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Water-resources data published herein for the 1991 water year comprise the following records: Water discharge for 142 gaging stations on streams, canals, and drains. Discharge data for 131 peak-flow stations and miscellaneous sites, and 57 springs. Stage and contents for 21 lakes and reservoirs. Water-quality data for 131 stream, canal, and drain sites, and 140 wells. Precipitation totals for 7 streams. Precipitation totals for 12 high elevation sites. Water levels for 33 continous record wells, and 493 observation wells.

Additional water-data. collected at various sites that are not part of the systematic data-collection program, are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Nevada.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNV911","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Nevada and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Garcia, K.T., Gortsema, G., Pennington, R., and Preissler, A.M., 1992, Water resources data, Nevada, water year 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NV-91-1, xvi, 481 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNV911.","productDescription":"xvi, 481 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":483346,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/nv-91-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174874,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/nv-91-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-114.042145,40.999926],[-114.043176,40.771675],[-114.043803,40.759205],[-114.043831,40.758666],[-114.043505,40.726292],[-114.045281,40.506586],[-114.045577,40.495801],[-114.045518,40.494474],[-114.045218,40.430282],[-114.045826,40.424823],[-114.046178,40.398313],[-114.046153,40.231971],[-114.046683,40.116931],[-114.046741,40.104231],[-114.046386,40.097896],[-114.046835,40.030131],[-114.046555,39.996899],[-114.047134,39.906037],[-114.047214,39.821024],[-114.047783,39.79416],[-114.047273,39.759413],[-114.047728,39.542742],[-114.047079,39.499943],[-114.049104,39.005509],[-114.048054,38.878693],[-114.048521,38.876197],[-114.049465,38.874949],[-114.049168,38.749951],[-114.049749,38.72921],[-114.049883,38.677365],[-114.050154,38.57292],[-114.049862,38.547764],[-114.049834,38.543784],[-114.050485,38.499955],[-114.050091,38.404673],[-114.05012,38.404536],[-114.049417,38.2647],[-114.050138,38.24996],[-114.049903,38.148601],[-114.050423,37.999961],[-114.049658,37.881368],[-114.049928,37.852508],[-114.049677,37.823645],[-114.048473,37.809861],[-114.049919,37.765586],[-114.051109,37.756276],[-114.05167,37.746958],[-114.051785,37.746249],[-114.051728,37.745997],[-114.052472,37.604776],[-114.052962,37.592783],[-114.052689,37.517859],[-114.052718,37.517264],[-114.052685,37.502513],[-114.052701,37.492014],[-114.052448,37.43144],[-114.051765,37.418083],[-114.051927,37.370734],[-114.051927,37.370459],[-114.0518,37.293548],[-114.0518,37.293044],[-114.051974,37.284511],[-114.051974,37.283848],[-114.051405,37.233854],[-114.051673,37.172368],[-114.052179,37.14711],[-114.051867,37.134292],[-114.052827,37.103961],[-114.051822,37.090976],[-114.051749,37.088434],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.049995,36.957769],[-114.050619,36.843141],[-114.050619,36.843128],[-114.050606,36.800184],[-114.050562,36.656259],[-114.050167,36.624978],[-114.04966,36.621113],[-114.048476,36.49998],[-114.046488,36.473449],[-114.045829,36.442973],[-114.045806,36.391071],[-114.047584,36.325573],[-114.046935,36.315449],[-114.048515,36.289598],[-114.048226,36.268874],[-114.047106,36.250591],[-114.046743,36.245246],[-114.046838,36.194069],[-114.060302,36.189363],[-114.068027,36.180663],[-114.088954,36.144381],[-114.09987,36.121654],[-114.103222,36.120176],[-114.111011,36.119875],[-114.120862,36.114596],[-114.123144,36.111576],[-114.123975,36.106515],[-114.123221,36.104746],[-114.117459,36.100893],[-114.114165,36.096982],[-114.114531,36.095217],[-114.136896,36.059467],[-114.138203,36.053161],[-114.137188,36.046785],[-114.138202,36.041284],[-114.148191,36.028013],[-114.151725,36.024563],[-114.15413,36.023862],[-114.166465,36.027738],[-114.176824,36.027651],[-114.19238,36.020993],[-114.21369,36.015613],[-114.233289,36.014289],[-114.238799,36.014561],[-114.252651,36.020193],[-114.263146,36.025937],[-114.266721,36.029238],[-114.270645,36.03572],[-114.280202,36.046362],[-114.314028,36.058165],[-114.315557,36.059494],[-114.316109,36.063109],[-114.314206,36.066619],[-114.307879,36.071291],[-114.305738,36.074882],[-114.30843,36.082443],[-114.328777,36.105501],[-114.337273,36.10802],[-114.363109,36.130246],[-114.372106,36.143114],[-114.405475,36.147371],[-114.412373,36.147254],[-114.41695,36.145761],[-114.427169,36.136305],[-114.446605,36.12597],[-114.448654,36.12641],[-114.453325,36.130726],[-114.458369,36.138586],[-114.463637,36.139695],[-114.470152,36.138801],[-114.487034,36.129396],[-114.49612,36.12785],[-114.502172,36.128796],[-114.504442,36.129741],[-114.505766,36.131444],[-114.506144,36.134659],[-114.505387,36.137496],[-114.50482,36.142414],[-114.504631,36.145629],[-114.506711,36.148277],[-114.511721,36.150956],[-114.545789,36.152248],[-114.572031,36.15161],[-114.597212,36.142103],[-114.608264,36.133949],[-114.616694,36.130101],[-114.621883,36.13213],[-114.627855,36.141012],[-114.631716,36.142306],[-114.65995,36.124145],[-114.66289,36.119932],[-114.666538,36.117343],[-114.709771,36.107742],[-114.717293,36.107686],[-114.736165,36.104367],[-114.747079,36.097005],[-114.753638,36.090705],[-114.755618,36.087166],[-114.755491,36.081601],[-114.754099,36.07944],[-114.743342,36.070535],[-114.736253,36.05847],[-114.736738,36.054349],[-114.740375,36.049258],[-114.740375,36.043682],[-114.740617,36.041015],[-114.739405,36.037863],[-114.734314,36.035681],[-114.730435,36.031317],[-114.729707,36.028166],[-114.731162,36.021862],[-114.740522,36.013336],[-114.742779,36.009963],[-114.743243,36.00653],[-114.743756,35.985095],[-114.740595,35.975656],[-114.729941,35.962183],[-114.728318,35.95629],[-114.731159,35.943916],[-114.729356,35.941413],[-114.715692,35.934709],[-114.707526,35.92806],[-114.708516,35.912313],[-114.700271,35.901772],[-114.68112,35.885364],[-114.679039,35.880046],[-114.677883,35.876346],[-114.67742,35.874728],[-114.678114,35.871953],[-114.679501,35.868023],[-114.68201,35.863284],[-114.697767,35.854844],[-11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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garcia, K. T.","contributorId":52613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gortsema, G.C.","contributorId":17631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gortsema","given":"G.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pennington, R.N.","contributorId":81949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennington","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Preissler, A. M.","contributorId":85230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preissler","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":68353,"text":"ha722D - 1992 - Geohydrologic systems in Kansas: Physical framework of the upper aquifer unit in the western interior plains aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T19:29:50.584672","indexId":"ha722D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"722","chapter":"D","title":"Geohydrologic systems in Kansas: Physical framework of the upper aquifer unit in the western interior plains aquifer system","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this Hydrologic Investigations Atlas is to provide a description of the principal geohydrologic systems in Upper Cambrian through Lower Cretaceous rocks in Kansas. This investigation was made as part of the Central Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CMRASA). The CMRASA is one of several major investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey of regional aquifer systems in the United States. These regional investigations are designed to increase knowledge of the flow regime and hydrologic properties of major aquifer systems and to provide quantitative information for the assessment, development, and management water supplies. The CMRASA study area includes all or parts of 10 Central Midwestern States (Jorgensen and Signor, 1981), as shown on the envelope cover.
This Hydrologic Investigations Atlas, which consists of a series of nine chapters, presents a description of the physical framework and the geohydrology of principal aquifers and confining systems in Kansas. Chapter D presents maps that show the areal extent, altitude and configuration of the top, and thickness of Mississippian rocks that compose the upper aquifer unit of the Western Interior Plains aquifer system in Kansas, The chapter is limited to the presentation of the physical framework of the upper aquifer unit. The interpretation of the physical framework of the upper aquifer unit is based on selected geophysical and lithologic logs and published maps of stratigraphically equivalent units. Maps indicating the thickness and the altitude and configuration of the top of the upper aquifer unit in the Western Interior Plains aquifer system have been prepared as part of a series of interrelated maps that describe the stratigraphic interval from the Precambrian basement through Lower Cretaceous rocks. A concerted effort was made to ensure that maps of each geohydrologic unit are consistent with the maps of underlying and overlying units. Chapter A of this atlas series (Wolf and others, 1990) describes the relation of principal geohydrologic systems in Kansas and presents a more detailed discussion of the methods and data used to prepare and ensure consistency among the sets of maps.

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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8dd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Cristi V. chansen@usgs.gov","contributorId":435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Cristi","email":"chansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":278080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spinazola, Joseph M.","contributorId":102044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Underwood, E. J.","contributorId":22440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38317,"text":"ofr92319C - 1992 - Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 2","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:48","indexId":"ofr92319C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-319","chapter":"C","title":"Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 2","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr92319C","usgsCitation":"Bankey, V., and Bracken, R.E., 1992, Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 2: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-319, 1 Disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92319C.","productDescription":"1 Disk","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165340,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698472","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bankey, Viki viki@usgs.gov","contributorId":1238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bankey","given":"Viki","email":"viki@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bracken, Robert E. 0000-0001-7759-2743 rbracken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-2743","contributorId":2640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracken","given":"Robert","email":"rbracken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":67977,"text":"ha722B - 1992 - Geohydrologic systems in Kansas — Physical framework of the Great Plains aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T20:03:31.252351","indexId":"ha722B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"722","chapter":"B","title":"Geohydrologic systems in Kansas — Physical framework of the Great Plains aquifer system","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this map report is to provide a description of one of the principal geohydrologic systems in Upper Cambrian through Lower Cretaceous rocks in Kansas. The report is the result of an investigation made as part of the Central Midwest Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (CMRASA). The CMRASA is one of several major investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey of regional aquifer systems in the United States. These regional investigations are designed to increase knowledge of the flow regime and hydrologic properties of major aquifer systems and to provide quantitative information for the assessment, development, and management of water supplies. The CMRASA study area includes all or parts of 10 Central Midwestern States (Jorgensen and Signor, 1981), as shown on the envelope cover.

This Hydrologic Investigations Atlas, which consists of a series of nine chapters, presents a description of the physical framework and the geohydrology of principal aquifer and confining systems in Kansas. Chapter B describes the physical framework of the Great Plains aquifer system and presents maps and a geohydrologic cross section that show the thickness, the areal extent, and the altitude and configuration of the top of the Lower Cretaceous rocks that compose the Great Plains aquifer system. The maps are based on data from selected geophysical and lithologic logs and from published maps of stratigraphically equivalent units. Maps that show the thickness and the altitude and configuration of the top of the Great Plains aquifer system have been prepared as part of a series of interrelated maps that describe the stratigraphic interval from the Precambrian surface through Lower Cretaceous rocks. A concerted effort was made to ensure that maps of each geohydrologic system are consistent with maps of underlying and overlying systems; modifications were made where necessary.

Chapter A of this atlas series (Wolf and others, 1990) describes the relation of geohydrologic systems in Kansas and presents a more detailed discussion of the methods and data used to prepare and ensure consistency among the sets of maps in the series.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha722B","usgsCitation":"Spinazola, J.M., Wolf, R.J., and McGovern, H.E., 1992, Geohydrologic systems in Kansas — Physical framework of the Great Plains aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 722, 2 Plates: 53.86 x 39.87 inches and 51.13 x 34.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha722B.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 53.86 x 39.87 inches and 51.13 x 34.54 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266304,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/722b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":186136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":360661,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/722b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394772,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16146.htm"}],"scale":"1000000","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102.04,37 ], [ -102.04,40 ], [ -97,40 ], [ -97,37 ], [ -102.04,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8e04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spinazola, Joseph M.","contributorId":102044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spinazola","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolf, R. J.","contributorId":21518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolf","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGovern, Harold E.","contributorId":9634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGovern","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":277436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38445,"text":"pp1405C - 1992 - Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: in Regional aquifer-system analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-06T09:49:22","indexId":"pp1405C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1405","chapter":"C","title":"Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: in Regional aquifer-system analysis","docAbstract":"

A six-State area in the northern Midwest of the United States has become increasingly dependent on ground water from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system, which consists of a sequence of sandstones, carbonate rocks, and shales. Ground-water withdrawals from the aquifer system began in the late 1800's and increased to approximately 684 million gallons per day (1,058 cubic feet per second) by 1980. This withdrawal has caused more than 900 feet of decline in the potentiometric surface of the aquifer system in parts of the Chicago, Ill., area. Pumping in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn., Milwaukee, Wis., and central Iowa has produced a few hundreds of feet of water-level decline.

\n

A quasi-three-dimensional ground-water flow model was developed to improve understanding of the regional ground-water flow system by simulating the aquifer system under the conditions that existed before and during ground-water development. The Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system and the overlying rocks were incorporated in the conceptual model as five aquifer layers with four intervening confining layers. The aquifer layers, from top to bottom, are as follows: Quaternary deposits and Cretaceous rocks (aquifer layer 5); basal Devonian carbonate rocks and underlying Silurian carbonate rocks (aquifer layer 4); Middle Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone, Lower Ordovician Prairie du Chien Group, and Upper Cambrian Jordan Sandstone (aquifer layer 3); Upper Cambrian Ironton and Galesville Sandstones (aquifer layer 2); and Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone and Precambrian Hinckley Sandstone (aquifer layer 1).

\n

The effects on the flow system of ground water having variable density and the individual aquifer layer contribution of flow to wells open to several aquifer layers were simulated by incorporating appropriate terms in the ground-water flow equation and corresponding modifications in the ground-water flow model.

\n

Results of steady-state simulations are shown as maps of freshwater head and as flow-rate vectors. A comparison was made of available predevelopment head data and simulated predevelopment heads for the Mount Simon, St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan, and Silurian-Devonian aquifers. The root mean square of the differences between observed and simulated heads for these aquifers was 53, 36, and 44 feet, respectively.

\n

Steady-state model simulation indicates that regional recharge areas are located in northwestern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, much of Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and central Missouri. Regional discharge areas are located near the Mississippi River and its tributaries, the Missouri River, Lake Michigan, and the Illinois basin.

\n

Results of a transient simulation of the period 1861 to 1980 are shown as maps of freshwater head and freshwater-head decline. The root mean square of the differences between observed and simulated heads for the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer was 63 feet. In addition, hydrographs of simulated hydraulic head were compared with hydrographs of observed head in wells open to various combinations of aquifers. The numerous head measurements within a model node display a wide range in magnitude; however, their historical trend generally follows the trend of the simulated heads.

\n

The simulated recharge from the glacial drift to the immediately underlying bedrock aquifers averages 0.03, 0.06, 0.24, and 0.02 inch per year, respectively, to the Mount Simon, Ironton-Galesville, St. Peter- Prairie du Chien-Jordan, and Silurian-Devonian aquifers for predevelopment conditions and 0.03, 0.07, 0.45, and 0.07 inch per year, respectively, to the same aquifers for 1976-80. These recharge rates are less than 1.5 percent of average annual precipitation of about 30 inches per year. Most of the recharge from precipitation discharges to streams as base flow through local and intermediate ground-water flow systems. Only a small fraction of the precipitation recharges the deeper, regional flow system. The simulated predevelopment recharge of 571 cubic feet per second is balanced by an equivalent discharge. For the period 1976-80, simulated recharge increased to 1,398 cubic feet per second. Total discharge, including pumpage from the four bedrock aquifers, increased to 1,619 cubic feet per second. The difference in recharge and discharge during this period is from aquifer storage.

\n

Results of variable-density simulations indicate that the rate of ground-water movement is small in areas where ground water is highly mineralized. The rates and directions are controlled by the intrinsic permeability of the rock, freshwater head gradients, and gravitational force.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Regional aquifer-system analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1405C","usgsCitation":"Mandle, R., and Kontis, A., 1992, Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system in the northern Midwest, United States: in Regional aquifer-system analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1405, viii, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1405C.","productDescription":"viii, 97 p.","numberOfPages":"111","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":64920,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1405c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 46.042735653846506\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 46.31658418182218\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 46.34692761055676\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 46.13417004624326\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 45.24395342262324\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 41.83682786072714\n ],\n [\n -96.328125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -94.8779296875,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 38.03078569382294\n ],\n [\n -87.01171875,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -85.78125,\n 39.16414104768742\n ],\n [\n -86.4404296875,\n 42.45588764197166\n ],\n [\n -86.8798828125,\n 43.29320031385282\n ],\n [\n -87.099609375,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.9511496866914\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648697","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mandle, R.J.","contributorId":27090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandle","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kontis, A.L.","contributorId":69542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontis","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54684,"text":"wdrMI911 - 1992 - Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-10T14:26:35","indexId":"wdrMI911","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MI-91-1","title":"Water resources data, Michigan, water year 1991","docAbstract":"

Water resources data for the 1991 water year for Michigan consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water temperature of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 146 streamflow-gaging stations; stage only records for 1 river-gaging station and 13 lake-gaging stations; stage and contents for 5 lakes and reservoirs; water-quality records for 23 streamflow-gaging stations; water-level records for 51 ground-water wells; and water temperature records for 4 ground-water wells. Also included are 48 crest-stage partial-record stations and 8 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program. Miscellaneous data were collected at 98 measuring sites and 13 water-quality sampling sites. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Michigan.

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\"}}]}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blumer, S. P.","contributorId":23938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumer","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, W.W.","contributorId":27922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Minnerick, R. J.","contributorId":52255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minnerick","given":"R. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whited, C.R.","contributorId":49387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whited","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"LeuVoy, R.L.","contributorId":56706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeuVoy","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":251160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":39787,"text":"pp1408B - 1992 - Geohydrologic framework of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:48:56","indexId":"pp1408B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"B","title":"Geohydrologic framework of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"The Snake River Plain in southern Idaho is a major geologic \nstructure of uncertain origin. Surface geology is generally well \ndefined, but subsurface geology is poorly defined below about \n500 feet. Rocks that underlie the plain form the framework for a \nregional ground-water system that supplies large quantities of \nwater for irrigation and makes the plain nationally important in \nterms of agricultural production.\nThe 15,600-square-mile Snake River Plain is a grabenlike \nstructure that formed in middle Miocene time. The graben may \nhave been formed by oblique extensional forces resulting from \ninteractions between the North American and Pacific tectonic \nplates. The oldest known rocks underlying the plain, penetrated \nin a 14,007-foot-deep test hole northwest of Boise, are of middle \nMiocene age. Miocene volcanic rocks at the plain's margin that \ndip toward and underlie the plain were highly faulted and se- \nverely eroded before the plain was formed.\nFaults along the margins of the eastern part of the plain are \nnot visible at land surface and have been defined chiefly by geo- \nphysical methods. However, well-defined fault systems bound \nthe western part of the plain.\nThe eastern plain is underlain predominantly by Quaternary \nbasalt of the Snake River Group, which is intercalated with \nsedimentary rocks along the margins. Basalt crops out or is less \nthan 10 feet below land surface in the central part of the east- \nern plain and is usually less than 100 feet below land surface \nelsewhere. Geophysical data and drillers' logs indicate that \nQuaternary basalt in the central part of the eastern plain is as \nmuch as 5,000 feet thick. A test hole about 10 miles northeast \nof the Snake River near Wendell provided the first information \nabout deep subsurface stratigraphic relations in that part of the \nplain. The stratigraphic sequence penetrated in the test hole is \nsimilar to that in the north wall of the Snake River canyon be- \ntween Milner and King Hill. In that area, basalt of the Snake \nRiver Group thins toward the river and is underlain by sedi- \nmentary rocks and basalt of the Tertiary and Quaternary Idaho \nGroup.\nThe western plain is underlain mainly by unconsolidated and \nweakly consolidated Tertiary and Quaternary sedimentary rocks \nas much as 5,000 feet thick. Basalt also is present in the west- \nern plain and is most extensive near Mountain Home.\nQuaternary basalt of the Snake River Group, which composes \nmuch of the Snake River Plain regional aquifer system, is highly \ntransmissive. In the eastern plain, a thick sequence of thin- \nlayered basalt flows yields large volumes of water to wells. Wells \nopen to less than 100 feet of the aquifer yield as much as 7,000 \ngallons per minute; yields of 2,000 to 3,000 gallons per minute \nwith only a few feet of drawdown are common. Transmissivity\ncommonly exceeds 100,000 feet squared per day and, in places, 1 \nmillion feet squared per day.\nLarge springs in the Snake River canyon between Milner and \nKing Hill issue at the contact between highly transmissive pil- \nlow lava and less transmissive underlying rocks. In 1980, \nground-water discharge between Milner and King Hill, largely \nspring flow, averaged about 6,000 cubic feet per second.\nIn the western plain, coarse-grained sedimentary deposits are \nthickest and transmissivity is highest along the northern mar- \ngins. The percentage of coarse-grained sedimentary deposits de- \ncreases to the southwest, where lacustrine sedimentary deposits \npredominate.\nIn most of the eastern plain, the upper part of the ground- \nwater system is unconfined. At depth and in much of the west- \nern plain, aquifers are confined.\nAcross most of the plain, Quaternary basalt aquifers overlie \naquifers in the Tertiary Idavada Volcanics and Banbury Basalt \nof the Idaho Group. The older volcanic rocks are typically much \nless transmissive than the Quaternary basalt. Faults and frac- \ntures are permeable zones for water storage and conduits for \nwater movement. In places near the margins of the plain, the \nIdavada Volcanics contains important geothermal aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408B","usgsCitation":"Whitehead, R., 1992, Geohydrologic framework of the Snake River plain regional aquifer system, Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vi, 32 p.; 6 Plates: 37.02 x 20.13 and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408B.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 32 p.; 6 Plates: 37.02 x 20.13 and smaller","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":97417,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-1.pdf","size":"5843","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97419,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-3.pdf","size":"2682","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97420,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-4.pdf","size":"1247","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97421,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-5.pdf","size":"1137","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97422,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-6.pdf","size":"2015","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":97418,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/plate-2.pdf","size":"1929","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67662,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8eab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitehead, R.L.","contributorId":34891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitehead","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38375,"text":"pp1523 - 1992 - Chemistry of the subalkalic silicic obsidians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T16:08:20","indexId":"pp1523","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1523","title":"Chemistry of the subalkalic silicic obsidians","docAbstract":"Nonhydrated obsidians are quenched magmatic liquids that record in their chemical compositions details of the tectonic environment of formation and of the differentiation mechanisms that affected their subsequent evolution. This study attempts to analyze, in terms of geologic processes, the compositional variations in the subalkalic silicic obsidians (Si02≥70 percent by weight, molecular (Na2O+K20)>Al2O3). New major- and trace-element determinations of 241 samples and a compilation of 130 published major-element analyses are reported and interpreted. Obsidians from five different tectonic settings are recognized: (1) primitive island arcs, (2) mature island arcs, (3) continental margins, (4) continental interiors, and (5) oceanic extensional zones. Tectonomagmatic discrimination between these groups is successfully made on Nb-Ta, Nb-FeOt and Th-Hf-Ta plots, and compositional ranges and averages for each group are presented. The chemical differences between groups are related to the type of crust in which magmas were generated. With increasingly sialic (continental type) crust, the obsidians show overall enrichment in F, Be, Li, Mo, Nb, Rb, Sn, Ta, U, W, Zn, and the rare-earth elements, and depletion in Mg, Ca, Ba, Co, Sc, Sr, and Zr. They become more potassic, have higher Fe/Mg and F/Cl ratios, and lower Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, and Th/U ratios. Higher values of total rare-earth elements are accompanied by light rare-earth-element enrichment and pronounced negative Eu anomalies. An attempt is made to link obsidian chemistry to genetic mechanlism. Two broad groups of rocks are distinguished: one generated where crystal-liquid processes dominated (CLPD types), which are the products of crustal anatexis, possibly under conditions of low halogen fugacity, ± crystal fractionation ± magma mixing; and a second group represented by rocks formed in the upper parts of large magma chambers by interplays of crystal fractionation, volatile transfer, magma mixing, and possibly various liquid-state differentiation mechanisms, or in other words a complex interaction of petrogenetic processes (CIPP types). Such rocks may also form by volatile-fluxed partial melting of the wallrocks, and subsequent mixing into the magma reservoir. Compositional ranges and averages for CLPD and CIPP obsidians are given. It is shown by analogy with well-documented, zoned ash-flow ruffs that obsidians fractionated by CIPP have very low Mg, P, Ba, and Sr contents, flat rare-earth-element patterns with extensive Eu anomalies, low K/Rb and Zr/Nb ratios, and relatively high Na2O/K2O ratios. There is, however, considerable compositional overlap between CLPD and CIPP obsidians. The effects of magma mixing, assimilation, and vapor-phase transport in producing compositional variations in the obsidians are briefly assessed. The geochemistry of the subalkalic silicic obsidians is described on an element-by-element basis, in order to provide a database for silicic magma compositions that will hopefully contribute to studies of granitic rocks. Attempts are also made to isolate the geochemical effects of tectonic environment and genetic mechanism for each element, by comparison with data from crystal-liquid equilibria-controlled systems, from ash-flow sheets zoned by CIPP, and from mixed-magma series. A final tabulation relates the complexities of obsidian geochemistry to all the tectonic and genetic variables.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1523","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, R., Smith, R.L., and Thomas, J.E., 1992, Chemistry of the subalkalic silicic obsidians: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1523, Report: vi, 214 p.; 3 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1523.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 214 p.; 3 Appendixes","numberOfPages":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":619,"text":"Volcano Science Center-Menlo Park","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":276593,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/downloads/pp1523_appendix1.csv","text":"Appendix 1","linkFileType":{"id":7,"text":"csv"}},{"id":333084,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/pdf/pp1523_text.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64722,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/report.pdf","text":"Revision notice","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119723,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":276592,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/downloads/pp1523_appendixes1-2.xlsx","text":"Appendix 1-2","linkFileType":{"id":3,"text":"xlsx"}},{"id":333083,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1523/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3264","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, Ray","contributorId":9704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Ray","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Robert L.","contributorId":90803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, John E.","contributorId":48234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38320,"text":"ofr92319F - 1992 - Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 5","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:48","indexId":"ofr92319F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-319","chapter":"F","title":"Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 5","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr92319F","usgsCitation":"Bankey, V., and Bracken, R.E., 1992, Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 5: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-319, 1 Disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92319F.","productDescription":"1 Disk","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69845d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bankey, Viki viki@usgs.gov","contributorId":1238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bankey","given":"Viki","email":"viki@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bracken, Robert E. 0000-0001-7759-2743 rbracken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-2743","contributorId":2640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracken","given":"Robert","email":"rbracken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54420,"text":"wdrCA914 - 1992 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA914","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-91-4","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1991 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 4 contains discharge records for 183 gaging stations; stage and contents for 36 lakes and reservoirs; precipitation data for 3 stations; and water quality for 10 stations. Also included are two low-flow partialrecord stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA914","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Markham, K., Anderson, S., Mullen, J., and Friebel, M., 1992, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 4. Northern Central Valley Basins and the Great Basin from Honey Lake Basin to Oregon State Line (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-91-4, v, 338 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA914.","productDescription":"v, 338 p.","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_CA_91_4.jpg"},{"id":260099,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/ca-91/WDR-1991-vol4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,38 ], [ -120,42 ], [ -123,42 ], [ -123,38 ], [ -120,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc279","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Markham, K.L.","contributorId":14041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, S.W.","contributorId":25628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mullen, J.R.","contributorId":92683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullen","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":54418,"text":"wdrCA912 - 1992 - Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-01T01:01:51","indexId":"wdrCA912","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"CA-91-2","title":"Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1991 water year for California consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents in lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality in wells. Volume 2 contains discharge records for 130 streamflow-gaging stations, 1 low-flow partial-record station, and 6 miscellaneous measurement sites; stage and contents for 7 lakes and reservoirs; precipitation records for 3 stations; and water-quality records for 41 streamflow-gaging stations and 3 water-quality partial-record stations. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in California.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division","publisherLocation":"Sacramento, CA","doi":"10.3133/wdrCA912","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Trujillo, L., Markham, K., Palmer, J.R., and Friebel, M., 1992, Water Resources Data, California, Water Year 1991. Volume 2. Pacific Slope Basins from Arroyo Grande to Oregon State Line except Central Valley (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report CA-91-2, v, 332 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrCA912.","productDescription":"v, 332 p.","costCenters":[{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":175127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdr_ca_91_2.jpg"},{"id":260096,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1991/ca-91/WDR-1991-vol2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,35 ], [ -124.4,42 ], [ -119.83333333333333,42 ], [ -119.83333333333333,35 ], [ -124.4,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc1d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trujillo, L.F.","contributorId":71959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trujillo","given":"L.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":250298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Markham, K.L.","contributorId":14041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Palmer, J. R.","contributorId":83559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friebel, M.F.","contributorId":23207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friebel","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":250297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38319,"text":"ofr92319E - 1992 - Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 4","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:48","indexId":"ofr92319E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-319","chapter":"E","title":"Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 4","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr92319E","usgsCitation":"Bankey, V., and Bracken, R.E., 1992, Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: Disk 4: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-319, 1 Disk, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92319E.","productDescription":"1 Disk","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698456","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bankey, Viki viki@usgs.gov","contributorId":1238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bankey","given":"Viki","email":"viki@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bracken, Robert E. 0000-0001-7759-2743 rbracken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-2743","contributorId":2640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracken","given":"Robert","email":"rbracken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26142,"text":"wri914193 - 1992 - Simulation of water-table response to management alternatives, central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri914193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4193","title":"Simulation of water-table response to management alternatives, central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"The occurrence of selenium in agricultural drainwater in the central pan of the western San Joaquin Valley, California, has focused concern on alternatives other than agricultural drains for managing shallow, poor-quality ground water. A transient, three-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water flow model was developed to assess the response of the water table to various management alternatives. The modeled area is 551 square miles and includes the semiconfined and confined zones above and below the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation of Pleistocene age. The model was calibrated using hydrologic data from 1972 to 1988 and was able to reproduce the average change in water-table altitude to within 4 percent. The calibrated model was extended to forecast to the year 2040 for various management alternatives including maintenance of present practices, land retirement, reduced recharge, increased ground-water pumping, combinations of these alternatives, and five alternatives proposed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The model indicates that if current rates of recharge and pumping (as determined from an analysis of 1980 water-budget data) are maintained, the total area subject to bare-soil evaporation will increase by more than 50 percent and drainflow will increase by 20 percent. Model results indicate that retirement of land will result in a water-table decline beneath the area retired, but the effect on adjacent areas will be small to negligible. The effects of reducing recharge or increasing ground-water pumping vary with the magnitude of the change relative to average conditions and the size of the area managed. The area of land subject to bare-soil evaporation and the amount of drainflow in the model area can be reduced by more than 40 and 50 percent, respectively, if (1) recharge is reduced by 40 percent (about 0.3 foot per year) in areas that currently use only surface water, and by 15 percent (an average of about O. 1 foot per year) in the remainder of the model area; (2) pumping is increased by 0.5 foot per year in areas that currently use surface and ground water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the USGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914193","usgsCitation":"Belitz, K., and Phillips, S., 1992, Simulation of water-table response to management alternatives, central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4193, v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914193.","productDescription":"v, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4193/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54938,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1cc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belitz, K.R. 0000-0003-4481-2345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":38992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"K.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, S.P.","contributorId":38172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21372,"text":"ofr9278 - 1992 - Analytical solution for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow; supplemental report; source codes for computer programs and sample data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:55","indexId":"ofr9278","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-78","title":"Analytical solution for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow; supplemental report; source codes for computer programs and sample data sets","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies of this report can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9278","usgsCitation":"Wexler, E.J., 1992, Analytical solution for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow; supplemental report; source codes for computer programs and sample data sets: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-78, 1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in. +1 booklet (6 p. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9278.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;5 1/4 in. +1 booklet (6 p. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0078/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50931,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c3c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wexler, Eliezer J.","contributorId":99963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"Eliezer","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18046,"text":"ofr92319A - 1992 - Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:18","indexId":"ofr92319A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-319","chapter":"A","title":"Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr92319A","usgsCitation":"Bankey, V., and Bracken, R.E., 1992, Aeromagnetic flight-line data and gridded data from a survey flown over Antelope Island, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-319, 1 booklet (34 leaves ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92319A.","productDescription":"1 booklet (34 leaves ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0319a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47290,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0319a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698469","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bankey, Viki viki@usgs.gov","contributorId":1238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bankey","given":"Viki","email":"viki@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":178434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bracken, Robert E. 0000-0001-7759-2743 rbracken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7759-2743","contributorId":2640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracken","given":"Robert","email":"rbracken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20342,"text":"ofr9250 - 1992 - Modifications of the U.S. Geological Survey modular, finite-difference, ground-water flow model to read and write geographic information system files","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr9250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-50","title":"Modifications of the U.S. Geological Survey modular, finite-difference, ground-water flow model to read and write geographic information system files","docAbstract":"This report documents modifications to the U.S. Geological Survey modular, three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model, commonly called MODFLOW, so that it can read and write files used by a geographic information system (GIS). The modified model program is called MODFLOWARC. \r\nSimulation programs such as MODFLOW generally require large amounts of input data and produce large amounts of output data. Viewing data graphically, generating head contours, and creating or editing model data arrays such as hydraulic conductivity are examples of tasks that currently are performed either by the use of independent software packages or by tedious manual editing, manipulating, and transferring data. Programs such as GIS programs are commonly used to facilitate preparation of the model input data and analyze model output data; however, auxiliary programs are frequently required to translate data between programs. Data translations are required when different programs use different data formats. Thus, the user might use GIS techniques to create model input data, run a translation program to convert input data into a format compatible with the ground-water flow model, run the model, run a translation program to convert the model output into the correct format for GIS, and use GIS to display and analyze this output. MODFLOWARC, avoids the two translation steps and transfers data directly to and from the ground-water-flow model. \r\n\r\nThis report documents the design and use of MODFLOWARC and includes instructions for data input/output of the Basic, Block-centered flow, River, Recharge, Well, Drain, Evapotranspiration, General-head boundary, and Streamflow-routing packages. The modification to MODFLOW and the Streamflow-Routing package was minimized. Flow charts and computer-program code describe the modifications to the original computer codes for each of these packages. Appendix A contains a discussion on the operation of MODFLOWARC using a sample problem.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9250","usgsCitation":"Orzol, L.L., and McGrath, T.S., 1992, Modifications of the U.S. Geological Survey modular, finite-difference, ground-water flow model to read and write geographic information system files: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-50, v, 202 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9250.","productDescription":"v, 202 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1137,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://or.water.usgs.gov/projs_dir/modflowarc/modflowarc.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154191,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49873,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db62874b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orzol, Leonard L. 0000-0001-7585-4295 llorzol@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7585-4295","contributorId":4561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orzol","given":"Leonard","email":"llorzol@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGrath, Timothy S.","contributorId":90330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26469,"text":"wri924129 - 1992 - Selected water-quality and biological characteristics of streams in some forested basins of North Carolina, 1985-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T13:25:31","indexId":"wri924129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4129","title":"Selected water-quality and biological characteristics of streams in some forested basins of North Carolina, 1985-88","docAbstract":"Selected physical, chemical and biological components of streams draining undeveloped, forested basins in North Carolina were characterized on the basis of samples collected at nine sites on streams in basins that ranged in size from 0.67 to 11.2 sq mi. Water analysis included specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, suspended sediment, pH, major dissolved constituents, nutrients, minor constituents, organochlorine insecticides, and biochemical oxygen demand. Biological characteristics included fish tissue analysis for minor constituents and synthetic organic compounds, fish community structure, and benthic macroinvertebrates. Precipitation is the source of 10 to 40% of the chloride concentration and 20 to 30% of the sulfate concentration in stormflow. Mean total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.16 mg/L during low-flow conditions to 1.2 mg/L during stormflow. Organic nitrogen was 60 to 85% of the total nitrogen concentration. Stream water was free of organochlorine insecticides. DDD, DDE, DDT, Lindane, and Mirex were detected in 18 of 60 samples of streambed material. About 35% of fish tissue analyses showed detectable concentrations of copper, lead, mercury and nickel. Synthetic organic chemicals were not detected in fish tissue. Fish community structure data were rated using Karr's Index of Biotic Integrity. Streams rated poor to good because of natural stresses on fish communities. Five streams in the Piedmont and mountains received excellent bioclassification ratings based on benthic macroinvertebrtate data. Two streams in the Coastal Plain rated good to fair because of natural stresses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924129","usgsCitation":"Caldwell, W., 1992, Selected water-quality and biological characteristics of streams in some forested basins of North Carolina, 1985-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4129, viii, 114 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924129.","productDescription":"viii, 114 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a01e4b07f02db5f7f2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caldwell, W.S.","contributorId":9689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"W.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29940,"text":"wri914025 - 1992 - Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the lower Merrimack and coastal river basins, southeastern New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-24T14:56:42","indexId":"wri914025","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4025","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the lower Merrimack and coastal river basins, southeastern New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Communities in the lower Merrimack River basin and coastal river basins of southeastern New Hampshire are experiencing increased demands for water because of a rapid increase in population. The population in 1987 was 225,495 and is expected to increase by 30 percent during the next decade. As of 1987, five towns used the stratified-drift aquifers for municipal supply and withdrew an estimated 6 million gallons per day. Four towns used the bedrock aquifer for municipal supply and withdrew an average of 1 .6 million gallons per day. Stratified-drift deposits cover 78 of the 327 square miles of the study area. These deposits are generally less than 10 square miles in areal extent, and their saturated thickness ranges front less than 20 feet to as much as 100 feet . Transinissivity exceeds 4,000 square feet per day in several locations. Stratified-drift aquifers in the eastern part are predominantly small ice-contact deposits surrounded by marine sediments or till of low hydraulic conductivity. Stratified-drift aquifers in the western part consist of ice-contact and proglacial deposits that are large in areal extent and are commonly in contact with surface-water bodies. Five stratified-drift aquifers, in the towns of Derry, Windham, Kingston, North Hampton, and Greenland, have the greatest potential to supply additional amounts of water. Potential yields and contributing areas of hypothetical supply wells were estimated for an aquifer in Windham near Cobbetts Pond and for an aquifer in Kingston along the Powwow River by use of a method analogous to superposition in conjunction with a numerical ground-waterflow model. The potential yield is estimated to be 0 .6 million gallons per day for the Windham-Cobbetts Pond aquifer and 4 .0 million gallons per day for the Kingston-Powwow River aquifer. Contributing recharge area for supply wells is estimated to be 1.6 square miles in the Windham-Cobbetts Pond aquifer and 4.9 square miles in the Kingston-Powwow River aquifer. Analyses of water samples from 30 wells indicate that the water quality in the basins studied is generally suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes. Concentrations of iron and manganese exceeded the U.S . Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) and the New Hampshire Water Supply Engineering Bureau's secondary maximum contaminant levels for drinking water in 20 samples. With one exception, concentrations of volatile organic compounds at all wells sampled met New Hampshire Water Supply and Engineering Bureau's drinking-water standards. At one well, trichloroethylene was detected at a concentration of 5.7 micrograms per liter. Ground-water contamination has been detected at several hazardous-waste sites in the study area. Currently, 5 sites are on the USEPA's National Priority List of superfund sites, 10 sites are Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 sites, and 1 site is a Department of Defense hazardous-waste site of stratigraphic layers is a product of a material's density and the velocity at which sound travels through that material . The reflected signals return to the hydrophones at the water surface and are then filtered, amplified, and displayed graphically on the chart recorder to allow interpretation of aquifer stratigraphy and bedrock depths. Lithologic data from nearby wells and test holes were used as control points to check the interpretation of the reflection profiles. Test drilling was done at 66 locations (pls . 1-3) to determine sediment grain size, stratigraphy, depth to water table, depth to bedrock, and ground water quality . A 6-inch-diameter, hollow-stem auger was used for test drilling . Split-spoon samples of subsurface materials collected at specific depths were used to evaluate the grain-size characteristics and identify the stratigraphic sequence of materials comprising the aquifers . Thirty-eight test holes cased with a 2-inch-diameter polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) pipe and slotted screens were used to make ground-water-level measurements and collect ground-water-quality samples. Surface-water-discharge measurements were made at 16 sites during low flow when the surface water is primarily ground-water discharge . These low-flow measurements indicate quantities of ground water potentially available from aquifers. Hydraulic conductivities of aquifer materials were estimated from grain-size-distribution data from 61 samples of stratified drift . Transmissivity was estimated from well logs by assigning hydraulic conductivity to specific well-log intervals, multiplying by the saturated thickness of the interval, and summing the results . Additional transmissivity values were obtained from an analysis of specific capacity and aquifer-test data. Long-term aquifer yields and contributing areas to hypothetical supply wells were estimated by application of a method that is analogous to super position and incorporates a ground-water-flow model developed by McDonald and Harbaugh (1988) . This method was applied to two aquifers judged to have the best potential for providing additional ground-water supplies. Samples of ground water from 26 test wells and 4 municipal wells were collected in March and August 1987 for analysis of common inorganic, organic, and volatile organic constituents. Methods for collecting and analyzing the samples are described by Fishman and Freidman (1989) . The water-quality results from the well samples were used to characterize background water quality in the stratified-drift aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Bow, NH","doi":"10.3133/wri914025","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Water Resources Division","usgsCitation":"Stekl, P.J., and Flanagan, S., 1992, Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the lower Merrimack and coastal river basins, southeastern New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4025, Report: vii, 75, A-18 p.; 7 Plates: 42.02 x 53.15 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914025.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 75, A-18 p.; 7 Plates: 42.02 x 53.15 inches or smaller","numberOfPages":"101","costCenters":[{"id":637,"text":"Water Resources of New Hampshire and Vermont","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2420,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri914025/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":119450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_91_4025.jpg"},{"id":266398,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":266399,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":266400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-3.pdf"},{"id":266401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-4.pdf"},{"id":266402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-5.pdf"},{"id":266403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-6.pdf"},{"id":266404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/plate-7.pdf"},{"id":266397,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4025/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Merrimack River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.5,42.5 ], [ -71.5,43.25 ], [ -70.5,43.25 ], [ -70.5,42.5 ], [ -71.5,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stekl, Peter J.","contributorId":63415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stekl","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flanagan, Sarah M.","contributorId":8492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Sarah M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21260,"text":"ofr92299 - 1992 - Molecular and isotopic analyses of the hydrocarbon gases within gas hydrate-bearing rock units of the Prudhoe Bay-Kuparuk River area in northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:48","indexId":"ofr92299","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-299","title":"Molecular and isotopic analyses of the hydrocarbon gases within gas hydrate-bearing rock units of the Prudhoe Bay-Kuparuk River area in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"Gas hydrates, which are crystalline substances of water molecules that\r\nencase gas molecules, have the potential for being a significant source of\r\nnatural gas. World-wide estimates for the amount of gas contained in\r\nhydrates range from 1.1 x 105 to 2.7 x 108 trillion cubic feet. Gas\r\nhydrates exist in many Arctic regions, including the North Slope of\r\nAlaska.\r\n\r\nThe two primary objectives of the U.S. Geological Survey Gas Hydrate\r\nResearch Project are (1) to map the distribution of in-situ gas hydrates\r\non the North Slope of Alaska, and (2) to evaluate the geologic parameters\r\nthat control the distribution of these gas hydrates. To aid in this\r\nstudy, British Petroleum Exploration, ARCO Alaska, Exxon Company USA, and\r\nthe Continental Oil Company allowed the U.S. Geological Survey to collect\r\ngeochemical samples from drilling North Slope production wells.\r\n\r\nMolecular analysis of gaseous drill cutting and free-flowing gas samples\r\nfrom 10 production wells drilled in the Prudhoe Bay, Kuparuk River, and\r\nMilne Point oil fields indicates that methane is the primary hydrocarbon\r\ngas in the gas hydrate-bearing stratigraphic units. Isotopic data for\r\nseveral of these rock units indicate that the methane within the inferred\r\ngas hydrate occurences originated from both microbial and thermogenic\r\nprocesses.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr92299","usgsCitation":"Valin, Z.C., and Collett, T.S., 1992, Molecular and isotopic analyses of the hydrocarbon gases within gas hydrate-bearing rock units of the Prudhoe Bay-Kuparuk River area in northern Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-299, i, 90 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92299.","productDescription":"i, 90 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1253,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/of92-299/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154135,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0299/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50809,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0299/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adef2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valin, Zenon C. 0000-0001-6199-6700 zenon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6199-6700","contributorId":3742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valin","given":"Zenon","email":"zenon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":184105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collett, Timothy S. 0000-0002-7598-4708 tcollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":1698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"Timothy","email":"tcollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":184104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18801,"text":"ofr9273 - 1992 - Water-quality and flow data for the Johnson Creek basin, Oregon, April 1988 to January 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:50:06","indexId":"ofr9273","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-73","title":"Water-quality and flow data for the Johnson Creek basin, Oregon, April 1988 to January 1990","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr9273","usgsCitation":"Edwards, T.K., 1992, Water-quality and flow data for the Johnson Creek basin, Oregon, April 1988 to January 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-73, iv, 29 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9273.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":48168,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0073/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7296","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Thomas K. 0000-0002-0773-0909 tce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":104477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Thomas","email":"tce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18103,"text":"ofr91535 - 1992 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18103,"text":"ofr91535 - 1992 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"ofr91535","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1008,"text":"wsp2396 - 1993 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2396","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":1008,"text":"wsp2396 - 1993 - Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","indexId":"wsp2396","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T19:31:27.148756","indexId":"ofr91535","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-535","title":"Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"

The occurrence of selenium in agricultural drain-water in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California, has focused concern on strategies for managing shallow, saline ground water. In order to assess alternatives to agricultural drains, a three-dimensional, finite-difference numerical model of the regional ground-water flow system was developed. This report documents the mathematical approach used to model the flow system, the data base on which the model is based, and the methods used to calibrate the model.

The 550-square-mile study area includes the Panoche Creek alluvial fan and parts of the Little Panoche Creek and Cantua Creek alluvial fans. The model simulates transient flow in the semiconfined and confined zones above and below the Corcoran Clay Member of the Tulare Formation of Pleistocene age. The model incorporates areally distributed groundwater recharge, areally and vertically distributed pumping, regional-collector drains in the Westlands Water District (operative from 1980 to 1985), on-farm drains in parts of the Panoche, Broadview, and Firebaugh Water Districts, and bare-soil evaporation (which occurs if the water table is within 7 feet of land surface). The model also incorporates textural based estimates of hydraulic conductivity, with texture defined as the fraction of coarse-grained deposits present in a given subsurface interval.

The numerical model was developed using hydro-logic data from 1972 to 1988. Most of the parameters incorporated into the model were evaluated independent of the model including system geometry, the distribution of texture, the altitudes of the water table and potentiometric surface of the confined zone in 1972 (initial condition), the hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained deposits derived from the Coast Ranges, the hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained deposits derived from the Sierra Nevada, specific storage, recharge, pumping, and parameters needed to incorporate drains and bare-soil evaporation. Four parameters were calibration variables: the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained deposits in the semiconfined zone, the hydraulic conductivity of the Corcoran Clay Member, specific yield, and the transmissivity of the confined zone.

The model was calibrated in two phases. In the first phase, a steady-state model of the ground-water flow system in 1984 was used to constrain the relation between the hydraulic conductivity of fine-grained deposits in the semiconfined zone and the hydraulic conductivity of the Corcoran Clay Member, thus reducing the number of independent variables from four to three. In the second phase of calibration, the change in altitude of the water table from 1972 to 1984, the change in altitude of the potentiometric surface of the confined zone from 1972 to 1984, and the number of model cells subject to bare-soil evaporation from 1972 to 1988 were used to evaluate the remaining three variables.

The calibrated model reproduces the average change in water-table altitude (1972-84) to within 0.4 foot (average measured change 11.5 feet) and the average change in confined zone head (1972-84) to within 19 feet (average measured change 120 feet). The simulated time-series record of the total number of model cells subject to bare-soil evaporation (each cell is 1 mile square) is within the range of the measured data. The measured values are at a minimum in October and a maximum in July. The October values ranged from 103 in 1972 to 132 in 1984 (the drains were closed in 1985) to 151 in 1988. The July values ranged from 144 in 1973 to 198 in 1984, to 204 in 1988. The simulated values ranged from 103 in 1972 to 161 in 1984, to 208 in 1988.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr91535","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Joaquin Valley Drainage Program","usgsCitation":"Belitz, K., Phillips, S., and Gronberg, J., 1992, Numerical simulation of ground-water flow in the central part of the western San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-535, v, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91535.","productDescription":"v, 71 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":427175,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0535/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149259,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0535/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"western San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.42243521112113,\n 37.061054807037024\n ],\n [\n -120.42243521112113,\n 36.3292127924184\n ],\n [\n -119.63965595618922,\n 36.3292127924184\n ],\n [\n -119.63965595618922,\n 37.061054807037024\n ],\n [\n -120.42243521112113,\n 37.061054807037024\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7f97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":175082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, S.P.","contributorId":38172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gronberg, J.M.","contributorId":61839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17244,"text":"ofr9267 - 1992 - Hydrologic data for the Big Spring basin, Clayton County, Iowa, water year 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-11T15:56:38","indexId":"ofr9267","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-67","title":"Hydrologic data for the Big Spring basin, Clayton County, Iowa, water year 1990","docAbstract":"

Hydrologic data were collected in the Big Spring basin located in Clayton County, Iowa, during the 1990 water year. The data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau, to provide information on variation and movement of agricultural chemicals in the hydrologic cycle in the basin. Precipitation, surface-water, and ground-water data were collected.

\n

Rainfall recorded during water year 1990 at a monitoring site on Roberts Creek totaled 43.67 inches. The greatest monthly rainfall (14.45 inches) occurred in August. Calcium and sulfate were the predominant ions in the rain, and the median concentrations of nitrate and ammonia as nitrogen were 0.35 and 0.48 milligrams per liter, respectively.

\n

Stream discharge, specific conductance, pH, and water temperature were monitored continuously, and monthly water-quality samples were collected at three sites in the basin. The predominant ions in samples from Roberts Creek at the point where it leaves the basin were calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. Nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen concentrations in 42 samples ranged from less than 0.10 to 18 milligrams per liter. Pesticide concentrations in 34 samples ranged from less than 0.10 to 12 micrograms per liter. Alachlor was detected in 56 percent of the samples; atrazine in 100 percent; cyanazine in 68 percent; and metolachlor in 47 percent.

\n

At Big Spring, the ground-water discharge point, the daily mean specific conductance ranged from 378 to 796 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, the daily median pH ranged from 6.5 to 7.2, and the daily mean water temperature ranged from 5.5 to 11.5 degrees Celsius. Calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate generally were the predominant ions in solution. Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen in 32 samples ranged from 3.4 to 16 milligrams per liter. Alachlor was detected in 22 percent of the samples; atrazine in 100 percent; cyanazine in 44 percent, and metplachlor in 6 percent. The maximum atrazine concentration was 4.5 micrograms per liter.

\n

During a low-flow seepage study, May 29 and 30,1990, the measured discharge lost by streams in the basin was 8.56 cubic feet per second, the measured dissolved nitrogen load lost was 0.29 ton per day, and the measured atrazine load lost was 0.028 pound per day. The total measured discharge and total dissolved nitrogen load leaving the basin in streams were 3.63 cubic feet per second and about 0.04 ton per day, respectively.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9267","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (Geological Survey Bureau)","usgsCitation":"Kalkhoff, S.J., Kuzniar, R., Kolpin, D., and Harvey, C., 1992, Hydrologic data for the Big Spring basin, Clayton County, Iowa, water year 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-67, vii, 80 p. ill.; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9267.","productDescription":"vii, 80 p. ill.; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0067/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46393,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0067/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Clayton County","otherGeospatial":"Big Spring basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-91.604,43.0816],[-91.4892,43.0817],[-91.37,43.0807],[-91.2546,43.0802],[-91.1944,43.08],[-91.178,43.0798],[-91.1777,43.0732],[-91.1782,43.0655],[-91.1776,43.0584],[-91.1766,43.0506],[-91.1756,43.0415],[-91.1716,43.0291],[-91.1677,43.0192],[-91.1624,43.0071],[-91.1589,42.9989],[-91.1579,42.9966],[-91.1566,42.9934],[-91.1563,42.9894],[-91.1568,42.9839],[-91.1585,42.9784],[-91.1566,42.9747],[-91.1559,42.9739],[-91.152,42.9695],[-91.1506,42.9678],[-91.1464,42.9609],[-91.1455,42.9518],[-91.1457,42.9445],[-91.1454,42.9395],[-91.1453,42.9372],[-91.1438,42.9268],[-91.1445,42.9168],[-91.1444,42.9104],[-91.1411,42.905],[-91.1372,42.9007],[-91.1311,42.8965],[-91.1218,42.8927],[-91.1132,42.8885],[-91.1047,42.8824],[-91.0999,42.875],[-91.0995,42.874],[-91.0971,42.8678],[-91.0944,42.8596],[-91.0924,42.8542],[-91.0908,42.8498],[-91.089,42.8462],[-91.086,42.8443],[-91.0847,42.8437],[-91.0823,42.8424],[-91.0796,42.8398],[-91.0775,42.8373],[-91.0776,42.8339],[-91.0781,42.8294],[-91.078,42.8214],[-91.0776,42.8103],[-91.0763,42.8],[-91.0735,42.7913],[-91.0713,42.7826],[-91.0696,42.7771],[-91.0688,42.7736],[-91.0667,42.7698],[-91.0649,42.767],[-91.0629,42.7645],[-91.062,42.762],[-91.0621,42.7591],[-91.0634,42.7561],[-91.0639,42.7545],[-91.0638,42.754],[-91.0632,42.7523],[-91.0613,42.75],[-91.0587,42.7487],[-91.0582,42.7485],[-91.0563,42.7478],[-91.0549,42.746],[-91.0549,42.7446],[-91.0543,42.7428],[-91.0517,42.7397],[-91.0492,42.7383],[-91.0467,42.7379],[-91.0447,42.7376],[-91.0417,42.7375],[-91.0392,42.7375],[-91.0354,42.7371],[-91.0323,42.7358],[-91.0305,42.7341],[-91.03,42.7314],[-91.0301,42.7291],[-91.0283,42.7263],[-91.0264,42.7249],[-91.0259,42.7245],[-91.0226,42.7227],[-91.0182,42.7205],[-91.0075,42.7161],[-90.998,42.7121],[-90.9903,42.7074],[-90.9841,42.7036],[-90.98,42.6995],[-90.9734,42.6956],[-90.9677,42.6929],[-90.9601,42.6898],[-90.9542,42.6872],[-90.9482,42.6858],[-90.9413,42.685],[-90.9382,42.685],[-90.9332,42.6856],[-90.9276,42.6856],[-90.9226,42.6843],[-90.9169,42.6821],[-90.9108,42.68],[-90.9065,42.6785],[-90.8985,42.6761],[-90.896,42.6753],[-90.8962,42.6697],[-90.8978,42.6447],[-91.0181,42.6452],[-91.1334,42.6451],[-91.2519,42.6445],[-91.3691,42.6437],[-91.4876,42.6442],[-91.606,42.6437],[-91.6055,42.731],[-91.605,42.8169],[-91.6045,42.9056],[-91.6046,42.9915],[-91.604,43.0816]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Clayton\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f755","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":175575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuzniar, R.L.","contributorId":44558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzniar","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, D.","contributorId":18128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, C.A.","contributorId":84333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":21165,"text":"ofr90194 - 1992 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21165,"text":"ofr90194 - 1992 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual","indexId":"ofr90194","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4917,"text":"twri06A3 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","indexId":"twri06A3","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4917,"text":"twri06A3 - 1993 - A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual","indexId":"twri06A3","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems, Part 1: Model Description and User's Manual"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-01T14:36:31","indexId":"ofr90194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"90-194","title":"A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual","docAbstract":"

A MODular, Finite-Element digital-computer program (MODFE) was developed to simulate steady or unsteady-state, two-dimensional or axisymmetric ground-water flow. Geometric- and hydrologic-aquifer characteristics in two spatial dimensions are represented by triangular finite elements and linear basis functions; one-dimensional finite elements and linear basis functions represent time. Finite-element matrix equations are solved by the direct symmetric-Doolittle method or the iterative modified, incomplete-Cholesky, conjugate-gradient method. Physical processes that can be represented by the model include (1) confined flow, unconfined flow (using the Dupuit approximation), or a combination of both; (2) leakage through either rigid or elastic confining beds; (3) specified recharge or discharge at points, along lines, and over areas; (4) flow across specified-flow, specified-head, or head-dependent boundaries; (5) decrease of aquifer thickness to zero under extreme water-table decline and increase of aquifer thickness from zero as the water table rises; and (6) head-dependent fluxes from springs, drainage wells, leakage across riverbeds or confining beds combined with aquifer dewatering, and evapotranspiration.

The report describes procedures for applying MODFE to ground-water-flow problems, simulation capabilities, and data preparation. Guidelines for designing the finite-element mesh and for node numbering and determining band widths are given. Tables are given that reference simulation capabilities to specific versions of MODFE. Examples of data input and model output for different versions of MODFE are provided.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr90194","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., 1992, A modular finite-element model (MODFE) for areal and axisymmetric ground-water-flow problems; Part 1, Model description and user's manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-194, vi, 153 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr90194.","productDescription":"vi, 153 p.","numberOfPages":"162","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153384,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359080,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1990/0194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, Lynn J. ljtorak@usgs.gov","contributorId":401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"Lynn","email":"ljtorak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29028,"text":"wri914173 - 1992 - Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near the Shelby County landfill in Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri914173","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4173","title":"Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near the Shelby County landfill in Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"An investigation was conducted from 1989 to 1991 to collect and interpret hydrogeologic and ground-water-quality data specific to the Shelby County landfill in east Memphis, Tennessee. Eighteen wells were installed in the alluvial and Memphis aquifers at the landfill. Hydrogeologic data collected showed that the confining unit separating the alluvial aquifer from the Memphis aquifer was thin or absent just north of the landfill and elsewhere consists predominantly of fine sand and silt with lenses of clay.\r\n\r\nA water-table map of the landfill vicinity confirms the existence of a depression in the water table north and northeast of the landfill and indicates that ground water flows northeast from the Wolf River passing beneath the landfill toward the depression in the water table. A map of the potentiometric surface of the Memphis aquifer shows that water levels were anomalously high just north of the landfill, indicating downward leakage of water from the alluvial aquifer to the Memphis aquifer.\r\n\r\nAn analysis of water-quality data for major and trace inorganic constituents and nutrients confirms that leachate from the landfill has migrated northeastward in the alluvial aquifer toward the depression in the water table and that contaminants in the alluvial aquifer have migrated downward into the Memphis aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe leachate plume can be characterized by concentrations of certain major and trace inorganic constituents that are 2 to 20 times higher than samples from upgradient and background alluvial aquifer wells. The major and trace constituents that best characterize the leachate plume are total organic carbon, chloride, dissolved solids, iron, ammonia nitrogen, calcium, sodium, iodide, barium, strontium, boron, and cadmium.\r\n\r\nSeveral of these constituents (specifically dissolved solids, calcium, sodium, and possibly ammonia nitrogen, chloride, barium, and strontium) were detected in elevated concentrations in samples from certain Memphis aquifer wells. Elevated concentrations were detected in samples from the Memphis aquifer beneath the leachate plume where the confining unit is thin or absent.\r\n\r\nThe distribution of halogenated alkanes (specifically dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane) and halogenated alkenes (specifically 1,2-trans-dichloroethene and vinyl chloride) in samples from wells screened in both the alluvial and Memphis aquifers is similar to the distribution of major and trace inorganic constituents that characterize the leachate plume.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water supply most susceptible to contamination from the Shelby County landfill is the Sheahan well field of the Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division. This well field is about 5 miles downgradient from the landfill in the direction of ground-water flow. Based on an estimated velocity of 0.5 to 1.5 feet per day, ground water would require about 50 to 150 years to travel from the Shelby County landfill to the Sheahan wellfield. Given the time and distance of transport, any contaminants in the ground water would not likely persistto reach this well field because of the effects of various physical, chemical, and biological processes, including dilution and adsorption.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914173","usgsCitation":"Parks, W.S., and Mirecki, J., 1992, Hydrogeology, ground-water quality, and potential for water-supply contamination near the Shelby County landfill in Memphis, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4173, v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914173.","productDescription":"v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2294,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri914173/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_91_4173.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68860a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parks, W. S.","contributorId":99555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mirecki, J. E.","contributorId":97152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mirecki","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18808,"text":"ofr9248 - 1992 - Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the Northern Temperate Lakes site in north-central Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-19T10:14:03","indexId":"ofr9248","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-48","title":"Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the Northern Temperate Lakes site in north-central Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

More than three thousand kettle lakes, widely dispersed within a mixed temperate forest ecosystem, are predominant features of the Northern Highland area of north-central Wisconsin. A hydrological and biogeochemical investigation of seven of these lakes and their watershed area is currently in progress as part of the Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program of the U.S. Geological Survey. The objectives of the overall WEBB program are to: (1) improve understanding of processes controlling water, energy, and biogeochemical fluxes in freshwater systems, the interactions among those processes, and their relations to climatic variables; and (2) improve the capability to predict freshwater, energy, and biogeochemical budgets over a range of spatial and temporal scales.

\n

The focus of the WEBB project in Wisconsin is hydrologic research in the Northern Temperate Lakes (NTL) area of the state. Based on the premise that an understanding of hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles in the watershed is predicated on a thorough understanding of the individual components that control the water flow, the project involves a detailed study of the hydrologic budget, including the roles of rainfall, streamflow, ground water, and flow in the unsaturated zone. It also involves investigation of ground-water/ surface-water interactions. The objectives of the Northern Temperate Lakes WEBB project are to: (1) describe processes controlling water and solute fluxes in the NTL watersheds; (2) examine interactions among those processes and their relations to climatic variables; and (3) improve the capability to predict changes in water and solute fluxes for a range of spatial and temporal scales.

\n

A variety of procedures will be used to address the objectives of the project including: installation of piezometers, lysimeters, stream-gaging sites, precipitation collectors, climate-monitoring instruments; analysis of transport of nutrients and other solutes through the system; analysis of changes in isotopic composition of water; and temperature profiling. The implementation of these procedures is described in this report.

\n

The NTL-WEBB study area includes seven lakes that are also the site of a Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) project, sponsored by the National Science Foundation. This project incorporates diverse research investigations conducted by faculty and research associates of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The research orientation of NTL-LTER is principally toward aquatic ecology and geochemistry of the lakes. The WEBB research plan, with its emphasis on hydrologic processes in the lake watersheds, is designed to complement and enhance the LTER work.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9248","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Walker, J.F., 1992, Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB) program: Data availability and research at the Northern Temperate Lakes site in north-central Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-48, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9248.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0048/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48178,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0048/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Flambeau River, Trout Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.76139068603516,\n 45.968572230031775\n ],\n [\n -89.76139068603516,\n 46.10704127981534\n ],\n [\n -89.55265045166014,\n 46.10704127981534\n ],\n [\n -89.55265045166014,\n 45.968572230031775\n ],\n [\n -89.76139068603516,\n 45.968572230031775\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5ef164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":179779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, John F. jfwalker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"John","email":"jfwalker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}