{"pageNumber":"1846","pageRowStart":"46125","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46595,"records":[{"id":71601,"text":"tei577 - 1956 - Summary of reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1945-1954, and an appraisal of Alaskan uranium possibilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-19T06:56:36","indexId":"tei577","displayToPublicDate":"1957-01-01T09:47:09","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"577","title":"Summary of reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1945-1954, and an appraisal of Alaskan uranium possibilities","docAbstract":"<p>In the period 1945-1954 over 100 investigations for radioactive source materials were made in Alaska. The nature of these investigations ranged from field examinations of individual prospects or the laboratory analysis of significantly radioactive samples submitted by prospectors to reconnaissance studies of large districts. In this period no deposits of uranium or thorium that would warrant commercial exploitation were discovered. The investigations, however, disclosed that radioactive materials occur in widely scattered areas of Alaska and in widely diverse environments.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Many igneous rocks throughout Alaska are weakly radioactive because of uranium- and thorium-bearing accessory minerals, such as allanite, apatite, monazite, sphene, xenotime, and zircon; more rarely the radioactivity of these rocks is due to thorianite or thorite and their uranoan varieties. The felsic rocks, for example, granites and syenites, are generally more radioactive than the mafic igneous rocks. Pegmatites, locally, have also proved to be radioactive, but they have little commercial significance. No primary uranium oxide minerals have been found yet in Alaskan vein deposits, except, perhaps, for a mineral tentatively identified as pitchblende in the Hyder district of southeastern Alaska. However, certain occurrences of secondary uranium minerals, chiefly those of the uranite group, on the Seward Peninsula, in the Russian Mountains, and in the vicinity of Kodiak suggest that pitchblende-type ores may occur at depth beneath zones of alteration. Thorite-bearing veins have been discovered on Prince of Wales Island in southeastern Alaska.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Although no deposits or carnotite-type minerals have been found in Alaska, several samples containing such minerals have been submitted by Alaskan prospectors. Efforts to locate the deposits from which these minerals were obtained have been unsuccessful, but review of available geologic data suggests that several Alaskan areas are potentially favorable for carnotite-type deposits. The chief of these areas is the Alaska Peninsula-Cook Inlet area which encompasses most of the reported occurrences of the prospectors' carnotite-type samples.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Alaska is also potentially favorable for the occurrence of large bodies of the very low-grade uraniferous sedimentary rocks, such as phosphorites and black shales. This type of deposit, however, has not received much study because of the emphasis on the search for bonanza-type high-grade ores. Uraniferous phosphorites similar to those of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming occur in northern Alaska on the north flank of the Brooks Range; black shales comparable to the uraniferous shales of the Chattanooga formation of southeastern United States have been noted along the Yukon River near the international boundary.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Placer deposits in Alaska have some small potential for the production of the radioactive elements as byproducts of gold- and tin-placer mining. the placer area believed to have the relatively greatest potential in Alaska lies in the Kahiltna River valley where concentrates are known to contain such commercial minerals as ilmenite, cassiterite, platinum, and gold in addition to uranothorianite and monazite.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The possibilities of the natural fluids--water and petroleum--have not yet been tested in Alaska to any great extent. Studies of fluids are in progress to determine whether they may be used to discover and define areas potentially favorable for the occurrence of uraniferous lodes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei577","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Wedow, H., 1956, Summary of reconnaissance for radioactive deposits in Alaska, 1945-1954, and an appraisal of Alaskan uranium possibilities: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 577, Report: 111 p.; Plate: 19.12 x 13.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei577.","productDescription":"Report: 111 p.; Plate: 19.12 x 13.83 inches","numberOfPages":"112","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288869,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0577/report.pdf"},{"id":288868,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0577/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":288870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 172.45,51.21 ], [ 172.45,71.39 ], [ -129.99,71.39 ], [ -129.99,51.21 ], [ 172.45,51.21 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae784ae4b0abf75cf2d03c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wedow, Helmuth Jr.","contributorId":14374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wedow","given":"Helmuth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70216343,"text":"70216343 - 1956 - Discussion of “Some factors affecting rates of sedimentation in the Columbia River basin”","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T18:23:37.858896","indexId":"70216343","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-12T11:55:30","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discussion of “Some factors affecting rates of sedimentation in the Columbia River basin”","docAbstract":"<p>h<span>ydrologists are generally aware of the number and complexity of the variables that are encountered in all aspects of hydrology, and the great difficulty of analyzing these factors quantitatively because of inadequacy of basic data. Because of limitations in funds, time, or scientific manpower, it is likely that the basic data will generally be less than the hydrologist's hopes. In this predicament, many students have sought methods whereby it might be possible to determine the approximate effects of various factors, on the basis of meager available information. The authors, by using statistical methods of analysis, have pointed out one way that may well be rewarding in studies of other aspects of hydrology where little basic information is available.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR037i001p00110","usgsCitation":"Thomas, H., Flaxman, E., and Hobba, R., 1956, Discussion of “Some factors affecting rates of sedimentation in the Columbia River basin”: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 37, no. 1, p. 110-112, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR037i001p00110.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"110","endPage":"112","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380467,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, H.E.","contributorId":243568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thomas","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flaxman, E.M.","contributorId":244849,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flaxman","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hobba, R.L.","contributorId":244850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hobba","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70216342,"text":"70216342 - 1956 - The deuterium blance of Lake Maracaibo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-12T17:50:51.268314","indexId":"70216342","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-12T11:32:29","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The deuterium blance of Lake Maracaibo","docAbstract":"<p><span>A balance sheet for the gains and losses of deuterium from Lake Maracaibo, using estimates based on climatological data for the exchanges of water and measurements of the deuterium content of lake water, rainfall, river flow, and Caribbean Sea water to obtain the volumes of the deuterium exchange, indicates that the relations are qualitatively satisfactory, although not numerically exact.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography","doi":"10.4319/lo.1956.1.4.0239","usgsCitation":"Friedman, I., Norton, D.R., Carter, D., and Redfield, A., 1956, The deuterium blance of Lake Maracaibo: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 1, no. 4, p. 239-246, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1956.1.4.0239.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"246","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1956.1.4.0239","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380466,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Lake Maracaibo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.44384765625,\n              8.885071663468993\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.55419921875,\n              8.885071663468993\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.55419921875,\n              10.919617760254697\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.44384765625,\n              10.919617760254697\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.44384765625,\n              8.885071663468993\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Irving","contributorId":90664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Irving","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norton, Daniel R.","contributorId":64265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, D.B.","contributorId":244847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carter","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Redfield, A.C.","contributorId":244848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Redfield","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70216236,"text":"70216236 - 1956 - Geophysical studies in the intermontane basins in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-10T20:12:40.152818","indexId":"70216236","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-10T13:56:56","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geophysical studies in the intermontane basins in southern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Geophysical surveys were made by the U. S. Geological Survey in Searles Lake basin and in the Mojave Desert near Barstow, California to test the application of geophysical exploration to the study of the geologic problems associated with the intermontane basins of southern California. In Searles Lake basin a coordinated gravity and seismic reflection and refraction survey indicated that the fill in the basin is about 3,300 feet thick with the greatest thickness occurring east of the center of the basin. The regional gravity data from the area near Barstow can be used to estimate the thickness and extent of the Tertiary and Quaternary deposits.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1438282","usgsCitation":"Mabey, D.R., 1956, Geophysical studies in the intermontane basins in southern California: Geophysics, v. 21, no. 3, p. 839-853, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1438282.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"839","endPage":"853","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.26806640625,\n              32.52828936482526\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.2578125,\n              32.7503226078097\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.01611328125,\n              34.470335121217474\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.93847656250001,\n              36.87962060502676\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.94873046875,\n              35.55010533588552\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.42138671875,\n              34.84987503195418\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.47607421874999,\n              34.50655662164561\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.41064453125,\n              33.706062655101206\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.26806640625,\n              32.52828936482526\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mabey, Don R.","contributorId":43741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mabey","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70216235,"text":"70216235 - 1956 - Numerical analysis of regional water levels to define aquifer hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-10T19:56:30.861456","indexId":"70216235","displayToPublicDate":"1956-11-10T13:42:54","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical analysis of regional water levels to define aquifer hydrology","docAbstract":"<p>Two fundamental methods for studying aquifer hydrology are now in use. The first, applied many years ago, consists of detailed observation of aquifer inflow, outflow, and storage changes, and their variations in time. By analysis of these observations, estimates of the perennial recharge to the aquifer and other pertinent hydrologic data are obtained, all as gross characteristics of the aquifer. The need for greater detail gave rise to a second fundamental method: special field tests, such as pumping tests, by which the hydrologic coefficients could be measured in a comparatively short time. In order to evaluate properly the ability of an aquifer to serve as a source of perennial water supply, the geology and hydrology of the aquifer must be known in some detail over its entire area. The first method cannot supply the necessary detail in most cases, and the second method cannot ordinarily provide the needed areal coverage because of the lack of appropriate testing facilities. Thus an auxiliary third approach was sought which would combine the features of a simple data‐collection program with a final analysis yielding both adequate detail and areal coverage.</p><p>A method designed to satisfy these requirements is described. Water‐level altitudes, usually observed in the course of more general ground‐water studies, are analyzed by numerical methods, using finite‐difference approximations of the basic differential equations which describe ground‐water flow. Analytical methods are given for nonsteady flow through homogeneous and nonhomogeneous aquifers. Both direct and statistical solutions are shown. The hydrologic factors are computed as functions of transmissibility, and for the nonhomogeneous aquifer the variations of transmissibility in space are computed also from the water‐level data. Knowledge of the absolute value of any one of the hydrologic factors at some location in the aquifer permits conversion of the computed functions to absolute terms for all the aquifer flow field studied.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR037i004p00451","usgsCitation":"Stallman, R., 1956, Numerical analysis of regional water levels to define aquifer hydrology: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 37, no. 4, p. 451-460, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR037i004p00451.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"451","endPage":"460","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stallman, Robert W.","contributorId":32903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallman","given":"Robert W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":804525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70213489,"text":"70213489 - 1956 - Application of the modified Einstein procedure for computation of total sediment load","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-17T20:47:30.58128","indexId":"70213489","displayToPublicDate":"1956-04-01T15:44:31","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of the modified Einstein procedure for computation of total sediment load","docAbstract":"<p><span>A method that enables good estimates to be made of total sediment load has been tested with data from several western streams. The method, which uses both theoretical and empirical formulas, combines a modification of Einstein's procedure for computing bed‐material load and the usually available data from suspended‐sediment measurements. Basic data, including data from large natural and artificial turbulent flumes, and the results of computations are given.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/TR037i002p00197","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, K.B., and Hembree, C., 1956, Application of the modified Einstein procedure for computation of total sediment load: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 37, no. 2, p. 197-212, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR037i002p00197.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"212","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":378546,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, K. B.","contributorId":240920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schroeder","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hembree, C. H.","contributorId":106866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hembree","given":"C. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":799133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":71235,"text":"tei137 - 1956 - Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-25T08:36:59","indexId":"tei137","displayToPublicDate":"1956-03-06T10:02:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"137","title":"Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States","docAbstract":"During the period from 1948 to 1950 the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a program of field\nand laboratory research w determine the mode of occurrence of beryllium in non-pegmatitic rocks and\nmineral deposits as part of the Beryllium Program of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic\nEnergy Commission. Approximately 23 man months were spent in the field collecting samples from 146\nlocalities in 15 states; a total of 680 samples were collected and analyzed for beryllium. Additional\nsamples collected by the Geological Survey. U.S. Bureau of Mines, various state Geological Surveys\nand other institutions. and private companies were analyzed for beryllium. In total, the beryllium\ncontent of 1,238 samples from about 600 localities in the United States is compiled in the final report\nwhich is being prepared for publication by the U.S. Geological Survey. The main topics discussed are:\nuses and properties of beryllium; methods of analysis and mineralogy of beryllium; occurrence of\nberyllium in igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, pyrometasomatic and related deposits, vein\ndeposits, and hot spring deposits; the genesis of beryllium deposits; and a description of the deposits\nexamined. This abstract and table 1 summarize the more pertinent economic data.\nBeryllium is more abundant than arsenic, gold, silver, and molybdenum in the lithosphere, but\nits chemical and physical properties prohibit its concentration in minerals which are common w large\ncommercial vein and replacement deposits. There are 29 minerals in which beryllium is an essential\nconstituent but of these only beryl, mined from granite pegmatites, is an ore of beryllium., Beryl also\noccurs disseminated in granites and high-temperature veins. The other 28 minerals occur as rare\nconstituents in syenite and granite pegmatites, granites, and pyrometasomatic deposits. Beryllium, as\na trace constituent, has been detected in 49 minerals but recovery of the beryllium requires metallurgical\nmethods as yet unknown.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tei137","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commissione","usgsCitation":"Warner, L.A., Holser, W., Wilmarth, V., and Cameron, E., 1956, Non-pegmatitic resources of beryllium in United States: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 137, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei137.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284516,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0137/report.pdf"},{"id":283405,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei137.png"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6928e4b0b2908510286c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, Lawrence Allen","contributorId":25144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holser, W.T.","contributorId":81964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holser","given":"W.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilmarth, V.R.","contributorId":20803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilmarth","given":"V.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cameron, E.N.","contributorId":63860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cameron","given":"E.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":283844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":71651,"text":"tei633 - 1956 - Some limitations on the possible composition of the ore-forming fluid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-15T07:50:28","indexId":"tei633","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T15:43:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"633","title":"Some limitations on the possible composition of the ore-forming fluid","docAbstract":"<p>The activity rations of various important anions (S, CO<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>4</sub>, OH, F, and Cl) in hydrothermal solutions at the time of deposition are evaluated using a simple thermodynamic technique. The rations are interpreted in the light of the mineralogy of ore deposits and limites are placed on the variability of each ratio in hydrothermal solutions. All of the calculations are made for 25&deg;C and cautious extrapolation to higher temperatures seems justified; however, additional data for elevated temperatures and pressures are needed before more than approximate values may be assigned to these ratios in the ore-forming fluid.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The calculated partial pressure of CO<sub>2</sub> in the ore fluid is generally less than one atmosphere, which suggests that a dense CO<sub>2</sub> phase cannot be considered an importatn ore fluid for most deposits. The partial pressure of H<sub>2</sub>S is usually less than 10<sup>-4</sup> atmospheres which makes it extremely difficult to defend the heory that metals (other than the easily complexible mercury, arsenic, antimony, and perhaps fols and silver) are transported in quantity as complex sulfide and hydrosulfides. The sulfate to sulfide ration is such that the oxidation potential at the time of deposition is defined by the following equation: Eh (in volts) = 0.22 &plusmn; 0.04 - 0.059 pH.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei633","collaboration":"This report concerns work done partly on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Barton, P.B., 1956, Some limitations on the possible composition of the ore-forming fluid: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 633, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei633.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290070,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0633/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53a94c80e4b0f1f8e2fa8677","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Paul B. Jr.","contributorId":68406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185477,"text":"70185477 - 1956 - Floods in relation to the river channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T13:39:11","indexId":"70185477","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5272,"text":"Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Floods in relation to the river channel","docAbstract":"<p>Among the rivers studied by us two broad types may be distinguished. Channels in the semi-arid areas scour at high discharges so that the bed lowers nearly as much as the water surface rises. Detailed data on the middle reaches of the Rio Grande in New Mexico during the spring floods of 1948 and 1952 indicate that the bed aggrades to nearly its pre-flood level as the flood recedes. Channel banks may move rapidly by undercutting during periods of scour and levees are liable to failure not from overtopping but by undercutting.</p><p>In Connecticut, a sub-humid area, the repetitive processes of scour and fill in the semi-arid region were not demonstrated by the great floods of 1955. In a few reaches fresh sand was deposited over gravel beds subsequently to be removed by lower flows. Boulders four to six feet in diameter were moved in places over undisturbed beds of one-inch gravel. Channel widening occurred primarily in rivers in narrow valleys which confined the flow within the channel. Scour and deposition on flood plains adjacent to the rivers was irregular. Most deposits could be traced to local sources. In general, flood waters modified but did not vastly alter the prevailing configuration of the channel and structure of the flood plain.</p>","conferenceTitle":"Symposium Darcy: Floods","conferenceDate":"September 20-26, 1956","conferenceLocation":"Dijon, France","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., and Wolman, M.G., 1956, Floods in relation to the river channel: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, p. 85-98.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"98","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":338071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://iahs.info/Publications-News/","text":"Publisher's Website","linkHelpText":"Back issues of this publication are available using the search function"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolman, M. Gordon","contributorId":85163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Gordon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185482,"text":"70185482 - 1956 - Data and understanding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T14:03:02","indexId":"70185482","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Data and understanding","docAbstract":"<p>In the year 1534 when Cabeza de Vaca escaped from the aborigines of southern Texas by whom he had been enslaved for six years, he made his way on foot from the vicinity of Galveston to the west coast of Mexico. Although his <i>Relación</i> was not printed until 1542, the verbal report of Cabeza de Vaca gave impetus to the growing interest in exploration of New Spain. Estevanico, the black, one of de Vaca's companions, served as guide to Fray Marcos de Niza on the first Spanish reconnaissance to reach the village of Zuni in New Mexico.</p><p>The earliest Spanish exploring parties hoped to find riches, but expected to acquire, at the least, facts. These \"gentlemen of high quality,\" as Castaneda called them, wanted to see for themselves whether the cities of Cibola had streets of silver. Hearsay was not enough. Rumor was to be replaced by first-hand knowledge.</p><p>Without discounting the hope for personal gain, these men presumably were fired with some further intellectual and spiritual motivation, among which must have been the desire for facts about these parts where we are assembled. Inscription Rock, only a few miles west of Albuquerque, bears illuminating tidbits of history. Don Diego de Vargas, says the carved inscription of 1692, came here \"A su costa\"—at his own expense.</p><p>We are attempting to survey and correlate some of the facts which people have gained about the nature of semi-arid lands. We are better off than the early Spanish explorers, for in the intervening period data and information have been accumulated in scope and in detail beyond the imagination of our predecessors. We have available excellent maps, knowledge of the soils and of the rocks, both at the surface and below the ground, measurements of precipitation, descriptions of the vegetation, data on the flow of streams, experience in the use, if not the husbandry, of the land.</p><p>It is true that for the purposes of our complex civilization, the need for additional data has far outstripped the programs of fact-finding. But it appears that an indefinite expansion of the collection of routine measurements would still leave something lacking. I draw the distinction between measurement data and understanding; between the collection of facts and knowledge of processes and interrelationships. Although we have a wealth of data, our understanding of the semi-arid environment is poor.</p><p>Understanding the physical and biologic processes operating in an environment is important for living in and with the land. As an example, let us look briefly at the interrelation of the water and sediment in ephemeral streams, and the problem of valley trenching or arroyo cutting.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The future of arid lands: Papers and recommendations from the International Arid Lands Meetings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Arid Lands Meetings","conferenceDate":"April 26 - May 4, 1955","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, NM","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/aic.690030425","usgsCitation":"Leopold, L.B., 1956, Data and understanding, <i>in</i> The future of arid lands: Papers and recommendations from the International Arid Lands Meetings, v. 43, Albuquerque, NM, April 26 - May 4, 1955, p. 114-120, https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690030425.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"114","endPage":"120","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":338080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d38d66e4b0236b68f98f9a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"White, Gilbert F.","contributorId":189688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Gilbert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685700,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Leopold, Luna Bergere","contributorId":93884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leopold","given":"Luna","email":"","middleInitial":"Bergere","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000372,"text":"1000372 - 1956 - Life history of lake herring of Green Bay, Lake Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1000372","displayToPublicDate":"1956-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1956","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history of lake herring of Green Bay, Lake Michigan","docAbstract":"Although the lake herring has been an important contributor to the commercial fish production of Green Bay, little has been known about it.  This study is based on field observations and data from about 6,500 lake herring collected over the period 1948 to 1952. Relatively nonselective commercial pound nets were a primary source of material for the study of age and growth. Commercial and experimental gill nets were used to obtain data on gear selectivity and vertical distribution.  Scales were employed to investigate age and growth. Age group IV normally dominated commercial catches during the first half of the calendar year and age group III the last half. At these ages the fish averaged about 10.5 inches in length. The season's growth started in May, was most rapid in July, and terminated near the end of October. The sexes grew at the same rate. Selectivity of fishing gear was found to influence the estimation of growth. Geographical and annual differences in growth are shown. Factors that might contribute to discrepancies in calculated growth are evaluated. Possible real and apparent causes of growth compensation are given. The relation between length and weight is shown to vary with sex, season, year, and method of capture.  Females were relatively more plentiful in commercial catches in February than in May through December. The percentage of females decreased with increase in age in pound-net catches but increased with age in gill-net samples. Within a year class the percentage of females decreased with increase in age.  Most Green Bay lake herring mature during their second or third year of life. They are pelagic spawners with most intensive spawning over shallow areas. Spawning takes place between mid-November and mid-December, and eggs hatch in April and May. Lake herring ovaries contained from 3,500 to 11,200 eggs (averaged 6,375). Progress of spawning by age, sex, and length is given.  Lake herring were distributed at all depths in Green Bay in early May, were concentrated within 30 feet of the surface in late May, moved to deeper water in June, and were restricted to depths greater than 30 feet in July when temperatures in shallower water became unfavorably high (greater than 18A?C.). In October, lake herring were again at all depths but were most abundant near the surface.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fishery Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.H., 1956, Life history of lake herring of Green Bay, Lake Michigan: Fishery Bulletin, v. 109, p. 87-138.","productDescription":"p. 87-138","startPage":"87","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"51","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a539f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Stanford H.","contributorId":86711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Stanford","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":308476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70159020,"text":"tei570 - 1955 - Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation 1953 and 1954","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:31:26","indexId":"tei570","displayToPublicDate":"2015-06-08T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"570","title":"Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation 1953 and 1954","docAbstract":"<p>Since 1947, the U.S. Geological Survey has measured and sampled phosphatic parts of the Permian Phosphoria formation and its partial stratigraphic correlatives at many localities in Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. &nbsp;Preliminary data on the thickness of the beds and their composition at localities sampled prior to 1952 have been issued already in TEI-183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 375, 376, 377, and 378. This report presents similar data on the localitites sampled in 1953 and 1954 (figs. 1, 2, and 3). &nbsp;The field and laboratory procedures adopted in these investigations are described in a previous report (McKelvey and others 1953a).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei570","usgsCitation":"Swanson, R.W., Carswell, L., Sheldon, R., and Cheney, T.M., 1955, Stratigraphic sections of the Phosphoria formation 1953 and 1954: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 570, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei570.","productDescription":"39 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309851,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei570.jpg"},{"id":310437,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/570/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, 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,{"id":70158927,"text":"tei226 - 1955 - Geology and beryl deposits of the Peerless pegmatite, Pennington County, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T12:35:16","indexId":"tei226","displayToPublicDate":"2015-05-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"226","title":"Geology and beryl deposits of the Peerless pegmatite, Pennington County, South Dakota","docAbstract":"<p>The Peerless pegmatite, half a mile south of Keystone, Pennington County, S. Dak., has been a large source of scrap mica and beryl. Feldspar, amblygonite, tantalite-columbite, and cassiterite also have been recovered.</p>\n<p>The pegmatite is intrusive into Precambrian quartz-mica schist. Much of the schist contains staurolite and chlorite. Staurolite has been partly altered to mica, quartz, and chlorite, especially near pegmatite contacts. The pegmatite is generally discordant with the schist, but in many places secondary schistosity has been developed parallel to the contact. Tourmaline and muscovite, presumably introduced by pegmatitic solutions, are characteristic of the wall rock near discordant contacts.</p>\n<p>At the surface the pegmatite is tadpole-shaped and is 580 feet long and 360 feet wide. In cross-section the pegmatite has an anticlinal form that suggests control of the intrusion by fractures bearing N. 30&deg;W. and dipping 45&deg;NE. and SW. Dike-like apophyses extending from the main pegmatite have various attitudes.</p>\n<p>The Peerless pegmatite is a complex pegmatite consisting of seven zones, two replacement units, and two types of fracture-fillings. These are: Zone 1, quartz-muscovite-plagioclase pegmatite (border zone); Zone 2, albite-quartz-muscovite pegmatite (wall zone); Zone 3, cleavelandite-quartz-muscovite pegmatite (first intermediate zone); Zone 4, perthite-cleavelandite-quartz pegmatite (second intermediate zone); Zone 5, clevelandite-quartz pegmatite (third intermediate zone); Zones 6a and b, quartz-microcline pegmatite and quartz pegmatite (fourth intermediate zone); Zone 7, lithia mica-cleavelandite pegmatite (core); lithia mica-cleavelandite-quartz replacement unit; muscovite-cleavelandite replacement unit; quartz fracture-fillings; and tourmaline-quartz fracture-fillings.</p>\n<p>Zones 1 and 2 consist of alternating layers of different texture and mineralogy that are parallel to the contact.&nbsp; The layers contain differing proportions of quartz, plagioclase, muscovite, perthite, and accessory minerals. Sugary albite-quartz aggregates are important constituents of some layers. Layers of similar composition may occur two, three, or perhaps more times. The overall mineralogic composition of Zones 1 and 2 is similar to the composition of wall zones in many other Black Hills pegmatite, Zones 3 to 7 are in the normal sequence of zones in Black Hills pegmatites.</p>\n<p>The structural, textural, and mineralogic data confirm previously published evidence from other Black Hills pegmatites that indicates crystallization of a magma-like fluid from the wall inward. Repetition of layers in Zones 1 and 2 indicates changes in composition of the fluid at the crystallizing face. These changes may have been caused by addition of new material from below, by loss of material to the wall rocks, or by failure of convection to maintain equilibrium throughout the fluid in the pegmatite chamber.&nbsp; Zone 3 to 7 are in the normal sequence of zoned pegmatites that indicates crystallization from a restricted or nearly closed system. The lithia mica-cleavelandite replacement unit, which extends outward from the core, shows that in, the very late stages of crystallization a pneumatolytic or hydrothermal fluid escaped outward and replaced previously crystallized pegmatite.</p>\n<p>Accessory minerals of the pegmatite include tourmaline, beryl, apatite, amblygonite (variety, montebrasite), lithia mica, cassiterite, tantalite-columbite, garnet, spodumene, svanbergite, loellingite (?), vivianite (?), triploidite (?), dahllite, and vari-colored phosphate minerals of the lithiophilitetriphylite group and their alteration products.</p>\n<p>The chemical composition of the pegmatite has been determined by estimating the mineral, constitution of the various units and by calculating the tonnage of these units by use of successive geologic sections.&nbsp; The principal constituents are: SiO<sub>2</sub> (77.0 percent), Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (13.7 percent), Na<sub>2</sub>O (5.0 percent), and K<sub>2</sub>O (1.7 percent).</p>\n<p>Chemical composition has also been determined for four subdivisions of the pegmatite: (A) Zones 1 and 2, (B) Zones 3 and 4, (C) Zone 5, and (D) Zones 6 and 7 and the replacement units. The content of Si0<sub>2</sub> increases and the content of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>&nbsp;decreases from the outer pan of the pegmatite inward. Na<sub>2</sub>O forms only 0.4 percent of the inner subdivision (D), but 4 .7 to 6.5 percent of the other subdivisions. &nbsp;K<sub>2</sub>O forms 4.0 percent of subdivision (B), but only 0.7 to 1.3 percent of the other subdivisions.</p>\n<p>Zone 3, the principal minable unit, contains 1. 7 percent beryl and 28 percent scrap mica. Beryl also constitutes more than 1 percent of parts of the wall zone, especially albite-rich layers of the inner part of the unit in the upper part of the pegmatite. Beryl is a less important constituent of other units of the pegmatite.</p>\n<p>Potash feldspar is mined chiefly from Zone 4.&nbsp; Clevelandite that can be hand-cobbed and sold as soda-feldspar occurs in Zones 3, 4, and 5. Amblygomlte forms between 0.5 and 1.0 percent of Zone 5.</p>\n<p>Reserves of beryl, scrap mica, potash feldspar, and amblygonite are one to six times past production.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/tei226","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.","usgsCitation":"Sheridan, D.M., Stephens, H.G., Staatz, M.H., and Norton, J., 1955, Geology and beryl deposits of the Peerless pegmatite, Pennington County, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 226, Report: 145 p.; 5 Plates: 46.49 x 35.93 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/tei226.","productDescription":"Report: 145 p.; 5 Plates: 46.49 x 35.93 inches or 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Douglas M.","contributorId":13966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, Hal G.","contributorId":51785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Hal","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Staatz, Mortimer H.","contributorId":55494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staatz","given":"Mortimer","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Norton, James J.","contributorId":6127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"James J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":576893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":51879,"text":"ofr55185 - 1955 - Logarithmic nomograph for water-analysis data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:23","indexId":"ofr55185","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-185","title":"Logarithmic nomograph for water-analysis data","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr55185","usgsCitation":"Vorhis, R., 1955, Logarithmic nomograph for water-analysis data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-185, NA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55185.","productDescription":"NA","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c0ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vorhis, R.C.","contributorId":32512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":244424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14595,"text":"ofr5591 - 1955 - Fitting curves to cyclic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T12:45:56","indexId":"ofr5591","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-91","title":"Fitting curves to cyclic data","docAbstract":"<p>A common problem in hydrology is to fit a smooth curve to cyclic or periodic data, either to define the most probable values of the data or to test some principle that one wishes to demonstrate. &nbsp;This study treats of those problems where the length or period of the cycle is know beforehand - as a day, year, or meander length for example. &nbsp;Curve-fitting can be made by free-hand drawing, and where the data are closely aligned this method offers the simplest and most direct course. &nbsp;However, there are many problems where the best fit is far from obvious, and analytical methods may be necessary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5591","usgsCitation":"Langbein, W.B., 1955, Fitting curves to cyclic data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-91, 11 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5591.","productDescription":"11 p","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5591.jpg"},{"id":310470,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0091/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef2dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langbein, W. B.","contributorId":102053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langbein","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":71616,"text":"tei595 - 1955 - On the air-scattering of gamma rays from thick uranium sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-23T16:01:33","indexId":"tei595","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":337,"text":"Trace Elements Investigations","code":"TEI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"595","title":"On the air-scattering of gamma rays from thick uranium sources","docAbstract":"<p>Semiquantative interpretation of data from airborne radioactivity surveying requires detailed knowledge of air-scattered gamma-ray intensity at considerable air distances from natural, thick uranium sources. Based on the concept of an elementary source of infinite\nthickness rather than on the classical point source, semi-empirical\nexpressions, are developed for measured gamma-radiation intensities from\n. the two extreme types of natural, thick uranium sources, the elementary\n(point) and t-he broad (semi-infinite) source. These expressions agree\nboth with extensive experimental data and with the form and structure\nof theory.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Theoretical computations based on published solutions of the\nBoltzmann equation for ga.m.ma-ray transport in one medium agree closely\nwith experimental measurements. The calculated value for primary,\nscattered,  and total intensities from thick uranium sources show that\nat considerable air distances the scattered intensities are more than\nhalf of the total intensities for energies above 0.4 Mev and become\nconsiderably more than half as the lower limit of detector energy\nresponse is decreased below 0.4 Mev.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tei595","collaboration":"This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Research of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission","usgsCitation":"Sakakura, A.Y., 1955, On the air-scattering of gamma rays from thick uranium sources: U.S. Geological Survey Trace Elements Investigations 595, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/tei595.","productDescription":"99 p.","numberOfPages":"100","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tei595.jpg"},{"id":285962,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tei/0595/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sakakura, Arthur Y.","contributorId":54117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakakura","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":284482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":51838,"text":"ofr5585 - 1955 - Ground-water hydraulics - A summary of lectures presented by John G. Ferris at short courses conducted by the Ground Water Branch, part 1, Theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T11:42:40","indexId":"ofr5585","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-85","title":"Ground-water hydraulics - A summary of lectures presented by John G. Ferris at short courses conducted by the Ground Water Branch, part 1, Theory","docAbstract":"<p>The objective of the Ground Water Branch is to evaluate the occurrence, availability, and quality of ground water. &nbsp;The science of ground-water hydrology is applied toward attaining that goal. &nbsp;Although many ground-water investigations are of a qualitative nature, quantitative studies are necessarily an integral component of the complete evaluation of occurrence and availability. &nbsp;The worth of an aquifer as a fully developed source of water depends largely on two inherent characteristics: its ability to store, and its ability to transmit water. &nbsp;Furthermore, quantitative knowledge of these characteristics facilitates measurement of hydrologic entities such as recharge, leakage, evapotranspiration, etc. &nbsp;It is recognized that these two characteristics, referred to as the coefficients of storage and transmissibility, generally provide the very foundation on which quantitative studies are constructed. &nbsp;Within the science of ground-water hydrology, ground-water hydraulics methods are applied to determine these constats from field data.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5585","usgsCitation":"Knowles, D., 1955, Ground-water hydraulics - A summary of lectures presented by John G. Ferris at short courses conducted by the Ground Water Branch, part 1, Theory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-85, vi, 105 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5585.","productDescription":"vi, 105 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":275882,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0085/report.pdf"},{"id":177862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0085/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668dad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, D.B.","contributorId":83898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22611,"text":"ofr5521 - 1955 - Data on water wells in Coyote, Cronise, Soda, and Silver Lake Valleys, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:50","indexId":"ofr5521","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-21","title":"Data on water wells in Coyote, Cronise, Soda, and Silver Lake Valleys, San Bernardino County, California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Ground Water Branch,","doi":"10.3133/ofr5521","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Burnham, W., 1955, Data on water wells in Coyote, Cronise, Soda, and Silver Lake Valleys, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-21, 48 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5521.","productDescription":"48 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52081,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0021/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52082,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham, W.L.","contributorId":58668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":51836,"text":"ofr5580 - 1955 - Water levels in observation wells in Nebraska during 1954","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T11:19:45","indexId":"ofr5580","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-80","title":"Water levels in observation wells in Nebraska during 1954","docAbstract":"<p>The observation well program, begun in 1934 in cooperation with the Conservation and Survey Division, University of Nebraska, was continued during 1954. &nbsp;The United States Geological Survey began a series of ground-water investigations in Nebraska during the fall of 1945, as part of the program for development of the Missouri River basin. &nbsp;These investigations, during 1954, consisted principally of the collection and compilation of water-level data. &nbsp;Most of the water-level measurements in this report were obtained and all were compiled as part of the Missouri River basin development program.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5580","usgsCitation":"Keech, C., and Case, R., 1955, Water levels in observation wells in Nebraska during 1954: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-80, 232 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5580.","productDescription":"232 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5580.jpg"},{"id":310417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0080/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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&nbsp;Most of these investigations are conducted in cooperation with the State of Washington, Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Water Resources. &nbsp;However, a few investigations, including the one in the Sammamish Lake area, have been made entirely with Federal funds. &nbsp;A similar investigation is now being made in the area to the west, including the city of Seattle and metropolitan areas to the north and south. &nbsp;It is planned that results of teh two investigations will be combined into a single comprehencive report. &nbsp;In order that the data collected can be made available sooner, this report as been prepared with only a brief explanatory and descriptive text.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5596","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Liesch, B.A., 1955, Records of wells, water levels, and quality of ground water in the Sammamish Lake area, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-96, Report: iii, 193 p.; Plate: 10.21 x 7.94 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5596.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 193 p.; Plate: 10.21 x 7.94 inches","numberOfPages":"197","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr5596.jpg"},{"id":310473,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0096/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310474,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0096/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County","otherGeospatial":"Sammamish Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.4525,47.5039],[-122.4596,47.4967],[-122.4606,47.4867],[-122.4338,47.4665],[-122.4438,47.4533],[-122.44,47.4491],[-122.4397,47.4361],[-122.43,47.4219],[-122.4394,47.4176],[-122.437,47.4072],[-122.4254,47.4018],[-122.3949,47.3992],[-122.3737,47.3883],[-122.3993,47.382],[-122.4365,47.3664],[-122.4433,47.3618],[-122.4541,47.344],[-122.4643,47.3436],[-122.4767,47.3518],[-122.4728,47.3619],[-122.4636,47.3742],[-122.4544,47.3706],[-122.4318,47.3888],[-122.4376,47.3933],[-122.439,47.4058],[-122.4619,47.4011],[-122.4667,47.3925],[-122.4619,47.3908],[-122.4524,47.395],[-122.4478,47.3874],[-122.4517,47.3839],[-122.4725,47.3872],[-122.4844,47.3803],[-122.4913,47.3325],[-122.5041,47.3309],[-122.5203,47.3345],[-122.527,47.3427],[-122.5279,47.3509],[-122.5152,47.3779],[-122.5275,47.3972],[-122.512,47.4219],[-122.5132,47.4529],[-122.4957,47.4767],[-122.4814,47.4827],[-122.4754,47.5108],[-122.4525,47.5039]]],[[[-121.1216,47.782],[-121.1059,47.7646],[-121.0904,47.7587],[-121.0923,47.7494],[-121.0788,47.738],[-121.0867,47.7246],[-121.0706,47.7178],[-121.0664,47.7086],[-121.0711,47.7049],[-121.0892,47.7039],[-121.0905,47.6933],[-121.1026,47.6919],[-121.124,47.6816],[-121.1266,47.6738],[-121.1224,47.6609],[-121.1331,47.6503],[-121.1242,47.6297],[-121.1154,47.6228],[-121.1153,47.6177],[-121.122,47.6108],[-121.1105,47.6017],[-121.1111,47.5961],[-121.1553,47.5936],[-121.1733,47.5811],[-121.1673,47.5775],[-121.1799,47.5655],[-121.2268,47.5634],[-121.2334,47.5564],[-121.2333,47.5436],[-121.2446,47.5329],[-121.2572,47.5241],[-121.2746,47.5249],[-121.2886,47.5152],[-121.2885,47.5065],[-121.2964,47.5005],[-121.2983,47.488],[-121.365,47.4637],[-121.3848,47.4457],[-121.384,47.4328],[-121.3947,47.4332],[-121.4038,47.4193],[-121.4253,47.4196],[-121.4204,47.4086],[-121.4343,47.3998],[-121.4268,47.3861],[-121.4409,47.3869],[-121.4433,47.3736],[-121.4594,47.3757],[-121.4653,47.3665],[-121.4597,47.3527],[-121.4355,47.3414],[-121.4307,47.3281],[-121.4444,47.3092],[-121.4337,47.306],[-121.4302,47.2928],[-121.422,47.2859],[-121.378,47.2862],[-121.3653,47.2904],[-121.3405,47.2823],[-121.3308,47.2552],[-121.3387,47.2469],[-121.3547,47.2413],[-121.3645,47.2238],[-121.3383,47.2162],[-121.3197,47.2153],[-121.3027,47.1966],[-121.3138,47.1704],[-121.2969,47.1521],[-121.2968,47.1429],[-121.306,47.1364],[-121.334,47.1339],[-121.3654,47.1425],[-121.3893,47.135],[-121.3918,47.1276],[-121.4011,47.123],[-121.405,47.1124],[-121.3962,47.1055],[-121.4035,47.1009],[-121.4001,47.0959],[-121.3801,47.0928],[-121.374,47.0869],[-121.3812,47.0813],[-121.4047,47.0931],[-121.4432,47.0855],[-121.4869,47.1146],[-121.5237,47.1249],[-121.5782,47.1185],[-121.5869,47.1207],[-121.6146,47.1444],[-121.6321,47.153],[-121.6621,47.1559],[-121.6774,47.1503],[-121.7194,47.1513],[-121.7436,47.1626],[-121.7549,47.1615],[-121.7751,47.1719],[-121.7911,47.174],[-121.8109,47.1624],[-121.8121,47.1578],[-121.8307,47.1525],[-121.8352,47.1461],[-121.8412,47.1446],[-121.8974,47.1565],[-121.9259,47.1465],[-121.9304,47.1405],[-121.9458,47.1418],[-121.9498,47.1449],[-121.9501,47.1546],[-121.9849,47.1629],[-121.9944,47.1706],[-122.0004,47.1687],[-122.0152,47.1764],[-122.0518,47.1718],[-122.0661,47.1864],[-122.0964,47.1971],[-122.1162,47.217],[-122.1123,47.2208],[-122.1191,47.2248],[-122.1241,47.2385],[-122.1349,47.2435],[-122.1378,47.254],[-122.1446,47.2576],[-122.3309,47.258],[-122.3337,47.2635],[-122.416,47.3198],[-122.3937,47.3278],[-122.3805,47.3265],[-122.3707,47.3346],[-122.3374,47.3414],[-122.324,47.3523],[-122.3259,47.3928],[-122.3303,47.4025],[-122.3491,47.4176],[-122.3544,47.4411],[-122.3818,47.4503],[-122.3682,47.4592],[-122.3698,47.4688],[-122.3617,47.4852],[-122.3877,47.5033],[-122.3979,47.5161],[-122.3942,47.5246],[-122.4006,47.5295],[-122.3961,47.5359],[-122.3998,47.5541],[-122.4104,47.5693],[-122.4199,47.575],[-122.386,47.5953],[-122.3713,47.5843],[-122.3633,47.585],[-122.3592,47.5744],[-122.3575,47.5897],[-122.3478,47.5903],[-122.3461,47.5747],[-122.3433,47.5744],[-122.3431,47.5931],[-122.3374,47.5999],[-122.3417,47.6066],[-122.3781,47.6266],[-122.3782,47.6316],[-122.3792,47.6273],[-122.3814,47.6331],[-122.3828,47.6258],[-122.3839,47.6308],[-122.3958,47.6308],[-122.4111,47.6377],[-122.4171,47.6424],[-122.4205,47.6525],[-122.4339,47.6608],[-122.4092,47.6714],[-122.4039,47.6653],[-122.3675,47.6553],[-122.388,47.6651],[-122.4019,47.6664],[-122.4105,47.676],[-122.4037,47.6899],[-122.4057,47.6944],[-122.3824,47.7071],[-122.3736,47.7278],[-122.3824,47.747],[-122.3806,47.7592],[-122.3937,47.7709],[-122.3952,47.7778],[-121.972,47.776],[-121.1216,47.782]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"King\",\"state\":\"WA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liesch, Bruce A.","contributorId":71208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liesch","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":51870,"text":"ofr55170 - 1955 - Compilation of flood data in Arizona, 1862-1953","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:32","indexId":"ofr55170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"55-170","title":"Compilation of flood data in Arizona, 1862-1953","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr55170","usgsCitation":"Smith, W., and Heckler, W., 1955, Compilation of flood data in Arizona, 1862-1953: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 55-170, 112 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr55170.","productDescription":"112 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":100131,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0170/report.pdf","size":"40857","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1955/0170/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9fc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Winchell","contributorId":20311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winchell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heckler, W. L.","contributorId":106566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heckler","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2845,"text":"wsp1298 - 1955 - Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-05T09:11:18","indexId":"wsp1298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1298","title":"Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water","docAbstract":"<p>The area described in this report is the flood plain of the Grand River and the bordering benchlands in Perkins and Corson Counties, S. Dak., from a point about 6 miles west of the town of Shadehill to the confluence of the Grand and Missouri Rivers near Mobridge.</p>\n<p>The exposed bedrock formations include the Pierre shale, the Fox Hills sandstone, and the Hell Creek formation of Late Cretaceous age, and-the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation of Tertiary (Paleocene) age. Some stringers of the Cannonball formation probably interfinger with beds of the Ludlow member but none of the former was identified during the field investigations. The Pierre shale is exposed from the mouth of the Grand River to approximately the center of the area. Although a few wells in the area obtain water from this formation, it is not generally considered to be a source of supply. The Fox Hills sandstone, the Hell Creek formation, and the Ludlow member of the Fort Union formation are exposed successively upstream and, where saturated, yield small to moderate quantities of water to wells.</p>\n<p>Unconsolidated deposits of silt, sand, and gravel occur in several physiographic positions; they underlie the high benchland on both sides of the river, the poorly defined terraces along the river, and the flood plain throughout its entire length. Possibly all these unconsolidated deposits are water bearing; however, where the deposits on the benchland and in the terraces are dissected by streams, they probably contain little or no water.</p>\n<p>The average depth to ground water along the lower Grand River valley is about 17 feet. Probably, the flow of ground water in the bottom lands is nearly parallel to and slightly toward the surface stream. The measurements of the water level in observation wells for the period 1946-48 indicate that the fluctuations of the water table are small.</p>\n<p>The results of analyses of 13 samples of ground water from the alluvium and the Hell Creek formation show that the suitability of the ground water for use varies because of the considerable range in mineralization and composition. Dissolved solids ranged from 343 to 4,250 parts per million (ppm), hardness from 11 to 1,130 ppm, and percentage of sodium from 25 to 98. Concentrations of some of the individual constituents exceed standards of the United States Public Health Service. The water is moderately hard and contains undesirable amounts of iron and moderate to large amounts of dissolved solids. In general, the water quality ranges from excellent to unsuitable for irrigation use. The result of the mixing of the ground water with recharge water from Shadehill Reservoir cannot be predicted on the basis of available data.</p>\n<p>The geologic and hydrologic data in this report were obtained from earlier reports and from field observations during the period 1946-48. The report includes a geologic map and tabulated well records.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Print Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","doi":"10.3133/wsp1298","usgsCitation":"Tychsen, P.C., Vorhis, R., and Jochens, E.R., 1955, Reconnaissance of geology and ground water in the lower Grand River valley, South Dakota, with a section on Chemical quality of the ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1298, Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 33 p.; 2 Plates: 30.00 x 18.15 inches and 27.50 x 9.69 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29415,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29416,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":29417,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Grand River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -102.23876953125,\n              45.336701909968106\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.23876953125,\n              45.73685954736049\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              45.73685954736049\n            ],\n            [\n              -100.30517578125,\n              45.336701909968106\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.23876953125,\n              45.336701909968106\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c389","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tychsen, Paul C.","contributorId":82683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tychsen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vorhis, R.C.","contributorId":32512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vorhis","given":"R.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":145894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jochens, Eugene R.","contributorId":55804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jochens","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":63254,"text":"gq61 - 1955 - Geology of the Calamity Mesa quadrangle, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T20:28:28.981251","indexId":"gq61","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":316,"text":"Geologic Quadrangle","code":"GQ","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"61","title":"Geology of the Calamity Mesa quadrangle, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>The series of Geologic Quadrangle Maps of the United States continues the series of quadrangle maps begun with the folios of the Geologic Atlas of the United States, which were published from 1894 to 1945. The present series consists of geologic maps, supplemented where possible by structure sections, columnar sections, and other graphic means of presenting geologic data, and accompanied by a brief explanatory text to make the maps useful for general scientific and economic purposes. Full description and interpretation of the geology of the areas shown on these maps are reserved for publication in other channels, such as the Bulletins and Professional Papers of the Geological Survey. Separate maps of the same areas, covering bedrock, surficial, engineering, and other phases of geology, may be published in the geologic quadrangle map series.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/gq61","usgsCitation":"Cater, F., 1955, Geology of the Calamity Mesa quadrangle, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle 61, Report: 2 p.; Plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/gq61.","productDescription":"Report: 2 p.; Plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":102541,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_990.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"990"},{"id":252764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":249365,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gq/0061/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Calamity Mesa quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.875,38.5 ], [ -108.875,38.625 ], [ -108.75,38.625 ], [ -108.75,38.5 ], [ -108.875,38.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0ae4b07f02db69d543","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cater, Fred W.","contributorId":26295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cater","given":"Fred W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":268557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":4152,"text":"cir363 - 1955 - Coal reserves of the Pittsburgh (No. 8) bed in Belmont County, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-27T22:30:09.132527","indexId":"cir363","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"363","title":"Coal reserves of the Pittsburgh (No. 8) bed in Belmont County, Ohio","docAbstract":"Remaining coal reserves totaling 1,929 million tons have been appraised in the Pittsburgh (No. 8) coal bed in Belmont County, Ohio. Of these, 508 million tons are classified as measured and 1,421 million tons are classified as indicated. All the coal has less than 1,000 feet of overburden, and most of it is of high volatile A bituminous rank. \r\n\r\nThis estimate is based on field work by the United States Geological Survey, supplemented by data from the fries of the Ohio Geological Survey and from mine and drill-hole records provided by mining companies.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir363","usgsCitation":"Berryhill, H., 1955, Coal reserves of the Pittsburgh (No. 8) bed in Belmont County, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 363, iv, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir363.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395026,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23702.htm"},{"id":31258,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1955/0363/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1955/0363/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Belmont County","otherGeospatial":"Pittsburgh (No. 8) bed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.224,\n              39.841\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7,\n              39.841\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7,\n              40.167\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.224,\n              40.167\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.224,\n              39.841\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c6b05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berryhill, Henry L.","contributorId":83107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berryhill","given":"Henry L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1162,"text":"wsp1357 - 1955 - Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:12","indexId":"wsp1357","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1955","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1357","title":"Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska","docAbstract":"A natural chute in the Niobrara River near Cody, Nebr., constricts the flow of the river except at high stages to a narrow channel in which the turbulence is sufficient to suspend nearly the total sediment discharge. Because much of the flow originates in the sandhills area of Nebraska, the water discharge and sediment discharge are relatively uniform. \r\n\r\nSediment discharges based on depth-integrated samples at a contracted section in the chute and on streamflow records at a recording gage about 1,900 feet upstream are available for the period from April 1948 to September 1953 but are not given directly as continuous records in this report. Sediment measurements have been made periodically near the gage and at other nearby relatively unconfined sections of the stream for comparison with measurements at the contracted section. \r\n\r\nSediment discharge at these relatively unconfined sections was computed from formulas for comparison with measured sediment discharges at the contracted section. A form of the Du Boys formula gave computed tonnages of sediment that were unsatisfactory. Sediment discharges as computed from the Schoklitsch formula agreed well with measured sediment discharges that were low, but they were much too low at measured sediment discharges that were higher. The Straub formula gave computed discharges, presumably of bed material, that were several times larger than measured discharges of sediment coarser than 0.125 millimeter. All three of these formulas gave computed sediment discharges that increased with water discharges much less rapidly than the measured discharges of sediment coarser than 0.125 millimeter. \r\n\r\nThe Einstein procedure when applied to a reach that included 10 defined cross sections gave much better agreement between computed sediment discharge and measured sediment discharge than did anyone of the three other formulas that were used. This procedure does not compute the discharge of sediment that is too small to be found in the stream bed in appreciable quantities. Hence, total sediment discharges were obtained by adding computed discharges of sediment larger than 0.125 millimeter to measured discharges of sediment smaller than 0.125 millimeter. The size distributions of the computed sediment discharge compared poorly with the size distributions of sediment discharge at the contracted section. Ten sediment discharges computed from the Einstein procedure as applied to a single section averaged several times the measured sediment discharge for the contracted section and gave size distributions that were unsatisfactory.\r\n\r\nThe Einstein procedure was modified to compute total sediment discharge at an alluvial section from readily measurable field data. The modified procedure uses measurements of bed-material particle sizes, suspended-sediment concentrations and particle sizes from depth-integrated samples, streamflow, and water temperatures. Computations of total sediment discharge were made by using this modified procedure, some for the section at the gaging station and some for each of two other relatively unconfined sections. The size distributions of the computed and the measured sediment discharges agreed reasonably well. Major advantages of this modified procedure include applicability to a single section rather than to a reach of channel, use of measured velocity instead of water-surface slope, use of depth-integrated samples, and apparently fair accuracy for computing both total sediment discharge and approximate size distribution of the sediment. Because of these advantages this modified procedure is being further studied to increase its accuracy, to simplify the required computations, and to define its limitations. \r\n\r\nIn the development of the modified procedure, some relationships concerning theories of sediment transport were reviewed and checked against field data. Vertical distributions of suspended sediment at relatively unconfined sections did not agree well with theoretical dist","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ; for sale by U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1357","isbn":"pbk","usgsCitation":"Colby, B.R., and Hembree, C., 1955, Computations of total sediment discharge, Niobrara River near Cody, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1357, vii, 187 p. :ill. ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1357.","productDescription":"vii, 187 p. :ill. ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25989,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25990,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25991,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25992,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25993,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25994,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25995,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":25996,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1357/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colby, Bruce R.","contributorId":59775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colby","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hembree, C. 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