The National Coal Resource Assessment (NCRA) project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has assessed the quantity and quality of the nation's coal deposits that potentially could be mined during the next few decades. For eight years, geologic, geochemical, and resource information was collected and compiled for the five major coal-producing regions of the United States: the Appalachian Basin, Illinois Basin, Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, Colorado Plateau, and the western part of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain (Gulf Coast) region (Figure 1). In particular, the NCRA assessed resource estimates, compiled coal-quality information, and characterized environmentally sensitive trace elements, such as arsenic and mercury, that are mentioned in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990). The results of the USGS coal assessment efforts may be found at: http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/coal/coal-assessments/index.html and a summary of the results from all assessment areas can be found in Ruppert et al. (2002) and Dennen (2009).
Detailed assessments of the major coal-producing areas for the Gulf Coast region along with reviews of the stratigraphy, coal quality, resources, and coalbed methane potential of the Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Eocene coal deposits are presented in this report (Chapters 5-10).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic assessment of coal in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., 2011, Executive summary - Geologic assessment of coal in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain, U.S.A., chap. 1 of Geologic assessment of coal in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain: AAPG Studies in Geology, v. 62, p. 1-8.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"8","ipdsId":"IP-020018","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350899,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350898,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/specpubs/discovery14/data/001/001001/1_aapg-sp0010001.htm"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico coastal plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -92.4169921875,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -92.4169921875,\n 32.21280106801518\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 32.21280106801518\n ],\n [\n -96.7236328125,\n 29.49698759653577\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a743586e4b0a9a2e9e25cb5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726395,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlsen, Alexander K.","contributorId":44089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alexander K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726396,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merrill, Matthew D. 0000-0003-3766-847X mmerrill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-847X","contributorId":2584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Matthew D.","email":"mmerrill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726397,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valentine, Brett J. 0000-0002-8678-2431 bvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2431","contributorId":3846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Brett","email":"bvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726398,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":716921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193198,"text":"70193198 - 2011 - Midcontinent microcosm: Geology of the Atkins lake - Marengo falls area (Field trip 2)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-07T19:01:40","indexId":"70193198","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Midcontinent microcosm: Geology of the Atkins lake - Marengo falls area (Field trip 2)","docAbstract":"Archean and Proterozoic rocks exposed over about 16km2 between Atkins Lake and Coffee Lake in southeastern Bayfield County (Fig. 1) chronicle almost all of the major Precambrian geologic events in the history of the southern Superior Craton. The oldest rocks are part of a locally gneissic quartz monzonite complex, the Puritan Batholith, with an igneous Rb-Sr age of 2710+140 Ma (Sims et al., 1977). At the regional scale, this complex is part of one of the youngest Archean granite-greenstone belts in the Superior Province, and it intrudes greenstones of the Neoarchean Ramsay Formation. In the Atkins Lake – Marengo River area, the Puritan Batholith is nonconformably overlain by the Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2200 Ma) Bad River Dolomite. The Bad River Dolomite is in turn separated by an unconformity from rocks of the ca. 1875 Ma Menominee Group (Palms Formation and Ironwood Iron-formation), which locally contain mafic volcanic rocks and diabase sills (Cannon et al., 2008). These Paleoproterozoic rocks provide insight into climate and biogeochemical cycles during the transition to an oxidizing atmosphere (Bekker et al., 2006) and have deformational fabrics (folds, strong cleavage, local mylonite zones) that record the ca. 1850 Ma Penokean Orogeny. The youngest rocks in the area are Mesoproterozoic basaltic lava flows (Siemens Creek Volcanics, ca. 1110 Ma) and a layered mafic complex (the Mineral Lake Intrusion, also ca. 1100 Ma), both related to the Mid-continent Rift. All of the stratified units show static contact metamorphic textures near their contacts with the Mineral Lake Intrusion. Thus the area constitutes a microcosm of the regional bedrock geology, and the cross-cutting relationships among the units provide clear constraints on the relative timing of different phases of deformation and magmatism (Cannon etal., 2008, Bjørnerud, 2010a).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Proceedings Volume 57, Part 2: Field Trip Guidebook","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"57th Annual Meeting Institute on Lake Superior Geology","conferenceDate":"May 18-21, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Ashland, WI","language":"English","publisher":"Institute on Lake Superior Geology","issn":"1042-9964","usgsCitation":"Bjornerud, M., and Cannon, W.F., 2011, Midcontinent microcosm: Geology of the Atkins lake - Marengo falls area (Field trip 2), in Institute on Lake Superior Geology, Proceedings Volume 57, Part 2: Field Trip Guidebook, Ashland, WI, May 18-21, 2011, p. 31-48.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"48","ipdsId":"IP-028280","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350966,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350419,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.lakesuperiorgeology.org/Volumes.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Atkins lake, Coffee lake, Marengo falls","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.05537414550781,\n 46.252760702497454\n ],\n [\n -90.91976165771484,\n 46.252760702497454\n ],\n [\n -90.91976165771484,\n 46.30164334341986\n ],\n [\n -91.05537414550781,\n 46.30164334341986\n ],\n [\n -91.05537414550781,\n 46.252760702497454\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7586dfe4b00f54eb1d821a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bjornerud, Marcia","contributorId":199089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bjornerud","given":"Marcia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":718157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118 wcannon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":1883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"wcannon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185074,"text":"70185074 - 2011 - Episodic growth of a Late Cretaceous and Paleogene intrusive complex of pegmatitic leucogranite, Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T11:10:51","indexId":"70185074","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic growth of a Late Cretaceous and Paleogene intrusive complex of pegmatitic leucogranite, Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Gneissic pegmatitic leucogranite forms a dominant component (>600 km3) of the midcrustal infrastructure of the Ruby Mountains–East Humboldt Range core complex (Nevada, USA), and was assembled and modified episodically into a batholithic volume by myriad small intrusions from ca. 92 to 29 Ma. This injection complex consists of deformed sheets and other bodies emplaced syntectonically into a stratigraphic framework of marble, calc-silicate rocks, quartzite, schist, and other granitoids. Bodies of pegmatitic granite coalesce around host-rock remnants, which preserve relict or ghost stratigraphy, thrusts, and fold nappes. Intrusion inflated but did not disrupt the host-rock structure. The pegmatitic granite increases proportionally downward from structurally high positions to the bottoms of 1-km-deep canyons where it constitutes 95%–100% of the rock. Zircon and monazite dated by U-Pb (sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe, SHRIMP) for this rock type cluster diffusely at ages near 92, 82(?), 69, 38, and 29 Ma, and indicate successive or rejuvenated igneous crystallization multiple times over long periods of the Late Cretaceous and the Paleogene. Initial partial melting of unexposed pelites may have generated granite forerunners, which were remobilized several times in partial melting events. Sources for the pegmatitic granite differed isotopically from sources of similar-aged interleaved equigranular granites. Dominant Late Cretaceous and fewer Paleogene ages recorded from some pegmatitic granite samples, and Paleogene-only ages from the two structurally deepest samples, together with varying zircon trace element contents, suggest several disparate ages of final emplacement or remobilization of various small bodies. Folded sills that merge with dikes that cut the same folds suggest that there may have been in situ partial remobilization. The pegmatitic granite intrusions represent prolonged and recurrent generation, assembly, and partial melting modification of a batholithic volume even while the regional tectonic environment varied dramatically from contractile thickening to extension and mafic underplating.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES00668.1","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Wooden, J.L., Barnes, C., Premo, W.R., Snoke, A., and Lee, S., 2011, Episodic growth of a Late Cretaceous and Paleogene intrusive complex of pegmatitic leucogranite, Ruby Mountains core complex, Nevada, USA: Geosphere, v. 7, no. 5, p. 1220-1248, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES00668.1.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1220","endPage":"1248","ipdsId":"IP-026901","costCenters":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges00668.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337594,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.72998046875,\n 40.01499435375046\n ],\n [\n -115.02410888671875,\n 40.01499435375046\n ],\n [\n -115.02410888671875,\n 41.09591205639546\n ],\n [\n -115.72998046875,\n 41.09591205639546\n ],\n [\n -115.72998046875,\n 40.01499435375046\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52cfe4b0849ce97c86ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, C. G.","contributorId":78819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"C. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Premo, W. R. 0000-0001-9904-4801","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":22782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Snoke, A.W.","contributorId":14899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snoke","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Lee, S.-Y.","contributorId":75669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"S.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70156751,"text":"70156751 - 2011 - Fire in the Cape Region of South Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T17:03:48.200503","indexId":"70156751","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"7","title":"Fire in the Cape Region of South Africa","docAbstract":"South Africa's mediterranean-type climate (MTC) region is the smallest of the five MTC regions, centered in the southwestern corner of the Western Cape Province (Fig. 7.1). This Cape region is dominated by fynbos shrublands (see Fig. 1.6e) but this fynbos biome continues eastward far outside the MTC. The Cape region is unusual in that shrublands dominate under climate regimes that also support forests. Entire landscapes can support alternative ecosystem states. Even the semi-arid areas can support entirely different vegetation: fire-prone shrublands or fire-resistant broadleaf thickets. Perhaps more than any other MTC region, fire plays a central role in determining major vegetation patterns of winter rainfall regions of South Africa. Soils are also thought to be of major importance since much of the Cape's MTC region is on nutrient-poor sandy soils (see Fig. 1.5). A complex interplay between soils, fire and climate and, in the east, large mammal herbivory, determines boundaries of major biomes. The Cape Floristic Region is extremely rich in species with very high levels of endemism (Linder 2003). It is the world's richest temperate flora and is largely restricted to fire-prone ecosystems (Cowling et al. 1996; Linder 2003). So, contrary to the widely held popular belief that fires are an anthropogenic disturbance (e.g. Pillans 1924; Axelrod 1980), or merely incidental to this formation (Hopper 2009), a rich endemic flora has evolved in the Cape whose members are overwhelmingly fire dependent, implying a long history of natural fires as a selective force.
Major Vegetation Patterns
This chapter discusses fire regimes in the Cape region, what little is known of their determinants, and how they influence major vegetation patterns in the region. Though a large number of studies have explored plant responses to fire (reviewed by Bond 1997; Cowling et al. 1997a), these are heavily biased toward fynbos shrublands, the dominant vegetation cover of the region (Fig. 7.2). Fire responses of species belonging to other vegetation types are poorly known. Yet the existence of these other vegetation types is one of the central conundrums of the Cape region. It implies failure of climate alone to explain apparent convergence with other MTC regions (Chapter 1). For example, low shrublands would be expected in deserts replaced, as rainfall progressively increases, by taller shrublands, woodlands and then forests. But this is clearly not the case in the Cape region. The dominant fynbos vegetation shows very little variation in aboveground biomass from arid desert fringes (mean annual precipitation ~250 mm) to rain-drenched high-altitude heathlands (> 3000 mm) (Fig. 7.3). Yet across the entire rainfall gradient fynbos co-occurs with alternative ecosystems with much greater woody biomass. These broadleaf thickets and forests have an entirely different floristic and functional composition and often are restricted to isolated fire-protected refugia (Fig. 7.2; Taylor 1978; Kruger 1979; Cowling et al. 2005; Rebelo et al. 2006). The implication is that apparent convergence of shrubby fynbos growth forms with other MTC plant communities cannot be understood in terms of climate alone and that one needs to think in terms of the climate, fire, geology filter (see Fig. 1.4).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/CBO9781139033091.009","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., Bond, W.J., Bradstock, R.A., Pausas, J.G., and Rundel, P.W., 2011, Fire in the Cape Region of South Africa, chap. 7 of Fire in Mediterranean ecosystems: Ecology, evolution and management, p. 168-200, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139033091.009.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"168","endPage":"200","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018785","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307621,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Cape region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 17.402343749999996,\n -35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n 23.642578125,\n -35.02999636902566\n ],\n [\n 23.642578125,\n -32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n 17.402343749999996,\n -32.10118973232094\n ],\n [\n 17.402343749999996,\n -35.02999636902566\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe7fede4b0824b2d1479ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bond, William J.","contributorId":81621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bond","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradstock, Ross A.","contributorId":42826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradstock","given":"Ross","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pausas, Juli G.","contributorId":91347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pausas","given":"Juli","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rundel, Philip W.","contributorId":107552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rundel","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70033806,"text":"70033806 - 2011 - Mapping three-dimensional surface deformation by combining multiple-aperture interferometry and conventional interferometry: Application to the June 2007 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T09:46:04","indexId":"70033806","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1940,"text":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping three-dimensional surface deformation by combining multiple-aperture interferometry and conventional interferometry: Application to the June 2007 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Surface deformation caused by an intrusion and small eruption during June 17-19, 2007, along the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, was three-dimensionally reconstructed from radar interferograms acquired by the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) phased-array type L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (PALSAR) instrument. To retrieve the 3-D surface deformation, a method that combines multiple-aperture interferometry (MAI) and conventional interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques was applied to one ascending and one descending ALOS PALSAR interferometric pair. The maximum displacements as a result of the intrusion and eruption are about 0.8, 2, and 0.7 m in the east, north, and up components, respectively. The radar-measured 3-D surface deformation agrees with GPS data from 24 sites on the volcano, and the root-mean-square errors in the east, north, and up components of the displacement are 1.6, 3.6, and 2.1 cm, respectively. Since a horizontal deformation of more than 1 m was dominantly in the north-northwest-south-southeast direction, a significant improvement of the north-south component measurement was achieved by the inclusion of MAI measurements that can reach a standard deviation of 3.6 cm. A 3-D deformation reconstruction through the combination of conventional InSAR and MAI will allow for better modeling, and hence, a more comprehensive understanding, of the source geometry associated with volcanic, seismic, and other processes that are manifested by surface deformation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","publisherLocation":"http://www.ieee.org/index.html","doi":"10.1109/LGRS.2010.2051793","issn":"1545598X","usgsCitation":"Jung, H., Lu, Z., Won, J., Poland, M.P., and Mikijus, A., 2011, Mapping three-dimensional surface deformation by combining multiple-aperture interferometry and conventional interferometry: Application to the June 2007 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, v. 8, no. 1, p. 34-38, https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2010.2051793.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"38","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":242070,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214350,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2010.2051793"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Mount Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -159.425076,22.199557 ], [ -159.425076,22.223829 ], [ -159.395349,22.223829 ], [ -159.395349,22.199557 ], [ -159.425076,22.199557 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a508ce4b0c8380cd6b771","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jung, H.-S.","contributorId":41068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jung","given":"H.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Won, J.-S.","contributorId":17756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Won","given":"J.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":442587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":442590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mikijus, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":80431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mikijus","given":"Asta","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":442589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156748,"text":"70156748 - 2011 - Fire in California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-10T17:06:36.632805","indexId":"70156748","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"5","title":"Fire in California","docAbstract":"On the west coast of North America lies the state of California, USA (Fig. 5.1), the bulk of which is dominated by a mediterranean-type climate (MTC). Elevations range from sea level to over 4000 m. Mountain ranges are largely oriented north to south with a major valley between the coastal ranges and the interior Sierra Nevada range. In the rain shadow east of the interior mountain ranges the climate is more continental with much colder winters and increasing proportion of summer precipitation eastward. This easternmost part of the state has steppe climates in the northern portion and desert climates in the south. In Arizona and a few other parts of southwestern USA and northeastern Mexico are disjunct patches of sclerophyllous-leaved vegetation that closely resembles California MTC vegetation. These include evergreen shrublands, broadleaf woodlands and conifer forests and represent mediterranean-type vegetation (MTV) under non-MTCs. Further east at similar latitudes but under different climates are sclerophyll forests with many similarities to MTC conifer forests.
The California Floristic Province (Raven & Axelrod 1978) essentially circumscribes the MTC vegetation of North America and extends across the latitudinal range of the state. On the western slopes of the major mountain ranges is a rich diversity of vegetation types that change along the elevational gradient. Ascending the coastal mountains the main vegetation types sort out along gradients of decreasing aridity in the following order: grasslands, semi-deciduous woody sage scrub, evergreen chaparral shrublands, oak woodlands and conifer forests. A similar pattern is evident on the west side of the interior Sierra Nevada except for the absence of sage scrub. These vegetation types exhibit marked differences in fire regime and tolerance to disturbance tied to the different patterns of fuel structure resulting from changes in dominant growth forms along the elevational gradient. Along this gradient there is an interaction between fires and aridity such that lower fire frequency is required to displace shrubland associations with grasslands and other herbaceous vegetation on xeric than on mesic landscapes (Keeley 2002b). Consequently there are complex local mosaics due to differences in aspect and fire history (see Fig. 1.6c).
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contents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-01T14:57:48","indexId":"70192785","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5382,"text":"AAPG Studies in Geology","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"seriesNumber":"62","title":"Front matter: Preface, acknowledgements, table of contents","docAbstract":"This volume is the fifth in a series of reports by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on the assessment of the quantity\nand quality of the nation’s coal deposits that potentially could be mined during the next few decades. For eight\nyears (1995-2003), geologic, geochemical, and resource information was collected and compiled for the five major\ncoal-producing regions of the United States: the Appalachian Basin, Illinois Basin, Northern Rocky Mountains and\nGreat Plains, Colorado Plateau, and the western part of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain (Gulf Coast) region. The\nresults of these other USGS coal assessments may be found at: http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/coal/coal_assessments/\nindex.html and a summary of the results from all assessment areas can be found in Ruppert et al. (2002) and Dennen\n(2009). This volume contains the assessment results for the Gulf Coast region. The contents of this volume were\ncompiled mainly during the eight-year period mentioned above. However, every effort has been made to update the\nreferences and text to incorporate new work that has been completed since the original compilation period.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Discovery Series / Studies in Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geologic assessment of coal in the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain: AAPG Studies in Geology vol. 62","isbn":" 9781629810256","usgsCitation":"2011, Front matter: Preface, acknowledgements, table of contents, chap. of Discovery Series / Studies in Geology: AAPG Studies in Geology, v. 62, p. i-ix.","productDescription":"ix p.","startPage":"i","endPage":"ix","ipdsId":"IP-020463","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350903,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350902,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1259/chapter/107077674/front-matter"}],"volume":"62","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a743586e4b0a9a2e9e25cb2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726413,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karlsen, Alexander K.","contributorId":44089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alexander K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726414,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merrill, Matthew D. 0000-0003-3766-847X mmerrill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-847X","contributorId":2584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merrill","given":"Matthew D.","email":"mmerrill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726415,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Valentine, Brett J. 0000-0002-8678-2431 bvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-2431","contributorId":3846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Brett","email":"bvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726416,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70055896,"text":"70055896 - 2011 - Helicopter magnetic and electromagnetic surveys at Mounts Adams, Baker and Rainier, Washington: implications for debris flow hazards and volcano hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-19T18:59:26.414195","indexId":"70055896","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Helicopter magnetic and electromagnetic surveys at Mounts Adams, Baker and Rainier, Washington: implications for debris flow hazards and volcano hydrology","docAbstract":"High‐resolution helicopter magnetic and electromagnetic (HEM) data flown over the rugged, ice‐covered Mt. Adams, Mt. Baker and Mt. Rainier volcanoes (Washington), reveal the distribution of alteration, water and ice thickness essential to evaluating volcanic landslide hazards. These data, combined with geological mapping and rock property measurements, indicate the presence of appreciable thicknesses (>500 m) of water‐saturated hydrothermally altered rock west of the modern summit of Mount Rainier in the Sunset Amphitheater region and in the central core of Mount Adams north of the summit. Alteration at Mount Baker is restricted to thinner (<300 m) zones beneath Sherman Crater and the Dorr Fumarole Fields. The EM data identified water‐saturated rocks from the surface to the detection limit (100–200 m) in discreet zones at Mt. Rainier and Mt Adams and over the entire summit region at Mt. Baker. The best estimates for ice thickness are obtained over relatively low resistivity (<800 ohm‐m) ground for the main ice cap on Mt. Adams and over most of the summit of Mt. Baker. The modeled distribution of alteration, pore fluids and partial ice volumes on the volcanoes helps identify likely sources for future alteration‐related debris flows, including the Sunset Amphitheater region at Mt. Rainier, steep cliffs at the western edge of the central altered zone at Mount Adams and eastern flanks of Mt. Baker.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Workshop on Gravity, Electrical & Magnetic Methods and Their Applications, Beijing, China, October 10-13, 2011","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Workshop on Gravity, Electrical & Magnetic Methods and Their Applications, Beijing, China, October 10-13, 2011","conferenceDate":"October 10-13, 2011","conferenceLocation":"Beijing, China","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.3659065","usgsCitation":"Finn, C.A., and Deszcz-Pan, M., 2011, Helicopter magnetic and electromagnetic surveys at Mounts Adams, Baker and Rainier, Washington: implications for debris flow hazards and volcano hydrology, in International Workshop on Gravity, Electrical & Magnetic Methods and Their Applications, Beijing, China, October 10-13, 2011, Beijing, China, October 10-13, 2011, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3659065.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-030425","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Adams, Mount Baker, Mount Rainier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.84200306934184,\n 46.93722614399013\n ],\n [\n -121.84200306934184,\n 46.78827550036689\n ],\n [\n -121.62012445724865,\n 46.78827550036689\n ],\n [\n -121.62012445724865,\n 46.93722614399013\n ],\n [\n -121.84200306934184,\n 46.93722614399013\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.88412388017676,\n 48.83985693441136\n ],\n [\n -121.88412388017676,\n 48.72595868701214\n ],\n [\n -121.74121006389123,\n 48.72595868701214\n ],\n [\n -121.74121006389123,\n 48.83985693441136\n ],\n [\n -121.88412388017676,\n 48.83985693441136\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.56989136689592,\n 46.278660025581104\n ],\n [\n -121.56989136689592,\n 46.099510596725935\n ],\n [\n -121.38175341912235,\n 46.099510596725935\n ],\n [\n -121.38175341912235,\n 46.278660025581104\n ],\n [\n -121.56989136689592,\n 46.278660025581104\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"551fb9bae4b027f0aee3bb0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Deszcz-Pan, Maria 0000-0002-6298-5314 maryla@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-5314","contributorId":1263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deszcz-Pan","given":"Maria","email":"maryla@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70036960,"text":"70036960 - 2011 - Using Cl/Br ratios and other indicators to assess potential impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems: A review and examples from principal aquifers in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-16T13:08:03.731019","indexId":"70036960","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using Cl/Br ratios and other indicators to assess potential impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems: A review and examples from principal aquifers in the United States","docAbstract":"A detailed review was made of chemical indicators used to identify impacts from septic tanks on groundwater quality. Potential impacts from septic tank leachate on groundwater quality were assessed using the mass ratio of chloride–bromide (Cl/Br), concentrations of selected chemical constituents, and ancillary information (land use, census data, well depth, soil characteristics) for wells in principal aquifers of the United States. Chemical data were evaluated from 1848 domestic wells in 19 aquifers, 121 public-supply wells in 6 aquifers, and associated monitoring wells in four aquifers and their overlying hydrogeologic units. Based on previously reported Cl/Br ratios, statistical comparisons between targeted wells (where Cl/Br ratios range from 400 to 1100 and Cl concentrations range from 20 to 100 mg/L) and non-targeted wells indicated that shallow targeted monitoring and domestic wells (<20 m depth below land surface) had a significantly (p < 0.05) higher median percentage of houses with septic tanks (1990 census data) than non-targeted wells. Higher (p = 0.08) median nitrate–N concentration (3.1 mg/L) in oxic (dissolved oxygen concentrations >0.5 mg/L) shallow groundwater from target domestic wells, relative to non-target wells (1.5 mg/L), corresponded to significantly higher potassium, boron, chloride, dissolved organic carbon, and sulfate concentrations, which may also indicate the influence of septic-tank effluent. Impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems were most evident for the Eastern Glacial Deposits aquifer and the Northern High Plains aquifer that were associated with the number of housing units using septic tanks, high permeability of overlying sediments, mostly oxic conditions, and shallow wells. Overall, little or no influence from septic systems were found for water samples from the deeper public-supply wells.
The Cl/Br ratio is a useful first-level screening tool for assessing possible septic tank influence in water from shallow wells (<20 m) with the range of 400–1100. The use of this ratio would be enhanced with information on other chloride sources, temporal variability of chloride and bromide concentrations in shallow groundwater, knowledge of septic-system age and maintenance, and the use of multiple tracers (combination of additional chemical and microbiological indicators).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.017","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Katz, B., Eberts, S.M., and Kauffman, L.J., 2011, Using Cl/Br ratios and other indicators to assess potential impacts on groundwater quality from septic systems: A review and examples from principal aquifers in the United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 397, no. 3-4, p. 151-166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.017.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"166","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":245867,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -128.32031249999997,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -65.390625,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -65.390625,\n 51.39920565355378\n ],\n [\n -128.32031249999997,\n 51.39920565355378\n ],\n [\n -128.32031249999997,\n 25.48295117535531\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"397","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc00de4b08c986b329ed0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":82702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kauffman, L. J. 0000-0003-4564-0362","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4564-0362","contributorId":65217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":458683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70005066,"text":"70005066 - 2011 - Flooding and Flood Management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:43","indexId":"70005066","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T12:46:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Flooding and Flood Management","docAbstract":"Floods result in great human disasters globally and nationally, causing an average of $4 billion of damages each year in the United States. Minnesota has its share of floods and flood damages, and the state has awarded nearly $278 million to local units of government for flood mitigation projects through its Flood Hazard Mitigation Grant Program. Since 1995, flood mitigation in the Red River Valley has exceeded $146 million. Considerable local and state funding has been provided to manage and mitigate problems of excess stormwater in urban areas, flooding of farmlands, and flood damages at road crossings. The cumulative costs involved with floods and flood mitigation in Minnesota are not known precisely, but it is safe to conclude that flood mitigation is a costly business. This chapter begins with a description of floods in Minneosta to provide examples and contrasts across the state. Background material is presented to provide a basic understanding of floods and flood processes, predication, and management and mitigation. Methods of analyzing and characterizing floods are presented because they affect how we respond to flooding and can influence relevant practices. The understanding and perceptions of floods and flooding commonly differ among those who work in flood forecasting, flood protection, or water resource mamnagement and citizens and businesses affected by floods. These differences can become magnified following a major flood, pointing to the need for better understanding of flooding as well as common language to describe flood risks and the uncertainty associated with determining such risks. Expectations of accurate and timely flood forecasts and our ability to control floods do not always match reality. Striving for clarity is important in formulating policies that can help avoid recurring flood damages and costs.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water policy in Minnesota--Issues, incentives, and action","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"RFF Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","isbn":"978-1617260865","usgsCitation":"Brooks, K., Fallon, J.D., Lorenz, D., Stark, J., and Menard, J., 2011, Flooding and Flood Management, chap. of Water policy in Minnesota--Issues, incentives, and action, p. 246-264.","productDescription":"p. 246-264","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1181e4b0c8380cd53ffa","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Easter, K.W.","contributorId":113288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easter","given":"K.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508277,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Jim","contributorId":111771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508276,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, K.N.","contributorId":84486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenz, D. L.","contributorId":10776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Menard, Jason","contributorId":48695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menard","given":"Jason","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":351921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70230193,"text":"70230193 - 2010 - Highly variable acquisition rates of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) by birds on an Atlantic barrier island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-04T15:39:14.088515","indexId":"70230193","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-04T10:30:06","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2385,"text":"Journal of Medical Entomology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Highly variable acquisition rates of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) by birds on an Atlantic barrier island","title":"Highly variable acquisition rates of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) by birds on an Atlantic barrier island","docAbstract":"Acquisition of ticks by bird hosts is a central process in the transmission cycles of many tick-borne zoonoses, but tick recruitment by birds has received little direct study. We documented acquisition of Ixodes scapularis Say on birds at Fire Island, NY, by removing ticks from mist-netted birds, and recording the number of ticks on birds recaptured within 4 d of release. Eight bird species acquired at least 0.8 ticks bird−1 day−1 during the seasonal peak for at least one age class of I. scapularis. Gray Catbirds, Eastern Towhees, Common Yellowthroats, and Northern Waterthrushes collectively accounted for 83% of all tick acquisitions; and six individuals apportioned among Black-billed Cuckoo, Gray Catbird, Eastern Towhee, and Common Yellowthroat were simultaneously infested with both larvae and nymphs. Bird species with the highest acquisition rates were generally ground foragers, whereas birds that did not acquire ticks in our samples generally foraged above the ground. Tick acquisition by birds did not differ between deciduous and coniferous forests. Among the 15 bird species with the highest recruitment rates, acquisition of nymphs was not correlated with acquisition of larvae. Tick acquisition rates by individual bird species were not correlated with the reservoir competence of those species for Lyme borreliae. However, birds with high tick acquisition rates can contribute large numbers of infected ticks, and thus help maintain the enzootic cycle, even if their levels of reservoir competence are relatively low.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1603/ME10086","usgsCitation":"Mitra, S.S., Buckley, P.A., Buckley, F.G., and Ginsberg, H., 2010, Highly variable acquisition rates of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) by birds on an Atlantic barrier island: Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 47, no. 6, p. 1019-1027, https://doi.org/10.1603/ME10086.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1019","endPage":"1027","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475451,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1603/me10086","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":398013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Fire Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.31314086914062,\n 40.61551614707256\n ],\n [\n -73.13667297363281,\n 40.640530464129945\n ],\n [\n -73.0323028564453,\n 40.66918118282895\n ],\n [\n -72.89634704589844,\n 40.72176227543699\n ],\n [\n -72.90596008300781,\n 40.727486422997785\n ],\n [\n -72.99179077148438,\n 40.69677841595902\n ],\n [\n -73.09341430664062,\n 40.66605624777337\n ],\n [\n -73.17855834960938,\n 40.643656594948524\n ],\n [\n -73.20259094238281,\n 40.643656594948524\n ],\n [\n -73.24653625488281,\n 40.63219339951101\n ],\n [\n -73.27949523925781,\n 40.628024476792746\n ],\n [\n -73.31863403320312,\n 40.63115119323159\n ],\n [\n -73.31314086914062,\n 40.61551614707256\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitra, S. 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S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70221802,"text":"70221802 - 2010 - Fluid flow, solution collapse, and massive dissolution at detachment faults, Mormon Mountains, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-07T19:11:27.079859","indexId":"70221802","displayToPublicDate":"2021-07-07T13:35:45","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Fluid flow, solution collapse, and massive dissolution at detachment faults, Mormon Mountains, Nevada","docAbstract":"","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Miocene tectonics of the Lake Mead Region, central basin and range","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2010.2463(19)","usgsCitation":"Diehl, S.F., Anderson, R.E., and Humphrey, J.D., 2010, Fluid flow, solution collapse, and massive dissolution at detachment faults, Mormon Mountains, Nevada, chap. of Miocene tectonics of the Lake Mead Region, central basin and range, v. 463, p. 427-441, https://doi.org/10.1130/2010.2463(19).","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"441","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Mormon Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.80163574218751,\n 36.71687068791304\n ],\n [\n -114.31549072265625,\n 36.71687068791304\n ],\n [\n -114.31549072265625,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -114.80163574218751,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -114.80163574218751,\n 36.71687068791304\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"463","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Umhoefer, Paul J.","contributorId":200335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Umhoefer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818778,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beard, L. 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Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis from Isle Royale, Michigan, three Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior, and Lake Nipigon in Ontario were analyzed for genetic variation at 12 microsatellite DNA loci. Analysis of molecular variance, genetic distance measures, and cluster analysis were used to examine the diversity, gene flow, and relatedness among the samples. The diversity estimates for the samples from Isle Royale were similar to those for the samples collected from Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior, and all estimates were lower than those reported in other studies of brook trout from eastern North America. Genetic differences were detected among the brook trout at Isle Royale, Lake Nipigon, and the Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior. Further, the population in Tobin Harbor at the eastern end of Isle Royale was distinct from the populations from tributaries at the southwestern end of the island. The Minnesota tributary population formed a group that was genetically distinct from those from Isle Royale and Lake Nipigon. The Isle Royale population should be managed to preserve the genetic and phenotypic variation that distinguishes it from the other brook trout populations analyzed to date.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"London, UK","doi":"10.1577/M08-213.1","usgsCitation":"Stott, W., Quinlan, H., Gorman, O.T., and King, T.L., 2010, Genetic structure and diversity among brook trout from Isle Royale, Lake Nipigon, and three Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 30, no. 2, p. 400-411, https://doi.org/10.1577/M08-213.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"400","endPage":"411","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-009201","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, Minnesota, Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Isle Royale National Park, Lake Nipigon, Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 13.276290893554688,\n 43.683763524273346\n ],\n [\n 13.047637939453123,\n 43.54058479482877\n ],\n [\n 12.946014404296875,\n 43.479331676747684\n ],\n [\n 12.816925048828125,\n 43.47210668475589\n ],\n [\n 12.774696350097654,\n 43.4574048966441\n ],\n [\n 12.775382995605469,\n 43.4374645579086\n ],\n [\n 12.78053283691406,\n 43.41801639874422\n ],\n [\n 12.772293090820312,\n 43.38783445346398\n ],\n [\n 12.77984619140625,\n 43.36312895068202\n ],\n [\n 12.814521789550781,\n 43.29494951091899\n ],\n [\n 12.823104858398438,\n 43.27770522927142\n ],\n [\n 13.016738891601562,\n 43.32967314784173\n ],\n [\n 13.399200439453125,\n 43.487303079190156\n ],\n [\n 13.485031127929688,\n 43.59083558861119\n ],\n [\n 13.486404418945312,\n 43.608736628843445\n ],\n [\n 13.276290893554688,\n 43.683763524273346\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -90.50537109375,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -89.1650390625,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -88.30810546875,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -87.275390625,\n 47.88688085106898\n ],\n [\n -86.50634765625,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -86.41845703124999,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -87.07763671875,\n 48.8936153614802\n ],\n [\n -87.5830078125,\n 48.96579381461063\n ],\n [\n -88.04443359375,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -88.681640625,\n 48.79239019646406\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 48.531157010976706\n ],\n [\n -89.6484375,\n 48.23930899024905\n ],\n [\n -90.65917968749999,\n 47.84265762816535\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 47.27922900257082\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 46.81509864599243\n ],\n [\n -92.21923828124999,\n 46.604167162931844\n ],\n [\n -91.7578125,\n 46.52863469527167\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -91.2744140625,\n 46.76996843356982\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5d12fe4b0a4aa5bb0b1a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stott, Wendylee","contributorId":8058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stott","given":"Wendylee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinlan, Henry R.","contributorId":93447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinlan","given":"Henry R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorman, Owen T. 0000-0003-0451-110X otgorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0451-110X","contributorId":2888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorman","given":"Owen","email":"otgorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, Tim L. tlking@usgs.gov","contributorId":3520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Tim","email":"tlking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70041979,"text":"70041979 - 2010 - Diet shift of double-crested cormorants in eastern Lake Ontario associated with the expansion of the invasive round goby","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-25T17:44:21","indexId":"70041979","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diet shift of double-crested cormorants in eastern Lake Ontario associated with the expansion of the invasive round goby","docAbstract":"The proliferation of the invasive round goby (Apollonia melanostoma) in the Great Lakes has caused shifts in the trophic ecology in some areas. We examined the diet of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritas) prior to, and immediately after, round goby population expansion at two colonies, Pigeon and Snake Islands, in eastern Lake Ontario from 1999 to 2007. Cormorant diet was determined from the examination of 10,167 pellets collected over the nine-year period. By the second year round gobies were found in the diet (2002 at Snake Island and 2003 at Pigeon Island) they were the main species consumed by cormorants at each colony. The dominance of round goby in cormorant diets had a significant effect on both daily fish consumption and seasonal trends in fish consumption compared to the pre-goby years. Seasonal differences that were observed during the pre-goby years were lost once gobies became the main diet component of cormorants. The rapid switch to a benthic prey such as round goby, from a largely limnetic fish diet demonstrates the adaptive foraging ability of cormorants. Round goby may act as a buffer for yellow perch and smallmouth bass, two sport fish impacted by cormorant predation in eastern Lake Ontario.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Great Lakes Research","publisherLocation":"Ann Arbor, MI","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2010.02.013","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., Ross, R.M., McCullough, R.D., and Mathers, A., 2010, Diet shift of double-crested cormorants in eastern Lake Ontario associated with the expansion of the invasive round goby: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 242-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2010.02.013.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"247","temporalStart":"1999-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-016794","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":264780,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264779,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2010.02.013"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Ontario","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.0,43.17 ], [ -80.0,44.36 ], [ -76.0,44.36 ], [ -76.0,43.17 ], [ -80.0,43.17 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e5d10fe4b0a4aa5bb0b105","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, Robert M.","contributorId":62562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCullough, Russell D.","contributorId":98154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mathers, Alastair","contributorId":36786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathers","given":"Alastair","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}