This report on the floods of September and and October 1955 in the Nueces, Brazos, and Pecos River basins, Texas, was prepared in the Texas District Office, Surface Water Branch, under the direction of Trigg Twichell, District Engineer.
Records of discharge were collected and compiled in cooperation with the Texas State Board of Water Engineers, the Pecos River Commission, and other agencies.
The isohyetal map of the upper Brazos River basin, which was the basis for figure 4, was furnished by the Corps of Engineers. The \"bucket\" survey of rainfall in the Nueces River basin was conducted by the U.S. Weather Bureau, and the \"bucket\" survey in the upper Brazos River basin was conducted by the U.S. Weather Bureau, the Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. The U.S. Conservation Service furnished \"A Report describing the effects of the storm of September 23-25, 1955, on the Upper Brazos River Watershed, above Possum Kingdom Dam\" from which some data in this report were taken.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr5774","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Texas State Board of Water Engineers","usgsCitation":"Milliken, D., and Goines, W., 1957, Texas floods of September and October 1955: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-74, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5774.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"30","temporalStart":"1955-09-01","temporalEnd":"1955-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5774.JPG"},{"id":287398,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0074/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Pecos River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.0,31.0 ], [ -105.0,32.0 ], [ -103.0,32.0 ], [ -103.0,31.0 ], [ -105.0,31.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6838dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milliken, D.L.","contributorId":9964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milliken","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goines, W.H.","contributorId":95088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goines","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1347,"text":"wsp1415 - 1957 - Water resources of the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:34:27.121988","indexId":"wsp1415","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1415","title":"Water resources of the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Sufficient water is available in the basin of the Yadkin and Pee Dee Rivers to meet present requirements and those for many years to come if water use increases at about the present rate. Data presented in this report show that the average annual streamflow from approximately 82 percent of the basin area during the 25-year period, 1929-53, was about 6,200 mgd, representing essentially the total available water supply. Comparison of the available water supply to the estimated withdrawal use (excluding water power) of both surface and ground water of 600 mgd indicates the relative utilization of the water resources of the basin at present. If proper pollution controls are observed and practiced so that water in the various streams may be reused several times, the potential water available is even greater than indicated by the above comparison. Preliminary studies indicate that the quantity of water now being withdrawn from ground-water reservoirs in the basin is only a fraction of the total that may be obtained from this source.\r\n\r\nTwenty-eight of the 64 municipalities having public water-supply systems use surface water; however, as the largest cities in the area use surface supplies, about 85 percent of the water used for public supplies is from surface sources.\r\n\r\nOf the 20 complete-record stream-gaging stations now in operation in this area 7 have been in operation for 24 years or longer. Periodic measurements of the rate of flow have been made at 31 additional sites on streams scattered widely over the basin. All available streamflow data including those for 1953 are summarized in either graphic or tabular form, or both. Because of the critically low flows occurring during the drought of 1954, several illustrations include data for 1954 and the early months of 1955 for comparison with the minima of previous years.\r\n\r\nAdequate water for domestic use is available from wells throughout the basin. The consolidated rocks of the Piedmont furnish water for small industries and for municipalities whose population is less than about 1,500. The yields of wells in rock range from less than 1 gpm to as much as 200 gpm with local, rather than regional, geologic factors controlling the yield. The average municipal well in consolidated rocks yields about 30 gpm. In contrast, the sands of the Coastal Plain, in the eastern part of the basin, furnish as much as 500 gpm to individual wells, and ground-water conditions are generally similar throughout that region. A cumulative deficiency in rainfall from 1953 to 1955, has caused ground-water levels to fall below the seasonal averages, but the decline is thought not to indicate a long-term trend. The most serious problem involving future use of ground water is the lack of knowledge of the characteristics of the ground-water provinces in the basin.\r\n\r\nGenerally the chemical quality of the surface waters in the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin is good. They are low in mineral matter and soft, although some of the surface water contains excessive quantities of iron. In some local areas the streams have been polluted by municipal and industrial wastes. During periods of high runoff many of the streams transport large quantities of suspended sediment. Tributary streams in the lower eastern part of the basin are highly colored because of drainage from swampy areas.\r\n\r\nGround water from the consolidated rocks in the Piedmont region is more variable in quality than water from other areas in the basin. The dissolved solids in water from the consolidated rocks ranged from 26 to 1,480 ppm with a median of 109 ppm. Wells in the Cretaceous clay province normally yield slightly acid waters. The pH ranges from 4.7 to 7.7 with a median of 5.3. Generally ground water in this province is extremely soft and low in dissolved solids. Wells in the Cretaceous sand province yield a sodium bicarbonate type of water ranging in hardness from 2 to 130 ppm.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp1415","usgsCitation":"Fish, R.E., LeGrand, H.E., and Billingsley, G., 1957, Water resources of the Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1415, Report: viii, 112 p.; 4 Plates: 15.50 x 15.78 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1415.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 112 p.; 4 Plates: 15.50 x 15.78 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26419,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1415/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1415/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26422,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1415/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26418,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1415/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26420,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1415/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26421,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1415/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":410738,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24369.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Yadkin-Pee Dee River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.57421875,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -77.98095703125,\n 33.742612777346885\n ],\n [\n -77.54150390625,\n 33.96158628979907\n ],\n [\n -78.11279296875,\n 34.50655662164561\n ],\n [\n -78.77197265625,\n 34.903952965590065\n ],\n [\n -78.92578124999999,\n 35.55010533588552\n ],\n [\n -79.47509765625,\n 36.27970720524017\n ],\n [\n -79.56298828125,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -79.73876953125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 36.77409249464195\n ],\n [\n -81.14501953125,\n 36.26199220445664\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 36.26199220445664\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 35.7286770448517\n ],\n [\n -81.76025390625,\n 35.7286770448517\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 35.37113502280101\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -79.65087890624999,\n 34.813803317113155\n ],\n [\n -78.57421875,\n 33.87041555094183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fish, Robert Eugene","contributorId":73982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fish","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LeGrand, H. E.","contributorId":54571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeGrand","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Billingsley, G. A.","contributorId":33694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"G. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":56086,"text":"ofr5789 - 1957 - Seventh progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T09:31:00","indexId":"ofr5789","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-89","title":"Seventh progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"This report is the seventh in a a continuing series of progress reports giving the results of discharge measurements made at selected springs and streams in the Tecolote Tunnel are area of the Santa Ynez Mountains. The mountains. The measurement program was begun on its present scale in the latter part of 1948 by the Geological Survey at the request of the Santa Barbara County Water Agency and is being continued under a cooperative agreement whereby each agency pays half the cost of the investigation.
\nThe purpose of the program is to obtain sufficient factual data to determine what effect, if any, the inflow of ground water into Tecolote Tunnel will have on the flow of springs and streams in the vicinity of the tunnel. The area involved in the study, shown by plate 1, was made large enough to include a number of springs and steams believe to be outside the zone of influence of the tunnel.
\nTecolote Tunnel, completed late in 1955, was built by the Bureau of Reclamation for the purpose of conveying water stored in Cachuma Reservoir to the city of Santa Barbara and adjacent coastal communities. The alinement of the tunnel is roughly north and south through the center of the arbitrarily chosen study area which extends from the Painted Cave area on the east to Refugio Pass on the west and from the Santa Ynez River on the North to the Pacific Ocean on the south.
\nThe purpose of this report is to make available the factual data obtained from July 1954 to June 1956, together with a brief presentation of precipitation, springflow, and tunnel outflow for the entire period of investigation.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr5789","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Santa Barbara County Water Agency","usgsCitation":"Peterson, W.C., 1957, Seventh progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-89, 138 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5789.","productDescription":"138 p.","numberOfPages":"138","temporalStart":"1954-07-01","temporalEnd":"1956-06-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287404,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0089/report.pdf"}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Barbara County","otherGeospatial":"Tecolote Tunnel","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.083333,34.633333 ], [ -120.083333,34.416667 ], [ -119.75,34.416667 ], [ -119.75,34.633333 ], [ -120.083333,34.633333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f4b58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, W. C.","contributorId":57051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55777,"text":"ofr5768 - 1957 - Reconnaissance of the water resources of the Lonesome Valley area, Yavapai County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T08:43:42","indexId":"ofr5768","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-68","title":"Reconnaissance of the water resources of the Lonesome Valley area, Yavapai County, Arizona","docAbstract":"In accordance with a request from its cooperating agency, the Arizona State Land Department, the U.S. Geological Survey has made a brief reconnaissance of the water resources of the Lonesome Valley area, Yavapai County, Ariz., to determine the probable hydrologic effects of a proposed dam on Lynx Creek. The construction of this dam has been proposed by the Arizona Game and Fish Department, for recreational and fish-cultural purposes.
\nData on the geology of the area were furnished by Mrs. Medora M. Krieger, geologist, Geologic Division, U.S. Geological Survey, and the map was prepared by Floyd R. Twenter, geologist, Ground Water Branch.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Phoenix, AZ","doi":"10.3133/ofr5768","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona State Land Department","usgsCitation":"Metzger, D., 1957, Reconnaissance of the water resources of the Lonesome Valley area, Yavapai County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-68, Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 7.37 x 7.81 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5768.","productDescription":"Report: 4 p.; 1 Plate: 7.37 x 7.81 inches","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287393,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0068/report.pdf"},{"id":287394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287392,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0068/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Yavapai County","otherGeospatial":"Lonesome Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.3342,33.8882 ], [ -113.3342,35.5311 ], [ -111.4613,35.5311 ], [ -111.4613,33.8882 ], [ -113.3342,33.8882 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636a3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metzger, Donald G.","contributorId":44226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metzger","given":"Donald G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55770,"text":"ofr5751 - 1957 - Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":55770,"text":"ofr5751 - 1957 - Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington","indexId":"ofr5751","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2528,"text":"wsp1594A - 1961 - Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington","indexId":"wsp1594A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2528,"text":"wsp1594A - 1961 - Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington","indexId":"wsp1594A","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Artificial recharge through a well tapping basalt aquifers, Walla Walla area, Washington"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-14T18:02:48.018502","indexId":"ofr5751","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-51","title":"Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study made as a part of the cooperative investigation of the ground-water resources of Washington being made by the U. S. Geological Survey and the State Department of Conservation, Division of Water Resources. It describes the factors affecting the feasibility of artificially recharging the basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area with water injected through wells. The study resulted from a request to the Department of Conservation from the city of Walla Wall, but its results will be of interest in areas of similar aquifers throughout the State.
The city of Walla Walla has been considering for several years the possibility of recharging basalt aquifers by introducing water into wells tapping those aquifers. The water-supply system of the city is easily adaptable to such a recharge program. During at least a part of the year water from Mill Creek is available for recharge. Also, one of the wells (city well 3) is only a few feet from the pipeline carrying Mill Creek water to the city's reservoir, so that installation of the required piping and metering equipment would be simple and inexpensive.
Although recharging operations and experiments have been conducted for many years in the United States and abroad, almost all have dealt with sand and gravel aquifers. At a very few places basalt aquifers have been recharged through wells, but so far as is known no controlled tests or experiments have been made to determine the effectiveness of the process and the limitations or controlling factors, in recharging basalt aquifers.
The immediate object of this report is to assemble all pertinent data and to present it in such form that it can be used effectively by officials concerned in making decisions as to the feasibility of a program of groundwater recharge using city well 3 at Walla Walla as an injection well.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5751","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Washington Department of Conservation Division of Water Resources","usgsCitation":"Hart, D., 1957, Feasibility of recharging basalt aquifers in the Walla Walla area, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-51, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5751.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174353,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0051/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":464033,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0051/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Walla Walla","otherGeospatial":"Basalt aquifers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.45388255193643,\n 46.1242008845347\n ],\n [\n -118.45388255193643,\n 46.00139137044201\n ],\n [\n -118.23284543063002,\n 46.00139137044201\n ],\n [\n -118.23284543063002,\n 46.1242008845347\n ],\n [\n -118.45388255193643,\n 46.1242008845347\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbef5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hart, Donald H.","contributorId":73217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Donald H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55775,"text":"ofr5761 - 1957 - Water levels in observation wells in Nebraska during 1956","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T08:33:18","indexId":"ofr5761","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-61","title":"Water levels in observation wells in Nebraska during 1956","docAbstract":"The Objective of the observation-well program in Nebraska is to\nprovide an evaluation of the status of the ground-water supplies.\nMany uses tor water-level data are known but not all potential uses\ncan be foreseen. Among the important uses are the following:
\n(1) To indicate the status of ground water in storage or in\ntransit and the availability or supplies.
\n(2) To show the trend of ground-water supplies and the outlook\ntor the future.
\n(3) To estimate or forecast the base flow of streams.
\n(4) To indicate areas in which the water level is approaching\ntoo close to the land surface (water-logging) or is receding toward\neconomic limits of lift or toward impairment by water of poor quality.
\n(5) To provide long-term evidence for evaluating the effectiveness\nof land-management and water-conservation programs in relation to\nwater conservation actually effected, and for use in basin or \"watershed\"\nstudies.
\n(6) To provide long-term continuous records to serve as a framework\nto which short-term records collected during intensive investigation may be related.
\nThe water level in an observation well functions as a gage to\nindicate the position or the water table. The water table is defined\nas the upper surface of the zone of saturation except where that\nsurface is formed by overlying impermeable materials. The water\ntable is also the boundary between the zone of saturation and the\nzone of aeration. It is not a level surface but is a sloping surface\nthat has many irregularities, and it often conforms in a general way\nto the land surface. The irregularities are caused by several\nfactors. In places where the recharge to the ground-water reservoir\nis exceptionally large, the water table may rise to form a mound from\nwhich the water slowly spreads. Depressions or troughs in the water\ntable indicate places where the ground water is discharging, u along\nstreams that are below the normal level it the water table, or\nindicate places where water is being withdrawn by wells or vegetation.
\nThe several factors that influence the water table vary in fact\nand amount from time to time because of changes in weather and the\nwater requirements or vegetation and man; thus, the water table is\nnearly always rising or falling.
\nThe fluctuations or the water table are shown by the changes in\nwater levels in wells. Thus, the rate and amount of the fluctuation\nof the water table can be ascertained by observing the water levels\nin wells, and the magnitude or the several factors effecting the\nposition of the water table can be interpreted by analyzing the water-level\ndata.
\nWater-level measurements are given, in this report, in feet\nbelow the land surface at the well site. Water levels that are above\nland surface are preceded by a plus (+) sign in the tables, whereas\nthose below land surface have no sign but are understood to be minus\n(-). The words \"land-surface datum\" are abbreviated \"lsd'' in some\nplaces in tables of this report.
\nThe altitude above mean sea level (msl) of the land surface at\nmany of the well sites has been determined and is included in the\ntables or this report.
\nTwenty-eight observation wells in Nebraska are equipped with\nrecording gages. Each recording gage produces a continuous graph\nof water-level fluctuations in the well. Only the lowest water level\non the last day of record in each month, as recorded by the gage, is\ngiven in this report; the complete record is on file in the office of\nthe U.S. Geological Survey in Lincoln, Nebr.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5761","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Conservation and Survey Division of the University of Nebraska, and as part of the program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River Basin","usgsCitation":"Keech, C., 1957, Water levels in observation wells in Nebraska during 1956: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-61, ix, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5761.","productDescription":"ix, 123 p.","numberOfPages":"133","temporalStart":"1956-01-01","temporalEnd":"1956-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287386,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0061/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.0535,39.9999 ], [ -104.0535,43.0017 ], [ -95.3083,43.0017 ], [ -95.3083,39.9999 ], [ -104.0535,39.9999 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9dcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keech, C.F.","contributorId":67941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keech","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55765,"text":"ofr5740 - 1957 - Water quality: a factor in Arkansas River development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-11T15:26:25","indexId":"ofr5740","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-40","title":"Water quality: a factor in Arkansas River development","docAbstract":"
One of the first requisites for intelligent planning of the utilization and control of water and for the administration of laws relating to its use, is data on the quantity, quality, and mode of occurrence of water supplies. The collections, evaluation, interpretation, and publication of such data constitute the primary function of the Water Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey. Since 1895 the Congress has made appropriations to this agency for investigations of the water resources of the Nation. In 1929 the Congress adopted the policy of dollar-for-dollar cooperation with State and local governmental agencies for water-resources investigations. The Geological Survey's Federal-State cooperative program of quality-of-water investigations in Oklahoma was started in 1944 in cooperation with the Oklahoma Planning and Resources Board. Since July of this year the program has been carried on cooperatively with the newly created Oklahoma Water Resources Board.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr5740","usgsCitation":"Dover, T., 1957, Water quality: a factor in Arkansas River development: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-40, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5740.","productDescription":"14 p.","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287375,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287374,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0040/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0025,33.6158 ], [ -103.0025,37.0023 ], [ -94.4307,37.0023 ], [ -94.4307,33.6158 ], [ -103.0025,33.6158 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3ab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dover, T.B.","contributorId":90293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dover","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22821,"text":"ofr5730 - 1957 - Progress report of hydrology and sedimentation in Bixler Run, Corey Creek, and Elk Run watersheds, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T20:59:46.865069","indexId":"ofr5730","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-30","title":"Progress report of hydrology and sedimentation in Bixler Run, Corey Creek, and Elk Run watersheds, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of an investigation in progress and presents some tentative findings from a study of hydrology and sedimentation of three small watersheds where soil conservation practices are being applied. The study was begun in April 1954, to determine precipitation, runoff, probable sources and yields of sediment, and channel changes in two small watersheds in Pennsylvania. This report covers the period April 1954, to September 30, 1955 with the exception of the aggradation-degradation range data which covers the period October 1954 to November 1956. The internal or time control method of calibration is being used for the Bixler Run watershed study, and an external control is being used in the Corey Creek study.
Precipitation on Bixler Run watershed was 47.33 inches for the 1955 water year. Total runoff was 14.08 inches and the suspended sediment yield was 1,143.3 tons or 76 tons per square mile of drainage area. Precipitation on Corey Creek watershed for the same period totaled 35.81 inches. The total runoff was 8.37 inches and the suspended-sediment yield was 713.0 tons or 58.2 tons per square mile of drainage area. The precipitation on Elk Run, external control watershed for the Corey Creek study was 34.54 inches. The runoff was 10.10 inches and the suspended sediment yield was 709.9 tons or 69.5 tons per square mile.
Results from the study of channel changes by means of sediment aggradation-degradation ranges showed fill in all three watersheds. Bixler Run showed an average channel fill of 1.3 square feet per stream cross section. Corey Creek and Elk Run watersheds showed average fills of 2.9 and 4.1 square feet per cross section respectively. Most of the sediments comprising this fill were in the particle size range of gravel and coarser material.
The water in all three watersheds was low in dissolved solids during the period of investigation, varying from 72 to 127 ppm in Bixler Run, from 58 to 130 ppm in Corey Creek, and from 58 to 117 ppm in Elk Run. These waters are essentially of the secondary alkaline type with calcium and magnesium bicarbonate being the main dissolved constituents.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Harrisburg, PA","doi":"10.3133/ofr5730","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Culbertson, J., 1957, Progress report of hydrology and sedimentation in Bixler Run, Corey Creek, and Elk Run watersheds, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-30, iii, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5730.","productDescription":"iii, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"49","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155477,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5730.PNG"},{"id":330297,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0030/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465502,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52766.htm","text":"Corey Creek and Elk Run watersheds","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465503,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52770.htm","text":"Bixier Run watershed","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Bixler Run Watershed, Corey Creek Watershed, Elk Run Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.0833,\n 41.8553\n ],\n [\n -77.0833,\n 41.7561\n ],\n [\n -76.9639,\n 41.7561\n ],\n [\n -76.9639,\n 41.8553\n ],\n [\n -77.0833,\n 41.8553\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.4972,\n 40.4214\n ],\n [\n -77.4972,\n 40.3633\n ],\n [\n -77.3833,\n 40.3633\n ],\n [\n -77.3833,\n 40.4214\n ],\n [\n -77.4972,\n 40.4214\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df78","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Culbertson, J.K.","contributorId":11649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13425,"text":"ofr5741 - 1957 - A regional gravity survey of the Cuyuna Iron Range, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:45","indexId":"ofr5741","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-41","title":"A regional gravity survey of the Cuyuna Iron Range, Minnesota","docAbstract":"A regional gravity survey of the Cuyuna Iron Range, Minnesota, was conducted during the summer of 1955 by the U. S. Geological Survey. It was believed that gravity data \r\nwould aid in the understanding of the major structures of the range. \r\n\r\nIt was found that synclinal and steeply dipping structures produced positive gravity anomalies while anilclinal structures produced negative anomalies. This principle was noted in areas of well known geology and then applied to outlying areas of the district. The outstanding gravity feature is a narrow positive anomaly extending from south of Brainerd eastward through Aitkin, the axis of the anomaly being somewhat south of the South Range. This gives support to the theory that the Biwabik formation passes under the stratigraphically higher South Range member as a synclinal structure. However, this anomaly is also explained using one main iron formation and assuming an anticlinal structure between the North and South Ranges and a syncline between the South Range and Bay Lake. A large magnitude negative gravity anomaly north of Mille Lacs is postulated to result from an intrusive mass extending to the erosion surface. Aeromagnetics are used to strengthen the gravity interpretation. \r\n\r\nThe need is realized for additional regional gravity coverage to the east of the area Included in this survey and a detailed gravity study of the area between the North and South Ranges.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr5741","usgsCitation":"Durfee, G.A., 1957, A regional gravity survey of the Cuyuna Iron Range, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-41, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5741.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41870,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0041/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41871,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a83e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durfee, George Austin","contributorId":63821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durfee","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"Austin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":39142,"text":"pp282B - 1957 - River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-23T15:52:01","indexId":"pp282B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"282","chapter":"B","title":"River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight","docAbstract":"Channel pattern is used to describe the plan view of a reach of river as seen from an airplane, and includes meandering, braiding, or relatively straight channels.
Natural channels characteristically exhibit alternating pools or deep reaches and riffles or shallow reaches, regardless of the type of pattern. The length of the pool or distance between riffles in a straight channel equals the straight line distance between successive points of inflection in the wave pattern of a meandering river of the same width. The points of inflection are also shallow points and correspond to riffles in the straight channel. This distance, which is half the wavelength of the meander, varies approximately as a linear function of channel width. In the data we analysed the meander wavelength, or twice the distance between successive riffles, is from 7 to 12 times the channel width. It is concluded that the mechanics which may lead to meandering operate in straight channels.
River braiding is characterized by channel division around alluvial islands. The growth of an island begins as the deposition of a central bar which results from sorting and deposition of the coarser fractions of the load which locally cannot be transported. The bar grows downstream and in height by continued deposition on its surface, forcing the water into the flanking channels, which, to carry the flow, deepen and cut laterally into the original banks. Such deepening locally lowers the water surface and the central bar emerges as an island which becomes stabilized by vegetation. Braiding was observed in a small river in a laboratory. Measurements of the adjustments of velocity, depth, width, and slope associated with island development lead to the conclusion that braiding is one of the many patterns which can maintain quasi-equilibrium among discharge, load, and transporting ability. Braiding does not necessarily indicate an excess of total load.
Channel cross section and pattern are ultimately controlled by the discharge and load provided by the drainage basin. It is important, therefore, to develop a picture of how the several variables involved in channel shape interact to result in observed channel characteristics. Such a rationale is summarized as follows:
Channel width appears to be primarily a function of near-bankfull discharge, in conjunction with the inherent resistance of bed and bank to scour. Excessive width increases the shear on the bed at the expense of that on the bank and the reverse is true for very narrow widths. Because at high stages width adjustment can take place rapidly and with the evacuation or deposition of relatively small volumes of debris, achievement of a ,relatively stable width at high flow is a primary adjustment to which the further interadjustments between depth, velocity, slope, and roughness tend to accommodate.
Channel roughness, to the extent that it is determined by particle size, is an independent factor related to the drainage basin rather than to the channel. Roughness in streams carrying fine material, however, is also a function of the dunes or other characteristics of bed configuration. Where roughness is independently determined as well as discharge and load, these studies indicate that a particular slope is associated with the roughness. At the width determined by the discharge, velocity and depth must be adjusted to satisfy quasi-equilibrium in accord with the particular slope. But if roughness also is variable, depending on the transitory configuration of the bed, then a number of combinations of velocity, depth, and slope will satisfy equilibrium.
An increase in load at constant discharge, width, and caliber of load tends to be associated with an increasing slope if the roughness (dune or bed configuration) changes with the load. In the laboratory river an increase of load at constant discharge, width, and caliber resulted in progressive aggradation of long reaches of channel at constant slope.
The adjustments of several variables tending toward the establishment of quasi-equilibrium in river channels lead to the different channel patterns observed in nature. For example, the data indicate that at a given discharge, meanders occur at smaller values of slope than do’ braids. Further, at the same slope braided channels are associated with higher bankfull discharges than are meanders. An additional example is provided by the division of discharge around islands in braided rivers which produces numerous small channels. The changes in slope, roughness, and channel shape which accompany this division are in accord with quasi-equilibrium adjustments observed in the comparison of large and small rivers.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physiographic and hydraulic studies of rivers (Professional Paper 282)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp282B","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1957, River channel patterns: Braided, meandering, and straight: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 282, iv, p. 39-85, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282B.","productDescription":"iv, p. 39-85","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338219,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282A","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-A: Ephemeral streams - Hydraulic factors and their relation to the drainage net"},{"id":338221,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282D","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-D: Flow resistance in sinuous or irregular channels"},{"id":338220,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp282C","linkHelpText":"Professional Paper 212-C: River flood plains: Some observations on their formation"},{"id":119373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":66641,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0282b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0fe4b07f02db5ff225","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":35623,"text":"b1034 - 1957 - Mineral deposits of Central America, with a section on manganese deposits of Panama","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15995,"text":"ofr5180 - 1951 - Some manganese deposits in the Republic of Panama","indexId":"ofr5180","publicationYear":"1951","noYear":false,"title":"Some manganese deposits in the Republic of Panama"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":35623,"text":"b1034 - 1957 - Mineral deposits of Central America, with a section on manganese deposits of Panama","indexId":"b1034","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"title":"Mineral deposits of Central America, with a section on manganese deposits of Panama"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-03T10:49:17","indexId":"b1034","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1034","title":"Mineral deposits of Central America, with a section on manganese deposits of Panama","docAbstract":"The mineral deposits of Central America were studied between 1942 and 1945, in cooperation with the United States Department of State and the Foreign Economic Administration. Emphasis was originally placed on the study of strategic-mineral deposits, especially of antimony, chromite, manganese, quartz, and mica, but deposits of other minerals that offered promise of significant future production were also studied. A brief appraisal of the base-metal deposits was made, and deposits of iron ore in Honduras and of lead and zinc ores in Guatemala were mapped. In addition, studies were made of the regional geology of some areas, data were collected from many sources, and a new map of the geology of Central America was compiled.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1034","usgsCitation":"Roberts, R.J., Irving, E.M., and Simons, F.S., 1957, Mineral deposits of Central America, with a section on manganese deposits of Panama: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1034, Report: x, 205 p.; 16 Plates: 49.12 x 48.09 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/b1034.","productDescription":"Report: x, 205 p.; 16 Plates: 49.12 x 48.09 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63507,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316490,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316491,"rank":302,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316492,"rank":303,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316493,"rank":304,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316494,"rank":305,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316495,"rank":306,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":316496,"rank":307,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1034/plate-7.pdf","text":"Plate 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America","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.88157,7.22377],[-78.21494,7.51225],[-78.42916,8.05204],[-78.1821,8.31918],[-78.43547,8.38771],[-78.62212,8.71812],[-79.12031,8.99609],[-79.55788,8.93237],[-79.76058,8.58452],[-80.16448,8.33332],[-80.38266,8.29841],[-80.48069,8.09031],[-80.00369,7.54752],[-80.27667,7.41975],[-80.42116,7.27157],[-80.8864,7.22054],[-81.05954,7.81792],[-81.18972,7.64791],[-81.51951,7.70661],[-81.72131,8.10896],[-82.13144,8.17539],[-82.39093,8.29236],[-82.82008,8.29086],[-82.85096,8.07382],[-82.96578,8.22503],[-83.50844,8.44693],[-83.71147,8.65684],[-83.59631,8.83044],[-83.63264,9.05139],[-83.90989,9.2908],[-84.3034,9.48735],[-84.64764,9.61554],[-84.71335,9.90805],[-84.97566,10.08672],[-84.91137,9.79599],[-85.11092,9.55704],[-85.33949,9.83454],[-85.66079,9.93335],[-85.79744,10.13489],[-85.79171,10.43934],[-85.65931,10.75433],[-85.94173,10.89528],[-85.71254,11.08844],[-86.05849,11.40344],[-86.52585,11.80688],[-86.74599,12.14396],[-87.16752,12.45826],[-87.66849,12.90991],[-87.55747,13.06455],[-87.39239,12.91402],[-87.31665,12.98469],[-87.48941,13.29753],[-87.79311,13.38448],[-87.90411,13.14902],[-88.4833,13.16395],[-88.84323,13.25973],[-89.25674,13.45853],[-89.81239,13.52062],[-90.09555,13.73534],[-90.60862,13.90977],[-91.23241,13.92783],[-91.68975,14.12622],[-92.22775,14.53883],[-92.20323,14.8301],[-92.08722,15.06458],[-92.22925,15.25145],[-91.74796,16.06656],[-90.46447,16.06956],[-90.43887,16.41011],[-90.60085,16.47078],[-90.71182,16.68748],[-91.08167,16.91848],[-91.45392,17.25218],[-91.00227,17.25466],[-91.00152,17.81759],[-90.06793,17.81933],[-89.14308,17.80832],[-89.15081,17.01558],[-89.22912,15.88694],[-88.93061,15.88727],[-88.60459,15.70638],[-88.51836,15.85539],[-88.22502,15.72772],[-88.12115,15.68866],[-87.90181,15.86446],[-87.61568,15.8788],[-87.52292,15.79728],[-87.36776,15.84694],[-86.90319,15.75671],[-86.44095,15.78284],[-86.11923,15.89345],[-86.00195,16.00541],[-85.68332,15.95365],[-85.444,15.88575],[-85.18244,15.90916],[-84.98372,15.99592],[-84.52698,15.85722],[-84.36826,15.83516],[-84.06305,15.64824],[-83.77398,15.42407],[-83.41038,15.2709],[-83.14722,14.99583],[-83.23323,14.89987],[-83.28416,14.67662],[-83.18213,14.3107],[-83.4125,13.97008],[-83.51983,13.5677],[-83.55221,13.12705],[-83.49852,12.86929],[-83.47332,12.41909],[-83.6261,12.32085],[-83.71961,11.89312],[-83.65086,11.62903],[-83.85547,11.37331],[-83.80894,11.10304],[-83.65561,10.93876],[-83.40232,10.39544],[-83.01568,9.99298],[-82.5462,9.56613],[-82.18712,9.20745],[-82.20759,8.99558],[-81.80857,8.95062],[-81.71415,9.03196],[-81.43929,8.78623],[-80.9473,8.8585],[-80.5219,9.11107],[-79.9146,9.31277],[-79.5733,9.61161],[-79.02119,9.55293],[-79.05845,9.45457],[-78.50089,9.42046],[-78.05593,9.24773],[-77.72951,8.94684],[-77.35336,8.6705],[-77.47472,8.52429],[-77.24257,7.93528],[-77.43111,7.63806],[-77.75341,7.70984],[-77.88157,7.22377]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Panama\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db63599f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roberts, Ralph Jackson","contributorId":63010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"Jackson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Irving, Earl Montgomery","contributorId":86332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irving","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"Montgomery","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simons, F. S.","contributorId":76706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1033,"text":"wsp1410 - 1957 - Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:16","indexId":"wsp1410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1410","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water","docAbstract":"The area described is almost wholly in Nebraska and is the drainage basin of Lodgepole Creek from the Wyoming State line to the Colorado State line, a distance along the stream valley of about 95 miles. It covers about 1,950 square miles. The purposes of the study were to ascertain the characteristics, thickness, and extent of the water-bearing formations and to obtain and interpret data on the origin, quality, quantity, movement, availability, and use of ground water in the area. \r\n\r\nThe rocks exposed in the drainage basin are the Brule formation of Oligocene (Tertiary) age, the Ogallala formation of Pliocene (Tertiary) age, and alluvium of Pleistocene and Recent (Quaternary) age. The Brule formation is mainly a siltstone, which yields an average of 950 gallons per minute (gpm) to irrigation wells tapping its fractured zones or reworked material; the maximum reported discharge is 2,200 gpm. The Ogallala formation underlies most of the area. It consists of lenticular beds of clayey, silty, sandy, and gravelly materials and supplies water to all wells on the upland, including a few large-discharge wells, and to many irrigation and public-supply wells in the valley of Lodgepole Creek. The yield of irrigation wells tapping the Ogallala formation ranges from 90 to 1,600 gpm and averages about 860 gpm. The alluvium is present in the valleys of Lodgepole Creek and its tributaries and consists mainly of heterogeneous . mixtures of silt, sand, and gravel, and lenticular bodies of these materials. Between the Colorado State line and Chappell, Nebr., irrigation wells derive most of their water from the alluvium. However, between Chappell and Sidney most of the irrigation wells tap both the alluvium and permeable zones in the underlying Brule formation, and in much of the valley west of Sidney, where the water table is beneath the bottom of the alluvium, irrigation wells derive water from the underlying Brule or Ogallala formations. Irrigation wells obtaining water chiefly from the alluvium have a yield ranging from 130 to 1,200 gpm, averaging about 770 gpm. \r\n\r\nIn the Lodgepole Creek valley below Sidney the depth to water generally is less than 20 feet and, in many places, less than 10. In much of this part of the area the water table extends to the land surface or to the root zone of the vegetation, and discharge by evapotranspiration is high. In the valley of Lodgepole Creek between Sidney and the Wyoming State line, the depth to water generally ranges from less than 10 feet near the stream to more than 100 along the edge of the valley. In the upland the depth to water ranges from about 80 to about 300 feet. \r\n\r\nRecharge to the ground-water reservoir is derived chiefly from precipitation; other sources are seepage from irrigation systems and streams, and subsurface inflow of ground water. Water that infiltrates to the water table generally moves toward Lodgepole Creek in a downstream direction and is discharged into the stream through springs and seeps. However, within an area of at least 400 square miles in the northern part of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, ground water moves toward the valley of the North Platte River.\r\n\r\nWater is discharged from the ground-water reservoir into streams, by evapotranspiration, through wells, and by subsurface outflow. During the 1951-52 water year about 13,000 acre-feet of ground water left the area as streamflow. An estimated 20,000 acre-feet of water annually is discharged by the transpiration of grasses and trees growing along the creek bottom, and about 1,000 acre-feet of water leaves as subsurface outflow. \r\n\r\nDuring the period 1950-51 about 68,000 acre-feet of water was pumped from wells in the area for all uses. Of this amount; about 35,000 acre-feet in 1950 and 23,300 acre-feet in 1951 were used to irrigate about 15,560 and 15,790 acres. Nearly one-fourth of this water percolated back to the ground-water reservoir. These acreages, however, included about 2,100 acres irrigated in p","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1410","usgsCitation":"Bjorklund, L.J., and Jochens, E.R., 1957, Geology and ground-water resources of the lower Lodgepole Creek drainage basin, Nebraska, with a section on chemical quality of the water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1410, v, 76 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1410.","productDescription":"v, 76 p. :maps, diagrs., tables. ;23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":109942,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_24364.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"24364"},{"id":138093,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25666,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25667,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25668,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25669,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25670,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab0e4b07f02db66dc19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjorklund, Louis Jay","contributorId":21138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjorklund","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"Jay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jochens, Eugene R.","contributorId":55804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jochens","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":56095,"text":"ofr57106 - 1957 - Drainage area data for Alabama streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-15T09:21:40","indexId":"ofr57106","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-106","title":"Drainage area data for Alabama streams","docAbstract":"The drainage area of a river basin is an important parameter in many engineering equations used for hydrologic design. It is not a parameter, however, that always requires precise measurement. Factors in the hydrologic cycle such as rainfall, runoff, transpiration, and infiltration cannot be measured nearly as closely as drainage area. Largely for this reason, drainage areas are often measured to varying degrees of precision depending upon the immediate need, with little thought to some other use or some other user of the figure obtained. It can readily be appreciated that this practice, continued for long by many different agencies, will result in a heterogeneous collection of drainage area figures, often discordant and of an accuracy unknown to any but those who computed them.
\nFigures of drainage area published by various Federal agencies are frequently discrepant or contradictory, giving rise to confusion in the use of drainage area data. Seeking to better this situation, the Federal Inter-Agency River Basin Committee (FIARBC) in November 1951 published its Bulletin No. 4, Inter-Agency Coordination of Drainage Area Data.
\nThat Bulletin recommended procedures to be followed by the interested Federal agencies “for coordinating drainage area data in the interest of promoting uniformity, reducing confusion and contradiction of published figures, and improving the ready availability of drainage area data pertaining to drainage basins of the United States and its possessions.”
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Montgomery, AL","doi":"10.3133/ofr57106","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Alabama State Highway Department","usgsCitation":"Stallings, J., and Peirce, L., 1957, Drainage area data for Alabama streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-106, iii, 102 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr57106.","productDescription":"iii, 102 p.","numberOfPages":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287217,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0106/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":287216,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0106/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.4732,30.1941 ], [ -88.4732,35.0079 ], [ -84.8882,35.0079 ], [ -84.8882,30.1941 ], [ -88.4732,30.1941 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635632","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stallings, J.S.","contributorId":47028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallings","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peirce, L.B.","contributorId":63877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peirce","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1222,"text":"wsp1460C - 1957 - Ground-water possibilities south of the Snake River between Twin Falls and Pocatello, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-26T10:52:05","indexId":"wsp1460C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1460","chapter":"C","title":"Ground-water possibilities south of the Snake River between Twin Falls and Pocatello, Idaho","docAbstract":"The Snake River Plain and tributary valleys south of the Snake River between\nTwin Falls and Pocatello, Idaho (here called the South Side area), contain about\n180,000 acres of irrigated land, of which 145,000 acres is irrigated with surface\nwater and 35,000 is irrigated wholly or partly with ground water. The area also\ncontains more than 200,000 acres of arable land that is idle or used only for grazing\nbecause it lacks irrigation water. Most of the surface-water supply is already\nused or reserved, and some land now irrigated needs supplemental water.
\nThe climate of the area ranges from semiarid on the Snake River Plain to\nsubhumid on higher mountains. The average annual precipitation at lowland\nstations ranges from about 9 to 12 inches.
\n\nThe principal sources of ground water are extrusive volcanic rocks of silicic\nto intermediate composition, basalt, and sand and gravel. Ground water occurs\ncommonly under artesian conditions in the silicic to intermediate volcanic rocks\nand in sand and gravel tongues and lenses in lake beds. Basalt and alluvium\ncommonly contain unconfined water.
\nThe area of this report is divided into 13 roughly defined ground-water districts,\nsome of which are further divided into subdistricts. The known geologic\nand hydrologic factors of each area are summarized and a preliminary appraisal\nis made of the ground-water resources in relation to land resources and to the\nregimen of streams. The current state of development, proposed new developments,\nand ground-water potential of each division are discussed.
\nThe Dry Creek district is the most intensively irrigated area in Idaho in which\nwells furnish the water supply. Ground water occurs under both artesian and\nwater-table conditions. More than 53,000 acre-feet of ground water was pumped\nin 1954. There are large areas of undeveloped arable land in the district, but\npumping in some parts of the district currently is approaching or surpasses the\nperennial yield of the ground-water reservoirs.
\nThe Golden Valley district contains considerable arable land but, owing to\nthe relatively great depth to water and the generally poor yield of wells, the\nprospects for extensive ground-water development are not promising.
\nIn the Oakley district ground water is pumped from alluvium to supplement\nsurface water and to bring new land into production. The ground water will be\nfully exploited within a few years if the present rate of development by individual\nlandowners continues. The total area of nonirrigated land far exceeds the amount\nthat could be irrigated with indigenous ground water.
\nBoth artesian and unconfined water occur in the Burley district. Most existing\nwells tap unconfined water in the southern part where there are still large\ntracts of idle arable land. Pumping lifts are rather high.
\nThe South Walcott district contains a considerable acreage of arable land and\nis underlain by excellent aquifers. The effect that heavy pumping would have\non the flow of the Raft and Snake Rivers and on seepage from Lake Walcott is\nTaot well understood. Presumably substantial pumping would be feasible without\ndirect deleterious effects.
\nThe Raft River basin, including the Elba and Almo-Yost subbasins, is the\nlargest district in the South Side area. Ground water occurs in both unconfined\nand artesian aquifers. Possibly as much as 150,000 acres of dry land is irrigable,\nbut the ground-water supply presumably is sufficient to irrigate only a few thousand\nacres in addition to the approximately 40,000 now irrigated with surface\nand ground water. Pumping of wells at some locations would deplete the base\nflow of the Raft River and would be competitive with surface-water use.
\nThe United States Bureau of Reclamation has started construction of the\nMichaud Flats Irrigation Project in the Western Michaud Flats district. The\nadopted reclamation plan is to irrigate about 10,000 acres, using surface water\npumped from American Falls Reservoir and ground water pumped from wells.\nGround water in part of the district is tributary to the reservoir. Withdrawals\nof ground water will be compensated in part by the return of waste water to the\nreservoir and to the Snake River.
\nThe Eastern Michaud Flats district contains more arable land and has better\naquifers than the Western Michaud Flats district, but pumping might reduce\nnoticeably the discharge of ground water to the American Falls Reservoir. The\nBureau of Indian Affairs plans to develop about 13,600 acres of Indian land with\nwater stored in Palisades and American Falls Reservoirs.
\nVirtually nothing is known about ground-water conditions in the Arbon and\nRockland Valleys and in several small areas such as the Basin district, the\nAlbion basin, and along the northern border of the Sublett Range. Preliminary\nstudies have been made in three areas, the Dry Creek, Raft River, and Western.\nMichaud Flats districts. None has been studied comprehensively. The available\ndata for each district are summarized in tabular form.
\nFurther investigations in the area are needed and should include accurate\nhydrologic mapping. Studies are needed of the sources and amounts of groundwater\nrecharge, of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on the total water\nsupply, and of numerous related problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp1460C","collaboration":"Prepared for the United States Bureau of Reclamation with the cooperation of the Idaho Department of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Crosthwaite, E., 1957, Ground-water possibilities south of the Snake River between Twin Falls and Pocatello, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1460, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1460C.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":137892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1460c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26138,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1460c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","city":"Pocatello;Twin Falls","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.2681,41.9677 ], [ -117.2681,44.9959 ], [ -110.9949,44.9959 ], [ -110.9949,41.9677 ], [ -117.2681,41.9677 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db66744f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crosthwaite, E. G.","contributorId":83098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosthwaite","given":"E. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23177,"text":"ofr5749 - 1957 - The trend of suspended-sediment discharge of the Brandywine Creek at Wilmington, Del., 1947-1955","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-21T08:21:21","indexId":"ofr5749","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"57-49","title":"The trend of suspended-sediment discharge of the Brandywine Creek at Wilmington, Del., 1947-1955","docAbstract":"This report presents an analysis and evaluation of the trend of the sediment yield for the Brandywine Creek at Wilmington, Del., for the period from December 1946 to September 1955. The interest in such an analysis and evaluation stems from the efforts of the Brandywine Valley Association and others to reduce erosion and improve land use in the watershed.
\nThe data used for the analysis were taken from the continuous suspended-sediment and water-discharge records of the stream at Wilmington and the precipitation records at 8 standard and 1 recording rain gages. The analysis was made on the basis of 123 storm events for this period of record using only the water and sediment discharge attributed to direct runoff. These data represent 89 percent of the total sediment discharge and 19 percent of the total water discharge.
\nThe sediment load for each of the storm runoff events was correlated with storm runoff, rainfall intensity, and season to remove the effect, if ant, of the variation caused by these factors. The evaluation of the relative trend of sediment yield was made by two methods; first, the accumulative graph pr double mass curve as a graphical method, and second, the rank correlation method which results in a numerical coefficient and its significant. The graphical method of this evaluation shows an approximate 38 percent decrease in sediment yield for the period 1952 to 1955 from that for the period 1947 to 1951. The rank correlation coefficient was 0.152 for the same analysis showing a very high level (almost 99 percent) of confidence in the significance of a decreasing trend.
\nA parallel analysis to that above using \"peakedness\" instead of rainfall intensity as a measure of storm intensity was made because \"peakedness\" is easier to evaluate than rainfall intensity. The results of this analysis again indicates the probably decreasing trend of sediment yield as shown by the change in slope of the accumulative graph from 0.77 fir the 1947 to 1951 period to 1.05 for the 1952 to 1955 period or 28%, and by the rank correlation coefficient of 0.114 with a 94 percent level of confidence of a decreasing trend.
\nAppendix A of this report shows a similar analysis by usede of monthly sediment discharge and \"direct\" runoff as determined for an analyses of runoff patterns. The results indicate only a small decreasing trend, if any, in sediment yield. This is probably due to the fact that the correlations with rainfall and season for adjusting these data were rather poor--indicating bias by unknown parameters that cannot be evaluated.
\nAppendix B presents the methodology of using rank correlation to evaluate the trend of variate-values with respect to time with special reference to the trend of sediment yield from a watershed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5749","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared by Quality of Water Branch","usgsCitation":"Guy, H., 1957, The trend of suspended-sediment discharge of the Brandywine Creek at Wilmington, Del., 1947-1955: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 57-49, iv, 55 p., 1a-13a, 1b-12b, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5749.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p., 1a-13a, 1b-12b","numberOfPages":"84","temporalStart":"1946-12-01","temporalEnd":"1955-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287379,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287378,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1957/0049/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","city":"Wilmington","otherGeospatial":"Brandywine Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.588466,39.686794 ], [ -75.588466,39.77301 ], [ -75.470503,39.77301 ], [ -75.470503,39.686794 ], [ -75.588466,39.686794 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634b8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guy, Harold P.","contributorId":6434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"Harold P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70174078,"text":"70174078 - 1957 - Drainage areas of Iowa streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T17:34:34.200527","indexId":"70174078","displayToPublicDate":"1960-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5105,"text":"Iowa Highway Research Board Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Drainage areas of Iowa streams","docAbstract":"The drainage area of a stream at a specified location ordinarily may be defined as that area, measured in a horizontal plane, which is enclosed by a topographic divide such that direct surface runoff from precipitation would drain by gravity into the river basin above the specified point.
\nOne of the most important factors in the hydrologic computation for the design of structures on or over watercourses is the drainage area upstream from the point under consideration. Other hydrologic studies such as low-flow, flood-frequency analyses, rainfall-runoff correlations, stream density, and area-distance make use of this factor as a basic premise for computation.
\nIn order that the drainage-area information of the interior streams of Iowa be of uniform accuracy and available to all users of these data, this report has been compiled, and the drainage areas of all streams in excess of 5 square mies are listed. For the larger streams, drainage areas have been determined at numerous intermediate points. As a result of this report much basic background material has been compiled that will he useful in future hydrologic studies of drainage basin characteristics.
\nThis publication is limited to the presentation of the drainage-area data for the interior streams of the State. The methods of application of these data to the study of streamflow characteristics, and the design of related structures are properly the function of the design engineer and are not discussed herein.
","language":"English","publisher":"Iowa Highway Research Board","usgsCitation":"Larimer, O., 1957, Drainage areas of Iowa streams: Iowa Highway Research Board Bulletin 7, 404 p.","productDescription":"404 p.","numberOfPages":"404","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324436,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70174078/DAIowaStreams1957.pdf","size":"20.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":324437,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.217706,43.50055],[-91.216035,43.481142],[-91.233367,43.455168],[-91.200359,43.412701],[-91.198953,43.389835],[-91.21477,43.365874],[-91.20662,43.352524],[-91.132813,43.32803],[-91.107237,43.313645],[-91.07371,43.274746],[-91.071698,43.261014],[-91.058644,43.257679],[-91.066398,43.239293],[-91.12217,43.197255],[-91.1462,43.152405],[-91.1562,43.142945],[-91.175253,43.134665],[-91.179457,43.067427],[-91.156562,42.978226],[-91.14543,42.958211],[-91.14988,42.941955],[-91.1438,42.922877],[-91.146177,42.90985],[-91.100565,42.883078],[-91.097656,42.859871],[-91.091837,42.851225],[-91.09406,42.830813],[-91.078665,42.827678],[-91.069549,42.769628],[-91.060261,42.761847],[-91.065783,42.753387],[-91.056297,42.747341],[-91.051275,42.737001],[-91.035418,42.73734],[-91.026786,42.724228],[-91.000128,42.716189],[-90.977735,42.696816],[-90.949213,42.685573],[-90.923634,42.6855],[-90.88743,42.67247],[-90.731132,42.643437],[-90.706303,42.634169],[-90.692031,42.610366],[-90.686975,42.591774],[-90.661527,42.567999],[-90.654127,42.5499],[-90.643927,42.540401],[-90.636927,42.513202],[-90.655927,42.491703],[-90.654027,42.478503],[-90.624328,42.458904],[-90.567968,42.440389],[-90.560439,42.432897],[-90.555018,42.416138],[-90.477279,42.383794],[-90.462619,42.367253],[-90.443874,42.355218],[-90.416535,42.325109],[-90.430884,42.27823],[-90.419326,42.254467],[-90.400653,42.239293],[-90.391108,42.225473],[-90.356964,42.205445],[-90.328273,42.201047],[-90.282173,42.178846],[-90.234919,42.165431],[-90.209479,42.15268],[-90.197342,42.128163],[-90.167533,42.122475],[-90.161159,42.106372],[-90.168358,42.075779],[-90.164485,42.042105],[-90.151579,42.030633],[-90.140061,42.003252],[-90.146225,41.981329],[-90.164135,41.956178],[-90.163847,41.944934],[-90.152659,41.933058],[-90.153584,41.906614],[-90.181401,41.844647],[-90.181973,41.80707],[-90.278633,41.767358],[-90.310708,41.742214],[-90.317668,41.72269],[-90.313435,41.698082],[-90.334525,41.679559],[-90.343452,41.646959],[-90.339528,41.598633],[-90.343228,41.587833],[-90.41283,41.565333],[-90.461432,41.523533],[-90.500633,41.518033],[-90.540935,41.526133],[-90.591037,41.512832],[-90.602137,41.506032],[-90.605937,41.494232],[-90.655839,41.462132],[-90.750142,41.449632],[-90.846558,41.455141],[-90.930016,41.421404],[-90.979815,41.434321],[-91.027787,41.423603],[-91.043988,41.415897],[-91.05101,41.387556],[-91.06652,41.365246],[-91.074841,41.305578],[-91.092034,41.286911],[-91.114186,41.250029],[-91.113648,41.241401],[-91.07298,41.207151],[-91.041536,41.166138],[-91.027214,41.163373],[-91.007586,41.166183],[-90.99496,41.160624],[-90.946627,41.096632],[-90.949383,41.072711],[-90.942253,41.034702],[-90.945949,41.006495],[-90.958142,40.979767],[-90.952233,40.954047],[-90.965344,40.921633],[-91.009536,40.900565],[-91.021562,40.884021],[-91.044653,40.868356],[-91.05643,40.848387],[-91.092993,40.821079],[-91.097649,40.805575],[-91.091703,40.779708],[-91.110424,40.745528],[-91.115735,40.725168],[-91.11194,40.697018],[-91.123928,40.669152],[-91.185428,40.638071],[-91.253074,40.637962],[-91.306524,40.626231],[-91.339719,40.613488],[-91.359873,40.601805],[-91.379752,40.57445],[-91.401482,40.559458],[-91.406373,40.551831],[-91.404125,40.539127],[-91.384531,40.530948],[-91.369059,40.512532],[-91.364211,40.500043],[-91.364915,40.484168],[-91.381769,40.442555],[-91.372554,40.4012],[-91.381958,40.387632],[-91.419422,40.378264],[-91.441243,40.386255],[-91.452458,40.375501],[-91.463895,40.375659],[-91.465116,40.385257],[-91.484507,40.3839],[-91.490977,40.393484],[-91.487829,40.403866],[-91.498093,40.401926],[-91.522333,40.409648],[-91.527057,40.416689],[-91.519012,40.431298],[-91.529132,40.434272],[-91.533548,40.440804],[-91.523271,40.450061],[-91.526155,40.458625],[-91.552691,40.458769],[-91.574746,40.465664],[-91.590817,40.492292],[-91.621353,40.510072],[-91.618028,40.53403],[-91.6219,40.542292],[-91.6887,40.55739],[-91.691557,40.564867],[-91.686357,40.580875],[-91.716769,40.59853],[-91.729115,40.61364],[-92.686693,40.589809],[-94.294813,40.571341],[-94.632032,40.571186],[-95.765645,40.585208],[-95.753148,40.59284],[-95.748626,40.603355],[-95.768926,40.621264],[-95.776251,40.647463],[-95.795489,40.662384],[-95.822913,40.66724],[-95.842801,40.677496],[-95.852615,40.702262],[-95.883178,40.717579],[-95.888907,40.731855],[-95.879027,40.753081],[-95.84662,40.768619],[-95.835232,40.779151],[-95.834523,40.787778],[-95.845342,40.811324],[-95.837186,40.835347],[-95.847084,40.854174],[-95.847785,40.864328],[-95.838735,40.872191],[-95.815933,40.879846],[-95.809474,40.891228],[-95.813458,40.901693],[-95.836438,40.921642],[-95.839743,40.93278],[-95.829074,40.975688],[-95.838908,40.986484],[-95.867286,41.001599],[-95.869486,41.009399],[-95.859918,41.025403],[-95.859654,41.035695],[-95.882415,41.060411],[-95.862587,41.088399],[-95.865888,41.117898],[-95.88208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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e2ee4b07657d1a8195a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larimer, O.J.","contributorId":97984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larimer","given":"O.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216356,"text":"70216356 - 1957 - Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T21:18:22.735488","indexId":"70216356","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-12T15:14:13","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone","docAbstract":"The punched card has been chosen for use in compiling the great mass of geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone into permanent file. The most valuable uses of the punched-card file are as a multiple index to data and as a means of correlating different data. By using the punched card, uranium deposits in sandstone can also be compared to other metalliferous deposits in sandstone.Besides the geographic location of the deposit, about 120 different items can be punched on the sides of the card. In the center of the card more detailed data and a summary of the report are given. Although the card is designed for data on a single deposit or group of deposits, topical data on many studies such as chemistry, geobotanical prospecting, and geophysics can be summarized on the card.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.52.2.180","usgsCitation":"Finch, W.I., 1957, Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone: Economic Geology, v. 52, no. 2, p. 180-191, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.52.2.180.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"180","endPage":"191","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380487,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, Warren I.","contributorId":91923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216353,"text":"70216353 - 1957 - A truckmounted spectrographic laboratory for use in geochemical exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T20:45:57.9405","indexId":"70216353","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-12T14:33:41","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A truckmounted spectrographic laboratory for use in geochemical exploration","docAbstract":"A truck-mounted spectrographic laboratory has been designed and built by the U. S. Geological Survey to investigate the feasibility of using and transporting such equipment in the field as an aid in supplying rapid on-the-spot analytical data to geochemical exploration field parties.The laboratory is housed inside a 7- X 12-foot insulated and air-conditioned van-type truck body and carries complete equipment for making qualitative, semiquantitative, and quantitative analyses of geological materials. The spectrograph is a fixed-position 1.5-meter grating instrument of the Wadsworth type which records a range of spectra from 2063 to 4837A in the second order on a 20-inch strip of film. Companion units are a projection type comparator-densitometer, a film processor, and other accessory equipment. Trailer-mounted motor-generators supply 230 volts d-c for the arc source unit and 115 volts a-c for lights and accessories.Since its completion in May 1955, the truck-mounted laboratory has been driven over 4,000 miles. During this travel all the equipment remained in good adjustment; the laboratory was made ready for operation in less than 2 hours after arrival at the site of a field project.Because of the large number of elements that can be determined from a single spectrogram, the truck-mounted laboratory is useful in the early stages of a geochemical exploration project to determine diagnostic suites of elements, and later, to guide the day-to-day sampling.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.52.3.289","usgsCitation":"Canney, F.C., Myers, A., and Ward, F.N., 1957, A truckmounted spectrographic laboratory for use in geochemical exploration: Economic Geology, v. 52, no. 3, p. 289-306, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.52.3.289.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"306","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canney, Frank C.","contributorId":91251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Canney","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Myers, A.T.","contributorId":8468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ward, F. N.","contributorId":96254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216351,"text":"70216351 - 1957 - Some limitations on the possible composition of the ore-forming fluid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T20:22:26.929129","indexId":"70216351","displayToPublicDate":"1957-11-12T14:16:24","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Some limitations on the possible composition of the ore-forming fluid","docAbstract":"The activity ratios of various important anions (S (super =) , CO 3 (super =) , SO 4 (super =) , OH (super -) , F (super -) , and Cl (super -) ) in hydrothermal solutions at the time of deposition are evaluated using a simple thermodynamic technique. The ratios are interpreted in the light of the mineralogy of ore deposits and limits are placed on the variability of each ratio in hydrothermal solutions. All of the calculations are made for 25 degrees C and cautious extrapolation to higher temperatures seems justified; however, additional data for elevated temperatures and pressures are needed before more than approximate values may be assigned to these ratios in the ore-forming fluid.The calculated partial pressure of CO 2 in the ore fluid is generally less than one atmosphere, which suggests that a dense CO 2 phase cannot be considered an important ore fluid for most deposits. The partial pressure of H 2 S is usually less than 10 (super -4) atmosphere, which makes it extremely difficult to defend the theory that metals (other than the easily complexible mercury, arsenic, antimony, and perhaps gold and silver) are transported in quantity as complex sulfides or hydrosulfides. The sulfate to sulfide ratio is such that the oxidation potential at the time of deposition is defined by the following equation: Eh (in volts) = 0.22 + or - 0.04 - 0.059 pH.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologist","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.52.4.333","usgsCitation":"Barton, P., 1957, Some limitations on the possible composition of the ore-forming fluid: Economic Geology, v. 52, no. 4, p. 333-353, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.52.4.333.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"333","endPage":"353","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1957-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Paul B.","contributorId":97128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70202163,"text":"70202163 - 1957 - Report and recommendations on surface water resources investigation in Turkey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-12T13:41:35","indexId":"70202163","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T14:41:12","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Report and recommendations on surface water resources investigation in Turkey","docAbstract":"Turkey is in a state of transition from an agricultural and pastoral economy to an economy that combines agriculture and industry. Such a transition includes use of water resources for water power, irrigation, manufacturing, and domestic uses. The control of streams for multiple purposes invariably leads to conflicts of interest. Several Turkish streams rise in or flow into other countries. For these reasons, data on the flow of streams over a fairly long period of time are needed in order to plan the most beneficial use and control of the streams of Turkey.
This report deals largely with the collection of surface water data. The need for data on suspended sediment is considered briefly. In some areas of Turkey ground-water resources are now being studied by a team of Turkish and American geologists and engineers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70202163","usgsCitation":"Phillips, K.N., 1957, Report and recommendations on surface water resources investigation in Turkey, v, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70202163.","productDescription":"v, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":361179,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70202163/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":361180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70202163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"Turkey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 41.561279296875,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n 41.41845703125,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n 41.253662109375,\n 41.335575973123916\n ],\n [\n 41.077880859375,\n 41.21172151054787\n ],\n [\n 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N.","contributorId":36806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":757084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70010982,"text":"70010982 - 1957 - A fluorimetric study of the thorium-morin system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-28T16:13:39.655426","indexId":"70010982","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2519,"text":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A fluorimetric study of the thorium-morin system","docAbstract":"Thorium reacts with morin to yield a yellow complex that fluoresces when irradiated with ultraviolet light. The effect on the fluorescence of such variables as concentration of acid, alcohol, thorium, morin, and complex; time, temperature and wave length of exciting light are studied to determine experimental conditions yielding maximum fluorescence. The effects of Zr+4, Al+3, Fe+3, Ca+2 and La+3 are discussed. The fundamental relationships between light absorption and fluorescence are expressed in a general equation that applies to a three-component system when the fluorescence is measured in a transmission-type fluorimeter. This general equation is used to obtain an expression for the fluorescence of the thoriummorin system. Equations, derived from experimental data, relate both the fraction of thorium reacted to form complex and the fraction of unquenched fluorescence to the concentration of uncombined morin. These functions, when combined with the general equation, give an expression whichrelates the total net fluorescence to the amount of uncombined morin in the solution. This last equation can be used to determine the one region for the concentration of uncombined morin that gives maximum sensitivity for the system. Calculated standard curves are in good agreement with experimental curves.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ja01577a026","issn":"00027863","usgsCitation":"Milkey, R., and Fletcher, M.H., 1957, A fluorimetric study of the thorium-morin system: Journal of the American Chemical Society, v. 79, no. 20, p. 5425-5435, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01577a026.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"5425","endPage":"5435","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487205,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1050417/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":221341,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"79","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3dfe4b0c8380cd46285","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milkey, R.G.","contributorId":89125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milkey","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, M. H.","contributorId":53438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70009849,"text":"70009849 - 1957 - Semi-quantitative spectrographic analysis and rank correlation in geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T15:04:31.7031","indexId":"70009849","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1957","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semi-quantitative spectrographic analysis and rank correlation in geochemistry","docAbstract":"The rank correlation coefficient, rs, which involves less computation than the product-moment correlation coefficient, r, can be used to indicate the degree of relationship between two elements. The method is applicable in situations where the assumptions underlying normal distribution correlation theory may not be satisfied. Semi-quantitative spectrographic analyses which are reported as grouped or partly ranked data can be used to calculate rank correlations between elements.
","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(57)90042-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Flanagan, F., 1957, Semi-quantitative spectrographic analysis and rank correlation in geochemistry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 12, no. 4, p. 315-322, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(57)90042-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480411,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1050446/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":218913,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d09e4b08c986b318237","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flanagan, F.J.","contributorId":50139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"F.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":357280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":76915,"text":"tem980 - 1956 - Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-23T13:41:20","indexId":"tem980","displayToPublicDate":"2013-07-23T13:40:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":338,"text":"Trace Elements Memorandum","code":"TEM","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"980","title":"Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tem980","collaboration":"Performed for the Division of Raw Materials, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Finch, W.I., 1956, Application of punched cards to geologic data concerning uranium deposits in sandstone: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Memorandum 980, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tem980.","productDescription":"24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ffd416e4b0824b2d1770f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finch, Warren Irvin","contributorId":55794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Warren","email":"","middleInitial":"Irvin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70038838,"text":"70038838 - 1956 - Progress report number 1: investigations of some sedimentation characteristics of a sand-bed stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-06-27T01:01:43","indexId":"70038838","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T09:42:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":375,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Progress report number 1: investigations of some sedimentation characteristics of a sand-bed stream","docAbstract":"Several important aspects of sediment transport have been investigated by utilizing data from the turbulence flume in the Middle Loup River at Dunning, Nebr. These data have also been used to evaluate sedimentation formulas. However, additional work of a research nature is needed to provide information on specific transport phenomena and on field procedures. On August 26, 1955, representatives of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Geological Survey met in Denver, Colo., to discuss these needs and the sediment investigations to be made at the Middle Loup River at Dunning, Nebr., during 1956.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lincoln, NE","doi":"10.3133/70038838","collaboration":"Prepared as part of a program of the Department of the Interior for development of the Missouri River basin","usgsCitation":"Hubbell, D.W., 1956, Progress report number 1: investigations of some sedimentation characteristics of a sand-bed stream: Open-File Report, iii, 61 p.; Tables: pgs. 62-78, https://doi.org/10.3133/70038838.","productDescription":"iii, 61 p.; Tables: pgs. 62-78","startPage":"i","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"81","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":257904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":257895,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1956/hubbell/Hubbell_et_al_1956.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8e7fe4b0c8380cd7f222","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubbell, D. 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