The water supply of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area is adequate to satisfy present requirements and requirements for many years to come if the area continues to develop at about the present rate.
\nThe flow of -the Mississippi River at the Twin Cities is more than sufficient to meet the demands of the water-supply systems of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The lowest momentary flow during the period 1931-51 was more than twice the present combined maximum demand of Minneapolis and St. Paul. The lake storage of the St. Paul system combined with possible regulations by the Mississippi River headwater reservoir system, in case of an emergency, provides a reserve supply ample to meet a greatly expanded demand. The lowest average daily flow of the Mississippi River at the intakes of the Minneapolis and St. Paul water supply was 389 mgd (602 cfs), The flow at the water supply intakes has been less than 452 mgd (700 cfs) for not more than 6 consecutive days.
\nExcept for the Mississippi River, the streams in the Twin Cities area have not been extensively developed for water supply. The only known use of them for water supply is for the steam-electric. generating plant on the Minnesota River at Savage. Thus, the St. Croix River, within 12 miles on the east, the Minnesota River entering the Twin Cities from the southwest, the Vermilion within 12 miles on the south, and the Crow River within 25 miles on the west offer untapped supplies for industrial and municipal uses.
\nMany water-bearing formations occur in the area. A blanket of glacial deposits, as much as 400 feet thick, covers the area. Small domestic ground-water supplies can be developed practically everywhere in the glacial deposits, and larger industrial supplies can be obtained by exploring and testing. Below the glacial materials is a thick series of rock formations including several prolific sandstone aquifers. The formations dip toward the center of the area forming an artesian basin.
\nThe estimated average daily withdrawal of ground water from all aquifers in the area is about 90 mgd. Practically all the communities that are not supplied by the Minneapolis or St. Paul water-supply systems obtain their water from wells.
\nWhere many large-capacity wells have been concentrated in relatively small areas, there has been a great lowering of artesian pressures. However, there are large areas, distant from the centers of concentrated pumping, which are favorable for the development of additional ground water. With an adequate program of exploration and testing to determine precisely the geologic and hydrologic characteristics of the waterbearing formations, it is likely that large additional supplies of ground water can be developed for municipal and industrial uses.
\nBoth Minneapolis and St. Paul obtain their municipal water supplies from the Mississippi River above the TwinCities and are thus assured of a large supply that is not subject to contamination by industrial wastes and sewage effluents, Treatment at municipal plants for both cities provides water for diversified industrial use and for domestic use that meets U. S. Public Health Service drinking water standards., The treated water is remarkably uniform in chemical composition throughout the year and is virtually free of all color, iron, manganese, and turbidity. Currently, (1952). the two supplies are softened to about 75 ppm (as CaC03), which is an average reduction of about 55 percent in hardness of river water. The dissolvedsolids content of the treated water for St. Paul currently (1952) averages about 100 ppm; the dissolved-solids content of the Minneapolis water is slightly higher. As a matter of further interest to industrial consumers, temperatures of the untreated river water, which is only slightly altered at the Minneapolis treatment plant, averages less than 60 F for about 8 months of the year and is less than 40 F for 4 winter months.
\nThe Mississippi River as it enters the Twin Cities is moderately mineralized, averaging 241 ppm dissolved solids and 179 ppm hardness during the period 1940-49, Average turbidity is very low and silica is moderately low, but the quantities of iron and color in solution are relatively high. Color increases markedly during the period March to July in response to an increase in streamflow. The average chemical composition of the water has remained virtually unchanged except for seasonal variations since 1907.
\nData collected by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District have shown improved sanitary conditions of the river at the Twin Cities lock and dam since the sewage plant went into operation in 1939.
\nThe Minnesota River is more than twice as mineralized and hard as the Mississippi River, and it exerts a noticeable effect on the chemical and sanitary quality of the Mississippi River at St. Paul.
\nOther principal tributary streams to the Mississippi River, including Crow River, Vermilion River, and Bassett Creek, were sampled during the 1952 flood season, at which time they were of the calcium-bicarbonate type, more dilute, and of lower hardness than the Minnesota River. Lake waters in the Twin Cities area generally are less mineralized than those of the streams.
\nWaters from the drift deposits and bedrock formations overlying the Hinckley sandstone are hard and calcareous and generally contain troublesome quantities of iron. Regular treatment is required of some public-supply wells for removal of iron encrustations. Water fr.om these sources generally exceeds 300 ppm hardness, but in some places the St. Peter sandstone and St. Lawrence formation yield water of better quality. The Hinckley sandstone yields the best quality ground-water because of its comparatively lower hardness and uniform temperature (about 52 F). However, the average hardness of the treated municipal supplies of St. Paul and Minneapolis is considerably less than water from the Hinckley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir274","collaboration":"Based on data collected in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Waters and St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army","usgsCitation":"Prior, C.H., Schneider, R., and Durum, W.H., 1953, Water resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 274, Report: 49 p.; 3 Plates: 22.00 x 16.94 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir274.","productDescription":"Report: 49 p.; 3 Plates: 22.00 x 16.94 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408780,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_23664.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":30559,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30558,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":30557,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":247311,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0274/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Minneapolis, St. Paul","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.76968383789062,\n 44.630550504861795\n ],\n [\n -93.76968383789062,\n 45.298075138707965\n ],\n [\n -92.73971557617188,\n 45.298075138707965\n ],\n [\n -92.73971557617188,\n 44.630550504861795\n ],\n [\n -93.76968383789062,\n 44.630550504861795\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prior, Charles Henry","contributorId":6839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prior","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Durum, W. H.","contributorId":78311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durum","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":147127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4189,"text":"cir293 - 1953 - Coal resources of the United States (a progress report, October 1, 1953)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T14:02:59","indexId":"cir293","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"293","title":"Coal resources of the United States (a progress report, October 1, 1953)","docAbstract":"As estimated in this second progress report, the coal reserves of the United States remaining in the ground on January 1, 1953, total 1,899,739 million tons. This figure is about a 20 percent reduction of the total estimate published in the first progress report (Averitt and Berryhill, 1950). The new total is based on new, detailed, conservative estimates of reserves in Indiana, Michigan, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, South Dakota, Virginia, and Wyoming, prepared since 1947 by the U. S. Geological Survey; on new provisional, but equally conservative estimates of reserves in Colorado, Maryland, and Georgia, based on previous work of the U. S. Geological Survey and other agencies; on estimates of reserves in Illinois, Kansas, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, prepared by the geological surveys of those States; and on older and incompletely documented estimates for the remaining states.
The older estimates were prepared on a highly generalized basis and were intended to represent total possible reserves in both thick and thin beds and under both light and heavy overburden. The recent estimates have been prepared on a more conservative basis than the older estimates and tend to be considerably smaller. New conservative estimates have now been prepared for 16 coal-bearing States, which include about two-thirds of the total estimated reserves of the United States. As new estimates are prepared for the remaining States a further reduction of the total reserve figure is in prospect, though the reserves still will be large.
The estimated recoverable reserves of the United States as of January 1, 1953, total 949,870 million tons, based on the assumption that half of the coal reserves in the ground will be lost in mining, and half will be recovered. The distribution of the remaining and recoverable reserves by rank is shown in the accompanying table.
The reserves in 10 States have been classified in considerable detail according to thickness of beds, thickness of overburden, and relative abundance of reliable information available for making estimates. In these States, which are representative of several coal provinces, and contain about 40 percent of the total reserves, and are thus typical of the United States as a whole, 5 percent of the total is measured reserves in beds 28 inches or more thick, and less than 1,000 feet below the surface; and 20 percent is indicated reserves within the same limit of thickness and less than 2,000 feet below the surface. The remaining 75 percent is inferred reserves, reserves in thin beds, and reserves 2,000 to 3,000 feet below the surface.
The large percentage of inferred reserves obviously includes some coal in thick beds, which for lack of detailed information cannot be appraised quantitatively. Although accurately based on the data now available, the distribution percentages are subject to considerable change as new work is completed, particularly in the transfer of reserves from the indicated and inferred categories to the measured category. The figures serve, however, to indicate the present state of knowledge of the Nation's coal reserves, and they point to the need for additional geologic mapping and exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir293","usgsCitation":"Averitt, P., Berryhill, L.R., and Taylor, D.A., 1953, Coal resources of the United States (a progress report, October 1, 1953): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 293, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir293.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0293/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31303,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1953/0293/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.06 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aee31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Averitt, Paul","contributorId":12464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averitt","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berryhill, Louise R.","contributorId":37727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berryhill","given":"Louise","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, Dorothy A.","contributorId":32912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51712,"text":"ofr54188 - 1953 - Ground-water data collected in the Missouri River basin units in Kansas during 1952","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-13T10:10:21","indexId":"ofr54188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"54-188","title":"Ground-water data collected in the Missouri River basin units in Kansas during 1952","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr54188","usgsCitation":"Mason, B., and Underwood, S., 1953, Ground-water data collected in the Missouri River basin units in Kansas during 1952: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 54-188, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr54188.","productDescription":"61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Missouri River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.030029296875,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -97.415771484375,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -97.415771484375,\n 40.002371935876475\n ],\n [\n -102.030029296875,\n 40.002371935876475\n ],\n [\n -102.030029296875,\n 38.44498466889473\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d00e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, B.J.","contributorId":53029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, S.J.","contributorId":101734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":244175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55697,"text":"ofr532 - 1953 - Drilling data in Wisconsin zinc-lead district","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-08-15T13:09:29","indexId":"ofr532","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-2","title":"Drilling data in Wisconsin zinc-lead district","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr532","usgsCitation":"Allingham, J., 1953, Drilling data in Wisconsin zinc-lead district: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-2, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr532.","productDescription":"37 p.","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181916,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634af7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allingham, J.W.","contributorId":85573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allingham","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":254036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12778,"text":"ofr5326 - 1953 - Geology of the Plumtree area, Spruce Pine district, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:33","indexId":"ofr5326","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-26","title":"Geology of the Plumtree area, Spruce Pine district, North Carolina","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of study and geologic mapping (1:12,000) in the 70-square-mile Plumtree area in the northeastern part of the Spruce Pine pegmatite district, on the Blue Ridge upland in western North Carolina. The district has been the chief domestic source of feldspar and sheet mica. The mining belt just west of the Blue Ridge Front trends northeast and is 25 miles long and 10 miles wide. The center of the Plumtree area lies 10 miles northeast of Spruce Pine pegmatite district, on the Blue Ridge upland in western North Carolina. The district has been the chief domestic source of feldspar and sheet mica. The mining belt just west of the Blue Ridge Front trends northeast and is 25 miles long and 10 miles wide. The center of the Plumtree area lies 10 miles northeast of Spruce Pine and includes parts of Mitchell and Avery Counties shown on the portions of the 7.5-minute Spruce Pine, Linville Falls, Newland, North Carolina, and Carvers Gap, North Carolina and Tennessee quadrangle.\r\n\r\nThe topography varies from rugged mountains to rounded or flat topped hills near the entrenched, meandering master streams. Old erosion surfaces are approximately 600,1,100, 1,500, and 2,500 feet above the present master stream level. The area is in late youth or early maturity after rejuvenation..\r\n\r\nThe regionally metamorphosed rocks of the amophibolite facies form three mappable units: mica gneiss, mica schist, and hornblende rock. These rocks, perhaps of Precambrian age, are intimately interlayered with thicknesses of the individual layers ranging from less than one inch to several tons of feet. Field relationships and chemical data suggest that the mica (Carolina-type) rocks were derived from sandstones, graywackes, and shales and that the hornblende-rich (Roan-type) layers were derived from impure carbonate rocks.\r\n\r\nThe igneous rocks include alaskite and associated pegmatite of early Paleozoic age (?), dunite and associated soapstone of a prepegmatite age, and a few diabasic dikes of post-pegmatite age (Triassic?).\r\n\r\nThe alaskite and pegmatite have similar bulk compositions, notably low in iron (0.3 percent). The major constituents in order of decreasing abundance are plagioclase, perthitic microcline, quartz, and muncovite. All of these minerals, as well as clay deposits derived from the weathering of alaskite under old terraces, have economic value. The zoned pegmatites contain fewer zones which are less complex mineralogically than those in the pegmatites of many other areas. These essentially unmetamorphosed bodies were intruded approximately at the peak of the regional metamorphism. Their emplacement was controlled by local structure and rock type. The source of this igneous material may have been the mobilized portions of the Cranberry gneiss which underlies the area.\r\n\r\nThe dunite bodies were intruded early in the metamorphic cycle. The bodies are commonly zoned: from the wall rock inwards (1) talc-antrophyllite-serpentine fringe, (3) serpentinized dunite, (3) granular olivine core. Dunite, chromite, vermiculite, and anthophyllite are the major economic commodities. Extensive hydrothermal alteration of dunite bodies produced soapstone.\r\n\r\nThe area is the northeast end of a southwest plunging synclinorium about 20 miles wide with the steeper limb on the northwest side. There are three structural zones: zone I on the northwest is characterized by the northeast-trending isoclinal folds with steep southeast dips; zone II on the southwest includes an area of rocks with low and variable dip; zone III is the complex central core. In the extreme northeast zones I and II have an indistinct boundary where they coalesce along the rim of the synclinorium. Six stratigraphic units are exposed totaling approximately 10,500 feet of metamorphic rocks.\r\n\r\nSmall scale structural features include a foliation, and a lineation in the planes of the foliation. Minor folding reflects the trends of the major structures. There are randomly orient","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey],","doi":"10.3133/ofr5326","usgsCitation":"Brobst, D.A., 1953, Geology of the Plumtree area, Spruce Pine district, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-26, 115 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5326.","productDescription":"115 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145017,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0026/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41175,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0026/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":41176,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e853","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brobst, Donald Albert","contributorId":36117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brobst","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Albert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":166691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51222,"text":"ofr5333 - 1953 - Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data--Revere Beach Parkway: Boston and Maine Railroad Crossing, Medford; Malden River, Medford-Everett; and Boston and Maine Railroad (Saugus Branch), Everett, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:13","indexId":"ofr5333","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-33","title":"Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data--Revere Beach Parkway: Boston and Maine Railroad Crossing, Medford; Malden River, Medford-Everett; and Boston and Maine Railroad (Saugus Branch), Everett, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr5333","usgsCitation":"Castle, R.O., and Linehan, D., 1953, Geology and geologic interpretation of seismic data--Revere Beach Parkway: Boston and Maine Railroad Crossing, Medford; Malden River, Medford-Everett; and Boston and Maine Railroad (Saugus Branch), Everett, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-33, 4 p., 6 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5333.","productDescription":"4 p., 6 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castle, R. O.","contributorId":79880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linehan, Daniel","contributorId":36998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linehan","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":51292,"text":"ofr53121 - 1953 - Fifth progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-06T14:09:42.939311","indexId":"ofr53121","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-121","title":"Fifth progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California","docAbstract":"This report is the fifth in a continuing series of annual progress reports giving the results of discharge measurements made at more than 120 selected sites in the \"Tecolote Tunnel Area\" of the Santa Ynez Mountains. This area derives its name from the tunnel now being built by the Bureau of Reclamation for the purpose of diverting the flood waters of the Santa Ynez River as stored in Cachuma Reservoir to the city of Santa Barbara and adjacent coastal communities. The tunnel alignment is roughly north and south through the center of this area, which extends from Refugio Pass on the west to San Marcos Pass and the Painted Cave area on the east.
The program of measuring the developed springs and headwater streams in the Tecolote Tunnel area was started on its present scale in the latter part of 1948 at the request of the Santa Barbara County Water Agency. The primary purpose of the program is to obtain sufficient factual data to determine what effect, if any, the construction and use of the Tecolote Tunnel will have on the outflow of the springs in the area. The area covered by this study was made large enough to include all springs that could possibly be affected by the tunnel, as well as springs believed to be outside the zone of influence. The program is being carried on by the Geological Survey under a cooperative agreement with the Santa Barbara County Water Agency whereby each pays one half the cost.
Prior to January 1953 the flow at each of the more than 120 locations was generally measured monthly. Since then, the number of sites at which monthly measurements are made has been reduced to about 40, with measurements made every other month or quarterly at the remaining locations. The purpose of this report is to make available the factual data obtained from May 1, 1952 to June 30, 1953.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr53121","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Santa Barbara County Water Agency","usgsCitation":"Hofmann, W., 1953, Fifth progress report on the cooperative investigation of springs and streamflow in the Tecolote Tunnel area of Santa Barbara County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-121, Report: 156 p.; 1 Plate: 25.52 x 19.41 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53121.","productDescription":"Report: 156 p.; 1 Plate: 25.52 x 19.41 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":432279,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0121/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":179365,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":432278,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0121/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"50000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Santa Barbara County","otherGeospatial":"Tecolote Tunnel","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.61474653419313,\n 35.107477322182945\n ],\n [\n -120.61474653419313,\n 33.603227658961316\n ],\n [\n -119.21258359397822,\n 33.603227658961316\n ],\n [\n -119.21258359397822,\n 35.107477322182945\n ],\n [\n -120.61474653419313,\n 35.107477322182945\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f497c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hofmann, Walter","contributorId":30604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofmann","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":13025,"text":"ofr5337 - 1953 - Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13025,"text":"ofr5337 - 1953 - Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"ofr5337","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"title":"Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39115,"text":"pp310 - 1961 - Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"pp310","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39115,"text":"pp310 - 1961 - Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan","indexId":"pp310","publicationYear":"1961","noYear":false,"title":"Geology of central Dickinson County, Michigan"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-20T15:39:52.951017","indexId":"ofr5337","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-37","title":"Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan","docAbstract":"The Norway Lake area straddles the south margin of the Sagola basin, an embayment of Ruronian sedimentary rocks into the west side of a complex of crystalline and sedimentary rocks of pre-Ruronian age. The north part of the Norway Lake area is underlain by the Randville dolomite, an unnamed succession of slates, Vulcan iron-formation, and interbedded slates and graywackes of the Sagola basin. The Sturgeon quartzite has not been definitely recognized in the Norway Lake area. The Handville dolomite is more than 800 feet thick and can be subdivided into upper and lower dolomite members separated by a slate member. The Vulcan iron-formation and the footwall slates are exposed only in the Deerhunt exploration. A thick section of red and gray slates with interbedded graywacke, of probable Upper Huronian age, underlies the northwest part of the mapped area. The south part of the Norway Lake area is underlain by granite gneiss, an arkose series, and schists, all of pre-Huronian age.
The principal structural elements of the Norway Lake area are high angle faults, and such faults form most of the boundary between Huronian and pre-Huronian rocks in the area. The structure of the Huronian rocks. particularly in the vicinity of the Deerhunt exploration, cannot be determined with certainty on the basis of information now available. Magnetic anomalies were found to be associated with the slate member of the Randville dolomite, basalt interbedded with the arkose series, and a magnetite-bearing member in hornblende schist.
It is possible that economic deposits of iron ore occur within the mapped area. However, exploration will be tedious and costly because of the structural complexity of the area and the paucity of exposures. Furthermore, the absence of strong magnetic anomalies, such as typically are present in areas known to be underlain by Vulcan iron-formation, suggests that the iron-formation is not present in abundance; in fact, it may be limited to the immediate vicinity of the Deerhunt exploration.
Field mapping and petrographic examination do not provide data to determine whether the granite gneiss formed from a magma. Chemical analysis of one sample suggests that it was formed from rocks of the earth's crust rather than by fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma.
The original feldspars of the granite gneiss were probably anorthoclase and analbite. During uplift and denudation these were changed to microcline microperthite and albite. These feldspars were contributed to the arkose series. During regional metamorphism of the granite gneiss and arkose replacement type microperthite and secondary perthite were formed, probably by redistribution of feldspars already present tither than by metasomatism.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5337","collaboration":"Prepared with the cooperation of Geological Survey Division Michigan Department of Conservation","usgsCitation":"Clark, L.D., 1953, Pre-Cambrian geology of the Norway Lake area, Dickinson County, Michigan (Superceded by: P-310): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-37, Report: viii, 63 p.; 3 Plates: 48.61 x 18.04 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5337.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 63 p.; 3 Plates: 48.61 x 18.04 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":465396,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465397,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465398,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465399,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0037/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Norway Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.427449588878034\n ],\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.40114703982681\n ],\n [\n -88.6676931895693,\n 46.40114703982681\n ],\n [\n -88.6676931895693,\n 46.427449588878034\n ],\n [\n -88.70774798791976,\n 46.427449588878034\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Superceded by: P-310","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad1e4b07f02db681312","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Lorin Delbert","contributorId":44144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Lorin","email":"","middleInitial":"Delbert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":42,"text":"wsp1137G - 1953 - Floods of 1950 in the upper Mississippi River and Lake Superior basins in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:11","indexId":"wsp1137G","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1137","chapter":"G","title":"Floods of 1950 in the upper Mississippi River and Lake Superior basins in Minnesota","docAbstract":"In areal coverage and magnitude of peak discharge the floods of April-May 1950 in the Missouri River Basin in North and South Dakota were unprecedented in the area. These floods were characterized by an extremely late spring breakup of ice, by great flood peaks resulting from snow melt, and by two separate floods in the James River Valley in less than a month. \r\n\r\nThe primary cause of the floods was the rapid melting of the season's great accumulation of snow, one of the deepest on record. In the period between the normal spring breakup time and the actual breakup of river ice, considerably more snow accumulated. Some of this was melted by a few .warm days and the melt was stored as water behind snow barriers in upland watercourses. A sudden increase in temperature beginning April 13 and lasting until most of the snow had been converted into runoff resulted in rapid rise of flood waters. \r\n\r\nTributary flood waters made the Missouri River from Mobridge to Yankton, S. Oak., rise to near the maximum recorded discharge. At Sioux City, Iowa, the 1950 flood peak-discharge exceeded any previously recorded by the Geological Survey. \r\n\r\nThe center of the flooded area west of the Missouri River lay m the Cannonball River Basin which had the greatest water content of snow on the ground just before the ice broke up Floods north and south of this area were relatively less intense. Scattered records of the Cannonball River and a study of newspaper accounts and other information show that the flood of 1950 was greatest since the area was settled. Flooding of the James River at Jamestown was the greatest since 1897, and the floods of April and May 1950 were of nearly the same stage. Itemized flood damages were made by Federal and State agencies, and relief was sent to the area by the Department of the Army and the American National Red Cross. \r\n\r\nData include records of stage and discharge at 54 gaging stations for the period of flood, a summary of peak discharges and comparative data for past and present maxima, a table of crest stages, and weather associated with the 1950 flood.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp1137G","usgsCitation":"Paulsen, C.G., 1953, Floods of 1950 in the upper Mississippi River and Lake Superior basins in Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1137, p. 791-895 :ill., maps ;24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1137G.","productDescription":"p. 791-895 :ill., maps ;24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":24663,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137g/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":24664,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1137g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0da5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paulsen, C. G.","contributorId":96239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paulsen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":141865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51331,"text":"ofr53170 - 1953 - Geology and geologic interpretation on seismic data, relocation of Route 1, in West Newbury, Massachusetts, cut, stations 8-15","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:14","indexId":"ofr53170","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-170","title":"Geology and geologic interpretation on seismic data, relocation of Route 1, in West Newbury, Massachusetts, cut, stations 8-15","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr53170","usgsCitation":"Maynard, J., and Hazelwood, R., 1953, Geology and geologic interpretation on seismic data, relocation of Route 1, in West Newbury, Massachusetts, cut, stations 8-15: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-170, 2 p., 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr53170.","productDescription":"2 p., 2 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maynard, J.E.","contributorId":26005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maynard","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazelwood, R.M.","contributorId":41883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazelwood","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13930,"text":"ofr5382 - 1953 - Results of exploration at the Old Leyden coal mine, Jefferson County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-23T08:47:42","indexId":"ofr5382","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1953","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"53-82","title":"Results of exploration at the Old Leyden coal mine, Jefferson County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Six diamond core holes totaling 2, 201 feet were drilled by the. U, S. Bureau of Mines under contract to the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission at the Old Leyden coal mine, Jefferson County, Colo. The holes were spotted on the basis of geologic mapping by the U. S. Geological survey and were drilled to explore the lateral and downward extent of a uranium-bearing coal and the associated carnotite deposits in the adjacent sandstone° The data obtained from the diamond-core holes helped to explain the geology and structural control of the deposit. The uranium is most abundant in a coal bed that in places has been brecciated by shearing. and then altered to a hard, dense, and silicified rock. The uraniferous coal is in the nearly vertical beds of the Laramie formation of Upper Cretaceous age.
Small lenticular bodies of uraniferous material, 50 feet long, 25 to 30 feet wide, and 2 to 4 feet thick, occur at intervals in the coal and silicified coal over a strike length of about 800 feet. These bodies contain 0.10 to 0.50 percent uranium. Data obtained from the drilling indicate a discontinuous radioactive zone between these higher-grade bodies; assays of samples from the cores range from 0.001 to 0.10 percent uranium. All drill holes were probed by Survey and A. E. C. logging equipment and showed anomalies where the core assayed more than 0.005 percent uranium.
Material of ore grade--0.10 percent uranium--was found in one core; the rock in the other five holes was of lower grade. The presence of the radioactive zone in all holes suggests, however, that uranium is distributed irregularly in a southerly plunging deposit which is exposed in the adit, on the outcrop, and in other diamond-drill holes that were put down by the lessee.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr5382","usgsCitation":"Gude, A., and McKeown, F.A., 1953, Results of exploration at the Old Leyden coal mine, Jefferson County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 53-82, Report: 14 p.; 10 Plates: 32.14 x 30.36 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr5382.","productDescription":"Report: 14 p.; 10 Plates: 32.14 x 30.36 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":347084,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347085,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347086,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347087,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347088,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":347081,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347082,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347083,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347078,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347079,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":347080,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1953/0082/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Jefferson County","otherGeospatial":"Old Leyden Coal Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.24078369140625,\n 39.840275988326184\n ],\n [\n -105.22117137908936,\n 39.840275988326184\n ],\n [\n -105.22117137908936,\n 39.85203878519601\n ],\n [\n -105.24078369140625,\n 39.85203878519601\n ],\n [\n -105.24078369140625,\n 39.840275988326184\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624282","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gude, A.J.","contributorId":53869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gude","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKeown, F. 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