Water‐table altitude, a controlling factor for ground‐ water flow, was estimated from detailed topographic data by subtracting the estimated depth‐to‐water. Land‐surface altitude of the Coastal Plain in the south‐central United States varies from 0 to more than 800 feet above sea level. Predevelopment depth‐to‐water in 6,825 wells less than 150 feet deep averages 25.7 feet (standard deviation, 19.5 feet). Most water‐table‐altitude variation is due to variation in land‐surface altitude and not due to variation in depth‐to‐ water. Digital topographic data, from 1:250,000 scale maps for every 30 seconds of latitude and longitude are available for the continental United States. About 90 altitudes were averaged for each 25‐square‐mile block of a rectangular grid used for ground‐water flow modeling. Multiple linear regressions of predevelopment water‐level data and topographic data were used to derive empirical equations relating water‐table altitude to topography. The regression method was more consistent, efficient, and accurate than manually digitizing values from manually contoured water‐table maps. Water‐table maps usually are prepared from few data that are concentrated in topographically flat areas. Manually digitizing water‐table maps on a regional scale introduces additional error. About 35 percent of the water‐table altitudes obtained manually were greater than average land‐surface altitudes from topographic data. The mean difference between water‐table altitudes from the two methods was less than 10 feet, which indicates no systematic error was incorporated in the regression method. Copyright © 1989, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
","language":"English ","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00457.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Williams, T., and Williamson, A.K., 1989, Estimating water‐table altitudes for regional ground‐water flow modeling, U.S. Gulf Coast: Groundwater, v. 27, no. 3, p. 333-340, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1989.tb00457.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"333","endPage":"340","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369378,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 25.760319754713887\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -96.85546875,\n 27.0982539061379\n ],\n [\n -96.50390625,\n 27.916766641249065\n ],\n [\n -95.4052734375,\n 28.497660832963472\n ],\n [\n -93.6474609375,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -90.5712890625,\n 28.613459424004414\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 28.729130483430154\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 29.878755346037977\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -83.84765625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -83.408203125,\n 28.420391085674304\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -82.79296874999999,\n 26.78484736105119\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 25.16517336866393\n ],\n [\n -81.7822265625,\n 24.407137917727667\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 25.403584973186703\n ],\n [\n -81.38671875,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 27.0982539061379\n ],\n [\n -82.353515625,\n 28.188243641850313\n ],\n [\n -82.6171875,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -84.8583984375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -85.4296875,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 30.86451022625836\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -93.1640625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -95.09765625,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -97.646484375,\n 28.22697003891834\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 26.352497858154024\n ],\n [\n -97.2509765625,\n 25.958044673317843\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, T.A.","contributorId":220766,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williamson, A. K.","contributorId":57872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70210010,"text":"70210010 - 1989 - Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-08T19:17:25.355938","indexId":"70210010","displayToPublicDate":"1989-05-08T14:01:19","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary","docAbstract":"The normal, biologically productive ocean is characterized by a gradient of the 13C/12C ratio from surface to deep waters. Here we present stable isotope data from planktonic and benthic micro-fossils across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the North pacific, which reveal a rapid and complete breakdown in this biologically mediated gradient. The fluxes of barium (a proxy for organic carbon) and CaCO3 also decrease significantly at the time of the major marine plankton extinctions. The implied substantial reduction in oceanic primary productivity persisted for ∼0.5 Myr before the carbon isotope gradient was gradually re-established. In addition, the stable isotope and preservational data indicate that environmental change, including cooling, began at least 200 kyr before the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, and a peak warming of ∼3 °C occurred 600 kyr after the boundary event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/337061a0","usgsCitation":"Zachos, J., Arthur, M., and Dean, W.E., 1989, Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 337, no. 6202, p. 61-64, https://doi.org/10.1038/337061a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374587,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"337","issue":"6202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zachos, James","contributorId":224075,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zachos","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003136,"text":"1003136 - 1989 - Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic for salmonid fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-31T15:48:50.341011","indexId":"1003136","displayToPublicDate":"1989-05-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic for salmonid fishes","docAbstract":"Benzocaine was tested in the laboratory to determine the effective concentrations for anesthetizing juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and rainbow trout O. mykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri). Tests were conducted at three water temperatures, in waters ranging from very soft to very hard, and with groups of rainbow trout from 5 to 47 cm long and chinook salmon 20 cm long. Effective concentrations were defined as those that rendered the fish fully handleable in 3 min or less, allowed recovery of most fish within 10 min, and caused no mortality after 15-min exposures. Concentrations of 25–45 mg/L anesthetized both species over the entire range of conditions tested. Although efficacy was essentially unrelated to species or water quality, it was related to water temperature and size offish; the concentrations of benzocaine required were highest at the lowest water temperatures and for the largest fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1989)009<0150:EOBAAA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gilderhus, P., 1989, Efficacy of benzocaine as an anesthetic for salmonid fishes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 9, no. 2, p. 150-153, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1989)009<0150:EOBAAA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"150","endPage":"153","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129200,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aea1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilderhus, P.A.","contributorId":60156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilderhus","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015546,"text":"70015546 - 1989 - Regression models for estimating urban storm-runoff quality and quantity in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-24T16:38:47.224298","indexId":"70015546","displayToPublicDate":"1989-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regression models for estimating urban storm-runoff quality and quantity in the United States","docAbstract":"Urban planners and managers need information about the local quantity of precipitation and the quality and quantity of storm runoff if they are to plan adequately for the effects of storm runoff from urban areas. As result of this need, linear regression models were developed for the estimation of storm-runoff loads and volumes from physical, land-use, and climatic characteristics of urban watersheds throughout the United States. Three statistically different regions were delineated, based on mean annual rainfall, to improve linear regression models. One use of these models is to estimate storm-runoff loads and volumes are gaged and ungaged urban watersheds.
The most significant explanatory variables in all linear regression models were total storm rainfall and total contributing drainage area. Impervious area, land-use, and mean annual climatic characteristics were also significant explanatory variables in some linear regression models. Models for dissolved solids, total nitrogen, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen were the most accurate models for most areas, whereas models for suspended solids were the least accurate. The most accurate models were those for the more arid western United States, and the least accurate were those for areas that had large quantities of mean annual rainfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(89)90017-6","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Driver, N.E., and Troutman, B., 1989, Regression models for estimating urban storm-runoff quality and quantity in the United States: Journal of Hydrology, v. 109, no. 3-4, p. 221-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(89)90017-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Excess pore pressures were generated once horizontal acceleration exceeded a threshold value.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.244.4900.56","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Holzer, T., Youd, T., and Hanks, T.C., 1989, Dynamics of liquefaction during the 1987 Superstition Hills, California, earthquake: Science, v. 244, no. 4900, p. 56-59, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.244.4900.56.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"59","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224305,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Superstition Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.10433528527619,\n 33.150278445684776\n ],\n [\n -116.10433528527619,\n 32.88415029447826\n ],\n [\n -115.69942791320001,\n 32.88415029447826\n ],\n [\n -115.69942791320001,\n 33.150278445684776\n ],\n [\n -116.10433528527619,\n 33.150278445684776\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"244","issue":"4900","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0434e4b0c8380cd50852","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holzer, T.L.","contributorId":35739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holzer","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Youd, T. L.","contributorId":73593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Youd","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanks, Thomas C.","contributorId":35763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanks","given":"Thomas","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015607,"text":"70015607 - 1989 - Snow cover of the Upper Colorado River Basin from satellite passive microwave and visual imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T15:43:06.204483","indexId":"70015607","displayToPublicDate":"1989-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2880,"text":"Nordic Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Snow cover of the Upper Colorado River Basin from satellite passive microwave and visual imagery","docAbstract":"A comparison of passive microwave images from the Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and visual images from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) of the Upper Colorado River Basin shows that passive microwave satellite imagery can be used to determine the extent of the snow cover. Eight cloud-free DMSP images throughout the winter of 1985-1986 show the extent of the snowpack, which, when compared to the corresponding SMMR images, determine the threshold microwave characteristics for snow-covered pixels. With these characteristics, the 27 sequential SMMR images give a unique view of the temporal history of the snow cover extent through the first half of the water year. Beginning mid-November, the snow-covered area rapidly increases from near zero to 80 percent by the middle of January. During late February the snow-covered area decreases as a result of basin-wide warming. The microwave determinations initially overestimate the decrease in snow cover, as a result of liquid water in the snowpack, but the return of cooler temperatures restores the veracity of the passive microwave determinations.
","language":"English","publisher":"IWA Publishing","doi":"10.2166/nh.1989.0006","issn":"00291277","usgsCitation":"Josberger, E., and Beauvillain, E., 1989, Snow cover of the Upper Colorado River Basin from satellite passive microwave and visual imagery: Nordic Hydrology, v. 20, no. 2, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1989.0006.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490147,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.1989.0006","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":224323,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.50635197912666,\n 43.09070038977103\n ],\n [\n -111.24806206301143,\n 40.996826941047615\n ],\n [\n -111.68033570473634,\n 39.51165818243791\n ],\n [\n -109.8495981109781,\n 39.31181965625984\n ],\n [\n -109.26235421062083,\n 42.9435236465097\n ],\n [\n -110.50635197912666,\n 43.09070038977103\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b91b3e4b08c986b319a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beauvillain, E.","contributorId":47918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beauvillain","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015370,"text":"70015370 - 1989 - Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation in the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-23T16:35:24.375344","indexId":"70015370","displayToPublicDate":"1989-03-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation in the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon","docAbstract":"In north-central Oregon a large area of near-zero near-surface conductive heat flow occurs in young volcanic rocks of the Cascade Range. Recent advective heat flux measurements and a heat-budget analysis suggest that ground-water circulation sweeps sufficient heat out of areas where rocks younger than 6 Ma (million years ago) are exposed to account for the anomalously high advective and conductive heat discharge measured in older rocks at lower elevations. Earlier workers have proposed that an extensive midcrustal magmatic heat source is responsible for this anomalously high heat flow. Instead, high heat flow in the older rocks may be a relatively shallow phenomenon caused by regional ground-water flow. Any deeper anomaly may be relatively narrow, spatially variable, and essentially confined to the Quaternary (less than 2 Ma) arc. Magmatic intrusion at a rate of 9 to 33 cubic kilometers per kilometer of arc length per million years can account for the total heat flow anomaly. Deep drilling in the areas of high heat flow in the older rocks could indicate which model is more appropriate for the near-surface heat flow data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.243.4897.1458","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., Sherrod, D.R., and Mariner, R.H., 1989, Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation in the Cascade Range, north-central Oregon: Science, v. 243, no. 4897, p. 1458-1462, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4897.1458.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1458","endPage":"1462","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223659,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Cascade Range, north-central Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.36895699027075,\n 45.72875753720362\n ],\n [\n -123.36895699027075,\n 44.096018053899115\n ],\n [\n -122.48242014281948,\n 44.096018053899115\n ],\n [\n -122.48242014281948,\n 45.72875753720362\n ],\n [\n -123.36895699027075,\n 45.72875753720362\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"243","issue":"4897","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2ff8e4b0c8380cd5d274","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherrod, D. R.","contributorId":44559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mariner, Robert H.","contributorId":81075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mariner","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180788,"text":"70180788 - 1989 - Assessment of smolt condition for travel time analysis. Annual report 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T11:59:45","indexId":"70180788","displayToPublicDate":"1989-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Assessment of smolt condition for travel time analysis. Annual report 1988","docAbstract":"Estimates of migration rates and travel times of juvenile salmonids within index reaches of the Columbia River basin are collected through the Smolt Monitoring Program for use by the Fish Passage Center. With increased reliance upon travel time estimates in 1988 by the Fish Passage Center, this study was implemented to monitor the biological attributes of juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead trout 0.- mykiss used for the travel time estimates, The physiological ability of fish to respond to stress was assessed by measuring levels of plasma cortisol, glucose, and chloride before and after a stress-challenge test. Most mid-Columbia and Snake river groups responded normally to the stress challenge exhibiting an increase in plasma glucose and cortisol and a slight decrease in chloride. Fish trucked to release sites were more stressed than those released directly from the hatchery, but most still responded to the stress challenge test normally. An abnormal or extreme stress response occurred when there were deviations from preferred protocol, disease problems at hatcheries, or when fish were trucked over long periods (7h). The development of smoltification was evaluated by measuring gill Na+K+-ATPase, plasma thyroxine, purines, and body morphology. Most groups were similar at the hatcheries but differed as the migration to McNary Dam proceeded. Gill ATPase activity increased 2-3 fold during the first 20 days of migration, after which it changed little. Fish with longer in-river travel times appeared to be more smolted than those which were in the river for a shorter period of time. The prevalence of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in spring chinook salmon was evaluated using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescent antibody technique (FAT). Prevalence of BKD in groups tested using the ELISA method was as high as 99% at some downstream locations. A review of indices is presented as a guide, to the development of an index of smolt condition and preliminary data are presented. An index could be used as a tool to synthesize information on fish condition to assist with management and evaluation of the Water Budget.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bonneville Power Administration","usgsCitation":"Rondorf, D., Beeman, J., Faler, J., Free, M., and Wagner, E., 1989, Assessment of smolt condition for travel time analysis. Annual report 1988, xxi., 98 p. .","productDescription":"xxi., 98 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334665,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5895a4d4e4b0fa1e59bc1e95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeman, J.W.","contributorId":32646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faler, J.C.","contributorId":152382,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Faler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Free, M.E.","contributorId":152383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Free","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wagner, E.J.","contributorId":152384,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199783,"text":"70199783 - 1989 - Spatial, seasonal and diel distribution of fishes in a California reservoir dominated by native fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-27T17:23:00","indexId":"70199783","displayToPublicDate":"1989-02-01T17:22:37","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1661,"text":"Fisheries Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial, seasonal and diel distribution of fishes in a California reservoir dominated by native fishes","docAbstract":"During 21 months of sampling with various techniques, we captured 24 species of fish in Britton Reservoir. Nine species comprised over 96% of the number of fish captured and approximately 88% of the biomass. Five native non-game species accounted for over 77% of the catches.
The native non-game fishes have maintained large populations in the reservoir despite continued introductions of non-native species. Two sources of non-native species exist. The first is the introduction of exotic species directly into the reservoir during fish-stocking programs. The second is the continuous movement of non-native fishes into the reservoir from large populations which reside in a major tributary of the reservoir. Factors responsible for the large number of native fishes are: management of the reservoir for hydroelectric generation; temperature regime; reservoir morphology.
The fish community structure is stratified along two axes: upper basin/lower basin and inshore/offshore. Most of the 24 species were found inshore: 14 species were found offshore. Four of the native non-game fishes were most abundant in the upper basin: three introduced non-native fishes were most abundant in the lower basin of the reservoir. The offshore community was dynamic on a daily and seasonal basis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0165-7836(89)90005-2","usgsCitation":"Vondracek, B.C., Baltz, D.M., Brown, L.R., and Moyle, P.B., 1989, Spatial, seasonal and diel distribution of fishes in a California reservoir dominated by native fishes: Fisheries Research, v. 7, no. 1-2, p. 31-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(89)90005-2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357871,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Britton Reservoir","volume":"7","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c112c45e4b034bf6a82260f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vondracek, Bruce C. bcv@usgs.gov","contributorId":904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vondracek","given":"Bruce","email":"bcv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baltz, Donald M.","contributorId":208263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baltz","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Larry R. 0000-0001-6702-4531 lrbrown@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-4531","contributorId":1717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Larry","email":"lrbrown@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moyle, Peter B.","contributorId":117099,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moyle","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":7214,"text":"University of California, Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":746594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":49135,"text":"ofr89268 - 1989 - Relation of ground-water flow in bedrock aquifers and the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, Minneapolis and St. Paul area, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:25:38","indexId":"ofr89268","displayToPublicDate":"1989-02-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-268","title":"Relation of ground-water flow in bedrock aquifers and the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, Minneapolis and St. Paul area, Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr89268","usgsCitation":"Schoenberg, M.E., 1989, Relation of ground-water flow in bedrock aquifers and the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, Minneapolis and St. Paul area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-268, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89268.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Twin Cities","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3ae4b07e28b664dbf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoenberg, M. E.","contributorId":117006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenberg","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":511315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185851,"text":"70185851 - 1989 - Irrigation-induced contamination--How real a problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T10:47:33","indexId":"70185851","displayToPublicDate":"1989-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5351,"text":"Journal on Irrigation Drainage Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Irrigation-induced contamination--How real a problem","docAbstract":"The U.S. Department of the Interior has embarked on a series of reconnaissance‐level investigations throughout the western states to identify, evaluate, and respond to irrigation‐induced water quality problems. A series of water, sediment, and biological samples are being analyzed for 17 inorganic constituents and a number of pesticides. 19 studies in 13 states have been undertaken. Seven have been completed to date. Results of the seven studies that have been completed are presented and compared to baselines, standards, criteria, and other guidelines helpful for assessing the potential of observed constituent concentrations in water, bottom sediment, and biota, to result in physiological harm to fish, wildlife, or humans. These initial results indicate that a new environmental problem of major proportions does not exist, but that some localized problems of significant magnitude do exist and should be addressed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1989)115:1(9)","usgsCitation":"Deason, J.P., 1989, Irrigation-induced contamination--How real a problem: Journal on Irrigation Drainage Engineering, v. 115, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1989)115:1(9).","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338615,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58dcc820e4b02ff32c685744","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deason, Jonathan P.","contributorId":69299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deason","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171483,"text":"70171483 - 1989 - Hydrogeologic characteristics of the lower Río Grande de Arecibo alluvial valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T13:59:46","indexId":"70171483","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-31T05:15:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrogeologic characteristics of the lower Río Grande de Arecibo alluvial valley","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 13th Natural Resources Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"13th Natural Resources Symposium","conferenceDate":"February 26, 1987","conferenceLocation":"San Juan, Puerto Rico","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., 1989, Hydrogeologic characteristics of the lower Río Grande de Arecibo alluvial valley, in Proceedings of the 13th Natural Resources Symposium, San Juan, Puerto Rico, February 26, 1987, p. 41-59.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"59","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322025,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500766e4b0ee97d51bb641","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207779,"text":"70207779 - 1989 - Geochemical expression of early diagenesis in middle Eocene-lower Oligocene pelagic sediments in the southern Labrador Sea, Site 647, ODP Leg 105","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-18T15:38:16.295651","indexId":"70207779","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-10T10:59:58","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5905,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical expression of early diagenesis in middle Eocene-lower Oligocene pelagic sediments in the southern Labrador Sea, Site 647, ODP Leg 105","docAbstract":"Geochemical analyses of the middle Eocene through lower Oligocene lithologic Unit IIIC (260-518 meters below sea floor [mbsf]) indicate a relatively constant geochemical composition of the detrital fraction throughout this depositional interval at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 647 in the southern Labrador Sea. The main variability occurs in redox-sensitive elements (e.g., iron, manganese, and phosphorus), which may be related to early diagenetic inability in anaerobic pore waters during bacterial decomposition of organic matter. Initial preservation of organic matter was mediated by high sedimentation rates (36 m/m.Y.). High iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) contents are associated with carbonate concretions of siderite, manganosiderite, and rhodochrosite. These concretions probably formed in response to elevated pore-water alkalinity and total dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations resulting from bacterial sulfate reduction, as indicated by nodule stable-isotope compositions and pore-water geochemistry. These nodules differ from those found in upper Cenozoic hemipelagic sequences in that they are not associated with methanogenesis. Phosphate minerals (carbonate-fluorapatite) precipitated in some intervals, probably as the result of desorption of phosphorus from iron and manganese during reduction. The bulk chemical composition of the sediments differs little from that of North Atlantic Quaternary abyssal red clays, but may contain a minor hydrothermal component. The silicon/ aluminum (Si/Al) ratio, however, is high and variable and probably reflects original variations in biagenic opal, much of which is now altered to smectite and/or opal CT. An increase in the sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio in the upper Eocene corresponds to the beginning of coarser-grained feldspar flux to the site, possibly marking the onset of more vigorous deep currents. Although the Site 647 cores provide a nearly complete high-resolution, high-latitude Eocene-Oligocene record, the high sedimentation rate and somewhat unusual diagenetic conditions have led to variable alteration of benthic foraminifers and fine-fraction carbonate and have overprinted the original stable-isotope records. Planktonic foraminifers are less altered, but on the whole, there is little chance of sorting out the nature and timing of environmental change on the basis of our stable-isotope analyses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M University, Ocean Drilling Program","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.105.157.1989","issn":"0884-5891","usgsCitation":"Arthur, M., Dean, W.E., Zachos, J., Kaminski, M., Hagerty Rieg, S., and Elmstrom, K., 1989, Geochemical expression of early diagenesis in middle Eocene-lower Oligocene pelagic sediments in the southern Labrador Sea, Site 647, ODP Leg 105: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 105, p. 111-135, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.105.157.1989.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.105.157.1989","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371155,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zachos, J.C.","contributorId":61965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachos","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaminski, M.","contributorId":19365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hagerty Rieg, S.","contributorId":221641,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hagerty Rieg","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Elmstrom, K.","contributorId":221642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elmstrom","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207745,"text":"70207745 - 1989 - Changes in redox conditions in deep‐sea sediments of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean: Possible evidence for the presence of North Pacific Deep Water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-18T15:35:22.685121","indexId":"70207745","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-09T10:34:57","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in redox conditions in deep‐sea sediments of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean: Possible evidence for the presence of North Pacific Deep Water","docAbstract":"Cores of upper Quaternary and Holocene sediment from the subarctic North Pacific north of about 48°N contain one or more layers of oxidized brown sediment interbedded within predominantly reduced green sediment. The brown layers are enriched in several trace elements, especially Mn, Mo, Ni, and Co, relative to the green layers. Where multiple oxidized layers are present, the intensity of the brown coloration and the magnitude of trace element enrichment often decrease with depth, suggesting that the oxidized layers are unstable and are being chemically reduced at depth. The oxidized layers represent a change in redox conditions between the North Pacific red clay province and the subarctic biosiliceous green clay province. The redox change may have been caused by an increase in supply of dissolved oxygen to bottom waters during glacial‐interglacial transitions as the result of the periodic formation of a seasonal bottom water mass in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/PA004i006p00639","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., Gardner, J.V., and Eileen Hemphill-Haley, 1989, Changes in redox conditions in deep‐sea sediments of the subarctic North Pacific Ocean: Possible evidence for the presence of North Pacific Deep Water: Paleoceanography, v. 4, no. 6, p. 639-653, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA004i006p00639.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"653","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Deep Water","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -163.65234374999997,\n 59.17592824927136\n ],\n [\n -183.515625,\n 54.77534585936447\n ],\n [\n -180.52734375,\n 47.635783590864854\n ],\n [\n -165.58593749999997,\n 47.989921667414194\n ],\n [\n -145.37109375,\n 49.95121990866204\n ],\n [\n -129.375,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n -129.375,\n 53.12040528310657\n ],\n [\n -134.296875,\n 58.81374171570782\n ],\n [\n -146.07421875,\n 62.2679226294176\n ],\n [\n -163.65234374999997,\n 59.17592824927136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, J. V.","contributorId":114111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eileen Hemphill-Haley","contributorId":206892,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eileen Hemphill-Haley","affiliations":[{"id":7067,"text":"Humboldt State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":779167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70016016,"text":"70016016 - 1989 - Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-02T16:04:46.623929","indexId":"70016016","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary","docAbstract":"The normal, biologically productive ocean is characterized by a gradient of the 13C/12C ratio from surface to deep waters. Here we present stable isotope data from planktonic and benthic micro-fossils across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the North pacific, which reveal a rapid and complete breakdown in this biologically mediated gradient. The fluxes of barium (a proxy for organic carbon) and CaCO3 also decrease significantly at the time of the major marine plankton extinctions. The implied substantial reduction in oceanic primary productivity persisted for ∼0.5 Myr before the carbon isotope gradient was gradually re-established. In addition, the stable isotope and preservational data indicate that environmental change, including cooling, began at least 200 kyr before the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, and a peak warming of ∼3 °C occurred 600 kyr after the boundary event.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/337061a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Zachos, J., Arthur, M., and Dean, W., 1989, Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary: Nature, v. 337, no. 6202, p. 61-64, https://doi.org/10.1038/337061a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"64","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223397,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"337","issue":"6202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1631e4b0c8380cd550a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zachos, J.C.","contributorId":61965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachos","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, M.A.","contributorId":24791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, W.E.","contributorId":97099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":372352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28197,"text":"wri894090 - 1989 - Accuracy of acoustic velocity metering systems for measurement of low velocity in open channels","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T12:23:48.737029","indexId":"wri894090","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-03T20:42:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4090","title":"Accuracy of acoustic velocity metering systems for measurement of low velocity in open channels","docAbstract":"Acoustic velocity meter (AVM) accuracy depends on equipment limitations, the accuracy of acoustic-path length and angle determination, and the stability of the mean velocity to acoustic-path velocity relation. Equipment limitations depend on path length and angle, transducer frequency, timing oscillator frequency, and signal-detection scheme. Typically, the velocity error from this source is about +or-1 to +or-10 mms/sec. Error in acoustic-path angle or length will result in a proportional measurement bias. Typically, an angle error of one degree will result in a velocity error of 2%, and a path-length error of one meter in 100 meter will result in an error of 1%. Ray bending (signal refraction) depends on path length and density gradients present in the stream. Any deviation from a straight acoustic path between transducer will change the unique relation between path velocity and mean velocity. These deviations will then introduce error in the mean velocity computation. Typically, for a 200-meter path length, the resultant error is less than one percent, but for a 1,000 meter path length, the error can be greater than 10%. Recent laboratory and field tests have substantiated assumptions of equipment limitations. Tow-tank tests of an AVM system with a 4.69-meter path length yielded an average standard deviation error of 9.3 mms/sec, and the field tests of an AVM system with a 20.5-meter path length yielded an average standard deviation error of a 4 mms/sec. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri894090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Laenen, A., and Curtis, R.E., 1989, Accuracy of acoustic velocity metering systems for measurement of low velocity in open channels: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4090, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894090.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57035,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4090/wri894090.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.65 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 89-4090"},{"id":119028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4090/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Pollution of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems has been a concern to society since the burning of fossil fuels began in the industrial revolution. In the past decade or so, this concern has been heightened by evidence that chemical transformation in the atmosphere of combustion by-products and subsequent long-range transport can cause environmental damage in remote areas. The extent of this damage and the rates of ecological recovery were largely unknown. \"Acid rain\" became the environmental issue of the 1980's. To address the increasing concerns of the public, in 1980 the Federal government initiated a 10-year interagency research program to develop information that could be used by the President and the Congress in making decisions for emission controls.
\nThe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has been an active participant in acid precipitation research. The Service provided support to a number of scientific conferences and forums, including the Action Seminar on Acid Precipitation held in Toronto, Canada, in 1979, an international symposium on Acidic Precipitation and Fishery Impacts in Northeastern North America in 1981, and a symposium on Acidic Precipitation and Atmospheric Deposition: A Western Perspective in 1982. These meetings as well as the growing involvement with the government's National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program placed the Service in the lead in research on the biological effects of acidic deposition. Research projects have encompassed water chemistry, aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, fish, and waterfowl. Water quality surveys have been conducted to help determine the extent of acid precipitation effects in the northeast, Middle Atlantic, and Rocky Mountain regions. In addition to lake and stream studies, research in wetland and some terrestrial habitats has also been conducted. Specific projects have addressed important sport species such as brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and striped bass (Morone saxatilis). Trace metal accumulation in fish has been investigated and a symposium sponsored on related work. U.S> Fish and Wildlife Service scientists serve as advisors and participants in research being conducted by industry, nonprofit groups, State and other Federal agencies. Researcher have worked closely with colleagues in Canada, England, Norway, Scotland, the Soviet Union, and Sweden to gain additional understanding of the problem.
\nIn 1982, the Service implemented a mitigation research program to provide resource managers with information to help them protect sensitive ecosystems, and rehabilitation methods for resources already affected by acidification. An international workshop was convened to outline the research needs. Several conferences were organized to develop appropriate field and laboratory procedures. Scientists with the mitigation research program are evaluating the ecological effects of liming (addition of base material) surface waters and surrounding watershed to provide buffering against acidic inputs. Through long-term cooperative project with States and other organizations, investigations are studying possible abatement methods for regions most affected by acidic deposition.
\nTo date, more than 200 reports the describe these studies have been published. These products include conference proceedings, journal articles, and in-house scientific publications. An education poster describing the effects of acid rain on aquatic ecosystems was developed and distributed to individuals, conservations and State organizations, and the public education system.
\nThis annotated bibliography lists current publications by Service authors, cooperators, or contractors on acid rain and related quality. Entire are arranged alphabetically by author surname.
\nFor further information about the research program, contact the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Acid Precipitation Section, National Fishery Research Center -- Leetown, Box 700, Kearneysville, WV 25430.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","issn":"0895-1926","usgsCitation":"Villella, R.F., 1989, Acid rain publications by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1979-1989: Biological Report 80(40.28), 30 p.","productDescription":"30 p.","numberOfPages":"31","temporalStart":"1979-01-01","temporalEnd":"1989-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287900,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae761ee4b0abf75cf2be93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Villella, Rita F.","contributorId":73923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villella","given":"Rita","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":748,"text":"748 - 1989 - U.S. Geological Survey state water-data reports water year 1987-: hydrologic records of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-05T15:17:34","indexId":"748","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T15:15:56","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey state water-data reports water year 1987-: hydrologic records of the United States","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/748","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1989, U.S. Geological Survey state water-data reports water year 1987-: hydrologic records of the United States, computer laser optical disks, https://doi.org/10.3133/748.","productDescription":"computer laser optical disks","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53e1efdfe4b0fe532be2dea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":527682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006739,"text":"70006739 - 1989 - Avian cholera: a major new cause of waterfowl mortality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-30T15:10:22","indexId":"70006739","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T15:09:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":24,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"13.2.5","title":"Avian cholera: a major new cause of waterfowl mortality","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Waterfowl Management Handbook","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 1989, Avian cholera: a major new cause of waterfowl mortality: Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 13.2.5, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"6","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287892,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7642e4b0abf75cf2bee3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006738,"text":"70006738 - 1989 - Lead poisoning: The invisible disease","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-26T11:29:41","indexId":"70006738","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T15:06:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":24,"text":"Fish and Wildlife Leaflet","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"13.2.6","title":"Lead poisoning: The invisible disease","docAbstract":"Lead poisoning is an intoxication resulting from absorption of hazardous levels of lead into body tissues. Lead pellets from shot shells, when ingested, are the most common source of lead poisoning in migratory birds. Other far less common sources include lead fishing sinkers, mine wastes, paint pigments, bullets, and other lead objects that are swallowed.
The purpose of this report is to provide a glossary of selected terms for saturated and unsaturated flow and related processes involved in transport of contaminants in the subsurface. The glossary contains five tables. Table 1 is a list of parameters with associated symbols and units. Tables 2 to 5 are conversion charts. The original manuscript was prepared by Thomas J. Nicholson, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. It was subsequently examined by the Ground-Water Glossary Working Group and experts within and outside the Federal Government, whose recommendations were accommodated where appropriate in the glossary. It is hoped that the glossary will aid in the communications between soil scientists, hydrologists, and hydrogeologists.
\nThe terms defined in the glossary were selected after an extensive survey of glossaries and reports in the areas of (1) ground-water geology, hydraulics, and chemistry, (2) soil-water physics and chemistry, (3) contaminant transport, (4) unsaturated-zone hydrology, (5) chemistry and transport of solutes, and (6) ground-water quality. Some of the definitions have been modified for clarity from a variety of technical sources. Where more than one definition appears for the selected term, the first one was determined by the working group to be the most appropriate general definition, followed by other, more specialized, definitions. Some terms and definitions are not currently in use by all agencies; however, they are included in the glossary because they can be found in the literature. The reader is encouraged to consult with the original source cited for more explanatory comments. Additional regulatory definitions, which are underlined and are taken directly from the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and Federal laws (USC), were added following review by the various Federal agencies in May 1986.
\nThe definitions and conversion charts are from two principal sources provided herein. The first is the 11Glossary11 compiled by A. I. Johnson in the 1981 report by the American Society of Testing and Materials titled Permeability and Groundwater Contaminant Transport. The second is Manu a 1 40, 11Ground-water Management, 11 produced by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1985.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/70100276","usgsCitation":"Isensee, A.R., Johnson, L., Thornhill, J., Nicholson, T.J., Meyer, G., Vecchioli, J., and Laney, R., 1989, Subsurface-water flow and solute transport: federal glossary of selected terms, iii, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70100276.","productDescription":"iii, 38 p.","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":309917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70100276.PNG"},{"id":310364,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70100276/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53559597e4b0120853e8c232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isensee, Alan R.","contributorId":149234,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isensee","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Lynn","contributorId":149235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thornhill, Jerry","contributorId":149236,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thornhill","given":"Jerry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nicholson, Thomas J.","contributorId":77790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, Gerald","contributorId":76721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Gerald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vecchioli, John","contributorId":36113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchioli","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Laney, Robert","contributorId":149237,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Laney","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ]}