Fault stepovers are prime examples of geometric complexity in natural fault zones that may affect seismic hazard by determining whether an earthquake rupture continues propagating or abruptly stops. However, the long‐term pattern of seismicity near‐fault stepovers and underlying mechanisms of rupture jumping in the context of earthquake cycles are rarely studied. Leveraging a hybrid numerical scheme combining the finite element and the spectral boundary integral methods, FEBE, we carry out fully dynamic simulations of sequences of earthquakes and aseismic slip for both compressive and tensile stepovers with off‐fault plasticity. We consider a rate‐and‐state friction law for the fault friction and pressure‐sensitive Drucker–Prager plasticity for the off‐fault bulk response. We observe that the accumulation of plastic deformation, an indication of off‐fault damage, is significantly different in the two cases, with more plastic deformation projected in the overlapping region for the tensile stepover. The seismic pattern for a tensile stepover is more complex than for a compressive stepover, and incorporating plasticity also increases complexity, relative to the elastic case. A tensile stepover with off‐fault plasticity shows rupture segmentation, temporal clustering, and frequent rupture jumping from one fault to another. These results shed light on possible mechanisms of rupture jumping in fault stepovers as well as the long‐term evolution of the fault zone.
Terrestrial soils in forested landscapes represent some of the largest mercury (Hg) reserves globally. Wildfire can alter the storage and distribution of terrestrial-bound Hg via reemission to the atmosphere or mobilization in watersheds where it may become available for methylation and uptake into food webs. Using data associated with the 2007 Moonlight and Antelope Fires in California, we examined the long-term direct effects of wildfire burn severity on the distribution and magnitude of Hg concentrations in riparian food webs. Additionally, we quantified the cross-ecosystem transfer of Hg from aquatic invertebrate to riparian bird communities; and assessed the influence of biogeochemical, landscape variables, and ecological factors on Hg concentrations in aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Benthic macroinvertebrate methylmercury (MeHg) and riparian bird blood total mercury (THg) concentrations varied by 710- and 760-fold, respectively, and Hg concentrations were highest in predators. We found inconsistent relationships between Hg concentrations across and within taxa and guilds in response to stream chemical parameters and burn severity. Macroinvertebrate scraper MeHg concentrations were influenced by dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, that relationship was moderated by burn severity (as burn severity increased the effect of DOC declined). Omnivorous bird Hg concentrations declined with increasing burn severity. Overall, taxa more linked to in situ energetic pathways may be more responsive to the biogeochemical processes that influence MeHg cycling. Remarkably, 8 years post-fire, we still observed evidence of burn severity influencing Hg concentrations within riparian food webs, illustrating its overarching role in altering the storage and redistribution of Hg and influencing biogeochemical processes.
Effective ecological restoration requires empirical assessment to determine outcomes of projects, but conclusions regarding the effects of restoration treatments on the whole ecosystem remain rare. Control of invasive shrubs and trees in the genus Tamarix and associated riparian restoration in the American Southwest has been of interest to scientists and resource managers for decades; dozens of studies have reported highly variable outcomes of Tamarix control efforts, as measured by a range of response variables, temporal and spatial scales and monitoring strategies. We conducted a literature search and review, meta-analysis and vote count (comparison of numerical outcomes lacking reported variances and/or sample sizes) on published papers that quantitatively measured a variety of responses to control of Tamarix. From 96 publications obtained through a global search on terms related to Tamarix control, we found 52 publications suitable for a meta-analysis (n = 777 comparisons) and 63 publications suitable for two vote counts (n = 1,460 comparisons total; 622 comparisons reported as statistically significant) of response to Tamarix control. We estimated responses to control by treatment type (e.g. cut-stump treatment, burning, biocontrol) and ecosystem component (e.g. vegetation, fauna, fluvial processes). Finally, we compared results of the various synthesis methods to determine whether the increasingly stringent requirements for inclusion led to biased outcomes. Vegetation metrics, especially measures of Tamarix response, were the most commonly assessed. Ecosystem components other than vegetation, such as fauna, soils and hydrogeomorphic dynamics, were under-represented. The meta-analysis showed significantly positive responses by vegetation overall to biocontrol, herbicide and cut-stump treatments. This was primarily due to reduction of Tamarix cover; impacts on replacement vegetation were highly variable. We found concordance amongst our varied synthesis approaches, indicating that increased granularity from stricter quantitative techniques does not come at the cost of a biased sample. Overall, our results indicate that common control methods are generally effective for reducing Tamarix, but the indirect effects on other aspects of the ecosystem are variable and remain understudied. Given that this is a relatively well-studied invasive plant species, our results also illustrate the limitations of not only individual studies, but also of reviews for measuring the impact of invasive species control. We call on researchers to investigate the less commonly studied responses to Tamarix control and riparian restoration including the effects on fauna, soil and hydrogeomorphic characteristics.
Continental rejuvenation results from the tectonic reactivation of crustal structures and lithospheric reworking by mantle flow. Geochemical observations and field mapping have traditionally provided the primary evidence for the secular evolution of crustal composition and tectonic processes during continental rejuvenation. Nonetheless, the impact of continental rejuvenation on the observed present-day strain rate and orogenic-scale lithospheric structure has not been well constrained. The pre-existing E-W–trending Central China Orogenic Belt has been overprinted by the N-S–trending Central Longitudinal Seismic Belt and constitutes the intracontinental West Qinling Syntaxis in central China, where the tectonic setting changes eastward from contraction to extension. Combining updated global positioning system data and high-resolution crustal seismic tomography, we reveal a modern continental rejuvenation process within the West Qinling Syntaxis in central China. The northward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau's weak lithospheric layer (middle-lower crust and lithospheric mantle) of southwestern China relative to the rigid Sichuan Basin/Ordos Block of the eastern West Qinling Syntaxis results in regional dextral shearing that shapes the Central Longitudinal Seismic Belt and defines the eastern Tibetan Plateau margin. The pre-existing E-W–trending Central China Orogenic Belt has been preserved above the brittle-ductile transition zone, and the northward movement of the deep lithospheric layer drives the deformation of the upper crust in the West Qinling Syntaxis. Our results, along with previous studies, suggest the presence of an intracontinental lithospheric interchange structure in central China. The continental rejuvenation of the West Qinling Syntaxis results from a combination of fault reactivation in the upper crust (Stage I, Eocene–Oligocene) and reworking of the deep lithosphere (Stage II, middle–late Miocene) related to the plateau-wide shift in stress accommodation ultimately driven by the redistribution of mass outward from the central Tibetan Plateau. At present, the transition zone between the high- and low-velocity anomalies along the Central Longitudinal Seismic Belt not only shapes the landscape boundary but controls the size and recurrence interval of earthquakes within the West Qinling Syntaxis in central China.
Sedimentary basins provide a deep time archive of tectonic and Earth-surface processes that can be leveraged by detrital mineral U-Pb dating and geochemistry to track paleogeography, magmatism, and crustal evolution. Zircon preserves the long-term (billions of years) record of supercontinent cycles; however, it is biased toward preserving felsic crustal records. Detrital rutile complements the detrital zircon record by providing constraints on the time and temperature of rifting and mafic magmatism, metamorphism, exhumation of the middle and lower crust, subduction, and amagmatic orogenesis. We use detrital zircon U-Pb and detrital rutile U-Pb geochronology and trace element analysis of Permian to Eocene siliciclastic rocks in the southern Pyrenees to capture supercontinent cycles of ocean basins opening and closing. Detrital rutile age spectra show peaks at ca. 100 Ma associated with rifting and hyperextension in the Pyrenean realm, 200 Ma associated with the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province, and 330 Ma, 375 Ma, and 400 Ma associated with subduction and Rheic Ocean crust formation. Zr-in-rutile thermometry and rutile Cr-Nb systematics provide further insight into metamorphic facies (peak metamorphic temperatures) and source rock lithology (mafic versus felsic affinity). Detrital zircon age spectra have peaks at ca. 300 Ma, 450 Ma, and 600 Ma associated with major orogenic events and felsic magmatism, and Th/U ratios provide information on relative zircon formation temperatures. Comparison of these independent records shows that detrital rutile reflects rifting, magma-poor orogenesis, and oceanic lithospheric processes, while detrital zircon detects continental lithospheric processes. Integrated detrital zircon and rutile data sets archive past geological events across multiple Wilson cycles.
Sex-related differences in vital rates that drive population change reflect the basic life history of a species. However, for visually monomorphic bird species, determining the effect of sex on demographics can be a challenge. In this study, we investigated the effect of sex on apparent survival, recruitment, and breeding propensity in the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), a monochromatic, slightly size dimorphic species with known age, known sex, and known breeding history data collected during 1996–2019 (n = 2127 birds) from three breeding colonies on Ross Island, Antarctica. Using a multistate capture–mark–recapture maximum-likelihood model, we estimated apparent survival (
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National Geospatial Program
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Mail Stop 511
Reston, VA 20192
Email: 3DEP@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"The conceptual risk framework, previously developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, for uranium mining was updated to include indigenous knowledge components informed by the Havasupai Tribe perspective. This General Information Product was designed to show the contaminant risk framework from the Havasupai perspective.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip240","usgsCitation":"Tilousi, C., and Hinck, J.E., 2024, Conceptual risk framework—Havasupai perspective: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 240, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip240.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-159837","costCenters":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/240/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":425789,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231092","text":"Open-File Report 2023–1092"},{"id":425863,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/gip241","text":"General Information Product 241"},{"id":425725,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/240/gip240.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"GIP 240"},{"id":425788,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/gip239","text":"General Information Product 239"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.19147841939832,\n 38.32491175913418\n ],\n [\n -117.19147841939832,\n 32.88011313999995\n ],\n [\n -110.33600966939846,\n 32.88011313999995\n ],\n [\n -110.33600966939846,\n 38.32491175913418\n ],\n [\n -117.19147841939832,\n 38.32491175913418\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Associate Director, Natural Hazards Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
The conceptual risk framework, previously developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, for uranium mining was updated to include indigenous knowledge components informed by the Havasupai Tribe perspective. This General Information Product was designed to show the contaminant exposure framework from the Havasupai perspective.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/gip239","usgsCitation":"Tilousi, C., and Hinck, J.E., 2024, Contaminant exposure framework—Havasupai perspective: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 239, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/gip239.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-159833","costCenters":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425699,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/239/gip239.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"GIP 239"},{"id":425698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/239/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":425792,"rank":3,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/gip240","text":"General Information Product 240"},{"id":425862,"rank":4,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/gip241","text":"General Information Product 241"},{"id":425793,"rank":5,"type":{"id":23,"text":"Spatial Data"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231092","text":"Open-File Report 2023–1092"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.19147841939832,\n 38.32491175913418\n ],\n [\n -117.19147841939832,\n 32.88011313999995\n ],\n [\n -110.33600966939846,\n 32.88011313999995\n ],\n [\n -110.33600966939846,\n 38.32491175913418\n ],\n [\n -117.19147841939832,\n 38.32491175913418\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Associate Director, Natural Hazards Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192
Oceanic seabirds have suffered population declines and extirpations due to human disturbance and still face multiple threats. Here, we assessed the potential genetic vulnerability of the red-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda, a seabird species threatened by human disturbance and listed as ‘least concern’ by the IUCN. Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) we evaluated the genetic population structure of the red-tailed tropicbird throughout the Pacific Ocean using samples from 132 individuals from six islands. We sampled individuals from islands without human-related disturbance (non-impacted islands) and with human-related disturbance (impacted islands). Results of genome-wide SNP analyses were consistent with previous results using mitochondrial DNA sequences analyses. Genetic diversity did not differ between impacted and non-impacted islands, and low inbreeding estimates were detected for all colonies. The SNPs analyses confirmed a pattern of isolation by distance and significant inter-regional (Chile, Australasia, and Hawaiʻi) genetic structure, but revealed greater differentiation of tropicbirds in Hawaiʻi compared with Chile and Australasia. Within regions, our results further indicated significant differentiation between Rapa Nui and Salas & Gómez Island (Chile), and between Meyer and Phillip islands (Australasia) that was not detected using mitochondrial DNA analyses. Within Hawaiʻi, we found a lack of significant genetic differentiation between Oʻahu and Kauaʻi, separated by 200 km. Our findings indicated that red-tailed tropicbird colonies are at genetic risk due to limited dispersal among colonies which may reduce the fitness of the species in the long-term. We suggest that red-tailed tropicbird colonies are vulnerable to future population declines because recovery through immigration from other islands may be limited by geographic distance. Conservation actions will help preserve genetic diversity and discrete populations for this native seabird at colonies throughout the Pacific.
The crustal evolution of the southernmost ∼2000–1800 Ma Trans-Hudson orogen (THO) is enigmatic due to burial by Phanerozoic sediments. We provide new insights through petrochronologic analysis of a paragneiss drill core sample. Detrital zircon age peaks at 2625, 2340, and 1880 Ma and Hf isotopes suggest Paleoproterozoic arc development proximal to Archean source(s). Phase equilibria modeling and ternary feldspar thermometry suggest peak conditions of ≥1 GPa, ≥900°C, the first recognition of extreme, ultra-high temperature metamorphism in the THO. The largely isobaric P-T path, rapid heating rate, and ∼20 Myr duration (1872–1850 Ma) of peak conditions suggest that this metamorphism occurred in a back-arc tectonic setting. The sample records post-peak (1850–1815 Ma) mid-crustal residence, slow cooling, and exhumation. Further retrogression occurred during Proterozoic regional exhumation (1630–1470 Ma) and Phanerozoic (360–220 Ma) reheating and/or fluid influx. Evidence for Paleoproterozoic arc(s) supports geophysical data for Archean cratonic and Paleoproterozoic arc crust in this region.
Legacy contaminants and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) were assessed in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) tissue and diet samples from three drainages in the Milwaukee estuary, Wisconsin, USA, to understand exposures and possible biomarker responses. Two remote Wisconsin lakes were assessed for comparative purposes. Bioaccumulative classes of contaminants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, while at higher concentrations than the reference lakes, did not vary significantly among sites or among the three drainages. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were assessed in diet and sediment and were from primarily pyrogenic sources. Ten biomarkers were assessed relative to contaminant exposure. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were elevated above reference conditions at all Milwaukee sites but did not correlate with any measured biomarker responses. Only one site, Cedarburg, just downstream from a Superfund site, had elevated PCBs compared to other sites in the Milwaukee estuary. Few non-organochlorine insecticides or herbicides were detected in tree swallow liver tissue, except for the atrazine metabolite desethylatrazine. Few pharmaceuticals and personal care products were detected in liver tissue except for N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, iopamidol, and two antibiotics. The present study is one of the most comprehensive assessments to date, along with the previously published Maumee River data, on the exposure and effects of a wide variety of CECs in birds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;00:1–22. © 2024 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
We present a practical approach to intercompare a range of candidate digital elevation models (DEMs) based on predefined criteria and a statistically sound ranking approach. The presented approach integrates the randomized complete block design (RCBD) into a novel framework for DEM comparison. The method presented provides a flexible, statistically sound, and customizable tool for evaluating the quality of any raster—in this case, a DEM—by means of a ranking approach, which takes into account a confidence level and can use both quantitative and qualitative criteria. The users can design their own criteria for the quality evaluation in relation to their specific needs. The application of the RCBD method to rank six 1′′ global DEMs, considering a wide set of study sites, covering different morphological and land cover settings, highlights the potentialities of the approach. We used a suite of criteria relating to the differences in the elevation, slope, and roughness distributions compared to reference DEMs aggregated from 1- to 5-m light detection and ranging (LiDAR)-derived DEMs. Results confirmed the significant superiority of Copernicus DEM (CopDEM) 1′′ and its derivative forests and buildings removed DEM (FABDEM) as the overall best 1′′ global DEMs. They are slightly better than Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and clearly outperform NASADEM and SRTM, which are, in turn, much better than advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER).
The hydrological effects of climate change are documented in many regions; however, climate-driven impacts to the source and transport of river nutrients remain poorly understood. Understanding the factors controlling nutrient dynamics across river systems is critical to preserve ecosystem function yet challenging given the complexity of landscape and climate interactions. Here, we harness a large regional dataset of nitrate (NO3–) yield, concentration, and isotopic composition (δ15N and δ18O) to evaluate the strength of hydroclimate and landscape variables in controlling the seasonal source and transport of NO3–. We show that hydroclimate strongly influenced the seasonality of river NO3–, producing distinct, source-dependent NO3– regimes across rivers from two mountain ranges. Riverine responses to hydroclimate were also constrained by watershed-scale topographic features, demonstrating that while regional climate strongly influences the timing of river NO3– transport, watershed topography plays a distinct role in mediating the sensitivity of river NO3– dynamics to future change.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/s43247-024-01235-8","usgsCitation":"Elmstrom, E., Holtgrieve, G., Scheuerell, M.D., Andrew J. Schauer, and Leazer, K., 2024, Climate and landform interact to control the source and transport of nitrate in Pacific Northwest rivers: Communications Earth and Environment, v. 5, 90, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01235-8.","productDescription":"90, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-149744","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487967,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01235-8","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":486521,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.87855871265536,\n 34.69978264689745\n ],\n [\n -113.87855871265536,\n 34.0589425188774\n ],\n [\n -113.23223159100554,\n 34.0589425188774\n ],\n [\n -113.23223159100554,\n 34.69978264689745\n ],\n [\n -113.87855871265536,\n 34.69978264689745\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3245432375632,\n 49.988705305763744\n ],\n [\n -122.3245432375632,\n 45.99397202023496\n ],\n [\n -119.56144227480337,\n 45.99397202023496\n ],\n [\n -119.56144227480337,\n 49.988705305763744\n ],\n [\n -122.3245432375632,\n 49.988705305763744\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elmstrom, Elizabeth J.","contributorId":355859,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elmstrom","given":"Elizabeth J.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":938283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holtgrieve, Gordon W.","contributorId":355860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holtgrieve","given":"Gordon W.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":938284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scheuerell, Mark David 0000-0002-8284-1254","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8284-1254","contributorId":288621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheuerell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":938285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andrew J. Schauer","contributorId":355861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andrew J. Schauer","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":938286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leazer, Karrin","contributorId":355862,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leazer","given":"Karrin","affiliations":[{"id":12723,"text":"Western Washington University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":938287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70261843,"text":"70261843 - 2024 - GRACE and GRACE Follow-On gravity observations of intermediate-depth earthquakes contrasted with those of shallow events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-30T17:18:50.481926","indexId":"70261843","displayToPublicDate":"2024-02-19T09:08:59","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7167,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GRACE and GRACE Follow-On gravity observations of intermediate-depth earthquakes contrasted with those of shallow events","docAbstract":"Earthquakes involve mass redistribution within the solid Earth and the ocean, and as a result, perturb the Earth's gravitational field. For most of the shallow (<60 km) earthquakes with Mw > 8.0, the GRACE satellite gravity measurements suggest considerable volumetric disturbance of rocks. At a spatial scale of hundreds of km, the effect of volumetric change exceeds gravity change by vertical deformation; for example, negative gravity anomalies associated with volumetric expansion are characteristic patterns after shallow thrust events. In this study, however, we report contrasting observations of gravity change from two intermediate-depth (100–150 km) earthquakes of 2016 & 2017 Mw 8.0 (two combined) Papua New Guinea thrust faulting events and 2019 Mw 8.0 Peru normal faulting and highlight the importance of compressibility in earthquake deformation. The combined 2016/17 thrust events resulted in a positive gravity anomaly of 5–6 microGal around the epicenter, while the 2019 normal faulting produced a negative gravity anomaly of 3–4 microGal. Our modeling found that these gravity changes are manifestation of vertical deformation with limited volumetric change, distinct from gravity changes after the shallow earthquakes. The stronger resistance of rocks to volume change at intermediate-depth results in largely incompressible deformation and thus in a gravity change dominated by vertical deformation. In addition, malleable rocks under high pressure and temperature at depth facilitated substantial afterslip and/or fast viscoelastic relaxation causing additional vertical deformation and gravity change equivalent to the coseismic change. For the Papua New Guinea events, this means that postseismic relaxation enhanced coseismic uplift and relative sea level decrease.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2023JB028362","usgsCitation":"Han, S., Sauber, J., Broerse, T., Pollitz, F., Okal, E., Jeon, T., Seo, K., and Stanaway, R., 2024, GRACE and GRACE Follow-On gravity observations of intermediate-depth earthquakes contrasted with those of shallow events: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 129, e2023JB028362, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JB028362.","productDescription":"e2023JB028362, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-152518","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467030,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jb028362","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":465528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"129","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Han, Shin-Chan","contributorId":187537,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Han","given":"Shin-Chan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":922002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauber, Jeanne","contributorId":243991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sauber","given":"Jeanne","affiliations":[{"id":40052,"text":"NASA Goddard","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broerse, Taco","contributorId":347568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Broerse","given":"Taco","affiliations":[{"id":83193,"text":"Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pollitz, Frederick 0000-0002-4060-2706 fpollitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-2706","contributorId":139578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"Frederick","email":"fpollitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":922005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Okal, Emile","contributorId":347569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Okal","given":"Emile","affiliations":[{"id":83194,"text":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jeon, Taehwan","contributorId":347570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jeon","given":"Taehwan","affiliations":[{"id":83195,"text":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Seo, Ki-Weon","contributorId":347571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seo","given":"Ki-Weon","affiliations":[{"id":83195,"text":"Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":922008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stanaway, Richard","contributorId":347586,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanaway","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":922022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70252515,"text":"70252515 - 2024 - PFAS river export analysis highlights the urgent need for catchment-scale mass loading data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T12:12:29.714027","indexId":"70252515","displayToPublicDate":"2024-02-19T07:11:31","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5022,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology Letters","onlineIssn":"2328-8930","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PFAS river export analysis highlights the urgent need for catchment-scale mass loading data","docAbstract":"Source apportionment of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) requires an understanding of the mass loading of these compounds in river basins. However, there is a lack of temporally variable and catchment-scale mass loading data, meaning identification and prioritization of sources of PFAS to rivers for management interventions can be difficult. Here, we analyze PFAS concentrations and loads in the River Mersey to provide the first temporally robust estimates of PFAS export for a European river system and the first estimates of the contribution of wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) to total river PFAS export. We estimate an annual PFAS export of 68.1 kg for the River Mersey and report that the yield of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the catchment is among the highest recorded globally. Analysis of river and WwTW loads indicates approximately one-third of PFOA emitted from WwTWs is potentially stored in the catchment and approximately half of PFOS transported by the River Mersey may not originate from WwTWs. As governments move toward regulation of PFAS in WwTW effluents, our findings highlight the complexity of PFAS source apportionment and the need for catchment-scale mass loading data. This study indicates that strategies for reducing PFAS loading that focus solely on WwTW effluents may not achieve river water quality targets.
Water production from petroleum (oil and natural gas) wells is a topic of increasing environmental and economic importance, yet quantification efforts have been limited to date, and patterns between and within petroleum plays are largely unscrutinized. Additionally, classification of reservoirs as “unconventional” (also known as “continuous”) carries scientific and regulatory importance, but in some cases the distinction from \"conventional\" wells is unclear. Using water, oil, and gas production data, we calculated a set of quantitative metrics that elucidate trends in the water-to-petroleum ratio over the life of each producing well. The percent growth of the water-to-petroleum ratio quantifies the degree to which a well “waters out” over time; values calculated for 153,900 wells in 18 oil and gas plays show generally much higher values for conventional wells than for continuous/unconventional wells. Analysis of the percent growth along with the slope and median metrics reveals greater variation between conventional plays and between continuous (unconventional) plays than previously recognized. Further, an example from the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin, USA, illustrates that, within a single play, the metrics provide insight into spatial variation of water production trends, as influenced by geology and reservoir characteristics. By quantifying the variability of water production trends within individual plays and between plays, including differences between conventional and continuous (unconventional) plays, these results provide a more nuanced view of water production from oil and gas wells than has previously been possible and they illustrate the degree to which water management considerations vary spatially and temporally.
The Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (MPWP; 3.0–3.3 Ma), a warm geological period about three million years ago, has been deemed as a good past analog for understanding the current and future climate change. Based on 12 climate model outputs from Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2), we investigate tropical atmospheric circulation (TAC) changes under the warm MPWP and associated underlying mechanisms by diagnosing both atmospheric static stability and diabatic processes. Our findings underscore the advantage of analyzing atmospheric diabatic processes in elucidating seasonal variations of TAC compared to static stability assessments. Specifically, by diagnosing alterations in diabatic processes, we achieve a quantitative understanding and explanation the following TAC changes (incl. Strength and edge) during the MPWP: the weakened (annual, DJF, JJA) Northern Hemisphere and (DJF) Southern Hemisphere Hadley circulation (HC), reduced (annual, DJF) Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) and enhanced (annual, JJA) Southern Hemisphere HC and (JJA) PWC, and westward shifted (annual, DJF, JJA) PWC. We further addressed that the increasing bulk subtropical static stability and/or decreasing vertical shear of subtropical zonal wind - two crucial control factors for changes in subtropical baroclinicity - may promote HC widening, and vice versa. Consequently, our study of spatial diabatic heating and cooling, corresponding to upward and downward motions within the TAC, respectively, provides a new perspective for understanding the processes controlling seasonal TAC changes in response to surface warming.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.01.001","usgsCitation":"Zhang, K., Sun, Y., Zhang, X., Stepanek, C., Feng, R., Hill, D., Lohmann, G., Dolan, A.M., Haywood, A.M., Abe-Ouchi, A., Otto-Bliesner, B., Contoux, C., Chandan, D., Ramstein, G., Dowsett, H.J., Tindall, J.C., Baatsen, M., Tan, N., Peltier, W.R., Liu, Q., Chan, W., Wang, X., and Zhang, X., 2024, Revisiting the physical processes controlling the tropical atmospheric circulation changes during the Mid-Piacenzian Warm Period: Quaternary International, v. 682, p. 46-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2024.01.001.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"59","ipdsId":"IP-147577","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":440381,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository 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Merced","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":901427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}} ,{"id":70251794,"text":"70251794 - 2024 - Precipitation uncertainty estimation and rainfall-runoff model calibration using iterative ensemble smoothers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-29T13:05:02.300022","indexId":"70251794","displayToPublicDate":"2024-02-19T07:02:45","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Precipitation uncertainty estimation and rainfall-runoff model calibration using iterative ensemble smoothers","docAbstract":"The introduction of iterative ensemble smoothers (IES) for parameter calibration opens avenues for expanding parameter space in surface water hydrologic modeling. Here, we have introduced independent parameters into a model calibration experiment to estimate errors in rainfall forcing data. This approach has the potential to estimate rainfall errors using other hydrological observations and to improve model calibration. Using high-resolution rain gauge data, we estimated “real” rainfall errors across the Turkey River watershed at storm and daily scales. Tests on synthetic and real-world scenarios successfully estimated errors correlated with observed values – even at daily scales. However, a bias remained from model parameter compensation, and identifying errors was challenging for low precipitation and snowfall. Despite synthetic results showing good error correlation, the biases in parameter identification masked potential improvements in hydrological calibration. This study highlights the potential of IES to provide additional information on rainfall errors, even only using streamflow observations.
Conservation is increasingly focused on preventing losses in species’ populations before they occur. Tracking changes in demographic parameters that can impact a population’s resilience in response to drivers of global change can support early conservation efforts. We assessed trends in population productivity (late summer juveniles per 100 females) relative to drivers of global change in 40 pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) herds across sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppe in Wyoming. Pronghorn are an iconic rangeland species that have been exposed to increasing levels of anthropogenic, climatic, and land-use change. Using data collected across the state of Wyoming, we (1) assessed long-term trends in population productivity, (2) identified patterns in large-scale drivers of global change (i.e., climate, land cover change) across pronghorn habitat, and (3) determined the relationship between drivers of global change and population productivity over a 35-year (1984–2019) period. While Wyoming hosts some of the most abundant populations of pronghorn in North America that have been largely stable in recent years, we found many herds are experiencing long-term declines in productivity. Long-term declines in productivity were associated with increases in oil and gas development and woody encroachment. Although increasing across almost all herd units, woody vegetation cover remains at low levels, suggesting that pre-emptive management may help to prevent losses in pronghorn populations.