The Garrison Diversion Unit is being constructed to transfer water from the Missouri River (Lake Sakakawea) to areas in east-central and southeastern North Dakota for expanded irrigation of agricultural lands. During initial investigations of irrigation return flows in 1969-76, the potential effects of toxic elements were considered, and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation concluded these elements would have no adverse effects on streams receiving return flows. After the development of problems associated with selenium in irrigation return flows in the western San Joaquin Valley, Calif., in 1985, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation initiated additional studies, including an investigation conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, to assist in collecting and evaluating trace-element data. Also, in 1986, with the passage of the Garrison Diversion Unit Reformulation Act, Congress mandated that soil surveys be conducted to determine if there are \"*** soil characteristics which might result in toxic or hazardous irrigation return flows.\"
In order to address this issue, an investigation was conducted during 1995-87 by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to determine the occurrence and distribution of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements in the soils of six potential irrigation areas along the Garrison Diversion Unit route and in the James River basin. A total of 165 soil samples were collected and analyzed for total concentrations of as many as 42 elements, including arsenic and selenium. In addition, 81 of the samples were analyzed for water-extractable concentrations of 14 elements, including arsenic and selenium, to aid in determining the extent to which they might be mobilized by the irrigation water. In a detailed phase of the investigation, 376 water samples were collected in one of the six potential irrigation areas, the west Oakes irrigation area. Most of these samples were analyzed for arsenic, selenium, and as many as 28 other elements.
Results of the investigation indicate that soils in the potential irrigation areas contain small concentrations of arsenic, selenium, and other trace elements. The geometric mean concentrations of total arsenic and selenium were 4.15 and 0.13 milligrams per kilogram, respectively, which are considerably smaller than those measured in the western San Joaquin Valley, Calif., and soils from other areas in the western United States. Water-extractable concentrations of arsenic and selenium, determined on 1:5 soil to water extractions, generally were less than 10 percent of the total concentrations. The geometric mean water-extractable concentrations for both elements were 0.02 milligram per kilogram or less.
The median and maximum concentrations of all constituents and properties indicative of irrigation drainage were tens to hundreds of times smaller in the Oakes test area drains than in western San Joaquin Valley drains. The maximum arsenic concentration in ground-water samples was 44 micrograms per liter, and the median concentration was 4 micrograms per liter. The maximum concentration in drain samples was 11 micrograms per liter, and the median concentration was 3 micrograms per liter.
Only 22 percent of the water samples collected from wells in the Oakes test area contained detectable concentrations (1 microgram per liter or more) of selenium. However, selenium was detected in 63 percent of the samples collected from sites on drains. The greater incidence of detection of selenium in the drain samples is interpreted as an effect of the more oxidizing environment of the drains, which are about 8 feet below land surface near the top of the water table. The median selenium concentration in the drain samples, however, was only 1 microgram per liter, and the maximum concentration in 63 drain samples was 4 micrograms per liter. For comparison, the median selenium concentrations reported for drains in the western San Joaquin Valley, Calif., ranged from 84 to 320 micrograms per liter. Mater from two observation wells had the largest selenium concentrations (8 and 9 micrograms per liter) measured during the investigation. These were the only two samples that exceeded any of the water-quality regulations, standards, or criteria for selenium.
Mercury and boron were the only other trace elements that exceeded standards and criteria. The median concentration of mercury was less than 0.1 microgram per liter, and the maximum concentration was 0.8 microgram per liter. The chronic freshwater-aquatic-life criterion for mercury (0.012 microgram per liter) is about 10 times less than the laboratory detection limit and is derived from bioconcentration factors based on methylmercury. Two boron samples exceeded the irrigation criteria of 750 micrograms per liter. Comparisons with criteria and standards indicate that the concentrations of trace elements determined in samples from wells and drains in the Oakes test area during this investigation should not adversely affect human and aquatic life or irrigated crops.
The data collected indicate that the soils and ground water in the Garrison Diversion Unit contain small concentrations of trace elements, including arsenic and selenium. Based on a detailed study of soils and ground water in the west Oakes irrigation area, however, there is no evidence that expanded irrigation will mobilize these elements in concentrations large enough to adversely affect aquatic life in the James River ecosystem, based on current regulations, standards, and criteria. Data are not currently available to make definitive statements about selenium concentrations in ground water in Garrison Diversion Unit irrigation areas other than the west Oakes Irrigation area. Data available on total and water-extractable selenium concentrations in soils t however, indicate that concentrations in ground water would be similar to those determined in the west Oakes irrigation area. Plans have been developed to sample ground water in the additional areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894104","usgsCitation":"Goolsby, D.A., Severson, R.C., Wilson, S., and Webber, K., 1989, Geochemistry of soils and shallow ground water, with emphasis on arsenic and selenium, in part of the Garrison Diversion Unit, North Dakota, 1985-87: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4104, viii, 132 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894104.","productDescription":"viii, 132 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54235,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa69c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severson, R. C.","contributorId":46498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, S. A. 0000-0002-9468-0005","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-0005","contributorId":23561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webber, Kurt","contributorId":15660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webber","given":"Kurt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":55210,"text":"wdrIA881 - 1989 - Water resources data Iowa, water year 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-09T13:16:50","indexId":"wdrIA881","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"IA-88-1","title":"Water resources data Iowa, water year 1988","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1988 water year for Iowa consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, contents, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; ground water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report contains records of water discharge for 117 stream-gaging stations; stage or contents for 7 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 9 stream-gaging stations; sediment records for 8 stream-gaging stations; water levels for 108 observation wells; and chemical analyses for 153 municipal wells. Also included are 113 crests-stage partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous discharge measurements and miscellaneous water-quality analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/wdrIA881","usgsCitation":"Melcher, N., Detroy, M., Karsten, R., and Matthes, W., 1989, Water resources data Iowa, water year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report IA-88-1, xv, 377 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrIA881.","productDescription":"xv, 377 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":87927,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1988/ia-88-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1988/ia-88-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db6996d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melcher, N.B.","contributorId":71554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Detroy, M.G.","contributorId":6066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detroy","given":"M.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karsten, R.A.","contributorId":51755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karsten","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Matthes, W.J.","contributorId":103348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matthes","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":41146,"text":"ofr89258 - 1989 - Physical and chemical data from two water-quality surveys of streams in the Lewisville Lake watershed, north-central Texas, 1984 and 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-16T20:06:23.346473","indexId":"ofr89258","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-258","title":"Physical and chemical data from two water-quality surveys of streams in the Lewisville Lake watershed, north-central Texas, 1984 and 1985","docAbstract":"Physical and chemical water-quality data and nitrogen and phosphorus yields for 29 sites sampled in two synoptic surveys of streams within the Lewisville Lake watershed are presented in this report. The two synoptic surveys were conducted in March 1984 and March 1985, as a reconnaissance and assessment of water quality and nitrogen and phosphorus yields throughout the watershed. This work was cooperatively funded by the city of Dallas and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as part of a hydrologic study to quantify nonpoint nutrient loads to Lewisville Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr89258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Dallas","usgsCitation":"Gain, W.S., 1989, Physical and chemical data from two water-quality surveys of streams in the Lewisville Lake watershed, north-central Texas, 1984 and 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-258, 2 Plates: 26.72 x 17.59 inches and 27.16 x 17.44 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89258.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 26.72 x 17.59 inches and 27.16 x 17.44 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326476,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr89258.JPG"},{"id":387931,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17616.htm"},{"id":78985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0258/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":78986,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0258/plate-2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lewisville Lake watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.652,\n 33.0600\n ],\n [\n -96.6890,\n 33.0600\n ],\n [\n -96.6890,\n 33.7390\n ],\n [\n -97.652,\n 33.7390\n ],\n [\n -97.6520,\n 33.0600\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gain, W. Scott wsgain@usgs.gov","contributorId":346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W.","email":"wsgain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":224569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26063,"text":"wri894014 - 1989 - Water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and limnology of Prompton Lake, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, October 1986 through September 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T09:16:14","indexId":"wri894014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4014","title":"Water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and limnology of Prompton Lake, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, October 1986 through September 1987","docAbstract":"The water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and the limnology of Prompton Lake in northeastern Pennsylvania were studied from October 1986 through September 1987 to determine past and present water-quality conditions in the basin, and to determine the possible effects of raising the lake level on the water quality of the Lake, of the river downstream, and of ground water.\r\n\r\n Past and present water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and Prompton Lake generally meets State standards for high-quality waters that sup- port the maintenance and propagation of cold-water fishes. However, suggested criteria by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency intended to control excessive algal growth in the lake are exceeded most, if not all, of the time for nitrogen and most of the time for phosphorus.\r\n\r\n The average annual total nitrogen load entering the lake is 114 tons. Of this total, 41 tons is inorganic nitrate plus nitrate, 48 tons organic nitrogen, and 25 tons ammonia nitrogen. Estimated annual yields of total nitrogen, inorganic nitrite plus nitrate, organic nitrogen, and ammonia nitrogen are 1.9, 9.7, 0.8, and 0.4 tons/mi2 (tons per square mile), respectively. The average annual phosphorus load is estimated to be 4.7 tons, which is equivalent to a yield of 0.08 tons/mi2. About 62 percent, or 2.9 tons, is dissolved phosphorus that is readily available for plant assimilation. The waters of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and Prompton Lake are decidedly phosphorus limited.\r\n\r\n The long-term average annual suspended-sediment yield to the lake is about 70 tons/mi2. Life expectancy of the 774 acre-feet of space allocated for sediment loads in the raised pool is estimated to be about 287 years.\r\n\r\n During the 1987 water year, about 51 percent of the annual sediment load was transported during 7 days by storm-water runoff. The maximum sediment discharge during the study period was 400 tons per day.\r\n\r\n Lake-profile studies show that thermal and chemical stratification develops in early June and persists through September. Water below a depth of about 20 feet becomes anoxic, or nearly so, by mid-July.\r\n\r\n Summer concentrations of chlorophyll are indicative of eutropic conditions. Although raising of the lake level is expected to increase the efficiency of the lake in trapping nutrients, the increased depth and volume will reduce the concentrations of available nutrients and, thereby, reduce the eutrophication potential of the lake.\r\n\r\n The water level in about 30 wells near the lake probably will rise after the lake level is raised, and the well yields probably will increase slightly. Flow of water form the lake to the aquifer as the lake is being raised may temporarily increase mineral content of water in the aquifer. After a new equilibrium is reached, however, water will again flow from the aquifer to the lake, thereby restoring the aquifer's water quality.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894014","usgsCitation":"Barker, J.L., 1989, Water quality of the West Branch Lackawaxen River and limnology of Prompton Lake, Wayne County, Pennsylvania, October 1986 through September 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4014, vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894014.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54842,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9811","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":83518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55226,"text":"wdrME871 - 1989 - Water resources data, Maine, water year 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-18T16:31:26.691752","indexId":"wdrME871","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ME-87-1","title":"Water resources data, Maine, water year 1987","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, incooperation with State, Federal, and other local governmental agencies, obtains a large amount of data pertaining to the water resources of Maine each water year. These data,accumulated during many water years, constitute a valuable data base for developing an improved understanding of the water resources of the State.
Water resources data for the 1987 water year for Maine consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report contains discharge records for 49 gaging stations; stage only for 2 gaging stations; contents for 17 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 10 gaging stations and 3 ground-water wells; and water-levels for 24 ground-water wells. Additional water data were collected at other sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrME871","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Maine and other agencies","usgsCitation":"Bartlett, W., Higgins, W., and Nichols, W., 1989, Water resources data, Maine, water year 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ME-87-1, vii, 173 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrME871.","productDescription":"vii, 173 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494261,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1987/me-87-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174492,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1987/me-87-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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