Drainage-basin and channel-geometry multiple-regression equations are presented for estimating design-flood discharges having recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years at stream sites on rural, unregulated streams in Iowa. Design-flood discharge estimates determined by Pearson Type-Ill analyses using data collected through the 1990 water year are reported for the 188 streamflow-gaging stations used in either the drainage-basin or channel-geometry regression analyses. Ordinary least-squares multiple-regression techniques were used to identify selected drainage-basin and channel-geometry characteristics and to delineate two channel-geometry regions. Weighted least-squares multiple-regression techniques, which account for differences in the variance of flows at different gaging stations and for variable lengths in station records, were used to estimate the regression parameters.
\nStatewide drainage-basin equations were developed from analyses of 164 streamflow-gaging stations. Drainage-basin characteristics were quantified using a geographic-informationsystem procedure to process topographic maps and digital cartographic data. The significant characteristics identified for the drainage-basin ^equations included contributing drainage area, relative relief, drainage frequency, and 2-year, 24-hour precipitation intensity. The average standard errors of prediction for the drainagebasin equations ranged from 38.6 to 50.2 percent. The geographic-information-system procedure expanded the capability to quantitatively relate drainage-basin characteristics to the magnitude and frequency of floods for stream sites in Iowa and provides a flood-estimation method that is independent of hydrologic regionalization.
\nStatewide and regional channel-geometry regression equations were developed from analyses of 157 streamflow-gaging stations. Channel-geometry characteristics were measured onsite and on topographic maps. Statewide and regional channel-geometry regression equations that are dependent on whether a stream has been channelized were developed on the basis of bankfull and active-channel characteristics. The significant channel-geometry characteristics identified for the statewide and regional regression equations included bankfull width and bankfull depth for natural channels unaffected by channelization, and active-channel width for stabilized channels affected by channelization. The average standard errors of prediction ranged from 41.0 to 68.4 percent for the statewide channel-geometry equations and from 30.3 to 70.0 percent for the regional channel-geometry equations.
\nProcedures provided for applying the drainage-basin and channel-geometry regression equations depend on whether the design-flood discharge estimate is for a site on an ungaged stream, an ungaged site on a gaged stream, or a gaged site. When both a drainage-basin and a channel-geometry regression-equation estimate are available for a stream site, a procedure is presented for determining a weighted average of the two flood estimates. The drainage-basin regression equations are applicable to unregulated rural drainage areas less than 1,060 square miles, and the channel-geometry regression equations are applicable to unregulated rural streams in Iowa with stabilized channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri934062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Highway Research Board and the Highway Division of the Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT Research Project HR-322)","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., 1993, Estimating design-flood discharges for streams in Iowa using drainage-basin and channel-geometry characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4062, vi, 96 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934062.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.: ill., maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc956","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27049,"text":"wri924115 - 1993 - Geohydrology and water quality of the Calumet aquifer, in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T11:07:59","indexId":"wri924115","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4115","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the Calumet aquifer, in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"The water-table configuration of the Calumet aquifer in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal in Lake County, northwestern Indiana, reflects the complexity of the shallow ground-water-flow system. Large depressions in the water table in sewered areas interrupt broad ground-water divides between rivers. The aquifer/stream interactions along the Grand Calumet River/ Indiana Harbor Canal are directly related to Lake Michigan water levels because of a direct connection of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal to the lake. Fluctuations in lake levels and evapotranspiration result in reversals in ground-water flow near the river and canal that last from several hours to several months.
\nMost of the water from the Calumet aquifer discharges into sewers, the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, Lake Michigan, and Silurian carbonate bedrock. Model simulations of ground-water flow for the study area indicate that the Calumet aquifer discharges about 15 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) of ground water to sewers, about 10 ft3/s to the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, and about 4 ft3/s to Lake Michigan along a 25-mile section of shoreline. Estimates of groundwater flow from the Calumet aquifer to the bedrock range from 0 to 10 ft3/s. Results of analyses of water samples collected from wells in five land-use types steel industry, petrochemical industry, commercial and light industry, residential, and parks were compared. The highest median concentrations of inorganic ions and the most detections of organic compounds generally occurred in water samples from wells on the steel and petrochemical land-use areas. Water samples collected from wells on the commercial and light industrial land-use areas generally had lower median chemical concentrations than the samples from the steel and petrochemical land-use areas and greater median concentrations than the samples from the residential and park land-use areas. Seven of 52 acid-extractable and base/neutralextractable organic compounds and 17 of 36 volatile organic compounds analyzed were detected in a total of 35 wells. Only 4 of the 88 organic analytes phenols, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, benzene, and toluene were detected in more than 5 of the 35 wells.
\nA comparison of primarily inorganic-constituent data from the five land-use groups to inorganic-constituent data from sites known to be contaminated shows that constituent concentrations in ground waters from wells in the land-use areas generally are lower than those in ground water from contaminated areas. Abstract 1 Likewise, a comparison of inorganic-constituent data from the land-use groups to inorganic-constituent data from areas relatively unaffected by human presence shows that constituent concentrations in ground water from wells in the land-use areas generally are greater than those in ground water from the unaffected areas. Some documented but unaccounted for chemical loads in the Grand Calumet River are from ground water. Ground water probably contributes more than 10 percent of the total chemical load of ammonia, chromium, and cyanide to the Grand Calumet River. In comparison, about 1 to 3 percent of the total streamflow in the Grand Calumet River is from ground water. Of the four major groundwater sinks in the aquifer, the east branch of the Grand Calumet River and the Indiana Harbor Canal generally receive the greatest chemical loads from ground water, whereas Lake Michigan generally receives the smallest loads.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri924115","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Fenelon, J., and Watson, L.R., 1993, Geohydrology and water quality of the Calumet aquifer, in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4115, vii, 151 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924115.","productDescription":"vii, 151 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"151","numberOfPages":"158","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55926,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123751,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4115/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"rand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.18406677246094,\n 41.66367910784373\n ],\n [\n -87.39761352539062,\n 41.668808555620586\n ],\n [\n -87.39692687988281,\n 41.76106872528616\n ],\n [\n -87.60086059570312,\n 41.764141783336456\n ],\n [\n -87.60223388671875,\n 41.545589036668105\n ],\n [\n -87.16896057128906,\n 41.544561218705965\n ],\n [\n -87.16621398925781,\n 41.66419207101119\n ],\n [\n -87.18406677246094,\n 41.66367910784373\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fenelon, J.M.","contributorId":100430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fenelon","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watson, Lee R.","contributorId":83545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38378,"text":"pp1530A - 1993 - Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-17T08:58:17","indexId":"pp1530A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1530","chapter":"A","title":"Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency","docAbstract":"In May 1980, the University of Minnesota began a project to evaluate the feasibility of storing heated (150 degrees Celsius (°C) water in the deep (180 to 240 meters (m)) Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer and later recovering it for space heating. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage (ATES) system was a doublet-well design in which the injection and withdrawal wells were spaced approximately 250 m apart. High-temperature water from the university's steam-generation facilities supplied heat for injection. Water was pumped from one of the wells through a heat exchanger, where heat was added or removed. Water then was injected back into the aquifer through the other well. The experimental plan for testing the ATES system consisted of a series of short-term hot-water injection, storage, and withdrawal cycles. Each cycle was 24 days long, and each injection, storage, and withdrawal step of the cycle was 8 days.
\nThe Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is a consolidated sandstone, approximately 60 m thick, the top of which is approximately 180 m below the land surface. It is confined above by the St. Lawrence Formation a dolomitic sandstone 8 m thick and below by the Eau Claire Formation a shale 30 m thick. Initial hydraulic testing with inflatable packers indicated that the aquifer has four hydraulic zones with distinctly different values of relative horizontal hydraulic conductivity. The thickness of each zone was determined by correlating data from geophysical logs, core samples, and the inflatable-packer tests.
\nA comprehensive network for data collection, storage, and analysis was designed to monitor temperature and pressure changes during the ATES test cycles. A total of 22 pressure transducers and 56 thermocouples monitored pressures and temperatures in the aquifer and in the upper and lower confining units.
\nTemperature and pressure measurements were collected in observation well nests at distances of approximately 7 and 14 m from the production wells. All pressure and temperature data were transmitted through buried cables to a central data logger, where the measurements were viewed independently or stored on computer magnetic tape for later analysis. Interactive computer programs were available to display data stored on magnetic tapes as individual measurements or as plots of pressure and temperature versus time.
\nAnalyses of step-drawdown and constant-discharge aquifer tests indicate that the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is anisotropic in the horizontal plane. Major and minor transmissivities are 101.5 and 44.6 m2/d (square meters per day), respectively, for the Ironton and Galesville Sandstones and 40.0 and 24.0 m2/d, respectively, for the upper part of the Franconia Formation. The average transmissivity of the entire Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer is about 98 m2/d. Effective porosity ranges from 0.25 to 0.31, and the average storage coefficient is 4.5x10-5.
\nTwo computer models were constructed to simulate the movement of ground water and heat. The first was a nonisothermal, isotropic, single-phase, radial, ground-water flow and thermal-energy-transport model that was constructed to examine the sensitivity of model results to various hydraulic and thermal properties. The model also was used to study the potential for buoyancy flow within the aquifer and the effect of various cyclic injection and withdrawal schemes on the relative thermal efficiency of the aquifer. The second model was a threedimensional ground-water flow and thermal-energy-transport model that was constructed to incorporate the anisotropy of the aquifer.
\nIn the first model, the sensitivity analysis assumed 8 days of injection of 150°C water at 18.9 liters per second (L/s), 8 days of storage, and 8 days of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 L/s. The analysis indicates that, for practical ranges of hydraulic and thermal properties, the ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity is the least important property and thermal dispersivity is the most important property used to compute temperature and aquifer thermal efficiency.
\nBuoyancy flow was examined for several values of hydraulic conductivity and ratios of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivities. For the assumed base values of hydraulic and thermal properties, buoyancy flow was negligible. The greatest simulated buoyancy flow resulted from simulations in which horizontal hydraulic conductivity was increased to ten times the base value and in which the vertical hydraulic conductivity was set equal to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity.
\nThe effects of various injection and withdrawal rates and durations on computed values of aquifer relative-thermal efficiency and final well-bore temperature were studied for five 1-year hypothetical test cycles of injection and withdrawal. The least efficient scheme was 8 months injection of 150°C water at 18.9 L/s and 4 months of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 L/s. The most efficient scheme was obtained with 6 months of injection of 150°C water at 18.9 L/s and 6 months of withdrawal of hot water at 37.8 L/s. The hypothetical simulations indicate that the calibrated model of the doublet-well system would be a valuable tool for use by the university in selecting a highly efficient system operation.
\nIn the second model, analytical solutions of anisotropic hydraulic flow around the doublet-well system were obtained to provide fluid-flux boundary conditions around the heat-injection well in three dimensions. This information simplified simulation of the doublet-well system because only the heat injection well needed to be simulated.
\nThis second model was calibrated with data from an 8-day ambienttemperature injection test at 18.9 L/s. Boundary-flux conditions were examined for nonisothermal conditions by simulating 8 days of injection of 150°C water at 18.9 L/s.
\nResults of simulations using both models indicate that the fluxboundary conditions are adequate for simulations of short-term heatinjection testing.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1530A","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.T., and Delin, G., 1993, Field observations, preliminary model analysis, and aquifer thermal efficiency: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1530, v, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1530A.","productDescription":"v, 55 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":121592,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1530a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64727,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1530a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f57a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. T.","contributorId":15209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18040,"text":"ofr92123 - 1993 - An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-16T11:24:14","indexId":"ofr92123","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-123","title":"An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991","docAbstract":"In 1990, a 3-year investigation was begun in North Carolina to: (1) develop a model for computing flows in the lower 67 mi of the Roanoke River; (2) characterize water-quality conditions in Albemarle Sound; and (3) describe the circulation regime of Albemarle Sound, particularly in relation to inflows. This report summarizes data and results obtained during the first year of the study. The water level in Albemarle Sound may affect flows in the Roanoke River as far as 60 mi upstream from the mouth of the river. The presence of higher water levels downstream relative to those upstream indicates that reverse flows likely occurred in the lower 20 mi of the Roanoke River in October and December 1990. A one-dimensional, unsteady flow model has been calibrated and validated for a 30-mi segment of the lower Roanoke River. Simulated and observed water levels typically differed by less than 0.5 ft, and simulated flows were generally within 10% of observed values. Near-surface and near-bottom specific conductances, near-surface water temperature, and near-surface, mid-depth, and near-bottom dissolved-oxygen concentrations were monitored at 10 locations in Albemarle Sound from October 1989 to April 1991. Observed salinities ranged from virtually 0 to more than 9 ppt, and maximum observed water temperatures were about 32C. Dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from supersaturated to hypoxic conditions. The daily range in dissolved-oxygen concentrations was typically larger during the summer months than during the rest of the year, and the lowest dissolved-oxygen values were observed during the summer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92123","usgsCitation":"Bales, J., Strickland, A., and Garrett, R.G., 1993, An interim report on flows in the lower Roanoke River, and water quality and hydrodynamics of Albermarle Sound, North Carolina, October 1989-April 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-123, vi, 133 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92123.","productDescription":"vi, 133 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0123/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47284,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0123/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Albermarle Sound, Roanoke River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 37.42252593456307\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 34.79576153473033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bales, J. D.","contributorId":21569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bales","given":"J. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strickland, A.G.","contributorId":99959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garrett, R. G.","contributorId":93929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrett","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28362,"text":"wri914136 - 1993 - Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T13:58:58","indexId":"wri914136","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4136","title":"Hydrology and water quality of the Forest County Potawatomi Indian Reservation, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report presents data from a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Forest County Potawatomi Community of Wisconsin, to document the hydrology and water quality of the Potawatomi Indian Reservation in southern Forest County. Data were collected from October 1981 through September 1987.
\nGlacial sand and gravel forms the primary aquifer on the reservation. This aquifer is unconfined, and its saturated thickness ranges from approximately 200 feet to zero feet in areas where the bedrock crops out. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial deposits is estimated to range from 0.4 to 48 feet per day.
\nThree watersheds encompass the Reservation: The Wolf, the North Branch Oconto, and the Peshtigo. Estimates of base-flow discharge that will occur on the average once every 2 years for a 7- day period for Reservation streams range from 7.5 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) for North Branch Oconto at Wabeno to 32 ft3/s for the Rat River near Wabeno.
\nGround water in the study area is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type and is suitable for most uses. The ground water sampled during the study was slightly alkaline and moderately hard to very hard; median hardness was 135 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as calcium carbonate. Alkalinity of ground water ranged from 79 to 318 mg/L; median alkalinity was 123 mg/L as calcium carbonate.
\nWith the exception of nitrate in water from one well sampled, constituent concentrations were less than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL's) for drinking water. Nitrate plus nitrite concentration was 15 mg/L as N, or 50 percent greater than the MCL, in one well located one-half mile northeast of Lake Lucerne.
\nSecondary Maximum Contaminant Levels (SMCL's) for iron were exceeded in water from two wells. In one of these two well waters, the manganese concentration equaled the SMCL.
\nStreams on the Reservation also contain a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type water. The stream waters are slightly alkaline and are considered soft to moderately hard; median hardness in stream samples was 56 mg/L as calcium carbonate. The alkalinity in stream samples ranged from 46 to 59 mg/L as calcium carbonate; the median value was 51 mg/L. Stream water is intermediate between hard, alkaline ground water and soft, acidic precipitation and surface runoff. Low but detectable concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, mercury, and zinc were detected in most bottom-material samples.
\nWater quality of three lakes on the Reservation is variable and depends on the degree of connection with the ground-water system. In general, Bug Lake and Devils Lake are in poor hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and their waters contain low concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and low pH. King Lake is in good hydraulic connection with the ground-water system, and its waters contain higher concentrations of dissolved solids and alkalinity and higher pH than Bug and Devils Lakes.
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The cooperative program has raised awareness of State and local water problems and issues and has enhanced transfer and exchange of scientific information. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts statewide water-resources investigations in North Carolina that include hydrologic data collection, applied research studies, and other interpretive studies. These programs are funded through cooperative agreements with the North Carolina Departments of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources; Human Resources; and Transportation, as well as more than a dozen city and county governmental agencies. The USGS also conducts special studies and data-collection programs for Federal agencies, including the Department of Defense, the U.S. Soil Conservation Service, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency that contribute to North Carolina's water information data base. Highlights of selected programs are presented to show the scope of USGS activities in North Carolina and their usefulness in addressing water-resource problems. The reviewed programs include the statewide data-collection program, estuarine studies, the National Water-Quality Assessment program, military installation restoration program, and groundwater flow model-development program in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont provinces.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr93113","usgsCitation":"Winner, M.D., 1993, U.S. Geological Survey; North Carolina's water resources; a partnership with State, Federal and local agencies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-113, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93113.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611b34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winner, M. D. Jr.","contributorId":51766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winner","given":"M.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27870,"text":"wri914164 - 1993 - Hydrologic conditions in the Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook drainage basins, west-central New Jersey, 1986-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-12T22:38:17.913572","indexId":"wri914164","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4164","title":"Hydrologic conditions in the Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook drainage basins, west-central New Jersey, 1986-88","docAbstract":"Data on the quantity and quality of groundwater and surface water in the drainage basins of Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook upstream from U.S. Route 206 in west-central New Jersey were collected from October 1, 1986, through September 30, 1988. Water levels measured in 74 wells ranged from 49 to 453 ft above sea level. The water-table surface generally mimicked topography; however, the water-level altitude in one well indicates the possibility of local interbasin groundwater flow. Calcium and bicarbonate were the most abundant cation and anion in most of the 25 groundwater samples. With one exception, concentrations of nutrients, trace elements, organic carbon, and volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples were less than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water regulations. Stream low-flow measurements made twice at each of 63 sites indicate that both discharge and runoff increased downstream for most reaches of Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook. For main-stem sites, the highest base-flow runoff occurred at site 01462733 on Jacobs Creek; the greatest discharge was measured at site 01401100 on Stony Brook. The flow-duration curve for Stony Brook for 1987-88 indicates a wetter- than-normal period for the area. Results of surface-water-quality analyses indicate that calcium and sodium plus potassium were the dominant or codominant cations, and bicarbonate and chloride were the dominant or codominant anions in most samples. Concentrations of nutrients typically exceeded those needed to support surplus algal growth. Concentrations of trace elements generally were less than U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary drinking-water regulations. Bottom-sediment samples contained several persistent organic compounds. Significant downstream variations were found in concentrations of copper and lead in Jacobs Creek and Stony Brook. Results of macroinvertebrate community sampling indicate an input of nutrients to several stream sections on Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914164","usgsCitation":"Jacobsen, E., Hardy, M.A., and Kurtz, B.A., 1993, Hydrologic conditions in the Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Beden Brook drainage basins, west-central New Jersey, 1986-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4164, Report: vi, 104 p.; 1 Plate: 31.44 x 34.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914164.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 104 p.; 1 Plate: 31.44 x 34.90 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411817,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47556.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56694,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56693,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4164/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123514,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4164/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Jacobs Creek, Stony Brook, and Belen Brook drainage basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.6417,\n 40.4583\n ],\n [\n -74.8667,\n 40.4583\n ],\n [\n -74.8667,\n 40.2758\n ],\n [\n -74.6417,\n 40.2758\n ],\n [\n -74.6417,\n 40.4583\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db611258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobsen, Eric jacobsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"Eric","email":"jacobsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":198817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hardy, M. A.","contributorId":54223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kurtz, B. A.","contributorId":47825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27796,"text":"wri914076 - 1993 - Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T14:41:49","indexId":"wri914076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4076","title":"Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Fowler Lake Management District, completed a hydrologic and water-quality study of Fowler Lake in southeastern Wisconsin during calendar year 1984. Data on temperature, pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate phosphorus, and various nitrogen species were collected from January through November 1984. The water-quality data indicate that Fowler Lake can be classified as a mildly fertile lake with excellent water clarity as indicated by Secchi depth readings generally greater than 12 feet. Although phosphorus concentrations are generally less than 0.01 milligram per liter, the lake does produce dense stands of macrophytes during the open-water period. The lake is thermally stratified during the summer months, resulting in oxygen depletion in the deepest parts of the lake.
\nThe average hydraulic residence time for Fowler Lake during 1984 was 6.9 days, which is substantially less than the 305 days for upstream Okauchee Lake or the 145 days for downstream Lac La Belle. Precipitation during 1984 was about 27 percent higher than normal and streamflows in the area were about 55 percent higher than normal. The Oconomowoc River contributed 98 percent of the inflow and 88 percent of the phosphorus load to Fowler Lake.
\nThe low annual phosphorus input (28 pounds per square mile) to the lake from the Oconomowoc River shows the benefit of upstream lakes on the Oconomowoc River. Fourteen percent of the phosphorus input load to Fowler Lake is deposited in the lake sediments and the rest is transported through the lake by surface-water flow to downstream Lac La Belle. Dense growths of macrophytes in the lake change in composition seasonally; chara sp. (muskgrass) and Myriophyllum sp. (milfoil) are abundant in June and Najas marina and Vallesneria Americana (wild celery) are abundant in August.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri914076","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Fowler Lake Management District","usgsCitation":"Hughes, P., 1993, Hydrology, water quality, trophic status, and aquatic plants of Fowler Lake, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4076, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914076.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","numberOfPages":"47","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120157,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4076/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56633,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Waukesha County","city":"Oconomowoc","otherGeospatial":"Fowler Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.10023083967166\n ],\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.138322400420535\n ],\n [\n -88.44148635864256,\n 43.138322400420535\n ],\n [\n -88.44148635864256,\n 43.10023083967166\n ],\n [\n -88.50156784057617,\n 43.10023083967166\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc6df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, P.E.","contributorId":104083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25791,"text":"wri934024 - 1993 - Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T20:39:13.004537","indexId":"wri934024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4024","title":"Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90","docAbstract":"Data on streamflow, water quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass (microptercus dolomieni) populations were collected from July 1987 through September 1990, in four streams in southwestern Wisconsin to determine the effect of surface-water hydrology and quality on populations of macroinvertebrates and smallmouth bass. The study was a joint project of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
\nDrought conditions greatly affected streamflows in southwestern Wisconsin throughout much of the period of study. Precipitation in all four basins in 1988 and 1989 was 9.91 to12.41 inches less than 1951-80 normal precipitation of 32.88 inches.
\nThe lowest annual mean discharge was recorded in water year 1988 at all of the streamflow- gaging stations except at Rattlesnake Creek, where annual mean discharge was lowest in water year 1990. Overland-flow runoff during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass (mid-May to mid-July) was 0.02 inch in 1988 at the Sinsinawa River and Rattlesnake Creek. Overland-flow runoff in the Little Platte River and the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River also was low in 1988 (0.03 inch and 0.04 inch, respectively) during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass. The trend of low overland-flow runoff continued in 1989; in water year 1990, however, overland-flow runoff during the reproductive period of smallmouth bass was 1.38 inches at Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River and 0.22 inch at Rattlesnake Creek.
\nTurbidity ranged from 1.5 nephelometric turbidity units at Rattlesnake Creek to 3,700 nephelometric turbidity units at the Sinsinawa River. Suspended-solid concentrations ranged from 2 milligrams per liter at Rattlesnake Creek to a maximum 24,300 milligrams per liter at the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River. The high turbidities and suspended-solid concentrations, which occurred during storms, did not last for long periods of time and are not thought to have been harmful to the biota of the rivers.
\nUn-ionized ammonia concentrations exceeded the State of Wisconsin, Department of Natural Resources' standard of 0.04 milligram per liter for warmwater streams at all four of the streams. The maximum concentration of un-ionized ammonia measured was 0.10 milligram per liter at Rattlesnake Creek and there was no discernible effects on smallmouth bass or macroinvertebrates.
\nDissolved-oxygen concentrations at all four study streams occasionally decreased to below or near the concentration of 1 milligram per liter considered necessary to sustain life of smallmouth bass. Two fish kills were documented as the result of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations. All of these episodes of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations occurred during or just after rainstorms and subsequent increasing streamflows.
\nSamples of water-sediment mixture and bottom material were analyzed for pesticides commonly used in the basins. Samples from all of the stations had concentrations of herbicides that exceeded the analytical reporting limit. Water-sediment samples at the Sinsinawa River had the highest herbicide concentration. The concentration of metolachlor was the highest of the herbicides-- 110 micrograms per liter; concentrations of atrazine and cyanazine were next highest at 97 and 84 micrograms per liter, respectively.
\nAll of the water-sediment mixture samples had insecticide concentrations below the analytical reporting limit, with the exception of carbofuran. One water-sediment mixture sample collected at the Little Platte River had a carbofuran concentration of 0.44 microgram per liter. No pesticides were detected in the bottom-material samples collected at the four study streams.
\nRichness of macroinvertebrate taxa did not differ substantially among the four streams during the study, but the abundances of several taxa differed significantly among streams. Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River had comparatively few midges but many caddisflies, whereas Rattlesnake Creek had many non-insect taxa and relatively few caddisflies. The Little Platte River had consistently high numbers of caddisflies, mayflies, and riffle beetles.
\nMacroinvertebrate-community composition, as measured by Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients, varied considerably over time within and among the streams. The macroinvertebrate community composition of the Little Platte River changed very little during the winter of 1987-88 as compared to the other streams, but the community composition of the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River changed substantially. The communities of Rattlesnake Creek and Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River became more similar to the community of the Little Platte River from fall 1987 through fall 1988, whereas the community in the Sinsinawa River remained distinct.
\nWater quality, as estimated by biotic-index values, generally was better in the Little Platte River than in the other streams from fall 1987 through fall 1988. However, water quality appeared to have deteriorated (biotic-index values increased) in the Little Platte River during the winter of 1988-89. Water quality in the Livingston Branch of the Pecatonica River also deteriorated during the same period.
\nThe drought of 1988-89 and accompanying decrease in frequency of storms contributed to an uncharacteristically stable environment for macroinvertebrate development in most streams. Total taxa richness increased in three of the four streams. Total taxa richness did not increase in the Little Platte River, possibly because of moderate flooding that occurred prior to the spring 1989 sampling period or, more likely, because of changes in dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Although dissolved-oxygen concentrations were fairly similar in all streams, dissolved-oxygen concentrations were lower in 1989 in the Little Platte River than in other streams. The observed increase in biotic-index values in the Little Platte River during the spring of 1989 supports a decline in water quality.
\nSmallmouth bass reproduction was related to precipitation and streamflow during the critical mid-May to mid-July reproductive period. Reproductive success was good (38-297 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre) in 1988 and 1989 and poor (0-3 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre) in 1987 and 1990. This pattern corresponded with total precipitation of less than 7 inches in May and June in 1988 and 1989 and greater than 7 inches in 1989 and 1990.
\nIn years when runoff exceeded 0.10 inch, only three or fewer Age 0 (smallmouth bass less than 1 year old) smallmouth bass per acre were caught in late summer to fall sampling surveys. In contrast, when overland runoff was less than 0.10 inch, 32 to 297 Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre were found in late summer or fall. The numbers of Age 0 smallmouth bass per acre were significantly different from each other at the 1 -percent probability level (p=0.0001). Smallmouth bass reproductive success indicated that smallmouth bass in these streams were extremely vulnerable to the amount of runoff during the early stage of their life.
\nLow concentrations of dissolved oxygen constituted the most detrimental water-quality problem affecting smallmouth bass populations. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were occasionally less than 3 milligrams per liter, a dissolved-oxygen concentration that may be detrimental to early-life stages of smallmouth bass in the streams; however, smallmouth bass were apparently able to withstand these low dissolved-oxygen concentrations and seem to have survived in some situations when dissolved-oxygen concentration decreased to1 milligram per liter.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Graczyk, D., Lillie, R.A., Schlesser, R.A., Mason, J.W., Lyons, J.D., and Kerr, R.A., 1993, Surface-water hydrology and quality, and macroinvertebrate and smallmouth bass populations in four stream basins in southwestern Wisconsin, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4024, viii, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934024.","productDescription":"viii, 70 p.","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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David J.","contributorId":107265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"David J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lillie, Richard A.","contributorId":149434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lillie","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schlesser, Roger A.","contributorId":149435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schlesser","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mason, John W.","contributorId":42881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mason","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lyons, John D.","contributorId":55364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kerr, Roger A.","contributorId":149436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerr","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70128299,"text":"70128299 - 1993 - Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T12:01:53","indexId":"70128299","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-01T11:42:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana","docAbstract":"Montana Power Company, Inc. (MPC) submitted a final license application to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on November 30, 1992. In this application, MPC proposed a plan for the protection of fish, wildlife, habitat, and water-quality resources. One concern was maintenance of woody riparian vegetation along the Missouri River, especially along the Wild and Scenic reach of the river, where the riparian forest occurs in relatively small discontinuous stands. The objectives of this project were 1) to recommend flows that would protect and enhance riparian forests along the Missouri River, and 2) to develop elements of an environmental monitoring program that could be used to assess the effectiveness of the recommended flows.
\nPlains cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera) is the key structural component of riparian forests along the Missouri River. Therefore, we focused our analysis on factors affecting populations of this species. Previous work had demonstrated that the age structure of cottonwood populations is strongly influenced by aspects of flow that promote successfully establishment. In this study our approach was to determine the precise age of plains cottonwood trees growing along the Upper Missouri River and to relate years of establishment to the flow record.
\nOur work was carried out between Coal Banks Landing and the Fred G. Robinson Bridge within the Wild and Scenic portion of the Missouri River. This segment of the river occupies a narrow valley and exhibits little channel migration. Maps and notes from the journals of Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) suggest that the present distribution and abundance of cottonwoods within the study reach is generally similar to presettlement conditions. Flows in the study reach are influenced by a number of dams and diversions, most importantly, Canyon Ferry and Tiber Dams. Although flow regulation has decreased peak flows and increased low flows, the gross seasonal pattern of flow has not been greatly altered.
\nMost cottonwood establishment in our study reach occurred in years with a peak mean daily flow greater than 1,400 m3/s (49,434 cfs), or in the two years following such a flow. These years include 35 out of the 111 years of record, and account for establishment of 47 of 60 trees examined, a highly significant relationship. Infrequent establishment of cottonwood trees is not the result of scarcity of seed or seedlings. In the study reach seedlings become established most years on bare, relatively low surfaces deposited by the river. However, the high elevation of establishment of all trees dating to before 1978 indicates that only individuals established on high flood deposits are able to survive subsequent floods and ice jams.
\nIn order to maintain the present abundance of plains cottonwood in the study area we recommend flood flows in excess of 1,400 m3/s (49,434 cfs) measures as mean daily discharge at Fort Benton (U.S. Geological Survey gage 06090800) with a recurrence interval of approximately 9 years. Because cottonwood seeds remain viable for only a few weeks, and because seedling require a moist, bare surface, we further recommend maintenance of the historic timing of flooding with peak flood flows occurring between mid-May and late-June.
\nFlow is not the only factor influencing cottonwood regeneration along this reach of the Missouri River. Land management, especially cattle grazing, is clearly having an impact, and changes in cottonwood populations could be expected if these practices were altered. However, the dependence of cottonwood establishment on high flow is clear in this reach in spite of the effects of other factors.
\nGiven the value of the resource, we strongly suggest establishment of a monitoring program to determine the effectiveness of the recommended flows and to provide the data necessary for refining them. We recommend a monitoring program that would include: 1) ten permanent, widely space channel cross sections for annual measurement of channel geometry and cottonwood establishment, growth, and survival; 2) five livestock enclosures to monitor the influence of grazing in the study area; and 3) low-elevation aerial photography of the reach every five years and after every flood to detect changes in channel geometry and forested area. Because cottonwood establishment is episodic, a long-term commitment to the monitoring effort is essential. In addition, cross sections and exclosures should be easy enough to access that measurements during flood years are possible.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Scott, M.L., Auble, G.T., Friedman, J.M., Ischinger, L.S., Eggleston, E.D., Wondzell, M.A., Shafroth, P.B., Back, J.T., and Jordan, M.S., 1993, Flow recommendations for maintaining riparian vegetation along the Upper Missouri River, Montana, 36 p.","productDescription":"36 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295002,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500a7e4b0a4f4b46a2399","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ischinger, Lee S.","contributorId":71909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ischinger","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eggleston, Erik D.","contributorId":104832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wondzell, Mark A.","contributorId":63743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wondzell","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Back, Jennifer T.","contributorId":26990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Back","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jordan, Mette S.","contributorId":73130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jordan","given":"Mette","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70243581,"text":"70243581 - 1993 - Latest Pleistocene and Holocene geomagnetic paleointensity on Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-12T16:02:14.144195","indexId":"70243581","displayToPublicDate":"1993-10-15T10:56:46","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latest Pleistocene and Holocene geomagnetic paleointensity on Hawaii","docAbstract":"Geomagnetic paleointensity determinations from radiocarbon-dated lava flows on the island of Hawaii provide an estimate of broad trends in paleointensity for Holocene time and offer a glimpse of intensity variations near the end of the last glacial period. When the data from Hawaii are compared with others worldwide, the intensity of the geomagnetic field seems to have been reduced from the Holocene average by about 35 percent between 45,000 and 10,000 years ago. A long-term reduction of this magnitude is compatible with reported increases in the production rate of cosmogenic nuclides during the same interval.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.262.5132.412","usgsCitation":"Mankinen, E.A., and Champion, D.E., 1993, Latest Pleistocene and Holocene geomagnetic paleointensity on Hawaii: Science, v. 262, no. 5132, p. 412-416, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.262.5132.412.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"412","endPage":"416","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":416990,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"262","issue":"5132","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mankinen, Edward A. 0000-0001-7496-2681 emank@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7496-2681","contributorId":1054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mankinen","given":"Edward","email":"emank@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":872445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017396,"text":"70017396 - 1993 - Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T16:35:55.671481","indexId":"70017396","displayToPublicDate":"1993-08-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes","docAbstract":"The inorganic geochemistry and mineralogy of three cores from the Anderson-Dietz 1 coal bed, a 15.2-m-thick subbituminous coal bed in the Tongue River Member (Paleocene) of the Fort Union Formation, were examined (1) to determine if the cores could be correlated by geochemical composition alone over a total distance of 2 km and (2) to identify the major factors that influenced the geochemistry of the coal bed. Chemical data (46 elements on a coal-ash basis) for 81 coal samples and 4 carbonaceous rock samples, with most samples representing a 0.6-m-thick (2-ft) interval of core, were grouped into compositional clusters by means of cluster analysis. Seven major clusters were produced; two of these clusters can be used to correlate the coal bed throughout the study area. Data from scanning electron and optical microscope analyses indicate that several factors influenced the geochemistry of the Anderson-Dietz 1 coal bed. The majority of mineral grains in the coal bed are interpreted to be detrital (water borne); evidence includes the presence of rounded to subrounded quartz grains having two-phase, aqueous fluid inclusions characteristic of hydrothermal or low-to-moderate grade metamorphic quartz. These quartz grains are found throughout the coal bed but are most abundant in samples from the midpart of the bed, which was influenced by detrital input associated with the deposition of the clastic rocks that form the split between the Anderson and Dietz 1 coal beds 900 m to the east of the study area. In addition to the detrital minerals mentioned above, volcanic ash that was fluvially transported to the sites of peat deposition or possibly deposited as air-fall volcanic ash also affected the geochemistry of the coal bed. For example, crandallite(?), a mineral reported to form as an alteration product of volcanic ash, is found in seven samples from the coal bed. The presence of quartz grains containing silicate-melt inclusions in eight samples from the coal bed.provides further support for a volcanic ash component. Other factors that probably affected the geochemistry of the coal bed include (1) detrital input associated with the deposition of the roof rocks of the coal bed, (2) peat-forming processes and plant material, and (3) epigenetic ground-water flow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90067-L","usgsCitation":"Crowley, S.S., Ruppert, L., Belkin, H.E., Stanton, R., and Moore, T., 1993, Factors affecting the geochemistry of a thick, subbituminous coal bed in the Powder River Basin: Volcanic, detrital, and peat-forming processes: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 6, p. 843-853, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90067-L.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"853","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228973,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Powder River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 45.184712018144495\n ],\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 44.80397957213873\n ],\n [\n -106.13642425027534,\n 44.80397957213873\n ],\n [\n -106.13642425027534,\n 45.184712018144495\n ],\n [\n -107.18328120738457,\n 45.184712018144495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0eabe4b0c8380cd53577","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":118763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Moore, T.A.","contributorId":91101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70189594,"text":"b1981C - 1993 - Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189594,"text":"b1981C - 1993 - Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981C","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33255,"text":"b1981 - 1993 - Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia","indexId":"b1981","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-27T22:07:03.19865","indexId":"b1981C","displayToPublicDate":"1993-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1981","chapter":"C","title":"Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia","docAbstract":"More than 3,000 landslides were triggered by heavy rainfall in the central Appalachian Mountains of West Virginia and Virginia, November 3-5, 1985. These landslides provided the opportunity to study spatial controls on landslides, magnitude and frequency of triggering events, and the effects of landslides on flood-induced geomorphic change. The study area consists of parts of the Wills Mountain anticline, a major NE-trending structure in the central Appalachians, and a portion of the adjacent Appalachian Plateau. Across the anticline and adjacent plateau, bedrock lithologies vary markedly and include pure marine limestone, marine shale, deltaic mudstone/sandstone sequences, and orthoquartzites. Because of the geologic structure, bedrock lithology varies little along strike.
The spatial distribution of landslides triggered by the storm was controlled primarily by rainfall, bedrock lithology, surficial lithology, land cover, and slope morphology. The triggering rainfall was of moderate intensity and long duration. Two-day storm totals varied from 170 mm to more than 240 mm in the study area. Most landslides occurred at the northeast end of the study area, where 48-h rainfall totals were in excess of 200 mm. Different rainfall thresholds are apparent for triggering landslides on different bedrock lithologies. The highest density of landslides occurred in shallow colluvium and residuum of the Reedsville Shale (Ordovician), followed by regolith of the Greenbriar and Mauch Chunk Groups (Mississippian). Most of the landslides in these fine-grained regoliths were shallow slides and slumps, many of which transformed to mudflows and delivered sediment directly to streams; a smaller number of debris avalanches were triggered high on quartzite ridges.
Instability of colluvium and residuum derived from the Reedsville Shale, compared with regolith from four other fine-grained bedrock lithologies, is attributable to its low strength combined with moderate infiltration rates that allowed soil moisture to accumulate under the moderate intensities of the rainfall. Slopes covered by coarse, cobbly debris flow and alluvial deposits, mostly of Pleistocene age, were very stable due to their low slope angles and high frictional strength.
For a particular bedrock lithology, the spatial distribution of landslides appears controlled by interdependent influences of slope morphology and land cover. On the Reedsville Shale, most landslides occurred on north- to northeast-facing slopes, which might have had higher antecedent levels of soil moisture; these slopes have also been preferentially cleared because they produce better pasture forage for livestock. A secondary concentration of landslides on south- to southwest-facing slopes cannot be explained by conventional soil-moisture models. Landslide density was 100--200 percent higher on cleared land than on forested land. On pastured land, most landslides occurred on laterally planar slopes, but on forested land, most landslides occurred in slope positions that were laterally concave (hillslope hollows).
Compared with other documented Appalachian storms that have triggered landslides, the November 1985 storm had lower rainfall intensities over longer durations. Comparison with these other storms suggests that the anomalously high degree of slope instability in 1985 is due to the long duration of low-intensity rainfall on fine-grained regolith derived from shale; the triggering rainfall can be approximated by the 48-h storm total. Landslide density in Reedsville Shale regolith is linearly related to the varying 48-h rainfall along the anticline. These data define a probabilistic model that estimates return intervals of 43 to 300 yr for landslide densities ranging from 1 to 70 landslides/km2.
Analysis of flood-induced geomorphic changes in 79 small drainage basins that received 210-240 mm of rainfall showed a clear local association between landslides and channel erosion or deposition adjacent to where the landslides delivered sediment to the stream. When channel change was quantified using an index evaluated at each basin mouth, most of the channel change was attributable to the influence of basin morphology on flood discharge. Landslide density in the basins was of secondary, although measurable, importance in explaining flood-induced channel changes at the basin scale.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphic studies of the storm and flood of November 3-5, 1985, in the upper Potomac and Cheat River basins in West Virginia and Virginia (Bulletin 1981)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b1981C","usgsCitation":"Jacobson, R.B., McGeehin, J.P., Cron, E.D., Carr, C.E., Harper, J.M., and Howard, A.D., 1993, Landslides triggered by the storm of November 3-5, 1985, Wills Mountain Anticline, West Virginia and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1981, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b1981C.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C33","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343984,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":481380,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22201.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Wills Mountain Anticline","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.8,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 37.7\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 39.3\n ],\n [\n -80.8,\n 39.3\n ],\n [\n -80.8,\n 37.7\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596f1e28e4b0d1f9f064077a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGeehin, John P. mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":140956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cron, Elizabeth D.","contributorId":193169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cron","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, Carolyn E.","contributorId":194780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carr","given":"Carolyn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harper, John M.","contributorId":194781,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harper","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howard, Alan D.","contributorId":106579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70171321,"text":"70171321 - 1993 - Rainfall-threshold conditions for landslides in a humid-tropical system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T11:49:13","indexId":"70171321","displayToPublicDate":"1993-05-10T13:45:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1768,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rainfall-threshold conditions for landslides in a humid-tropical system","docAbstract":"Landslides are triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, seismic activity, and construction on hillslopes. The leading cause of landslides in Puerto Rico is intense and/or prolonged rainfall. A rainfall threshold for rainfall-triggered landsliding is delimited by 256 storms that occurred between 1959 and 1991 in the central mountains of Puerto Rico, where mean annual rainfall is close to or in excess of 2,000 mm. Forty one of the 256 storms produced intense and/or prolonged rainfall that resulted in tens to hundreds of landslides. A threshold fitted to the lower boundary of the field defined by landslide-triggering storms is expressed as
\nwhere I is rainfall intensity in millimeters per hour, and D is duration in hours. Landslide-producing storms occurred at an average rate of 1.2 per year. In general the landslides triggered by short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events were mainly shallow soil slips and debris flows, while the long-duration, low-intensity rainfall produced larger, deeper debris avalanches and slumps. For storms that had durations of up to 10 h, landsliding did not occur until rainfall intensity was as much as three times as high as the rainfall intensity reported as sufficient to trigger landsliding in temperate regions. As storm durations approach 100 h, the rainfall conditions necessary to initiate landsliding in Puerto Rico converge with those defined for temperate regions. A comparison of the Puerto Rico threshold with rainfall data from other humid-tropical regions suggests that the threshold developed for Puerto Rico may be applicable to other similar environments throughout the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/521049","issn":"04353676","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Simon, A., 1993, Rainfall-threshold conditions for landslides in a humid-tropical system: Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, v. 75A, no. 1/2, p. 13-23, https://doi.org/10.2307/521049.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321768,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"75A","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3ae4b07e28b664dbf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Matthew C. mclarsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Matthew","email":"mclarsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":630552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simon, Andrew","contributorId":78334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70267465,"text":"wdrNY922 - 1993 - Water resources data, New York, water year 1992. Volume 2. Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-23T14:35:29.526435","indexId":"wdrNY922","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T10:35:08","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-92-2","title":"Water resources data, New York, water year 1992. Volume 2. Long Island","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1992 water year for New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This volume contains records for water discharge at 18 gaging stations; water quality at 19 gaging stations, and 26 wells; and water levels at 736 observation wells. Also included are data for 79 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data, together with the data in Volumes 1 and 3 represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Federal, and other agencies in New York.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY922","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Spinello, A., Nakao, J., Busciolano, R., Winowitch, R., and Eagen, V.K., 1993, Water resources data, New York, water year 1992. Volume 2. 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York\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinello, A. G.","contributorId":116683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinello","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":938316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakao, J. H.","contributorId":118132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakao","given":"J. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":938317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busciolano, R.","contributorId":24017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busciolano","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":938318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Winowitch, R. B.","contributorId":118302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winowitch","given":"R. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":938319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eagen, V. K.","contributorId":20353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eagen","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":938320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":68267,"text":"ha722H - 1993 - Geohydrologic systems in Kansas — Geohydrology of the lower aquifer unit in the western interior plains aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-08T19:26:42.743567","indexId":"ha722H","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"722","chapter":"H","title":"Geohydrologic systems in Kansas — Geohydrology of the lower aquifer unit in the western interior plains aquifer system","docAbstract":"The purpose of the investigation is to provide a description of the principal geohydrologic systems in Upper Cambrian through Lower Cretaceous rocks in Kansas. This investigation was made as part of the Central Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CMRASA). The CMRASA is one of several major investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey of regional aquifer systems in the United States. These regional investigations are designed to increase knowledge of the flow regime and hydrologic properties of major aquifer systems and to provide quantitative information for the assessment, development, and management of water supplies. The CMRASA study area includes all or parts of 10 Central Midwestern States (Jorgensen and Signor, 1981), as shown of the envelope cover.
This Hydrologic Investigations Atlas, which consists of a series of chapters, presents a description of the physical framework and geohydrology of principal aquifers and confining systems in Kansas. Chapter H presents the geohydrology of the upper aquifer unit in the Western Interior Plains aquifer system. The physical framework of the aquifer system in relation to other systems is described by maps and sections showing areal extent and the thickness of rocks that compose the unit. The physical framework of the upper aquifer unit is described in detail in chapter D of the atlas (Hansen and others, in press). The hydrology of the system in relation to that of other systems is described in this chapter by maps showing the altitude of fluid levels and the direction of water movement within the unit. The chemical composition of water in the system is described by maps that show the distribution of dissolved-solids concentrations and the differences in water types on the basis of principal chemical constituents. Chapter A of this atlas series (Wolf and others, 1990) describes the relation of principal geohydrologic systems in Kansas and presents a more detailed discussion of the methods and data used to prepare and ensure consistency among the sets of maps.
Quaternary basanites were recovered from shallow water depth from the continental margin of the Bering Sea (58°39.0′N, 177°12.9′W) near Navarin Basin. The basanites are highly vesicular flow rock and hyaloclastites similar to other alkalic volcanic rocks erupted repeatedly during the late Cenozoic on islands in the Bering Sea region and in mainland Alaska. K–Ar ages for the basanites indicate at least two episodes of volcanism at about 1.1 and 0.4 Ma. Similar alkalic volcanism occurred sporadically at geographically widely separated centers in the Bering Sea region for at least the past 6 Ma. Chemically, these alkalic lavas are intraplate basalts similar to those erupted from oceanic islands and in some continental settings. Trace-element data indicate these alkalic lavas have been generated by small, but variable, amounts of partial melting of a meta-somatized lherzolite source. The relatively primitive compositions (MgO > 9%), presence of mantle-derived xenoliths in some alkalic lavas, and presence of forsteritic olivine with low CaO and high NiO suggest that magma rose rapidly from greath depth without spending time in large, long-lived magma chambers. Although lavas from different volcanic centers in the Bering Sea region are similar with respect to major elements and many trace-element ratios, isotopic compositions indicate heterogeneities in the source. The Navarin basanites have higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower 143Nd/144Nd values than any other lavas so far reported from this region. The 207Pb/204Pb isotopic ratios indicate involvement of a crustal component, which may have resulted from metasomatism associated with subduction-related magmatic activity during the Early Eocene in this region. Although some volcanic episodes appear to have occurred roughly synchronously at geographically widely separated centers, no large-scale regional extension nor presence of large mantle plumes are indicated. Instead, alkalic volcanism apparently resulted from upwelling and decompressional melting of small isolated mantle diapirs in response to local lithospheric attenuation associated with jostling of blocks during adjustment to regional stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e93-081","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Davis, A.S., Gunn, S., Gray, L., Marlow, M.S., and Wong, F.L., 1993, Petrology and isotopic composition of Quaternary basanites dredged from the Bering Sea continental margin near Navarin Basin: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, no. 5, p. 975-984, https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-081.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"975","endPage":"984","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Navarin Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.02644563755487,\n 64.01937447302842\n ],\n [\n -185.30270672550836,\n 64.01937447302842\n ],\n [\n -185.30270672550836,\n 53.06258501763452\n ],\n [\n -161.02644563755487,\n 53.06258501763452\n ],\n [\n -161.02644563755487,\n 64.01937447302842\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7823e4b0c8380cd78649","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gray, L.-B.","contributorId":10171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"L.-B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marlow, M. S.","contributorId":76743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marlow","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wong, F. L.","contributorId":87515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70017867,"text":"70017867 - 1993 - Sand boils without earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T13:12:51.456906","indexId":"70017867","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sand boils without earthquakes","docAbstract":"Sedimentary deformation caused by liquefaction has become a popular means for inferring prehistoric strong earthquakes. In this report, we describe a new mechanism for generating such features in the absence of earthquakes. Sand boils and a 180-m-long sand dike formed in Fremont Valley, California, when sediment-laden surface runoff was intercepted along the upslope part of a 500-m-long preexisting ground crack, flowed subhorizonally in the crack, and then flowed upward in the downslope part of the crack where it discharged as sand boils on the land surface. If the sand boils and their feeder dike were stratigraphically preserved, they could be misinterpreted as evidence for earthquake-induced liquefaction.
Boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3 (collectively called the C-holes) each were drilled to a depth of 914.4 meters at Yucca Mountain, on the Nevada Test Site, in 1983 and 1984 for the purpose of conducting aquifer and tracer tests. Each of the boreholes penetrated the Paintbrush Tuff and the tuffs and lavas of Calico Hills and bottomed in the Crater Flat Tuff. The geologic units penetrated consist of devitrified to vitrophyric, nonwelded to densely welded, ash-flow tuff, tuff breccia, ash-fall tuff, and bedded tuff. Below the water table, which is at an average depth of 401.6 meters below land surface, the rocks are argillic and zeolitic. The geologic units at the C-hole complex strike N. 2° W. and dip 15° to 21° NE. They are cut by several faults, including the Paintbrush Canyon Fault, a prominent normal fault oriented S. 9° W., 52.2° NW.
The rocks at the C-hole complex are fractured extensively, with most fractures oriented approximately perpendicular to the direction of regional least horizontal principal stress. In the Crater Flat Tuff and the tuffs and lavas of Calico Hills, fractures strike predominantly between S. 20° E. and S. 20° W. and secondarily between S. 20° E. and S. 60° E. In the Topopah Spring Member of the Paintbrush Tuff, however, southeasterly striking fractures predominate. Most fractures are steeply dipping, although shallowly dipping fractures occur in nonwelded and reworked tuff intervals of the Crater Flat Tuff. Mineral-filled fractures are common in the tuff breccia zone of the Tram Member of the Crater Flat Tuff, and, also, in the welded tuff zone of the Bullfrog Member of the Crater Flat Tuff. The fracture density of geologic units in the C-holes was estimated to range from 1.3 to 7.6 fractures per cubic meter. Most of these estimates appear to be the correct order of magnitude when compared to transect measurements and core data from other boreholes 1.3 orders of magnitude too low.
Geophysical data and laboratory analyses were used to determine matrix hydrologic properties of the tuffs and lavas of Calico Hills and the Crater Flat Tuff in the C-holes. The porosity ranged from 12 to 43 percent and, on the average, was larger in nonwelded to partially welded, ash-flow tuff, ashfall tuff, and reworked tuff than in moderately to densely welded ash-flow tuff. The pore-scale horizontal permeability of nine samples ranged from 5.7x10-3 to 2.9 millidarcies, and the pore-scale vertical permeability of these samples ranged from 3.7x10-3 to 1.5 millidarcies. Ratios of pore-scale horizontal to vertical permeability generally ranged from 0.7 to 2. Although the number of samples was small, values of pore-scale permeability determined were consistent with samples from other boreholes at Yucca Mountain. The specific storage of nonwelded to partially welded ash-flow tuff, ash-fall tuff, and reworked tuff was estimated from porosity and elasticity to be 2x10-6 per meter, twice the specific storage of moderately to densely welded ash-flow tuff and tuff breccia. The storativity of geologic units, based on their average thickness (corrected for bedding dip) and specific storage, was estimated to range from 1x10-5 to 2x10-4.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924016","usgsCitation":"Geldon, A., 1993, Preliminary hydrogeologic assessment of boreholes UE-25c #1, UE-25c #2, and UE-25c #3, Yucca Mountain, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4016, vii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924016.","productDescription":"vii, 85 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415930,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47599.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56150,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4016/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158908,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4016/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5631,\n 36.9364\n ],\n [\n -116.5631,\n 36.6539\n ],\n [\n -116.3333,\n 36.6539\n ],\n [\n -116.3333,\n 36.9364\n ],\n [\n -116.5631,\n 36.9364\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geldon, A. L.","contributorId":46988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geldon","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017828,"text":"70017828 - 1993 - A rainfall intensity-duration threshold for landslides in a humid- tropical environment, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-19T00:48:07.399269","indexId":"70017828","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1767,"text":"Geografiska Annaler, Series A","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A rainfall intensity-duration threshold for landslides in a humid- tropical environment, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"Landslides are triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, seismic activity, and construction on hillslopes. The leading cause of landslides in Puerto Rico is intense and/or prolonged rainfall. A rainfall threshold for rainfall-triggered landsliding is delimited by 256 storms that occurred between 1959 and 1991 in the central mountains of Puerto Rico, where mean annual rainfall is close to or in excess of 2,000 mm. Forty one of the 256 storms produced intense and/or prolonged rainfall that resulted in tens to hundreds of landslides. A threshold fitted to the lower boundary of the field defined by landslide-triggering storms is expressed as
I = 91.46 D-0.82
where I is rainfall intensity in millimeters per hour, and D is duration in hours. Landslide-producing storms occurred at an average rate of 1.2 per year. In general the landslides triggered by short-duration, high-intensity rainfall events were mainly shallow soil slips and debris flows, while the long-duration, low-intensity rainfall produced larger, deeper debris avalanches and slumps. For storms that had durations of up to 10 h, landsliding did not occur until rainfall intensity was as much as three times as high as the rainfall intensity reported as sufficient to trigger landsliding in temperate regions. As storm durations approach 100 h, the rainfall conditions necessary to initiate landsliding in Puerto Rico converge with those defined for temperate regions. A comparison of the Puerto Rico threshold with rainfall data from other humid-tropical regions suggests that the threshold developed for Puerto Rico may be applicable to other similar environments throughout the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/04353676.1993.11880379","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Simon, A., 1993, A rainfall intensity-duration threshold for landslides in a humid- tropical environment, Puerto Rico: Geografiska Annaler, Series A, v. 75 A, no. 1-2, p. 13-23, https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1993.11880379.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Puerto 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C.","contributorId":66287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simon, A.","contributorId":43501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54796,"text":"wdrNJ911 - 1992 - Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1991, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-17T01:01:41","indexId":"wdrNJ911","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T15:15:13","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NJ-91-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1991, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1991 water year for New Jersey consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This volume of the report contains discharge records for 95 gaging stations; tide summaries for 4 stations; stage and contents for 33 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 101 surface-water sites. Also included are data for 67 crest-stage partial-record stations, 13 tidal crest-stage gages, and 91 low-flow partial-record stations. Locations of these sites are shown on Figures 11 and 12. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program. Miscellaneous data were collected at 57 measuring sites and 13 water-quality sampling sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in New Jersey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"West Trenton, NJ","doi":"10.3133/wdrNJ911","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy and with other agencies.","usgsCitation":"Bauersfeld, W., Moshinsky, E., and Pustay, E., 1992, Water Resources Data, New Jersey, Water Year 1991, Volume 1. Surface-Water Data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NJ-91-1, xvi, 496 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNJ911.","productDescription":"xvi, 496 p.","numberOfPages":"514","costCenters":[{"id":469,"text":"New Jersey Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":260410,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/nj-91-1/report.pdf"},{"id":260411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/nj-91-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,41.35055555555556 ], [ -73.88416666666667,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.58333333333333,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc674e4b08c986b32bf87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bauersfeld, W.R.","contributorId":72451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauersfeld","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moshinsky, E.W.","contributorId":104972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moshinsky","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pustay, E.A.","contributorId":62604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pustay","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21372,"text":"ofr9278 - 1992 - Analytical solution for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow; supplemental report; source codes for computer programs and sample data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr9278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-78","title":"Analytical solution for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow; supplemental report; source codes for computer programs and sample data sets","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9278","usgsCitation":"Wexler, E.J., 1992, Analytical solution for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow; supplemental report; source codes for computer programs and sample data sets: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-78, 1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in. +1 booklet (6 p. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9278.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in. +1 booklet (6 p. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0078/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50931,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wexler, Eliezer J.","contributorId":99963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"Eliezer","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54684,"text":"wdrMI911 - 1992 - Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-10T14:26:35","indexId":"wdrMI911","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MI-91-1","title":"Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1991","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1991 water year for Michigan consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water temperature of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 146 streamflow-gaging stations; stage only records for 1 river-gaging station and 13 lake-gaging stations; stage and contents for 5 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 23 streamflow-gaging stations; water-level records for 51 ground-water wells; and water temperature records for 4 ground-water wells. Also included are 48 crest-stage partial-record stations and 8 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program. Miscellaneous data were collected at 98 measuring sites and 13 water-quality sampling sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Michigan.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrMI911","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Michigan and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Blumer, S.P., Larson, W., Minnerick, R., Whited, C., and LeuVoy, R., 1992, Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MI-91-1, xvi, 284 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMI911.","productDescription":"xvi, 284 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/mi-91-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":344724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/mi-91-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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P.","contributorId":23938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, W.W.","contributorId":27922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Minnerick, R. J.","contributorId":52255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minnerick","given":"R. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whited, C.R.","contributorId":49387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whited","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeuVoy, R.L.","contributorId":56706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeuVoy","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":4726,"text":"twri03B7 - 1992 - Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16509,"text":"ofr8956 - 1989 - Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","indexId":"ofr8956","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4726,"text":"twri03B7 - 1992 - Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","indexId":"twri03B7","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:32","indexId":"twri03B7","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-B7","title":"Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","docAbstract":"Analytical solutions to the advective-dispersive solute-transport equation are useful in predicting the fate of solutes in ground water. Analytical solutions compiled from available literature or derived by the author are presented for a variety of boundary condition types and solute-source configurations in one-, two-, and three-dimensional systems having uniform ground-water flow. A set of user-oriented computer programs was created to evaluate these solutions and to display the results in tabular and computer-graphics format. These programs incorporate many features that enhance their accuracy, ease of use, and versatility. Documentation for the programs describes their operation and required input data, and presents the results of sample problems. Derivations of selected solutions, source codes for the computer programs, and samples of program input and output also are included.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;Book and Open-File Report Sales [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/twri03B7","issn":"0565-596X","usgsCitation":"Wexler, E.J., 1992, Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 03-B7, x, 190 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri03B7.","productDescription":"x, 190 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":354,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri3-b7/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c35c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wexler, Eliezer J.","contributorId":99963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"Eliezer","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":149689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27564,"text":"wri914177 - 1992 - Geohydrology of, and simulation of ground-water flow in, the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri914177","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4177","title":"Geohydrology of, and simulation of ground-water flow in, the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Hydrogeologic data collected since 1990 were assessed and a ground-water-flow model was refined in this study of the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer in Milford, New Hampshire. The hydrogeologic data collected were used to refine estimates of hydraulic conductivity and saturated thickness of the aquifer, which were previously calculated during 1988-90. In October 1990, water levels were measured at 124 wells and piezometers, and at 45 stream-seepage sites on the main stem of the Souhegan River, and on small tributary streams overlying the aquifer to improve an understanding of ground-water-flow patterns and stream-seepage gains and losses. Refinement of the ground-water-flow model included a reduction in the number of active cells in layer 2 in the central part of the aquifer, a revision of simulated hydraulic conductivity in model layers 2 and representing the aquifer, incorporation of a new block-centered finite-difference ground-water-flow model, and incorporation of a new solution algorithm and solver (a preconditioned conjugate-gradient algorithm). Refinements to the model resulted in decreases in the difference between calculated and measured heads at 22 wells. The distribution of gains and losses of stream seepage calculated in simulation with the refined model is similar to that calculated in the previous model simulation. The contributing area to the Savage well, under average pumping conditions, decreased by 0.021 square miles from the area calculated in the previous model simulation. The small difference in the contrib- uting recharge area indicates that the additional data did not enhance model simulation and that the conceptual framework for the previous model is accurate.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914177","usgsCitation":"Harte, P., and Mack, T.J., 1992, Geohydrology of, and simulation of ground-water flow in, the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4177, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 104 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914177.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 104 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122661,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4177/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56425,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4177/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8782","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harte, P. T. 0000-0002-7718-1204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":36143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"P. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":39814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}