We tested three models of mixing between old interbasin groundwater flow (IGF) and young, locally derived groundwater in a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica using a large suite of environmental tracers. We focus on the young fraction of water using the transient tracers CFC‐11, CFC‐12, CFC‐113, SF6, 3H, and bomb 14C. We measured 3He, but 3H/3He dating is generally problematic due to the presence of mantle 3He. Because of their unique concentration histories in the atmosphere, combinations of transient tracers are sensitive not only to subsurface travel times but also to mixing between waters having different travel times. Samples fall into three distinct categories: (1) young waters that plot along a piston flow line, (2) old samples that have near‐zero concentrations of the transient tracers, and (3) mixtures of 1 and 2. We have modeled the concentrations of the transient tracers using (1) a binary mixing model (BMM) of old and young water with the young fraction transported via piston flow, (2) an exponential mixing model (EMM) with a distribution of groundwater travel times characterized by a mean value, and (3) an exponential mixing model for the young fraction followed by binary mixing with an old fraction (EMM/BMM). In spite of the mathematical differences in the mixing models, they all lead to a similar conceptual model of young (0 to 10 year) groundwater that is locally derived mixing with old (>1000 years) groundwater that is recharged beyond the surface water boundary of the system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009WR008341","usgsCitation":"Solomon, D., Genereux, D., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 2010, Testing mixing models of old and young groundwater in a tropical lowland rain forest with environmental tracers: Water Resources Research, v. 46, no. 4, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008341.","productDescription":"14 p.","ipdsId":"IP-013232","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270726,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Costa Rica","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-82.96578,8.22503],[-83.50844,8.44693],[-83.71147,8.65684],[-83.59631,8.83044],[-83.63264,9.05139],[-83.90989,9.2908],[-84.3034,9.48735],[-84.64764,9.61554],[-84.71335,9.90805],[-84.97566,10.08672],[-84.91137,9.79599],[-85.11092,9.55704],[-85.33949,9.83454],[-85.66079,9.93335],[-85.79744,10.13489],[-85.79171,10.43934],[-85.65931,10.75433],[-85.94173,10.89528],[-85.71254,11.08844],[-85.56185,11.21712],[-84.903,10.9523],[-84.67307,11.08266],[-84.35593,10.99923],[-84.19018,10.79345],[-83.89505,10.72684],[-83.65561,10.93876],[-83.40232,10.39544],[-83.01568,9.99298],[-82.5462,9.56613],[-82.93289,9.47681],[-82.92715,9.07433],[-82.71918,8.92571],[-82.86866,8.80727],[-82.82977,8.6263],[-82.91318,8.42352],[-82.96578,8.22503]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Costa Rica\"}}]}","volume":"46","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653873e4b077fa94dae022","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solomon, D. 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Therefore, we evaluated walleye spawning success in Dutch Hollow Brook, a tributary of Owasco Lake, to determine whether early survival limited recruitment. Spawning success during spring 2006 and 2007 was evaluated by estimating egg densities from samples collected in the lower 725 m of the stream. Environmental variables were also recorded to characterize the selected spawning habitat. Drift nets were set downstream of the spawning section to assess egg survival and larval drift. We estimated that 162,596 larvae hatched in 2006. For 2007, we estimated that 360,026 eggs were deposited, with a hatch of 127,500 larvae and hatching success of 35.4%. Egg density was significantly correlated to percent cover, substrate type, and depth : velocity ratio. Two sections had significantly higher egg deposition than other areas. Adult spawning walleyes selected shallow, slow habitats with some cover and gravel substrate in the accessible reaches of Dutch Hollow Brook. Our results show that walleyes found suitable spawning habitat in Dutch Hollow Brook and that egg and larval development does not appear to limit natural reproduction.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/M09-033.1","usgsCitation":"Chalupnicki, M., Johnson, J.H., McKenna, J., and Dittman, D.E., 2010, Habitat selection and spawning success of walleye in a tributary to Owasco Lake, New York: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 30, no. 1, p. 170-178, https://doi.org/10.1577/M09-033.1.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"170","endPage":"178","ipdsId":"IP-012547","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":268550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268549,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/M09-033.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Owasco Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.76,40.5 ], [ -79.76,45.0 ], [ -71.86,45.0 ], [ -71.86,40.5 ], [ -79.76,40.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51308a8ce4b04c194073adf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chalupnicki, Marc A. 0000-0002-3792-9345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3792-9345","contributorId":11033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalupnicki","given":"Marc A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":470328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKenna, James E. Jr.","contributorId":56992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"James E.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dittman, Dawn E. 0000-0002-0711-3732 ddittman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-3732","contributorId":2762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dittman","given":"Dawn","email":"ddittman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":470327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70046384,"text":"70046384 - 2010 - New software methods in radar ornithology using WSR-88D weather data and potential application to monitoring effects of climate change on bird migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-02T10:34:19","indexId":"70046384","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New software methods in radar ornithology using WSR-88D weather data and potential application to monitoring effects of climate change on bird migration","docAbstract":"Radar ornithology has provided tools for studying the movement of birds, especially related to migration. Researchers have presented qualitative evidence suggesting that birds, or at least migration events, can be identified using large broad scale radars such as the WSR-88D used in the NEXRAD weather surveillance system. This is potentially a boon for ornithologists because such data cover a large portion of the United States, are constantly being produced, are freely available, and have been archived since the early 1990s. A major obstacle to this research, however, has been that identifying birds in NEXRAD data has required a trained technician to manually inspect a graphically rendered radar sweep. A single site completes one volume scan every five to ten minutes, producing over 52,000 volume scans in one year. This is an immense amount of data, and manual classification is infeasible. We have developed a system that identifies biological echoes using machine learning techniques. This approach begins with training data using scans that have been classified by experts, or uses bird data collected in the field. The data are preprocessed to ensure quality and to emphasize relevant features. A classifier is then trained using this data and cross validation is used to measure performance. We compared neural networks, naive Bayes, and k-nearest neighbor classifiers. Empirical evidence is provided showing that this system can achieve classification accuracies in the 80th to 90th percentile. We propose to apply these methods to studying bird migration phenology and how it is affected by climate variability and change over multiple temporal scales.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"2010 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software; Modelling for Environment's Sake, Fifth Biennial Meeting, Ottawa, Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Environmental Modelling and Software Society","usgsCitation":"Mead, R., Paxton, J., and Sojda, R.S., 2010, New software methods in radar ornithology using WSR-88D weather data and potential application to monitoring effects of climate change on bird migration, in 2010 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software; Modelling for Environment's Sake, Fifth Biennial Meeting, Ottawa, Canada, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-020189","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":274417,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274416,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.iemss.org/iemss2010/papers/W01/W.01.04.New%20software%20methods%20in%20radar%20ornithology%20using%20WSR-88D%20weather%20data%20and%20potential%20application%20to%20monitoring%20effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20bird%20migration%20-%20RICHARD%20S.%20SOJDA.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51d3f665e4b09630fbdc52a3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Swayne, David A.","contributorId":111728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayne","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509331,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yang, Wanhong","contributorId":111437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Wanhong","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509330,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Voinov, A.A.","contributorId":113598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voinov","given":"A.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509333,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rizzoli, A.","contributorId":113599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rizzoli","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509334,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Filatova, T.","contributorId":112264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filatova","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509332,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Mead, Reginald","contributorId":62109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mead","given":"Reginald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paxton, John","contributorId":22227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":479595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sojda, Richard S. sojda@usgs.gov","contributorId":1663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojda","given":"Richard","email":"sojda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":479594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044801,"text":"70044801 - 2010 - Mineral resource of the month: iron ore","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T20:22:02","indexId":"70044801","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: iron ore","docAbstract":"The article provides information on iron ore, including its use in steelmaking.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, J., 2010, Mineral resource of the month: iron ore: Earth, v. 55, no. 1, p. 29-29.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"29","ipdsId":"IP-017293","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272106,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518b73ede4b0037667dbc869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, John","contributorId":89223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044821,"text":"70044821 - 2010 - Mineral resource of the month: germanium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T16:25:53","indexId":"70044821","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: germanium","docAbstract":"The article provides information on germanium, an element with electrical properties between those of a metal and an insulator. Applications of germanium include its use as a component of the glass in fiber-optic cable, in infrared optics devices and as a semiconductor and substrate used in electronic and solar applications. Germanium was first isolated by German chemist Clemens Winkler in 1886 and was named after Winkler's native country. In 2008, the leading sources of primary germanium from coal or zinc include Canada, China and Russia.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Guberman, D., 2010, Mineral resource of the month: germanium: Earth, v. 55, no. 5, p. 27-27.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"27","ipdsId":"IP-020125","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272074,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518b73ece4b0037667dbc850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guberman, David","contributorId":75404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guberman","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70046095,"text":"70046095 - 2010 - Groundwater hydrology--coastal flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T17:43:34","indexId":"70046095","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2845,"text":"Nature Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater hydrology--coastal flow","docAbstract":"How groundwater flow varies when long-term external conditions change is little documented. Geochemical evidence shows that sea-level rise at the end of the last glacial period led to a shift in the flow patterns of coastal groundwater beneath Florida.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","doi":"10.1038/ngeo958","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W.E., 2010, Groundwater hydrology--coastal flow: Nature Geoscience, v. 3, p. 671-672, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo958.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"672","ipdsId":"IP-022610","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":273073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273072,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo958"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","volume":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51ac6964e4b0cc85b6ed6b56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":478894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044819,"text":"70044819 - 2010 - Mineral resource of the month: salt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T20:19:16","indexId":"70044819","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: salt","docAbstract":"The article presents information on various types of salt. Rock salt is either found from underground halite deposits or near the surface. Other types of salt include solar salt, salt brine, and vacuum pan salt. The different uses of salt are also given including its use as a flavor enhancer, as a road deicing agent, and to manufacture sodium hydroxide.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Kostick, D.S., 2010, Mineral resource of the month: salt: Earth, v. 55, no. 4, p. 27-27.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"27","ipdsId":"IP-019136","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518b73f2e4b0037667dbc89e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kostick, Dennis S.","contributorId":49919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostick","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044852,"text":"70044852 - 2010 - Bauxite and alumina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-16T11:49:38","indexId":"70044852","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bauxite and alumina","docAbstract":"The article reports on the global market performance of bauxite and alumina in 2009 and presents an outlook for their 2010 performance. There were only several U.S. states that could produce bauxite and bauxitic clays including Georgia, Arkansas, and Alabama. The prices for imported refractory-grade calcined bauxite ranged between 426 U.S. dollars and 554 dollars per ton.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","publisherLocation":"Englewood, CO","usgsCitation":"Bray, E., 2010, Bauxite and alumina: Mining Engineering, v. 62, no. 6, p. 40-41.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"40","endPage":"41","ipdsId":"IP-028723","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516d2165e4b0411d430a89d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bray, E.L.","contributorId":95830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044846,"text":"70044846 - 2010 - Ball clay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-16T10:49:47","indexId":"70044846","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ball clay","docAbstract":"The article reports on the global market performance of ball clay in 2009 and presents an outlook for its 2010 performance. Several companies mined ball call in the country including Old Hickey Clay Co., Kentucky-Tennessee Clay Co., and H.C. Spinks Clay Co. Information on the decline in ball clay imports and exports is also presented.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","publisherLocation":"Englewood, CO","usgsCitation":"Virta, R.L., 2010, Ball clay: Mining Engineering, v. 62, no. 6, p. 39-40.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"40","ipdsId":"IP-020239","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516d2161e4b0411d430a89c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, Robert L. rvirta@usgs.gov","contributorId":395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"Robert","email":"rvirta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045921,"text":"70045921 - 2010 - Mineral resource of the month: silicon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T20:15:39","indexId":"70045921","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: silicon","docAbstract":"The article offers information about silicon, a metalloid element which is considered the second-most abundant element in the Earth crust.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2010, Mineral resource of the month: silicon: Earth, v. 55, no. 10, p. 27-27.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272104,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518b73f2e4b0037667dbc8a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044881,"text":"70044881 - 2010 - Perlite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-05T17:21:44","indexId":"70044881","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perlite","docAbstract":"Consumption, imports and domestic production of perlite in the United States continued to be severely affected by the multi-year downturn in construction activity and decreased consumer spending. The estimated amount of processed perlite sold or used from U.S. mines in 2009 fell to 380 kt (418,000 st), the lowest amount of domestic perlite sold or used since 1967.The U.S. consumption of crude processed perlite in 2009 was estimated to have decreased to 480 kt (530,000 st), the lowest level of consumption since 1984 when consumption was 474 kt (522,000 st). Preliminary reports indicate that perlite imports decreased for the third consecutive year and have fallen about 45 percent since peaking in 2006.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Bolen, W., 2010, Perlite: Mining Engineering, v. 62, no. 6, p. 67-67.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"67","ipdsId":"IP-028900","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271836,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51877f69e4b078fc9c244bac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolen, W.P.","contributorId":46394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolen","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70045910,"text":"70045910 - 2010 - Mineral resource of the month: perlite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T17:43:37","indexId":"70045910","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: perlite","docAbstract":"The article talks about perlite, which is a mineral used as an aggregate for lightweight construction products, filler for paints and horticultural soil blends. Perlite comes from viscous lava, mined and processed to produce lightweight material that competes with pumice, exfoliated vermiculite and expanded clay and shale. It is mined in about 35 countries that include Greece, Japan and the U.S. Other uses include insulation, concrete and plaster aggregate, and stonewashing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2010, Mineral resource of the month: perlite: Earth, v. 55, no. 8, p. 27-27.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272092,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518b73f0e4b0037667dbc887","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044795,"text":"70044795 - 2010 - Mineral resource of the month: cesium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T17:16:52","indexId":"70044795","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: cesium","docAbstract":"The article offers information on cesium, a golden alkali metal derived from the Latin word caesium which means bluish gray. It mentions that cesium is the first element discovered with the use of spectroscopy. It adds that the leading producer and supplier of cesium is Canada and there are 50,000 kilograms of cesium consumed of the world in a year. Moreover, it states that only 85% of the cesium formate can be retrieved and recycled.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Angulo, M.A., 2010, Mineral resource of the month: cesium: Earth, v. 55, no. 3, p. 29-29.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"29","ipdsId":"IP-018106","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518b73e8e4b0037667dbc820","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angulo, Marc A.","contributorId":32805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angulo","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044935,"text":"70044935 - 2010 - Earth mineral resource of the month: asbestos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-08T20:01:08","indexId":"70044935","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earth mineral resource of the month: asbestos","docAbstract":"The article discusses the characteristics and feature of asbestos. According to the author, asbestos is a generic name for six needle-shaped minerals that possess high tensile strengths, flexibility, and resistance to chemical and thermal degradation. These minerals are actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysolite, crocilodite and tremolite. Asbestos is used for strengthening concrete pipe, plastic components, and gypsum plasters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Virta, R.L., 2010, Earth mineral resource of the month: asbestos: Earth, v. 55, no. 2, p. 27-27.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"27","ipdsId":"IP-017589","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":272101,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"518b73e4e4b0037667dbc7f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, Robert L. rvirta@usgs.gov","contributorId":395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"Robert","email":"rvirta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":476486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70042194,"text":"70042194 - 2010 - Predicting future changes in Muskegon River Watershed game fish distributions under future land cover alteration and climate change scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-12T14:14:24","indexId":"70042194","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting future changes in Muskegon River Watershed game fish distributions under future land cover alteration and climate change scenarios","docAbstract":"Future alterations in land cover and climate are likely to cause substantial changes in the ranges of fish species. Predictive distribution models are an important tool for assessing the probability that these changes will cause increases or decreases in or the extirpation of species. Classification tree models that predict the probability of game fish presence were applied to the streams of the Muskegon River watershed, Michigan. The models were used to study three potential future scenarios: (1) land cover change only, (2) land cover change and a 3°C increase in air temperature by 2100, and (3) land cover change and a 5°C increase in air temperature by 2100. The analysis indicated that the expected change in air temperature and subsequent change in water temperatures would result in the decline of coldwater fish in the Muskegon watershed by the end of the 21st century while cool- and warmwater species would significantly increase their ranges. The greatest decline detected was a 90% reduction in the probability that brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis would occur in Bigelow Creek. The greatest increase was a 276% increase in the probability that northern pike Esox lucius would occur in the Middle Branch River. Changes in land cover are expected to cause large changes in a few fish species, such as walleye Sander vitreus and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, but not to drive major changes in species composition. Managers can alter stream environmental conditions to maximize the probability that species will reside in particular stream reaches through application of the classification tree models. Such models represent a good way to predict future changes, as they give quantitative estimates of the n-dimensional niches for particular species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1577/T09-007.1","usgsCitation":"Steen, P.J., Wiley, M., and Schaeffer, J.S., 2010, Predicting future changes in Muskegon River Watershed game fish distributions under future land cover alteration and climate change scenarios: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 139, no. 2, p. 396-412, https://doi.org/10.1577/T09-007.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"396","endPage":"412","ipdsId":"IP-010660","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475466,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/141570","text":"External Repository"},{"id":269166,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269164,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/T09-007.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Muskegon River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.4,41.7 ], [ -90.4,48.3 ], [ -82.4,48.3 ], [ -82.4,41.7 ], [ -90.4,41.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"139","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51404e8de4b089809dbf44c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steen, Paul J.","contributorId":12342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiley, Michael J.","contributorId":30112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaeffer, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":89083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":470930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70044794,"text":"70044794 - 2010 - Fire clay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-16T13:07:29","indexId":"70044794","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire clay","docAbstract":"Statistics on fire clay consumption, production, prices, and trade in 2009 are presented. Information on the outlook for the fire clay sector is provided.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","publisherLocation":"Englewood, CO","usgsCitation":"Virta, R., 2010, Fire clay: Mining Engineering, v. 62, no. 6, p. 47-48.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"48","ipdsId":"IP-020256","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516e72eae4b00154e4368bf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, R.L.","contributorId":39357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044777,"text":"70044777 - 2010 - Industrial sand and gravel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-28T20:27:42","indexId":"70044777","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Industrial sand and gravel","docAbstract":"Domestic production of industrial sand and gravel in 2009 was about 27 Mt (30 million st), declining by 10 percent compared with 2008. Certain end uses of industrial sand and gravel, such as foundry and glassmaking sand, may have declined by a factor greater than 10 percent in 2009. U.S. apparent consumption was 24.7 Mt (27.2 million st) in 2009, down by 10 percent from the previous year, and imports declined to 83 kt (91,000 st).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Dolley, T., 2010, Industrial sand and gravel: Mining Engineering, v. 62, no. 6, p. 56-56.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"56","endPage":"56","ipdsId":"IP-020417","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517e44eae4b0eff6bc0031c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dolley, T.P.","contributorId":24171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolley","given":"T.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70044767,"text":"70044767 - 2010 - Gemstones","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-27T20:13:07","indexId":"70044767","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gemstones","docAbstract":"Information on the gemstones industry in 2009 is presented. Specifically, details on U.S. production of natural gemstones and laboratory-created, simulant, and treated gemstones; consumption and uses of gemstones; gemstone prices; imports and exports of gemstones; and the outlook for the sector are provided.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"SME","usgsCitation":"Olson, D., 2010, Gemstones: Mining Engineering, v. 62, no. 6, p. 50-51.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"50","endPage":"51","ipdsId":"IP-020873","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":271553,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"517cf36ce4b0d8907b2881e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, D.W.","contributorId":82369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":476295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}