The floods of May 1959 in the Au Gres and Rifle River basins, Michigan, resulted from heavy rainfall during the night of May 19-20. Peak unit discharges for small drainage areas (less than about 15 square miles) were the highest ever measured in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and for very small areas (about one square mile) were of the same order of magnitude as those for the record Ontonagon River flood of August 1942 in the Upper Peninsula.
Because the flood area is sparsely populated, damages were largely confined to farm lands and facilities and to secondary roads and their appurtenant drainage structures.
The U. S. Geological Survey, through the district office in Lansing, Michigan, operates a network of streamgaging stations and crest-stage stations in the area affected by this flood. Six recording rain gages are operated in the upper Rifle River basin. Most of the gaging stations have been in operation for 7 to 9 years giving systematic records of stage, discharge, and volume of flow covering the range from drought to flood. This report contains records of
-stage and discharge at 9 gaging stations for the flood
period, peak discharges at 7 crest-stage stations
and 2 miscellaneous sites within the flood area, and
other data pertinent to the flood.
During March and April 1957, a brief investigation was made at the request of the U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, to determine the cause for the decline in the performances of the wells used at Biggs Air Force Base, El Paso, Texas. The investigation included a general survey or the existing wells, pumping schedules, and records of pumpage and water levels.
Appreciation is expressed for the cooperation of personnel or the Corps of Engineers, particularly to H. B. Norain and H. Wortman. In addition, the Layne-Texas Co., the C. L. North Co., and Mr. C. F. Gill of the El Paso Public Service Board were helpful in supplying data not available in the files of Biggs Air Force Base. A considerable amount of data used in this report are published in Water-Supply Paper 1426 of the Geological Survey.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Surveys","doi":"10.3133/ofr6092","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared for U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Leggat, E.R., 1960, Memorandum on the water-supply wells at Biggs Air Force Base, El Paso, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-92, ii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6092.","productDescription":"ii, 8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":113013,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0092/report.pdf","size":"546","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0092/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"Biggs Air Force Base","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613fc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leggat, Edward R.","contributorId":67919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leggat","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23692,"text":"ofr6091 - 1960 - Memorandum on ground-water conditions and suggestions for test drilling in the Logan Heights area, El Paso, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T16:44:56","indexId":"ofr6091","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-91","title":"Memorandum on ground-water conditions and suggestions for test drilling in the Logan Heights area, El Paso, Texas","docAbstract":"In response to a request from the U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, a brief investigation was made in March 1957 of the ground-water resources of the Logan Heights area, El Paso, Texas. The purpose of the investigation was to collect and evaluate pertinent available data on existing wells in the vicinity of Logan Heights and to determine the most promising locations for the installation of two wells capable of yielding a minimum of 800 gpm (gallons per minute) each. Most of the data used in the investigation have been published in Water-Supply Paper 1426 of the Geological Survey (Knowles and Kennedy, 1958) .
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Albuquerque, NM","doi":"10.3133/ofr6091","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared for U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Leggat, E.R., 1960, Memorandum on ground-water conditions and suggestions for test drilling in the Logan Heights area, El Paso, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-91, ii, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6091.","productDescription":"ii, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":113012,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0091/report.pdf","size":"739","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"Logan Heights area","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leggat, Edward R.","contributorId":67919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leggat","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57720,"text":"ofr60166 - 1960 - Ground water in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-05T10:34:32","indexId":"ofr60166","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-166","title":"Ground water in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"One of the first requisites for the intelligent planning of utilization and control of water and for the administration of laws relating to its use is data on the quantity, quality, and mode of occurrence of the available supplies. The collection, evaluation and interpretation, and publication of such data are among the primary functions of the U. S. Geological Survey, Since 1895 the Congress has made appropriations to the Survey for investigation of the water resources of the Nation. In 1929 the Congress adopted the policy of dollar-for-dollar cooperation with the States and local governmental agencies in water resources investigations of the U. S. Geological Survey, In 1937 a program of ground-water investigations was started in cooperation with the Oklahoma Geological Survey, and in 1949 this program was expanded to include cooperation with the Oklahoma Planning and Resources Board, In 1957 the State Legislature created the Oklahoma Water Resources Board as the principal State water agency and it became the principal local cooperator.
Forty-two east-west aeromagnetic lines were flown across the Cook Inlet-Susitna Lowland between Chelatna Lake and Seldovia at a flight altitude of approximately 2,500 feet. The lines traverse all or part of five Mesozoic tectonic elements that dominate the structure of the Cook Inlet area. Each of these tectonic elements, the Alaska Range geosyncline, the Talkeetna geanticline, the Matanuska geosyncline, the Seldovia geanticline, and the Chugach Mountains geosyncline, has a characteristic magnetic pattern.
The aeromagnetic data, compiled as total intensity aeromagnetic profiles, show several significant features which are consistent with the structural grain of the area. A two-dimensional anomaly was observed near the east edge of the area on all but the southernmost profiles, where it becomes obscure. Geologic evidence suggests that this feature, the Knik Arm anomaly, is produced by plutonic rocks that have been intruded along the Seldovia geanticline. Southeast of this anomaly the profiles are almost flat. This flatness indicates that magnetic rocks are deeply buried in this area, which is underlain by slate and graywacke deposited in the Chugach Mountains geosyncline.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr6059","usgsCitation":"Grantz, A., Zietz, I., and Andreasen, G., 1960, An aeromagnetic reconnaissance of the Cook Inlet area, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-59, Report: 58 p.; 9 Plates: 27.85 x 35.82 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr6059.","productDescription":"Report: 58 p.; 9 Plates: 27.85 x 35.82 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":421784,"rank":11,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421783,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-3explanation.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421782,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421781,"rank":8,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421780,"rank":7,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421779,"rank":6,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421778,"rank":5,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421777,"rank":4,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421776,"rank":3,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/figure-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":421775,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":144657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0059/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Cook Inlet area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.86692834754194,\n 58.461367338468136\n ],\n [\n -148.58541629436866,\n 58.461367338468136\n ],\n [\n -148.58541629436866,\n 61.78410578839723\n ],\n [\n -154.86692834754194,\n 61.78410578839723\n ],\n [\n -154.86692834754194,\n 58.461367338468136\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":168548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zietz, Isidore","contributorId":76708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zietz","given":"Isidore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andreasen, Gordon E.","contributorId":94272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"Gordon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70220592,"text":"70220592 - 1960 - A comprehensive system of automatic computation in magnetic and gravity interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-20T19:20:02.92688","indexId":"70220592","displayToPublicDate":"1960-12-31T14:15:30","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comprehensive system of automatic computation in magnetic and gravity interpretation","docAbstract":"In the interpretation of magnetic and gravity anomalies, downward continuation of fields and calculation of first and second vertical derivatives of fields have been recognized as effective means for bringing into focus the latent diagnostic features of the data. A comprehensive system has been devised for the calculation of any or all of these derived fields on modern electronic digital computing equipment. The integral for analytic continuation above the plane is used with a Lagrange extrapolation polynomial to derive a general determinantal expression from which the field at depth and the various derivatives on the surface and at depth can be obtained. It is shown that the general formula includes as special cases some of the formulas appearing in the literature. The process involves a \"once for all depths\" summing of grid values on a system of concentric circles about each point followed by application of the appropriate one or more of the 19 sets of coefficients derived for the purpose. Theoretical and observed multilevel data are used to illustrate the processes and to discuss the errors. The coefficients can be used for less extensive computations on a desk calculator.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1438736","usgsCitation":"Henderson, R., 1960, A comprehensive system of automatic computation in magnetic and gravity interpretation: Geophysics, v. 25, no. 3, p. 569-585, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438736.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"585","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henderson, R.G.","contributorId":72521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70170699,"text":"70170699 - 1960 - Municipal water supplies on the Mesabi and Vermillion Iron Ranges, northeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T12:33:41","indexId":"70170699","displayToPublicDate":"1960-11-02T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesNumber":"1","subseriesTitle":"Ground Water Series Basic Data Release","title":"Municipal water supplies on the Mesabi and Vermillion Iron Ranges, northeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70170699","usgsCitation":"Cotter, R.D., and Young, L., 1960, Municipal water supplies on the Mesabi and Vermillion Iron Ranges, northeastern Minnesota, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70170699.","productDescription":"61 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320732,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Mesabi and Vermillion Iron ranges","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57248673e4b0b13d39159654","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cotter, R. D.","contributorId":89874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cotter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":628118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, L.H.","contributorId":169025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70220495,"text":"70220495 - 1960 - The chief oxide-burgin area discoveries, East Tintic district, Utah; A case history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-17T13:54:52.042882","indexId":"70220495","displayToPublicDate":"1960-11-01T08:47:35","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chief oxide-burgin area discoveries, East Tintic district, Utah; A case history","docAbstract":"In 1955 exploration for base and precious metals was undertaken by Bear Creek Mining Company immediately north of the Main Tintic district, Utah. During the course of this work Bear Creek became interested in the East Tintic district, primarily as a result of the activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in that area. Data published on the East Tintic district by the Survey and others were studied and map data made available from various mining companies were compiled. Preliminary economic studies were made to determine the present day value of the type of ore body discovered previously in the district. Encouraging results from these investigations led to the selection of specific targets for exploration. Recommendations for a project program were made and approved. Negotiations were successfully concluded in mid-1956 for a unit lease agreement on lands in the East Tintic district owned by the Tintic Standard and Chief Consolidated mining companies and their subsidiaries. Of the targets selected for exploration, the Chief Oxide area seemed to be one of the most prominent. Our preliminary work in the Chief Oxide area corroborated the findings of the U.S. Geological Survey described in Part I of this paper. After careful consideration it was decided to gamble the cost of an exploration shaft in this area for the purpose of providing an underground drilling platform. We also hoped by means of underground workings to establish the existence and nature of the postulated fault. A limited amount of surface drilling was done prior to shaft sinking in order to locate a shaft site and also to obtain additional information of subvolcanic structure and alteration. Underground exploration in the Chief Oxide area was started in January, 1957. The Burgin shaft was sunk to a depth of 1,100 feet and by August, 1959, lateral development on the 1050 level totaled 4,721 feet and underground diamond drilling totaled 15,480 feet. Results of the work done to date are as follows: (a) Identification of the sedimentary rock section and an interpretation of the structure in the Burgin mine area. (b) Discovery by penetration of the previously postulated East Tintic thrust fault. (c) Discovery of large zones of manganese oxides and carbonates, which were found to be closely related to silver-lead-zinc mineralization. (d) Discovery of ore-grade lead-zinc mineralization within the footwall rocks of the East Tintic thrust. (e) Discovery of high-grade silver-lead ore within the thrust zone. Insofar as ore localization is concerned the most important structural feature in the Burgin mine area is the East Tintic thrust fault-a fact that opens up new ore potential over a large part of the East Tintic district not previously explored. Although the discoveries to date must be attributed essentially to the application of geology to exploration, the tools of geochemical prospecting and geophysics were also used, and the geochemical work, in particular, was found to be a definite aid in the selection of areas for further exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.55.7.1507","usgsCitation":"Bush, J., Cook, D., Lovering, T.S., and Morris, H.T., 1960, The chief oxide-burgin area discoveries, East Tintic district, Utah; A case history: Economic Geology, v. 55, no. 7, p. 1507-1540, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.7.1507.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"1507","endPage":"1540","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"east Tintic Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.9287109375,\n 38.81831117374662\n ],\n [\n -110.8795166015625,\n 38.81831117374662\n ],\n [\n -110.8795166015625,\n 40.069664523297774\n ],\n [\n -111.9287109375,\n 40.069664523297774\n ],\n [\n -111.9287109375,\n 38.81831117374662\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"55","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1960-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bush, J.B.","contributorId":258145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bush","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, D.R.","contributorId":20585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lovering, T. S.","contributorId":108085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovering","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morris, H. T.","contributorId":15585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":815772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70220581,"text":"70220581 - 1960 - Mapping mean areal precipitation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-19T15:19:52.742332","indexId":"70220581","displayToPublicDate":"1960-09-30T10:16:05","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5334,"text":"International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin ","onlineIssn":"2150-3435","printIssn":"0262-6667","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping mean areal precipitation","docAbstract":"A method is presented for using point mean precipitation data to estimate areal values in regions of high relief. Variation of precipitation with altitude is determined. Local anomalies from this relationship are mapped, and lines of equal anomaly are drawn. By use of the mean relation corrected for the local anomaly, the mean precipitation at any point can be determined and an isohyetal map drawn. A similar approach can be used to determine mean temperature for studies of snowmelt or of potential evapotranspiration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626666009493176","usgsCitation":"Dawdy, D., and Langbein, W.B., 1960, Mapping mean areal precipitation: International Association of Scientific Hydrology - Bulletin , v. 5, no. 3, p. 16-23, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493176.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666009493176","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":385773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawdy, D.R.","contributorId":99956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawdy","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70217848,"text":"70217848 - 1960 - Part I, the development of the method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-05T19:37:35.63249","indexId":"70217848","displayToPublicDate":"1960-04-01T13:34:38","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":700,"text":"American Antiquity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Part I, the development of the method","docAbstract":"A freshly exposed surface of obsidian will take up water from the atmosphere to form a hydrated surface layer. This layer has a different density and refractive index than does the remainder of the obsidian. Using special techniques, a thin section of the obsidian cut at right angles to the surface can be prepared. When examined under the microscope the hydrated layer is visible and its thickness can be measured. Photomicrographs of such thin sections are shown. Factors that determine the rate of hydration were considered. Using artifacts from archaeological sites of known age, the influence of temperature, relative humidity, chemical composition of the obsidian, burning and erosion of the obsidian on the rates of hydration was determined. Temperature and chemical composition are the main factors controlling the rate of hydration. Obsidian hydrates more rapidly at a higher temperature, and thus progresses at a faster rate in tropical than in arctic climates. Rhyolitic obsidian hydrates more slowly than does trachytic obsidian. Using archaeological data from various parts of the world, several tentative hydration rates were determined for tropical, temperate, and arctic climates. The method in its present state of development is especially suited to determine relative chronologies in layered sequences of artifacts from a single site, or region. It is also useful for detecting fake artifacts. Future work to refine the method is suggested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge","doi":"10.2307/276634","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., and Smith, R., 1960, Part I, the development of the method: American Antiquity, v. 25, no. 4, p. 476-493, https://doi.org/10.2307/276634.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"476","endPage":"493","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":383066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, I.","contributorId":95596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, R.","contributorId":83874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":809899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70114183,"text":"70114183 - 1960 - Factual data for public-supply wells and selected irrigation wells in Monmouth County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T18:33:11","indexId":"70114183","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T10:19:23","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":149,"text":"New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply Water Resources Circular","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"4","title":"Factual data for public-supply wells and selected irrigation wells in Monmouth County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"The investigation of the ground-water resources of Monmouth County is part of a Statewide water-resources program. This study was made by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the new Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Water Policy and Supply. It was under the general direction of Philip E. LaMoreaux, Chief of the Ground Water Branch of the U.S. Geological Survey, and under the direct supervision of Allen Sinnott, District Geologist.
This report presents data for most of the public-supply wells and for several irrigation wells in Monmouth County. The data for these wells are believed to be representative of large-capacity wells tapping the major aquifers present in the county. The information is released at this time in advance of an interpretive report because of its value to prospective users of ground water in Monmouth County. An earlier report presented data on small-capacity wells tapping both major and minor aquifers in the county. The data in these two reports form, in part, the basis for a comprehensive interpretive report on the ground-water resources of Monmouth County, now in preparation. Also to be included in the latter report are data for certain large-capacity industrial wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"State of New Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development, Division of Water Policy and Supply","usgsCitation":"Jablonski, L.A., 1960, Factual data for public-supply wells and selected irrigation wells in Monmouth County, New Jersey: New Jersey Division of Water Policy and Supply Water Resources Circular 4, iii, 29 p.","productDescription":"iii, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290118,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290117,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114183/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Monmouth County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -74.613529,40.07913 ], [ -74.613529,40.478576 ], [ -73.972184,40.478576 ], [ -73.972184,40.07913 ], [ -74.613529,40.07913 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53aa9dede4b065055fab1665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jablonski, Leo A.","contributorId":16324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jablonski","given":"Leo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70220574,"text":"70220574 - 1960 - A geologic-profile plotter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-19T14:38:28.190746","indexId":"70220574","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T09:35:07","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A geologic-profile plotter","docAbstract":"Design and uses are described of an easy-to-construct instrument that facilitates construction of profiles of land surfaces, geologic formations, or other features such as profiles of geophysical or geochemical anomalies. Response to data from users of the instrument indicates that it is both faster and more convenient than previous methods.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.55.1.201","usgsCitation":"Marsh, O., 1960, A geologic-profile plotter: Economic Geology, v. 55, no. 1, p. 201-204, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.1.201.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"204","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":385766,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1960-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marsh, O.T.","contributorId":64672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"O.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":816063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010642,"text":"70010642 - 1960 - Potentiometric titration and equivalent weight of humic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T15:38:40.812515","indexId":"70010642","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potentiometric titration and equivalent weight of humic acid","docAbstract":"The “acid nature” of humic acid has been controversial for many years. Some investigators claim that humic acid is a true weak acid, while others feel that its behaviour during potentiometric titration can be accounted for by colloidal adsorption of hydrogen ions. The acid character of humic acid has been reinvestigated using newly-derived relationships for the titration of weak acids with strong base. Re-interpreting the potentiometric titration data published by Thiele and Kettner in 1953, it was found that Merck humic acid behaves as a weak polyelectrolytic acid having an equivalent weight of 150, a pKa of 6.8 to 7.0, and a titration exponent of about 4.8. Interdretation of similar data pertaining to the titration of phenol-formaldehyde and pyrogallol-formaldehyde resins, considered to be analogs for humic acid by Thiele and Kettner, leads to the conclusion that it is not possible to differentiate between adsorption and acid-base reaction for these substances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(60)90136-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Pommer, A., and Breger, I.A., 1960, Potentiometric titration and equivalent weight of humic acid: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 20, no. 1, p. 30-44, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(60)90136-8.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"44","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219312,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8089e4b0c8380cd7b06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pommer, A. M.","contributorId":20795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pommer","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breger, Irving A.","contributorId":65205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breger","given":"Irving","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010845,"text":"70010845 - 1960 - Automatic measurements and computations for radiochemical analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-16T16:53:29.248599","indexId":"70010845","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automatic measurements and computations for radiochemical analyses","docAbstract":"In natural radioactive sources the most important radioactive daughter products useful for geochemical studies are protactinium-231, the alpha-emitting thorium isotopes, and the radium isotopes. To resolve the abundances of these thorium and radium isotopes by their characteristic decay and growth patterns, a large number of repeated alpha activity measurements on the two chemically separated elements were made over extended periods of time. Alpha scintillation counting with automatic measurements and sample changing is used to obtain the basic count data. Generation of the required theoretical decay and growth functions, varying with time, and the least squares solution of the overdetermined simultaneous count rate equations are done with a digital computer. Examples of the complex count rate equations which may be solved and results of a natural sample containing four alpha-emitting isotopes of thorium are illustrated. These methods facilitate the determination of the radioactive sources on the large scale required for many geochemical investigations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac60165a013","usgsCitation":"Rosholt, J.N., and Dooley, J.R., 1960, Automatic measurements and computations for radiochemical analyses: Analytical Chemistry, v. 32, no. 9, p. 1093-1098, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60165a013.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1093","endPage":"1098","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef9e4b0c8380cd4a09b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosholt, J. N.","contributorId":11325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosholt","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dooley, J. R. Jr.","contributorId":8110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dooley","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70010847,"text":"70010847 - 1960 - Characteristic constants of 2,2',4'-trihydroxyazobenzene-5-sulfonic acid, a reagent for spectrophotometric analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-22T09:42:31","indexId":"70010847","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1960","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristic constants of 2,2',4'-trihydroxyazobenzene-5-sulfonic acid, a reagent for spectrophotometric analysis","docAbstract":"The dye 2,2',4'-trihydroxyazobenzene-5-sulfonic acid, has shown promise as a reagent for the determination of zirconium. As the literature contains very little information about this dye, basic data pertinent to its use as a reagent were determined. The sulfonic acid group and all three of the hydroxy groups show acidic characteristics. Apparent dissociation constants were determined for the three more labile protons and the approximate order of magnitude for the fourth constant was estimated. Absorption spectra for the different ionization species are given. A curve is also included which shows the fraction of dye in the different ionization forms at acidities from 10.35M hydrochloric acid to pH 11.9. A sixth dye species was found in 1.0 to 8.4M potassium hydroxide solutions, but its nature is unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac50153a036","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, M., 1960, Characteristic constants of 2,2',4'-trihydroxyazobenzene-5-sulfonic acid, a reagent for spectrophotometric analysis: Analytical Chemistry, v. 32, no. 13, p. 1822-1827, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50153a036.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1822","endPage":"1827","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f48ce4b0c8380cd4bda6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Mary H.","contributorId":52954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Mary H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":359779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":71569,"text":"tei545 - 1959 - Gravity and seismic exploration in Yucca Valley, Nevada test site, January-April, 1959","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T13:04:38","indexId":"tei545","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-18T11:22:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"545","title":"Gravity and seismic exploration in Yucca Valley, Nevada test site, January-April, 1959","docAbstract":"The thickness of the alluvial and tuffaceous deposits that overlie bedrock in Yucca Valley has been inferred from gravity and seismic measurements. Preliminary interpretations indicate that these deposits are thickest in a narrow north-trending trough in the eastern part of the valley. The gravity data delineate a buried north-trending ridge of bedrock that extends from Mine Mountain almost to Quartzite Ridge.
\nSeismic refraction measurements confirm the existence of the bedrock ridge and indicate that the bedrock is as close as 100 feet to the surface. The buried bedrock high is important because it may alter concepts of the movement of groundwater within the valley.
\nA single seismic-refraction profile was located near the area of thickest alluvium and tuff to determine the feasibility of using refraction techniques for determining the depth to bedrock where it is covered with several thousand feet of alluvium and tuff. The results are encouraging but not enough data were acquired to give a reliable depth estimate.
\nSeismic-refraction measurements were used successfully to determine the thickness of alluvium in narrow valleys partly filled with alluvium.
\nThis work was in the northwestern part of Yucca Valley and was done to choose drilling sites for studies of ground-water movement.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei545","collaboration":"Work done on behalf of the Albuquerque Operations Office, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Diment, W.H., Healey, D., and Roller, J., 1959, Gravity and seismic exploration in Yucca Valley, Nevada test site, January-April, 1959: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 545, Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 21.26 x 34.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei545.","productDescription":"Report: 41 p.; 1 Plate: 21.26 x 34.69 inches","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1959-01-01","temporalEnd":"1959-04-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei545.jpg"},{"id":310154,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/545/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.70 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":310155,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/545/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"12.50 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Valley","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5f19e4b0b290850fc1de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diment, William H.","contributorId":78797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diment","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healey, D.L.","contributorId":52964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":284406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roller, J.C.","contributorId":12507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roller","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":71725,"text":"tei762 - 1959 - Summary of some physical data from five vertical drill holes over the U12b.04 (Evans) explosion chamber, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-14T16:21:52","indexId":"tei762","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-14T16:19:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"762","title":"Summary of some physical data from five vertical drill holes over the U12b.04 (Evans) explosion chamber, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei762","collaboration":"Work done on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Poole, F.G., and Roller, J.C., 1959, Summary of some physical data from five vertical drill holes over the U12b.04 (Evans) explosion chamber, Nevada test site, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 762, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei762.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290003,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.1972,35.9618 ], [ -118.1972,39.1634 ], [ -114.999,39.1634 ], [ -114.999,35.9618 ], [ -118.1972,35.9618 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc77e4b0b58d96eeb62a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poole, Forrest Graham","contributorId":80332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poole","given":"Forrest","email":"","middleInitial":"Graham","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roller, John C.","contributorId":60642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roller","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":71632,"text":"tei612 - 1959 - Comparison of thickness, grade, and depth of radioactive layers as determined by gamma-ray logging and by core sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T12:54:01","indexId":"tei612","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-14T15:04:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"612","title":"Comparison of thickness, grade, and depth of radioactive layers as determined by gamma-ray logging and by core sampling","docAbstract":"
Thickness, grade, and depth data were obtained by analyzing gamma-ray logs and core samples from 56 diamond drill holes penetrating uranium deposits in the Colorado Plateau. The data from the two methods were compared to determine variations found in gamma-ray log interpretation and chemical and radiometric analyses of the drill core. Correlations within each parameter varied among the drilling areas analyzed. Gamma-ray interpretations of grade compared to chemical analyses were within the range of -10 to +25 percent. Most depth measurements determined by gamma-ray log interpretation compared to drill core measurement were within 0.5 percent. Results of the study indicate a need for better thickness definition in both gamma-ray logging and core scanning equipment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei612","usgsCitation":"Bunker, C., 1959, Comparison of thickness, grade, and depth of radioactive layers as determined by gamma-ray logging and by core sampling: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 612, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei612.","productDescription":"33 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":289982,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei612.jpg"},{"id":310153,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/612/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.61 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc00e4b0b58d96eeb56a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunker, Carl M.","contributorId":45311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunker","given":"Carl M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":72330,"text":"tem998 - 1959 - Geological Survey investigations in the U12b.01 tunnel, Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-02T13:58:00","indexId":"tem998","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"998","title":"Geological Survey investigations in the U12b.01 tunnel, Nevada Test Site","docAbstract":"The U12b.01 tunnel is part of the U12b (Rainier) tunnel system driven northwestward from the east slope of Rainier Mesa (figs. 1 and 2). Geologic and geophysical studies in this tunnel were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey on behalf of the Albuquerque Operations Office of the Atomic Energy Commission. This report includes a brief description of the stratigraphy and structure, and data on petrology, mineralogy, and chemical and physical properties of the rocks that are exposed in the tunnel.
\nThe U12b.01 tunnel trends N. 10° W., and connects with the Ul2b tunnel at about 500 feet from the portal (fig. 2). The U12b,01 tunnel is about 250 feet long and contains an alcove 40 feet long and 20 feet wide, and a shot chamber 17 by 20 feet. The tunnel is irregular and ranges from 6 to 15 feet in width and averages 7 feet in height. Much of the tunnel has been supported using 6-foot steel sets and wood planks for lagging Vertical and minimum cover over the shot chamber at west end of the tunnel are approximately the same, about 295 feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tem998","usgsCitation":"Diment, W.H., Wilmarth, V., McKeown, F.A., Dickey, D., Botinelly, T., Hinrichs, E., Roach, C.H., Byers, F., Izett, G., and Johnson, G., 1959, Geological Survey investigations in the U12b.01 tunnel, Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 998, Report: 39 p.; 2 Plates: 17.73 x 20.57 inches and 15.06 x 19.09 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tem998.","productDescription":"Report: 39 p.; 2 Plates: 17.73 x 20.57 inches and 15.06 x 19.09 inches","numberOfPages":"39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310952,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0998/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 4"},{"id":91096,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0998/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":191562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0998/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":310953,"rank":302,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tem/0998/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Rainier Mesa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688031","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Diment, William H.","contributorId":78797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diment","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilmarth, V.R.","contributorId":20803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmarth","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKeown, F. A.","contributorId":106100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dickey, D.D.","contributorId":15612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickey","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Botinelly, T.","contributorId":20408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Botinelly","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hinrichs, E. N.","contributorId":98717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinrichs","given":"E. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roach, C. H.","contributorId":12117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roach","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Byers, F. M.","contributorId":50141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byers","given":"F. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Izett, G. A.","contributorId":21131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izett","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Johnson, G. R.","contributorId":90290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":15342,"text":"ofr60109 - 1959 - Progress report on the investigations of bauxite deposits in the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15342,"text":"ofr60109 - 1959 - Progress report on the investigations of bauxite deposits in the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii","indexId":"ofr60109","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"title":"Progress report on the investigations of bauxite deposits in the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":6299,"text":"pp656 - 1971 - Investigations of ferruginous bauxite and other mineral resources on Kauai and a reconnaissance of ferruginous bauxite deposits on Maui, Hawaii","indexId":"pp656","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Investigations of ferruginous bauxite and other mineral resources on Kauai and a reconnaissance of ferruginous bauxite deposits on Maui, Hawaii"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":6299,"text":"pp656 - 1971 - Investigations of ferruginous bauxite and other mineral resources on Kauai and a reconnaissance of ferruginous bauxite deposits on Maui, Hawaii","indexId":"pp656","publicationYear":"1971","noYear":false,"title":"Investigations of ferruginous bauxite and other mineral resources on Kauai and a reconnaissance of ferruginous bauxite deposits on Maui, Hawaii"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-26T19:21:42.104549","indexId":"ofr60109","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"60-109","title":"Progress report on the investigations of bauxite deposits in the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Investigations of bauxite deposits on Kauai by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the State of Hawaii were begun July 1, 1959. The investigations, as planned, are to consist of two phases, each of two years duration. The geological investigations of the bauxite and associated rocks in the field and a considerable amount of chemical and mineralogical work in the laboratory are planned for completion during the first two years of the project. During this phase, a geologist and an assistant will be working on Kauai and geologists, mineralogists, and chemists will be analyzing and studying samples of the bauxite in laboratories of the Geological Survey at Beltsville, Maryland, and Washington, D. C. The work during the second phase of the investigations will be carried on at Beltsville and Washington and will consist of completion of chemical and mineralogical investigations, compilation of maps, analysis of field and laboratory data including determination of the size and quality of the bauxite deposits in the eastern part of Kauai, mineralogical research on bauxite samples, and preparation of a final geological report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr60109","usgsCitation":"Patterson, S.H., 1959, Progress report on the investigations of bauxite deposits in the eastern part of Kauai, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 60-109, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr60109.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430541,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":147997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1960/0109/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"eastern Kauai","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.50513794376542,\n 22.23123347395571\n ],\n [\n -159.50513794376542,\n 21.87358021194069\n ],\n [\n -159.2806096009181,\n 21.87358021194069\n ],\n [\n -159.2806096009181,\n 22.23123347395571\n ],\n [\n -159.50513794376542,\n 22.23123347395571\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65db85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patterson, Sam H.","contributorId":62996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patterson","given":"Sam","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4757,"text":"wsp1473_ed1 - 1959 - Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-25T11:55:33","indexId":"wsp1473_ed1","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1959","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1473","title":"Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water","docAbstract":"The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from activities of man. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural fresh water.
\nThe ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position: of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken all together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry.
\nFundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in composition of moving water and the effects of particulate suspended material. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents per liter.
\nMore than 60 constituents and properties are included in water analyses frequently enough to provide a basis for consideration of the sources from which each is generally derived, most probable forms of elements and ions in solution, solubility controls, expected concentration ranges and other chemical factors. Concentrations of elements that are commonly present in amounts less than a few tens of micrograms per liter cannot always be easily explained, but present information suggests many are controlled by solubility of hydroxide or carbonate or by sorption on solid particles.
\nChemical analyses may be grouped and statistically evaluated by averages, frequency distributions, or ion correlations to summarize large volumes of data. Graphing of analyses or of groups of analyses aids in showing chemical relationships among waters, probable sources of solutes, areal water-quality regimen, and water-resources evaluation. Graphs may show water type based on chemical composition, relationships among ions, or groups of ions in individual waters or many waters considered simultaneously. The relationships of water quality to hydrologic parameters, such as stream discharge rate or ground-water flow patterns, can be shown by mathematical equations, graphs, and maps.
\nAbout 75 water analyses selected from the literature are tabulated to illustrate the relationships described, and some of these, along with many others that are not tabulated, are also utilized in demonstrating graphing and mapping techniques.
\nRelationships of water composition to source rock type are illustrated by graphs of some of the tabulated analyses. Activities of man may modify water composition extensively through direct effects of pollution and indirect results of water development, such as intrusion of sea water in ground-water aquifiers.
\nWater-quality standards for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use have been published by various agencies. Irrigation project requirements for water quality are particularly intricate.
\nFundamental knowledge of processes that control natural water composition is required for rational management of water quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wsp1473_ed1","usgsCitation":"Hem, J.D., 1959, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (1st edition): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1473, Report: ix, 269 p.; 2 Plates: 7.24 x 10.39 inches and 19.01 x 7.21 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1473_ed1.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 269 p.; 2 Plates: 7.24 x 10.39 inches and 19.01 x 7.21 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science 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