{"pageNumber":"1840","pageRowStart":"45975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68934,"records":[{"id":26532,"text":"wri894054 - 1989 - Trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Flathead River at Flathead, British Columbia, and at Columbia Falls, Montana, water years 1975-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-30T20:15:03.631286","indexId":"wri894054","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4054","title":"Trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Flathead River at Flathead, British Columbia, and at Columbia Falls, Montana, water years 1975-86","docAbstract":"Data for selected water quality variables were evaluated for trends at two sampling stations--Flathead River at Flathead, British Columbia (Flathead station) and Flathead River at Columbia Falls, Montana (Columbia Falls station). The results were compared between stations. The analyses included data from water years 1975-86 at the Flathead station and water years 1979-86 at the Columbia Falls station. The seasonal Kendall test was applied to adjusted concentrations for variables related to discharge and to unadjusted concentrations for the remaining variables. Slope estimates were made for variables with significant trends unless data were reported as less than the detection limit. At the Flathead station, concentrations of dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, sodium, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen (total and dissolved), total organic nitrogen, and total phosphorus increased during the study period. Concentrations of total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen and dissolved iron decreased during the same period. At the Columbia Falls station, concentrations increased for calcium and magnesium and decreased for sulfate and dissolved phosphorus. No trends were detected for 10 other variables tested at each station. Data for the Flathead station were reanalyzed for water years 1979-86. Trends in the data increased for magnesium and dissolved nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen and decreased for dissolved iron. Magnesium was the only variable that displayed a trend (increasing) at both stations. The increasing trends that were detected probably will not adversely affect the water quality of the Flathead River in the near future. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894054","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., 1989, Trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Flathead River at Flathead, British Columbia, and at Columbia Falls, Montana, water years 1975-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4054, iii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894054.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393696,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47170.htm"},{"id":55394,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4054/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4054/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Flathead River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.75,\n              48.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              48.3167\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              49.3833\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.75,\n              49.3833\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.75,\n              48.3167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e721f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25742,"text":"wri884089 - 1989 - Reconnaissance study of water and bottom material quality in the lower Calcasieu River, southwestern Louisiana, May 29-30, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"wri884089","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4089","title":"Reconnaissance study of water and bottom material quality in the lower Calcasieu River, southwestern Louisiana, May 29-30, 1985","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884089","usgsCitation":"Demas, C.R., 1989, Reconnaissance study of water and bottom material quality in the lower Calcasieu River, southwestern Louisiana, May 29-30, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4089, viii, 51 p. :ill. ;27 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884089.","productDescription":"viii, 51 p. :ill. ;27 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4089/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54503,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4089/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6366aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Demas, C. R.","contributorId":77178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26251,"text":"wri884184 - 1989 - Ground-water inflow to the Deschutes River near the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon, August 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:22:16","indexId":"wri884184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4184","title":"Ground-water inflow to the Deschutes River near the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon, August 1985","docAbstract":"Groundwater inflow to the Deschutes River near the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon was estimated for August 1985 by: (1) measuring streamflow at various sites along the river; (2) determining the part of the streamflow that is groundwater inflow; and (3) analyzing the hydraulic gradients of the groundwater flow system to estimate the amount of groundwater discharge to the Deschutes River from both sides of the river. Results of the streamflow analysis indicated that the Deschutes River gained 415 cu ft/sec between Round Butte Dam and Dant in August 1985. Results of the analysis on hydraulic gradients of the groundwater flow system showed that the amount of groundwater inflow from the west side ranged from about 207 to 216 cu ft/sec, and groundwater inflow from the east side ranged from about 199 to 207 cu ft/sec. Streamflow measurements in September 1985 along the Metolius River from the site above Jefferson creek to the site below Camp Creek indicated a gain of 70 cu ft/sec. From the site below Camp Creek to the gage above Lake Billy Chinook the results of discharge measurements showed a loss of 112 cu ft/sec. Because of lack of groundwater hydraulic-head and lithologic data, no analysis of the groundwater flow system near the Metolius River was attempted. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri884184","usgsCitation":"Bolke, E., and Laenen, A., 1989, Ground-water inflow to the Deschutes River near the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon, August 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4184, iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884184.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55050,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4184/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4184/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4184/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolke, E.L.","contributorId":52151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolke","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25588,"text":"wri894033 - 1989 - Hydrologic and geochemical monitoring in Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri894033","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4033","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical monitoring in Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, 1986","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey continued to monitor hydrologic and geochemical conditions in the Long Valley caldera during 1986. The monitoring is directed toward detecting changes in the hydrologic system caused by tectonic or magmatic processes. Data collected during 1986 include chemical and isotopic composition of water from selected streams sites, springs, and wells; pumpage from four geothermal wells; flow rates of selected springs and stream sites; mean daily water or gas temperatures at selected sites; mean daily atmospheric pressures and water level at selected wells, and precipitation records for two sites. Seismicity within the caldera persisted at a relatively low level compared with the more active periods of 1978-84. The most significant events of seismicity that affected hydrologic monitoring sites in Long Valley during 1986 occurred during July , in response to the Chalfant Valley earthquakes, centered about 20 miles southeast of the caldera. Water level records for three wells show distinct responses to the Chalfant Valley earthquakes. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894033","usgsCitation":"Farrar, C.D., Sorey, M., Rojstaczer, S., Steinemann, A., and Clark, M.D., 1989, Hydrologic and geochemical monitoring in Long Valley caldera, Mono County, California, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4033, vi, 69 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894033.","productDescription":"vi, 69 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4033/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54330,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farrar, C. D.","contributorId":71978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.A.","contributorId":54620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steinemann, A.C.","contributorId":71214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinemann","given":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, M. D.","contributorId":25202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":26186,"text":"wri894160 - 1989 - Sedimentation of Lake Taneycomo, Missouri, 1913-1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri894160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4160","title":"Sedimentation of Lake Taneycomo, Missouri, 1913-1987","docAbstract":"On the basis of the data from a sedimentation survey done by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, during 1935 and data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during 1987, the volume of sediment accumulated in Lake Taneycomo from 1913 to 1935 and 1913 to 1987 was determined. Table Rock Dam, built directly upstream from Lake Taneycomo during 1958, eliminated about 92% of the 4,644-sq mi basin from contributing sediment directly to the lake. Cesium-137 isotope was used as a tracer in the sediment to determine the quantity of deposition in the lake after Table Rock Dam was completed. The relation between cross-sectional area and distance upstream from the dam (curve method) was used to determine the 1913 (original), the 1935, and the 1987 volumes of Lake Taneycomo. A total of 910,000,000 cu ft of sediment accumulated between 1913 and 1935, 42% of the original volume of the lake. A total of 1 ,066,000,000 cu ft of sediment accumulated between 1913 and 1987 , 49% of the original volume. Lake Taneycomo seems to be functioning as an alluvial river, responding to the new energy gradient established by the spillway at Ozark Beach Dam, and later to changes in the sediment load. The upper two-thirds of the lake seems to have been scoured after Table Rock Dam greatly decreased the sediment load to the lake. The cesium-137 analysis indicated that sediment is still accumulating in the lower reaches of the lake, with measured accumulation generally ranging from 0.2 to 2.6 ft. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-file report [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894160","usgsCitation":"Berkas, W., 1989, Sedimentation of Lake Taneycomo, Missouri, 1913-1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4160, vii, 80 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894160.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157615,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4160/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54984,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4160/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a1ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berkas, W.R.","contributorId":59808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berkas","given":"W.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26046,"text":"wri894138 - 1989 - Final revised analyses of major and trace elements from acid mine waters in the Leviathan Mine drainage basin, California and Nevada — October 1981 to October 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T19:10:46.079244","indexId":"wri894138","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4138","title":"Final revised analyses of major and trace elements from acid mine waters in the Leviathan Mine drainage basin, California and Nevada — October 1981 to October 1982","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894138","usgsCitation":"Ball, J., and Nordstrom, D.K., 1989, Final revised analyses of major and trace elements from acid mine waters in the Leviathan Mine drainage basin, California and Nevada — October 1981 to October 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4138, v, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894138.","productDescription":"v, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54823,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4138/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4138/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":394765,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47228.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Leviathan Mine drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.5833,\n              38.6686\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.7272,\n              38.6686\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.7272,\n              38.8256\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5833,\n              38.8256\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.5833,\n              38.6686\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f46fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ball, J.W.","contributorId":67507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25923,"text":"wri874040 - 1989 - Effects of agriculture on quality of water in surficial sand-plain aquifers in Douglas, Kandiyohi, Pope, and Stearns counties, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T10:14:16","indexId":"wri874040","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4040","title":"Effects of agriculture on quality of water in surficial sand-plain aquifers in Douglas, Kandiyohi, Pope, and Stearns counties, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The 245 water samples collected from 56 wells at 45 sites in surficial sand-plain aquifers that underlie 600 square miles of Douglas, Kandiyohi, Pope, and Stearns Counties in west-central Minnesota contained wide ranges in concentrations of some constituents--sulfate 2 to 160 mg/L (milligrams per liter), chloride 1.6 to 64 mg/L, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen &lt; (less than) 0.1 to 72 mg/L, ammonia &lt;0.01 to 3.3 mg/L , iron &lt;0.003 to 8.6 mg/L, and managanese &lt;0.001 to 1.5 mg/L . Substantial fluctuations in these constituents over time were observed. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the Minnesota drinking-water standard of 10 mg/L (as N) in 50 percent of the wells sampled.</p>\n<p>Differences in concentrations of nitrate with depth below the water table were observed at 11 paired-well sites where one well was screened near the water table and another well was screened 10 or more feet below the water table. Similar differences in concentration with depth were observed in specific conductance, iron, chloride, and sulfate, but not as consistently. At eight sites, nitrate concentrations were higher at the water table (4.3 to 72 mg/L) than deeper in the aquifer (&lt;0.1 to 27 mg/L). At the other three sites, nitrate concentrations were greater at depth than at the water table, although the contrast in concentrations was not as large. Increased concentration at depth is attributed to vertical mixing at the three sites, possibly caused by rapid infiltration of more dilute water from ephemeral ponds following storms. The more dilute water displaces the high-nitrate water to greater depth.</p>\n<p>Nitrate concentrations fluctuated seasonally in response to the combined effects of precipitation and agricultural practices (irrigation and fertilization). Nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations in one Stearns County well fluctuated from 35 mg/L in August 1982, to 72 mg/L in May 1983, to 18 mg/L in May 1984. In 12 wells for which historical data were available, the mean nitrate concentration during this study (1982-84) was greater than the mean concentration during previous studies (1965-78), although the amount of increase in nitrate concentrations observed over the previous 10 or more years was not as great as the seasonal fluctuations observed during this study. Short-term seasonal fluctuations are greater than apparent historical increases in nitrate concentration.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of sulfate, chloride, and, especially, nitrate were significantly higher in irrigated areas than in uncultivated areas. Mean nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentrations were 4.3 mg/L in uncultivated (natural) areas relatively unaffected by agriculture, 5.4 mg/L in nonirrigated cultivated areas, and 17 mg/L in irrigated cultivated areas. The mean nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen concentration in uncultivated areas was greater than the usually observed background levels of less than 1 mg/L (as nitrogen), which may indicate that areas thought to be natural actually are affected by agricultural land use. Several statistical tests indicate that nitrate concentrations are significantly higher in irrigated cultivated areas than in nonirrigated cultivated areas. The difference in nitrate concentrations between irrigated and nonirrigated areas suggests that nitrate from agricultural fertilizer is being leached during heavy rainfall or irrigation periods as a result of higher concentrations of nitrogen being maintained in the soil to enhance yields of corn and potatoes.</p>\n<p>Four of eight wells sampled for herbicides in west-central Minnesota had detectable concentrations of the triazine herbicide atrazine that ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 micrograms per liter. These concentrations were well below the water-quality guidelines published by the Canadian Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Branch, which specify 100 micrograms per liter as the maximum permissible concentration for the group of triazine herbicides in a raw drinking-water supply.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri874040","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Soil and Water Conservation Districts of Douglas, Kandiyohi, Pope, and Stearns Counties, and the Wesmin Resource Conservation and Development Association","usgsCitation":"Anderson, H.W., 1989, Effects of agriculture on quality of water in surficial sand-plain aquifers in Douglas, Kandiyohi, Pope, and Stearns counties, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4040, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874040.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54681,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4040/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Douglas County, Kandiyohi County, Pope County, Stearns County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.1454,46.108],[-95.147,45.9326],[-95.1391,45.9327],[-95.1398,45.7744],[-94.6438,45.7758],[-94.2782,45.777],[-94.2763,45.7761],[-94.273,45.7748],[-94.271,45.773],[-94.269,45.7707],[-94.2683,45.768],[-94.2677,45.7657],[-94.2663,45.7634],[-94.265,45.762],[-94.2643,45.7602],[-94.263,45.7579],[-94.2623,45.7543],[-94.2603,45.7502],[-94.259,45.7461],[-94.2589,45.7451],[-94.2576,45.7438],[-94.2537,45.7406],[-94.2497,45.7374],[-94.2451,45.7342],[-94.2445,45.7342],[-94.2399,45.7324],[-94.2346,45.7302],[-94.2281,45.7284],[-94.2222,45.727],[-94.217,45.7257],[-94.2144,45.7248],[-94.2131,45.723],[-94.2124,45.7207],[-94.213,45.7184],[-94.2162,45.7161],[-94.2188,45.7152],[-94.2195,45.7124],[-94.2181,45.7097],[-94.2161,45.7074],[-94.2142,45.7047],[-94.2109,45.7019],[-94.2069,45.6997],[-94.2049,45.6969],[-94.2036,45.6906],[-94.2029,45.6851],[-94.2015,45.681],[-94.2002,45.6782],[-94.1976,45.6764],[-94.1943,45.676],[-94.191,45.6769],[-94.1871,45.6774],[-94.1858,45.6774],[-94.1839,45.6765],[-94.1871,45.6733],[-94.1916,45.6696],[-94.1936,45.6668],[-94.1942,45.6618],[-94.1948,45.6577],[-94.1954,45.6549],[-94.1966,45.6517],[-94.1986,45.649],[-94.1999,45.648],[-94.1999,45.6467],[-94.2005,45.6439],[-94.2004,45.638],[-94.1997,45.6339],[-94.1984,45.6302],[-94.1977,45.6266],[-94.1996,45.6202],[-94.1989,45.617],[-94.1956,45.6101],[-94.1923,45.6051],[-94.1883,45.5996],[-94.1831,45.5965],[-94.1772,45.5933],[-94.1693,45.5883],[-94.168,45.586],[-94.168,45.5846],[-94.1653,45.5792],[-94.164,45.5742],[-94.162,45.5696],[-94.1587,45.5659],[-94.1547,45.5628],[-94.1488,45.5596],[-94.1475,45.5591],[-94.1436,45.5537],[-94.1442,45.5482],[-94.1466,45.5331],[-94.1472,45.5281],[-94.1439,45.5231],[-94.1393,45.518],[-94.1387,45.5144],[-94.1386,45.5107],[-94.1412,45.5075],[-94.1418,45.5043],[-94.1412,45.5034],[-94.1411,45.5016],[-94.1411,45.4979],[-94.1398,45.4961],[-94.1371,45.4934],[-94.1365,45.4915],[-94.1332,45.4884],[-94.1293,45.4861],[-94.1267,45.4847],[-94.1188,45.4797],[-94.1136,45.477],[-94.1084,45.4743],[-94.1064,45.472],[-94.1018,45.4693],[-94.0992,45.4657],[-94.0985,45.4625],[-94.0998,45.4579],[-94.0991,45.4547],[-94.0971,45.452],[-94.0939,45.4492],[-94.0893,45.4479],[-94.0835,45.447],[-94.0789,45.4452],[-94.0769,45.4434],[-94.0769,45.4397],[-94.0756,45.437],[-94.0717,45.4365],[-94.0684,45.4365],[-94.0652,45.4343],[-94.0625,45.432],[-94.0612,45.4311],[-94.0548,45.4329],[-94.0522,45.4339],[-94.0502,45.4334],[-94.0482,45.4307],[-94.0463,45.4275],[-94.0514,45.4229],[-94.0566,45.4192],[-94.063,45.4133],[-94.0649,45.4073],[-94.0681,45.4009],[-94.0739,45.394],[-94.0816,45.3862],[-94.0835,45.383],[-94.0842,45.3803],[-94.0841,45.3762],[-94.0835,45.372],[-94.0828,45.3702],[-94.0854,45.3666],[-94.0898,45.3615],[-94.0918,45.3588],[-94.0924,45.3537],[-94.0923,45.351],[-94.093,45.3487],[-94.0981,45.345],[-94.1046,45.3445],[-94.1078,45.3418],[-94.1117,45.3367],[-94.1194,45.3298],[-94.1252,45.3248],[-94.1373,45.3162],[-94.161,45.3011],[-94.1741,45.3012],[-94.1771,45.3091],[-94.1782,45.3108],[-94.1788,45.3113],[-94.1821,45.3154],[-94.1873,45.3181],[-94.1915,45.3193],[-94.2105,45.3169],[-94.2178,45.3143],[-94.2201,45.3138],[-94.2243,45.3113],[-94.2504,45.3086],[-94.2576,45.3058],[-94.2544,45.3001],[-94.2613,45.2976],[-94.2615,45.2844],[-94.382,45.2836],[-94.3819,45.327],[-94.7612,45.3272],[-94.7621,45.239],[-94.7576,45.2386],[-94.7582,44.8929],[-95.2471,44.8925],[-95.2456,45.1537],[-95.2471,45.2382],[-95.2549,45.2381],[-95.2549,45.4122],[-95.7451,45.4122],[-95.7483,45.585],[-95.7574,45.5853],[-95.7595,45.76],[-95.7595,45.9339],[-95.7686,45.9342],[-95.7693,46.1073],[-95.1454,46.108]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Douglas\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae7c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, H. W. Jr.","contributorId":11187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26204,"text":"wri884225 - 1989 - Water resources of Sedgwick County, Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri884225","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4225","title":"Water resources of Sedgwick County, Kansas","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data from streams, impoundments, and wells are interpreted to: (1) document water resources characteristics; (2) describe causes and extent of changes in water resources characteristics; and (3) evaluate water resources as sources of supply. During 1985, about 134,200 acre-ft of water (84% groundwater) were used for public (42%), irrigation, (40%), industrial (14%), and domestic (4%) supplies. Streamflow and groundwater levels are related directly to precipitation, and major rivers are sustained by groundwater inflow. Significant groundwater level declines have occurred only in the Wichita well field. The Arkansas and Ninnescah Rivers have sodium chloride type water; the Little Arkansas River, calcium bicarbonate type water. Water quality characteristics of water in small streams and wells depend primarily on local geology. The Wellington Formation commonly yields calcium sulfate type water; Ninnescah Shale and unconsolidated deposits generally yield calcium bicarbonate type water. Sodium chloride and calcium sulfate type water in the area often have dissolved-solids concentrations exceeding 1,000 mg/L. Water contamination by treated sewage effluent was detected inparts of the Arkansas River, Little Arkansas River, and Cowskin Creek. Nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen contamination was detected in 11 of 101 wells; oilfield brine was detected in the Wichita-Valley Center Floodway, Prairie Creek, Whitewater Creek, and 16 of 101 wells; and agricultural pesticides were detected in 8 of 14 impoundments and 5 of 19 wells. Generally, the water is acceptable for most uses. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884225","usgsCitation":"Bevans, H., 1989, Water resources of Sedgwick County, Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4225, viii, 119 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884225.","productDescription":"viii, 119 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4225/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54997,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4225/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54998,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4225/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54999,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69964f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bevans, H.E.","contributorId":102892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bevans","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26275,"text":"wri884177 - 1989 - Geohydrology and susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination in Alabama; area 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri884177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4177","title":"Geohydrology and susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination in Alabama; area 2","docAbstract":"The major aquifers in the study area (Blount, Cherokee, DeKalb, Etowah, Jackson, and Marshall Counties in northern Alabama) are the Knox-Shady, Tuscumbia-Fort Payne, and Pottsville aquifers. These aquifers are sources of public water supply and are recharged in each of the six counties. Major aquifers are susceptible to contamination from the surface throughout their recharge areas. In addition, water in these aquifers is highly susceptible to contamination in general topographic settings such as poorly drained areas and in areas where specific features such as sinkholes occur. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, 1989","doi":"10.3133/wri884177","usgsCitation":"Bossong, C., 1989, Geohydrology and susceptibility of major aquifers to surface contamination in Alabama; area 2: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4177, iv, 22 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884177.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118700,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55085,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4177/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55086,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bossong, C. R.","contributorId":39762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bossong","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26413,"text":"wri884214 - 1989 - Calibration and use of an interactive-accounting model to simulate dissolved solids, streamflow, and water-supply operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri884214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4214","title":"Calibration and use of an interactive-accounting model to simulate dissolved solids, streamflow, and water-supply operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"An interactive-accounting model was used to simulate dissolved solids, streamflow, and water supply operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado. Model calibration of specific conductance to streamflow relations at three sites enabled computation of dissolved-solids loads throughout the basin. To simulate streamflow only, all water supply operations were incorporated in the regression relations for streamflow. Calibration for 1940-85 resulted in coefficients of determination that ranged from 0.89 to 0.58, and values in excess of 0.80 were determined for 16 of 20 nodes. The model then incorporated 74 water users and 11 reservoirs to simulate the water supply operations for two periods, 1943-74 and 1975-85. For the 1943-74 calibration, coefficients of determination for streamflow ranged from 0.87 to 0.02. Calibration of the water supply operations resulted in coefficients of determination that ranged from 0.87 to negative for simulated irrigation diversions of 37 selected water users. Calibration for 1975-85 was not evaluated statistically, but average values and plots of reservoir contents indicated reasonableness of the simulation. To demonstrate the utility of the model, six specific alternatives were simulated to consider effects of potential enlargement of Pueblo Reservoir. Three general major alternatives were simulated: the 1975-85 calibrated model data, the calibrated model data with an addition of 30 cu ft/sec in Fountain Creek flows, and the calibrated model data plus additional municipal water in storage. These three major alternatives considered the options of reservoir enlargement or no enlargement. A 40,000-acre-foot reservoir enlargement resulted in average increases of 2,500 acre-ft in transmountain diversions, of 800 acre-ft in storage diversions, and of 100 acre-ft in winter-water storage. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884214","usgsCitation":"Burns, A., 1989, Calibration and use of an interactive-accounting model to simulate dissolved solids, streamflow, and water-supply operations in the Arkansas River basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4214, v, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884214.","productDescription":"v, 116 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4214/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4214/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6892ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, A.W.","contributorId":65498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26124,"text":"wri894154 - 1989 - Geohydrology and water quality in the vicinity of the Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T09:17:17","indexId":"wri894154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4154","title":"Geohydrology and water quality in the vicinity of the Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Wells in the Gettysburg National Military Park, Eisenhower National Historic Site, and Gettysburg Borough supply drinking water to the park staff and, annually, more than 1 million visitors. These water resources are vulnerable to contamination by pollutants from activities in and outside park boundaries. This report describes the hydrogeology and ground-water quality of a 12-square- mile area of the park and vicinity, and outlines a ground-water-quality monitoring plan.\r\n\r\n      A network of about 60 wells was established to measure water levels and sample ground water. Water levels were measured continuously in five wells and synchronously in the larger network during spring and fall of 1986.\r\n\r\n      Shale, siltstone, and sandstone of the Gettysburg Formation, intruded by a 2,000-foot-thick diabase sill in the southeastern part of the area, form the bedrock framework. These rocks are tilted about 20 degrees to the northwest. Two vertical diabase dikes extend northward and form barriers to ground-water flow in the Gettysburg Formation.\r\n\r\n      The regolith and fractures near the surface in both the Gettysburg Formation rocks and diabase sill contain a shallow water-table aquifer. In the Gettysburg Formation, the shallow aquifer is connected to deep, discontinuous, tabular aquifers in beds prone to fracturing. Ground-water flow tends to be anisotropic parallel to the strike of bedding both in the shallow and deep aquifers to the Gettysburg Formation. Pumping affects water levels in wells more that 2,500 feet apart along strike.\r\n\r\nCalcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate are the dominant constituents in the ground water. Concentrations of dissolved solids are about 40 percent greater in water from the Gettysburg Formation than water from the diabase. Concentrations of nontoxic elements, iron and manganese, slightly exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) secondary maximum contaminant levels in 4 of 21 samples. No concentration of the toxic trace elements arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, selenium, or mercury exceeds the maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) established by USEPA. A nitrate concentration in excess of the USEPA MCL of 10 milligrams per liter was found only in water from one well. Pesticides were present, at nontoxic concentrations (near minimum detection limits) in water from five wells, two of which are currently (1987) in use. TCE and PCE were the dominant purgeable organic compounds (POC) detected. No POC were present in park wells above concentrations of 1 microgram per liter, and no concentration exceeded USEPA MCLs. POC were detected only in water from wells that are approximately aligned, and in a zone parallel to strike that extends into areas of know ground-water contamination and (or) production wells.\r\n\r\n      Water-quality monitoring in the park is most important in the zone where TCE and PCE were detected. Areas that have production wells in which other contaminants in water have been detected are areas to be monitored for changes in concentration of the detected contaminants. Continued control of potential contaminants placed on the land surface, especially agricultural chemicals and wastes, can prevent or mitigate most ground-water contamination. Future monitoring activities will be dictated by events and conditions where and as they occur.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894154","usgsCitation":"Becher, A., 1989, Geohydrology and water quality in the vicinity of the Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4154, v, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894154.","productDescription":"v, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54925,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8bae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becher, A.E.","contributorId":75949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becher","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26518,"text":"wri894055 - 1989 - Low-flow profiles of the Coosa River and tributaries in Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T19:46:48.073863","indexId":"wri894055","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4055","title":"Low-flow profiles of the Coosa River and tributaries in Georgia","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri894055","usgsCitation":"Carter, R., Hopkins, E.H., and Perlman, H., 1989, Low-flow profiles of the Coosa River and tributaries in Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4055, iv, 217 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894055.","productDescription":"iv, 217 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":382719,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4055/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Coosa 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H.","contributorId":18411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perlman, H.A.","contributorId":84406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perlman","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25934,"text":"wri894065 - 1989 - Stratigraphy of the unsaturated zone at the radioactive waste management complex, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri894065","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4065","title":"Stratigraphy of the unsaturated zone at the radioactive waste management complex, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"A complex sequence of layered basalt flows, cinders, and sediment underlies the Radioactive Waste Management Complex at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory in southeastern Idaho. Wells drilled to 700 ft penetrate a sequence of 10 basalt-flow groups and 7 major sedimentary interbeds that range in age from about 100,000 to 600,000 years old. The 10 flow groups consist of 22 separate lava flows and flow-units. Each flow group is made up of from one to five petrographically similar flows that erupted from common source areas during periods of less than 200 years. Sedimentary interbeds consist of fluvial, lacustrine, and wind-blown deposits of clay, silt, sand, and gravel that accumulated during periods of volcanic inactivity ranging from thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Flows and sediment are unsaturated to a depth of about 600 ft. Flows and sediment below a depth of 600 ft are saturated and make up the uppermost part of the Snake River Plain aquifer. The areal extent of flow groups and interbeds was determined from well cuttings, cores, geophysical logs, potassium-argon ages, and geomagnetic properties. Stratigraphical control was provided by four sequential basalt flows near the base of the unsaturated zone that have reversed geomagnetic polarity and high emission of natural gamma radiation compared to other flows. Natural gamma logs were used as a primary correlation tool. Natural-gamma emissions, which are generally uniform in related, petrographically similar flows, increase or decrease between petrographically dissimilar flows of different age and source. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894065","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S.R., and Lewis, B.D., 1989, Stratigraphy of the unsaturated zone at the radioactive waste management complex, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4065, v, 54 p. :ill ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894065.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4065/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54691,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4065/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5492","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S. R.","contributorId":93518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lewis, B. D.","contributorId":85965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25938,"text":"wri884216 - 1989 - Monthly and annual suspended-sediment loads in the Brazos River at Richmond, Texas, 1966-86 water years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T15:41:00","indexId":"wri884216","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4216","title":"Monthly and annual suspended-sediment loads in the Brazos River at Richmond, Texas, 1966-86 water years","docAbstract":"<p>Sampling to determine suspended-sediment concentrations at the Brazos River at Richmond, Texas, began in January 1966 and ended in September 1986. Depth-integrated samples were collected during all flow conditions. The records for this station are considered good.</p>\n<p>The mean monthly suspended-sediment loads in the Brazos River at Richmond ranged from 2,500 to 91,000 tons during the period of record. The annual suspended-sediment load ranged from 404,500 to 30,800,000 tons and averaged about 10,900,000 tons. The minimum annual load of 404,500 tons occurred during the 1984 water year, and the maximum annual load of 30,800,000 tons occurred during the 1968 water year.</p>\n<p>Suspended-sediment load and discharge varied throughout the period of study. A double-mass curve indicated that the relation between discharge and sediment load remained constant.</p>\n<p>The data collected annually during the study were used to develop a regression model. The model was determined to be an accurate predictor of annual suspended-sediment load by using annual discharge as the independent variable.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri884216","usgsCitation":"Andrews, F.L., 1989, Monthly and annual suspended-sediment loads in the Brazos River at Richmond, Texas, 1966-86 water years: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4216, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884216.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54693,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b03e4b07f02db698fba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, Freeman L.","contributorId":91486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Freeman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25725,"text":"wri894061 - 1989 - Proceedings of the Advanced Seminar on one-dimensional, open-channel Flow and transport modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:22:20","indexId":"wri894061","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4061","title":"Proceedings of the Advanced Seminar on one-dimensional, open-channel Flow and transport modeling","docAbstract":"<p>In view of the increased use of mathematical/numerical simulation models, of the diversity of both model investigations and informational project objectives, and of the technical demands of complex model applications by U.S. Geological Survey personnel, an advanced seminar on one-dimensional open-channel flow and transport modeling was organized and held on June 15-18, 1987, at the National Space Technology Laboratory, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Principal emphasis in the Seminar was on one-dimensional flow and transport model-implementation techniques, operational practices, and application considerations. The purposes of the Seminar were to provide a forum for the exchange of information, knowledge, and experience among model users, as well as to identify immediate and future needs with respect to model development and enhancement, user support, training requirements, and technology transfer. The Seminar program consisted of a mix of topical and project presentations by Geological Survey personnel. This report is a compilation of short papers that summarize the presentations made at the Seminar. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri894061","usgsCitation":"1989, Proceedings of the Advanced Seminar on one-dimensional, open-channel Flow and transport modeling: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4061, v, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894061.","productDescription":"v, 99 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157111,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a298","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Schaffranek, Raymond W.","contributorId":86314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":650818,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26528,"text":"wri894050 - 1989 - Preliminary analysis for trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Powder River, Montana and Wyoming, water years 1952-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri894050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4050","title":"Preliminary analysis for trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Powder River, Montana and Wyoming, water years 1952-85","docAbstract":"Selected water-quality data from two streamflow-gaging stations on the Powder River, Montana and Wyoming, were statistically analyzed for trends using the seasonal Kendall test. Data for water years 1952-63 and 1975-85 from the Powder River near Locate, Montana, and water years 1967-68 and 1976-85 from the Powder River at Sussex, Wyoming, were analyzed. Data for the earlier period near Locate were discharge-weighted monthly mean values, whereas data for the late period near Locate and at Sussex were from periodic samples. For data from water years 1952-63 near Locate, increasing trends were detected in sodium and sodium-adsorption ratio; no trends were detected in specific conductance, hardness, non-carbonate hardness, alkalinity, dissolved solids, or sulfate. For data from water years 1975-85 near Locate, increasing trends were detected in specific conductance, sodium, sodium-adsorption ratio, and chloride; no trends were detected in hardness, noncarbonate hardness, alkalinity, dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, potassium, or sulfate. At Sussex (water years 1967-68 and 1976-85), increasing trends were detected in sodium, sodium-adsorption ratio, and chloride, and a decreasing trend was detected in sulfate. No trends were detected in specific conductance, alkalinity, or dissolved solids. When the 1967-68 data were deleted and the analysis repeated for the 1976-85 data, only sodium-adsorption ratio displayed a significant (increasing) trend. Because the study was exploratory, causes and effects were not considered. The results might have been affected by sample size, number of seasons, heterogeneity, significance level, serial correlation, and data adjustment for changes in discharge. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894050","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., 1989, Preliminary analysis for trends in selected water-quality characteristics, Powder River, Montana and Wyoming, water years 1952-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4050, iv, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894050.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55390,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a206","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25607,"text":"wri884235 - 1989 - Hydrology of the Goat Lake watershed, Snohomish County, Washington, 1982-87","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri884235","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4235","title":"Hydrology of the Goat Lake watershed, Snohomish County, Washington, 1982-87","docAbstract":"The Goat Lake watershed in Snohomish County, Washington, functions as an '  experimental watershed ' for long-term studies to determine the effects of acidic precipitation on water resources. Data have been collected there by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1982. The watershed is in a wilderness area of the Cascade Range and is downwind of an industrial and urban area that produces chemical compounds found in acidic precipitation.  The lake is considered sensitive to acidic inputs from atmospheric deposition and streamflow. The mean annual discharge of the Goat Lake outflow is 35 cu ft/sec; precipitation on the watershed is calculated to be about 170 in/yr. The inflow to Goat Lake is sufficient to replace the entire contents of the lake basin on an average every 21.5 days, or 17 times/year. Water in Goat Lake, and that of the inlet and outlet, is of low ionic strength and of calcium-bicarbonate type. The lake, although considered oligotrophic, is sufficiently deep to stratify thermally, and summer dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the hypolimnion are depressed. Even though alkalinity and specific conductance at Goat Lake are in the range considered sensitive to acidic inputs , the pH of water in the lake has consistently ranged from 6.1 to 7.2, indicating that the lake is not acidified at this time. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884235","usgsCitation":"Dion, N.P., Ebbert, J., Poole, J., and Peck, B., 1989, Hydrology of the Goat Lake watershed, Snohomish County, Washington, 1982-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4235, iv, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884235.","productDescription":"iv, 44 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4235/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54351,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4235/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acbe4b07f02db67e3a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ebbert, J.C.","contributorId":57451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebbert","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poole, J.E.","contributorId":70764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peck, B.S.","contributorId":46128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26387,"text":"wri874223 - 1989 - Changes in chloride concentrations, mixing patterns, and stratification characteristics of Irondequoit Bay, Monroe County, New York, after decreased use of road-deicing salts, 1974-1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri874223","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4223","title":"Changes in chloride concentrations, mixing patterns, and stratification characteristics of Irondequoit Bay, Monroe County, New York, after decreased use of road-deicing salts, 1974-1984","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report may be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports,","doi":"10.3133/wri874223","usgsCitation":"Bubeck, R., and Burton, R., 1989, Changes in chloride concentrations, mixing patterns, and stratification characteristics of Irondequoit Bay, Monroe County, New York, after decreased use of road-deicing salts, 1974-1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4223, v, 52 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874223.","productDescription":"v, 52 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55180,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4223/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55181,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6ddf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bubeck, R.C.","contributorId":81940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bubeck","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burton, R.S.","contributorId":92708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25599,"text":"wri894035 - 1989 - Hydrologic environments and water-quality characteristics at four landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1980-86","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T09:47:21","indexId":"wri894035","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4035","title":"Hydrologic environments and water-quality characteristics at four landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1980-86","docAbstract":"A water-quality study was conducted during 1980-86 at four landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Each landfill has a three-layered hydrogeologic system typical of the Piedmont, consisting of (1) the regolith; (2) a transition zone; and (3) unweathered, fractured crystalline bedrock. As much as 7.6 inches per year of rainfall enters the ground-water system and has the potential to generate leachate within landfill cells. Ground water and leachate discharge to tributaries within the landfill sites or to streams adjacent to them.\r\n\r\nWater-quality samples were collected from 53 monitoring wells and 20 surface-water sites. Samples were analyzed for selected physical and biological characteristics, major inorganic ions, nutrients, trace elements, and organic compounds. Selected indicators of water quality, including specific conductance; hardness; and concentrations of chloride, manganese, dissolved solids, total organic carbon, and specific organic compounds were analyzed to determine the effects of each landfill on ground- and surface-water quality.\r\n\r\nIncreases in concentrations of inorganic constituents above background levels were detected in ground water downgradient of the landfills. The increases were generally greatest in samples from wells in close proximity to the older landfill cells. In general, the increases in concentrations in downgradient wells were greater for calcium, magnesium, and chloride than for other major ions. Manganese exhibited the largest relative increase in concentration between upgradient and downgradient wells of any constituent, and manganese concentration data were effective in defining areas with extensive anaerobic biological activity.\r\n\r\nDifferences between upgradient and downgradient concentrations of total organic carbon and specific organic compounds generally were not as apparent. The most frequently identified organic contaminants were the herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. Chlorofluoromethanes were identified in three of four ground-water samples analyzed for volatile organic compounds.\r\n\r\nLandfills affected the water quality of several smaller streams but did not noticeably affect larger ones. Apparent effects on water quality were greatest at the oldest landfill, located on Statesville Road, where waste is in cells that are partly below the water table.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894035","usgsCitation":"Cardinell, A., Barnes, C., Eddins, W., and Coble, R.W., 1989, Hydrologic environments and water-quality characteristics at four landfills in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1980-86: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4035, vi, 79 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894035.","productDescription":"vi, 79 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54343,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4035/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Mecklenburg County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-81.9447,35.9585],[-81.9383,35.9523],[-81.9329,35.9442],[-81.9274,35.9293],[-81.9256,35.9253],[-81.9169,35.9154],[-81.9133,35.9078],[-81.9137,35.9014],[-81.9099,35.8856],[-81.9109,35.8806],[-81.919,35.8641],[-81.9215,35.8527],[-81.9309,35.8403],[-81.942,35.8342],[-81.957,35.8204],[-81.9785,35.8187],[-81.9907,35.8076],[-81.9335,35.7663],[-81.8971,35.7406],[-81.8695,35.7215],[-81.8248,35.581],[-81.8326,35.5782],[-81.8425,35.5667],[-81.8477,35.548],[-81.8481,35.5389],[-81.9016,35.5349],[-81.9726,35.5265],[-81.9783,35.5268],[-81.9876,35.5357],[-81.9993,35.5519],[-82.0039,35.5536],[-82.0089,35.5522],[-82.0228,35.5415],[-82.034,35.5372],[-82.0973,35.5361],[-82.1563,35.5255],[-82.1706,35.5316],[-82.2206,35.5575],[-82.2421,35.5607],[-82.2519,35.5637],[-82.2674,35.5747],[-82.2918,35.5938],[-82.2913,35.5979],[-82.2865,35.6048],[-82.2815,35.6108],[-82.2765,35.6132],[-82.2686,35.6151],[-82.2653,35.6165],[-82.2654,35.6188],[-82.2747,35.6282],[-82.2732,35.635],[-82.2837,35.6439],[-82.2881,35.661],[-82.2828,35.672],[-82.2846,35.6765],[-82.2934,35.685],[-82.2936,35.6909],[-82.2865,35.7006],[-82.2765,35.7066],[-82.2622,35.7015],[-82.2354,35.7165],[-82.2163,35.7219],[-82.1925,35.74],[-82.1878,35.7542],[-82.1749,35.7607],[-82.1579,35.7792],[-82.1574,35.782],[-82.1649,35.7873],[-82.165,35.7913],[-82.1574,35.8024],[-82.149,35.8071],[-82.1452,35.8148],[-82.1331,35.8251],[-82.1206,35.8271],[-82.1191,35.8335],[-82.1084,35.8368],[-82.1007,35.8442],[-82.0996,35.8483],[-82.0992,35.852],[-82.0958,35.8525],[-82.085,35.8509],[-82.0708,35.852],[-82.0607,35.8549],[-82.0488,35.8565],[-82.0331,35.8645],[-82.0289,35.8786],[-82.0245,35.8841],[-82.0195,35.886],[-82.0115,35.8853],[-82.0023,35.8818],[-81.9988,35.8778],[-81.9892,35.8779],[-81.9864,35.8798],[-81.9882,35.8843],[-81.9792,35.8885],[-81.9815,35.9103],[-81.9704,35.92],[-81.9643,35.9269],[-81.9582,35.9306],[-81.9657,35.9369],[-81.9642,35.9432],[-81.9447,35.9585]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"McDowell\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606d2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cardinell, A.P.","contributorId":59033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardinell","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, C.R.","contributorId":85625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eddins, W.H.","contributorId":47796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eddins","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25486,"text":"wri874194 - 1989 - Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics and the effects of urbanization for streams in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T10:16:20","indexId":"wri874194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4194","title":"Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics and the effects of urbanization for streams in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area","docAbstract":"This report provides a method for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods for small streams in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area. Data collected at 21 streamflow gaging stations were used in a multiple-regression analysis to develop equations for computation of peak-flow characteristics. The flood equations were determined by relating flood-frequency characteristics computed using observed flow data from 13 stations and synthetically derived flow data from 8 stations to measurable basin characteristics. Significant characteristics in the equations are drainage area and impervious cover. Standard errors of estimate for the regression equations ranged from 38 to 43 percent. The equations can be used to determine peak-flow characteristics and to estimate the effect of urbanization on small streams with drainage areas from 1.1 to 64 square miles. The analyses indicate that increasing impervious area can significaantly increase peak flows. Examples are given for computing flood frequency for a site on an ungaged stream for an ungaged site on a gaged stream.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874194","usgsCitation":"Bailey, J., Thomas, W., Wetzel, K.L., and Ross, T., 1989, Estimation of flood-frequency characteristics and the effects of urbanization for streams in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4194, v, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874194.","productDescription":"v, 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121108,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54208,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb4d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, J.F.","contributorId":57889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, W.O. Jr.","contributorId":32133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"W.O.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wetzel, K. L.","contributorId":14418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ross, T.J.","contributorId":82736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25811,"text":"wri884220 - 1989 - US Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-23T11:33:13","indexId":"wri884220","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4220","title":"US Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988","docAbstract":"<p>Crude oil floating at the surface of a shallow aquifer of glacial outwash, near Bemidji, Minnesota, is altered by geochemical processes. Hydrocarbons from the oil are attenuated by several reactions that include aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation. These degradation reactions result in the development of geochemical facies in the shallow groundwater system. Groundwater most affected by the presence of organic compounds is anoxic, and concentrations of methane, dissolved organic carbon, and total inorganic are high--0.76 millimole/L, 2.9 millimole/L, and 12.3 millimole/L, respectively. The concentrations of chemical species and delta-(13)C isotope values indicate that the plume near the oil lens has become progressively more reducing. Over a 4-year period (1984 through 1987), the concentrations of methane and iron have increased by a factor of &gt; 25. The data suggest that sequential degradation occurs, as predicted by thermo-dynamics: manganese is reduced before iron is reduced, which occurs before methanogenesis. These data provide field evidence that reduction of iron and manganese is an important mechanism of decomposition of organic matter in aquifers. The delta-(13)C values of inorganic carbon of the native groundwater range from -12 ppt to -15 ppt as a result of mixing of soil CO2 with CO2 from the dissolution of carbonates. Non methanogenic biodegradation of oil constituents adds isotopically light CO2 to the groundwater because the oil has a delta-(13)C value of 28 ppt. The delta-(13)C value of inorganic carbon in the reducing zone have become progressively heavier from 1985 through 1987. The maximum change occurs 15 m downgradient from the oil lens, where the delta-(13)C values increased from -21.6 ppt to -5.35 ppt. This change indicates that the plume has become more reducing and methanogenic over time.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884220","usgsCitation":"1989, US Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the technical meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, September 26-30, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4220, xii, 651 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884220.","productDescription":"xii, 651 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4220/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54562,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4220/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a10","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mallard, Gail E.","contributorId":46556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallard","given":"Gail","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736273,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ragone, Stephen E.","contributorId":74374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragone","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736274,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26063,"text":"wri894014 - 1989 - Water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and limnology of Prompton Lake, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, October 1986 through September 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T09:16:14","indexId":"wri894014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4014","title":"Water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and limnology of Prompton Lake, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, October 1986 through September 1987","docAbstract":"The water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and the limnology of Prompton Lake in northeastern Pennsylvania were studied from October 1986 through September 1987 to determine past and present water-quality conditions in the basin, and to determine the possible effects of raising the lake level on the water quality of the Lake, of the river downstream, and of ground water.\r\n\r\n      Past and present water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and Prompton Lake generally meets State standards for high-quality waters that sup- port the maintenance and propagation of cold-water fishes. However, suggested criteria by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency intended to control excessive algal growth in the lake are exceeded most, if not all, of the time for nitrogen and most of the time for phosphorus.\r\n\r\n      The average annual total nitrogen load entering the lake is 114 tons. Of this total, 41 tons is inorganic nitrate plus nitrate, 48 tons organic nitrogen, and 25 tons ammonia nitrogen. Estimated annual yields of total nitrogen, inorganic nitrite plus nitrate, organic nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen are 1.9, 9.7, 0.8, and 0.4 tons/mi2 (tons per square mile), respectively. The average annual phosphorus load is estimated to be 4.7 tons, which is equivalent to a yield of 0.08 tons/mi2. About 62 percent, or 2.9 tons, is dissolved phosphorus that is readily available for plant assimilation. The waters of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and Prompton Lake are decidedly phosphorus limited.\r\n\r\n      The long-term average annual suspended-sediment yield to the lake is about 70 tons/mi2. Life expectancy of the 774 acre-feet of space allocated for sediment loads in the raised pool is estimated to be about 287 years.\r\n\r\n      During the 1987 water year, about 51 percent of the annual sediment load was transported during 7 days by storm-water runoff. The maximum sediment discharge during the study period was 400 tons per day.\r\n\r\n      Lake-profile studies show that thermal and chemical stratification develops in early June and persists through September. Water below a depth of about 20 feet becomes anoxic, or nearly so, by mid-July.\r\n\r\n      Summer concentrations of chlorophyll are indicative of eutropic conditions. Although raising of the lake level is expected to increase the efficiency of the lake in trapping nutrients, the increased depth and volume will reduce the concentrations of available nutrients and, thereby, reduce the eutrophication potential of the lake.\r\n\r\n      The water level in about 30 wells near the lake probably will rise after the lake level is raised, and the well yields probably will increase slightly. Flow of water form the lake to the aquifer as the lake is being raised may temporarily increase mineral content of water in the aquifer. After a new equilibrium is reached, however, water will again flow from the aquifer to the lake, thereby restoring the aquifer's water quality.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894014","usgsCitation":"Barker, J.L., 1989, Water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and limnology of Prompton Lake, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, October 1986 through September 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4014, vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894014.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54842,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9811","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":83518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25494,"text":"wri894146 - 1989 - Evaluation of field sampling and preservation methods for strontium-90 in ground water at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:14","indexId":"wri894146","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4146","title":"Evaluation of field sampling and preservation methods for strontium-90 in ground water at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho","docAbstract":"Water from four wells completed in the Snake River Plain aquifer was sampled as part of the U.S. Geological Survey 's quality assurance program to evaluate the effect of filtration and preservation methods on strontium-90 concentrations in groundwater at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. Water from each well was filtered through either a 0.45-micrometer membrane or a 0.1-micrometer membrane filter; unfiltered samples also were collected. Two sets of filtered and two sets of unfiltered samples was preserved in the field with reagent-grade hydrochloric acid and the other set of samples was not acidified. For water from wells with strontium-90 concentrations at or above the reporting level, 94% or more of the strontium-90 is in true solution or in colloidal particles smaller than 0.1 micrometer. These results suggest that within-laboratory reproducibility for strontium-90 in groundwater at the INEL is not significantly affected by changes in filtration and preservation methods used for sample collections. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri894146","usgsCitation":"Cecil, L., Knobel, L., Wegner, S., and Moore, L., 1989, Evaluation of field sampling and preservation methods for strontium-90 in ground water at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4146, iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894146.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4146/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54216,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5faddd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knobel, L.L.","contributorId":83115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobel","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wegner, S.J.","contributorId":36950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wegner","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, L.L.","contributorId":108145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25803,"text":"wri894141 - 1989 - Transport and fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream, Stennis Space Center near Bay St Louis, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri894141","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4141","title":"Transport and fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream, Stennis Space Center near Bay St Louis, Mississippi","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri894141","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Shultz, D., Stephens, D.W., and Tai, D.Y., 1989, Transport and fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream, Stennis Space Center near Bay St Louis, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4141, xii, 101 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894141.","productDescription":"xii, 101 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158341,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54546,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626c21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shultz, D.J.","contributorId":60246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26404,"text":"wri884126 - 1989 - A vertically averaged spectral model for tidal circulation in estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:38:54","indexId":"wri884126","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4126","title":"A vertically averaged spectral model for tidal circulation in estuaries","docAbstract":"<p>A frequency dependent computer model based on the two-dimensional vertically averaged shallow-water equations is described for general purpose application in tidally dominated embayments. This model simulates the response of both tides and tidal currents to user-specified geometries and boundary conditions. The mathematical formulation and practical application of the model are discussed in detail. Salient features of the model include the ability to specify: (1) stage at the open boundaries as well as within the model grid, (2) velocities on open boundaries (river inflows and so forth), (3) spatially variable wind stress, and (4) spatially variable bottom friction. Using harmonically analyzed field data as boundary conditions, this model can be used to make real time predictions of tides and tidal currents. (USGS)</p>","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884126","usgsCitation":"Burau, J., and Cheng, R.T., 1989, A vertically averaged spectral model for tidal circulation in estuaries: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4126, iv, 31 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884126.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55194,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a52e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burau, J.R. 0000-0002-5196-5035","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":7307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, R. T.","contributorId":23138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}