfPages":"30","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":190660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110688,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_78354.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"78354"},{"id":8877,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1276/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"100000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Kern County, San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Cuddeback Lake 30' x 60' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118,35 ], [ -118,35.5 ], [ -117,35.5 ], [ -117,35 ], [ -118,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db68981c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amoroso, Lee lamoroso@usgs.gov","contributorId":3069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amoroso","given":"Lee","email":"lamoroso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":1707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":289731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79400,"text":"ofr20061126 - 2006 - Wildlife and habitat damage assessment from Hurricane Charley: Recommendations for recovery of the J. N. \"Ding\" Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:10:36.231461","indexId":"ofr20061126","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1126","title":"Wildlife and habitat damage assessment from Hurricane Charley: Recommendations for recovery of the J. N. \"Ding\" Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex","docAbstract":"• On 13 August 2004, the first of four hurricanes to strike Florida in <6 weeks came ashore near J. N. “Ding” Darling National Wildlife Refuge (JNDDNWR) Complex, Sanibel Island, Florida. The eye of Category 4 Hurricane Charley passed just north of Sanibel Island with maximum sustained winds of 145 mph (123 knots) and a storm surge of 0.3-2.7 m (1-9 ft). Three USGS-BRD scientists (coastal ecologist and research wildlife biologists) and a USFWS wildlife biologist surveyed the storm damage to JNDDNWR Complex on the ground from 20-24 September 2004. • At the request of United States Fish and Wildlife Service refuge staff, the USGS team concentrated on assessing damage to wetlands and habitat for selected bird populations (especially mangrove forests, Mangrove Cuckoos [Coccyzus minor], and Black-whiskered Vireo [Vireo altiloquus]), waterbird rookeries (mangrove islands), impoundments (waterbirds and waterfowl), sea grass beds (manatees), and upland hardwood hammocks and ridges (threatened eastern indigo snake [Drymarchon couperi]). • The refuge complex sustained moderate to catastrophic damage to vegetation, especially mangrove forests and waterbird nesting or roosting islands. Lumpkin Island, Hemp Island, and Bird Key waterbird nesting areas had >50% and sometimes 90% of their vegetation severely damaged (dead, broken tree stems, and tipped trees). The Shell Mound Trail area of JNDDNWR sustained catastrophic damage to its old growth mangrove forests. Direct storm mortality and injury to manatees in the area of the JNDDNWR Complex was probably slight as manatees may have several strategies to reduce storm mortality. Damage to seagrass beds, an important habitat for manatees, fishes and invertebrates, is believed to be limited to the breach at North Captiva Island. At this breach, refuge staff documented inundation of beds by sand and scarring by trees dragged by winds. • Because seagrass beads and manatee habitat extend beyond refuge boundaries (see p. 28), a regional approach with partner agencies to more thoroughly assess storm impacts and monitor recovery of seagrass and manatees is recommended. • Besides intensive monitoring of waterbirds and their nesting habitat (pre- and post-storm), the survey team recommends that the Mangrove Cuckoo be used as an indicator species for recovery of mangrove forests and also for monitoring songbirds at risk (this songbird is habitat-area sensitive). Black-whiskered Vireo may be another potential indicator species to monitor in mangrove forests. Monitoring for these species can be done by distance sampling on transects or by species presenceabsence from point counts. • Damaged vegetation should be monitored for recovery (permanent or long-term plots), especially where previous study plots have been established and with additional plots in mangrove forests of waterbird nesting islands and freshwater wetlands. • Potential loss of wetlands (and information for management) may be prevented by water level monitoring (3 permanent stations), locating the positions (GPS-GIS) and maintaining existing water control structures, creating a GIS map of the refuge with accurate vertical data, and monitoring and eradicating invasive plants. Invasive species, including Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) and air potato (Dioscorea bulbifora), were common in a very limited survey and may become more dominant in areas damaged by the storm. Special attention is needed to eradicate these exotic plants. • As an important monitoring goal, the survey team recommends that species presence-absence data analysis (with probability of detection) be used to determine changes in animal communities. This could be accomplished possibly with comparison to other storm-damaged and undamaged refuges in the Region. This information may be helpful to refuge managers when storms return in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061126","usgsCitation":"Wildlife and habitat damage assessment from Hurricane Charley: Recommendations for recovery of the J. N. \"Ding\" Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex; 2006; OFR; 2006-1126; Meyers, J. Michael; Langtimm, Catherine A.; Smith, Thomas J., III; Pednault-Willett, Kendra","productDescription":"iv, 91 p.","numberOfPages":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8900,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1126/ofr20061126.pdf","text":"Report","size":"7.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2006-1126"},{"id":191838,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1126/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"J. N. \"Ding\" Darling National Wildlife Refuge Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0538564325953,\n 26.445915842193443\n ],\n [\n -82.05587316574018,\n 26.470741436432903\n ],\n [\n -82.07856141362177,\n 26.468484785459523\n ],\n [\n -82.08990553756254,\n 26.45900636814946\n ],\n [\n -82.12923183389046,\n 26.480670174910344\n ],\n [\n -82.14158432440338,\n 26.479316306488244\n ],\n [\n -82.15797028120667,\n 26.49353113000916\n ],\n [\n -82.17158322993538,\n 26.495561675621147\n ],\n [\n -82.18040643744523,\n 26.51902315554277\n ],\n [\n -82.18645663687985,\n 26.516767452236323\n ],\n [\n -82.18393572044891,\n 26.486988016824142\n ],\n [\n -82.17334787143722,\n 26.482700947663844\n ],\n [\n -82.15771818956364,\n 26.472772384469224\n ],\n [\n -82.13981968290153,\n 26.451107090875993\n ],\n [\n -82.09772037849963,\n 26.428308996028065\n ],\n [\n -82.0538564325953,\n 26.445915842193443\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
A critical component of any ecological restoration program is documenting the temporal changes in the spatial extent, pattern, and proportion of plant communities within the landscape. The Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP - www.evergladesplan.org), authorized as part of the Water Resources and Development Act (WRDA) of 2000 (U.S. Congress, 2000), is an $8 billion hydrologic restoration project for all of south Florida. CERP includes 68 separate projects to be managed over the next 30 years by the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD), the U. S. Army Corp of Engineers (USACE), and other State and Federal agencies. Restoration Coordination and Verification (RECOVER) is a system-wide program of the CERP, designed to organize, manage, and provide the highest quality scientific and technical support during implementation of the restoration program (RECOVER, in prep.). It is the role of RECOVER to develop and implement a system-wide Monitoring and Assessment Plan (MAP) (RECOVER, 2004) and to document how well the CERP is meeting its objectives for ecosystem restoration. One critical component of the MAP is vegetation mapping to document changes in the spatial extent, pattern, and proportion of plant communities within the Everglades landscape.
A major aspect of the vegetation mapping project was determining a classification system for labeling vegetation categories utilizing a grid method. The grid method was created specifically for use in the CERP RECOVER vegetation monitoring and assessment project (Rutchey and others, in prep). The CERP RECOVER vegetation mapping project utilizes aerial photography and photointerpretation techniques (with ground truthing) to identify and label vegetation classes. A classification system that had sufficient flexibility and detail to enable the designation of vegetation classes using various remote sensing platforms and identification techniques needed to be developed. The classification system had to be hierarchical, represent distinct ecological communities, individual species, and physical characteristics such as density and height. In addition, it was desirable to have a classification system that allowed exotic species and cattail to be identified using density classes.
The classification system was developed specifically for peninsular south Florida and the Florida Keys, from Lake Okeechobee in the north to Key West in the south (Figure 1). Specific areas of interest include Everglades National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, Biscayne National Park, Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge, Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge, the State of Florida Water Conservation Areas, Holeyland Wildlife Management Area, Rotenberger Wildlife Management Area, J.W. Corbett Wildlife Management Area, Pal-Mar Wildlife Management Area, the Lake Okeechobee Littoral Zones, and additional coastal wetlands of south eastern Miami-Dade County. In addition to being used for mapping of CERP affected areas, the National Park Service-South Florida/Caribbean Network is using the classification for mapping the remaining areas of Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve outside the CERP footprint, Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge, Biscayne National Park, and Dry Tortugas National Park.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061240","usgsCitation":"Vegetation Classification for South Florida Natural Areas; 2006; OFR; 2006-1240; Rutchey, K.; Schall, T. N.; Doren, R. F.; Atkinson, A.; Ross, M. S.; Jones, D. T.; Madden, M.; Vilchek, L.; Bradley, K. A.; Snyder, J. R.; Burch, J. N.; Pernas, T.; Witcher, B.; Pyne, M.; White, R.; Smith, T. J., III; Sadle, J.; Smith, C. S.; Patterson, M. E.; Gann, G. D.","productDescription":"142 p.","numberOfPages":"142","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8902,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1240/ofr20061240.pdf","text":"Report","size":"618 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2006-1240"},{"id":191839,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1240/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.11862740583817,\n 26.70489837770232\n ],\n [\n -81.81504185065552,\n 26.70489837770232\n ],\n [\n -81.81504185065552,\n 25.09416821042484\n ],\n [\n -80.11862740583817,\n 25.09416821042484\n ],\n [\n -80.11862740583817,\n 26.70489837770232\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Polar bears depend entirely on sea ice for survival. In recent years, a warming climate has caused major changes in the Arctic sea ice environment, leading to concerns regarding the status of polar bear populations. Here we present findings from long-term studies of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS) region of the U.S. and Canada, which are relevant to these concerns. We applied open population capture-recapture models to data collected from 2001 to 2006, and estimated there were 1,526 (95% CI = 1,211; 1,841) polar bears in the SBS region in 2006. The number of polar bears in this region was previously estimated to be approximately 1,800. Because precision of earlier estimates was low, our current estimate of population size and the earlier ones cannot be statistically differentiated. For the 2001-06 period, the best fitting capture-recapture model provided estimates of total apparent survival of 0.43 for cubs of the year (COYs), and 0.92 for all polar bears older than COYs. Because the survival rates for older polar bears included multiple sex and age strata, they could not be compared to previous estimates. Survival rates for COYs, however, were significantly lower than estimates derived in earlier studies (P = 0.03). The lower survival of COYs was corroborated by a comparison of the number of COYs per adult female for periods before (1967-89) and after (1990-2006) the winter of 1989-90, when warming temperatures and altered atmospheric circulation caused an abrupt change in sea ice conditions in the Arctic basin. In the latter period, there were significantly more COYs per adult female in the spring (P = 0.02), and significantly fewer COYs per adult female in the autumn (P < 0.001). Apparently, cub production was higher in the latter period, but fewer cubs survived beyond the first 6 months of life. Parallel with declining survival, skull measurements suggested that COYs captured from 1990 to 2006 were smaller than those captured before 1990. Similarly, both skull measurements and body weights suggested that adult males captured from 1990 to 2006 were smaller than those captured before 1990. The smaller stature of males was especially notable because it corresponded with a higher mean age of adult males. Male polar bears continue to grow into their teens, and if adequately nourished, the older males captured in the latter period should have been larger than those captured earlier. In western Hudson Bay, Canada, a significant decline in population size was preceded by observed declines in cub survival and physical stature. The evidence of declining recruitment and body size reported here, therefore, suggests vigilance regarding the future of polar bears in the SBS region.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061337","usgsCitation":"Regehr, E.V., Amstrup, S.C., and Stirling, I., 2006, Polar Bear Population Status in the Southern Beaufort Sea: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1337, vi, 20 p.; 2 figs.; 7 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061337.","productDescription":"vi, 20 p.; 2 figs.; 7 tables","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8867,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1337/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660c50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regehr, Eric V. 0000-0003-4487-3105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","contributorId":66364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regehr","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":289724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":289723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stirling, Ian","contributorId":72079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":289725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":79375,"text":"ofr20061346 - 2006 - Swath bathymetric survey of Englebright Lake, Yuba-Nevada Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-09T15:41:14","indexId":"ofr20061346","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1346","title":"Swath bathymetric survey of Englebright Lake, Yuba-Nevada Counties, California","docAbstract":"In March, 2004, the USGS conducted a swath bathymetric survey of Englebright Lake, a 9-mile long reservoir located in the Sierra Nevada foothills of northern California on the Yuba River. This survey was follow-on to an earlier bathymetric survey and sediment thickness analysis done by the USGS in 2001 (Childs and others, 2003). The primary purpose of these studies is to assess the quantity and nature of the sediment that has accumulated since the dam was completed in 1940. The specific purpose of the swath bathymetry was to map in high detail the prograding delta that is being formed as the lake fills in with sediment. In the event of another large flood such as occurred on January 1, 1997, the survey could be repeated to determine the effect of such an event on the sediment volume and distribution.
\nThis study was conducted under the auspices of the Upper Yuba River Studies Program (UYRSP) . The UYRSP is funded by the CALFED Bay-Delta Program, whose mission is to \"develop and implement a long-term comprehensive plan that will restore ecological health and improve water management for beneficial uses of the San Francisco Bay-Delta System\".
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061346","usgsCitation":"Childs, J.R., and Stevenson, A.J., 2006, Swath bathymetric survey of Englebright Lake, Yuba-Nevada Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1346, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061346.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20061346.PNG"},{"id":8876,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1346/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Nevada County, Yuba County","otherGeospatial":"Englebright Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.27121,39.24487 ], [ -121.27121,39.29387 ], [ -121.21188,39.29387 ], [ -121.21188,39.24487 ], [ -121.27121,39.24487 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Childs, Jonathan R. jchilds@usgs.gov","contributorId":3155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childs","given":"Jonathan","email":"jchilds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stevenson, Andrew J.","contributorId":18830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":79393,"text":"ofr20061026 - 2006 - Salinity and temperature tolerance experiments on selected Florida Bay mollusks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T15:06:41.473995","indexId":"ofr20061026","displayToPublicDate":"2006-11-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1026","title":"Salinity and temperature tolerance experiments on selected Florida Bay mollusks","docAbstract":"The ultimate goal of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) is to restore and preserve the unique ecosystems of South Florida, including the estuaries. Understanding the effect of salinity and temperature changes, beyond typical oscillations, on the biota of South Florida's estuaries is a necessary component of achieving the goal of restoring the estuaries. The U.S. Geological Survey has been actively involved in researching the history of the South Florida Ecosystem, to provide targets, performance measures, and baseline data for restoration managers. These experiments addressed two aspects of ecosystem history research: 1) determining the utility of using molluscan shells as recorders of change in water chemistry parameters, primarily salinity, and 2) enhancing our in situ observations on modern assemblages by exceeding typically observed aquatic conditions. This set of experiments expanded our understanding of the effects of salinity, temperature and other water chemistry parameters on the reproduction, growth and overall survivability of key species of mollusks used in interpreting sediment core data. Observations on mollusks, plants and microbes made as part of these experiments have further refined our knowledge and understanding of the effects of ecosystem feedback and the role salinity and temperature play in ecosystem stability. The results have demonstrated the viability of several molluscan species as indicators of atypical salinity, and possibly temperature, modulations. For example Cerithium muscarum and Bulla striata demonstrated an ability to withstand a broad salinity and temperature range, with reproduction occurring in atypically high salinities and temperatures. These experiments also provided calibration data for the shell biogeochemistry of Chione cancellata and the possible use of this species as a water chemistry recorder. Observations made in the mesocosms, on a scale not normally observable in the field, have led to new questions about the influence of salinity on the localized ecosystem. The next phase of these experiments; to calibrate growth rate and reproductive viability in atypical salinities is currently underway.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061026","usgsCitation":"Salinity and Temperature Tolerance Experiments on Selected Florida Bay Mollusks; 2006; OFR; 2006-1026; Murray, James B.; Wingard, G. Lynn","productDescription":"59 p.","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192351,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1026/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":8893,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1026/ofr2006-1026.pdf","text":"Report","size":"62.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2006-1026"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.35211958760377,\n 25.331996734474302\n ],\n [\n -81.54167471125137,\n 25.331996734474302\n ],\n [\n -81.54167471125137,\n 24.58719181605028\n ],\n [\n -80.35211958760377,\n 24.58719181605028\n ],\n [\n -80.35211958760377,\n 25.331996734474302\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The Siberian platform is located between the Yenisey River on the west and the Lena River on the south and east. The Siberian platform is vast in size and inhospitable in its climate. This report is concerned principally with the setting, formation, and potential volumes of natural bitumen. In this report the volumes of maltha and asphalt referred to in the Russian literature are combined to represent natural bitumen. The generation of hydrocarbons and formation of hydrocarbon accumulations are discussed. The sedimentary basins of the Platform are described in terms of the Klemme basin classification system and the conditions controlling formation of natural bitumen. Estimates of in-place bitumen resources are reviewed and evaluated. If the bitumen volume estimate is confined to parts of identified deposits where field observations have verified rock and bitumen grades values, the bitumen resource amounts to about 62 billion barrels of oil in-place. However, estimates of an order of magnitude larger can be obtained if additional speculative and unverified rock volumes and grade measures are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061316","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.F., and Freeman, P., 2006, Siberian platform: Geology and natural bitumen resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1316, i, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061316.","productDescription":"i, 24 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8760,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1316/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3e0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, Richard F.","contributorId":67963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":289567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, Philip A. 0000-0002-0863-7431 pfreeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0863-7431","contributorId":193093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Philip A.","email":"pfreeman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":289566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}