{"pageNumber":"1868","pageRowStart":"46675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68927,"records":[{"id":70015471,"text":"70015471 - 1989 - Distillation irrigation: A low-energy process for coupling water purification and drip irrigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-21T17:09:47.601614","indexId":"70015471","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":680,"text":"Agricultural Water Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distillation irrigation: A low-energy process for coupling water purification and drip irrigation","docAbstract":"A method is proposed for combining solar distillation and drip irrigation to simultaneously desalinize water and apply this water to row crops. In this paper, the basic method is illustrated by a simple device constructed primarily of sheets of plastic, which uses solar energy to distill impaired water and apply the distillate to a widely spaced row crop. To predict the performance of the proposed device, an empirical equation for distillate production, dp, is developed from reported solar still production rates, and a modified Jensen-Haise equation is used to calculate the potential evapotranspiration, et, for a row crop. Monthly values for et and dp are calculated by using a generalized row crop at five locations in the Western United States. Calculated et values range from 1 to 22 cm month−1 and calculated dp values range from 2 to 11 cm month−1, depending on the location, the month, and the crop average. When the sum of dp plus precipitation, dp + P, is compared to et for the case of 50% distillation irrigation system coverage, the results indicate that the crop's et is matched by dp + P, at the cooler locations only. However, when the system coverage is increased to 66%, the crop's et is matched by dp + P even at the hottest location. Potential advantages of distillation irrigation include the ability: (a) to convert impaired water resources to water containing no salts or sediments; and (b) to efficiently and automatically irrigate crops at a rate that is controlled primarily by radiation intensities. The anticipated disadvantages of distillation irrigation include: (a) the high costs of a system, due to the large amounts of sheeting required, the short lifetime of the sheeting, and the physically cumbersome nature of a system; (b) the need for a widely spaced crop to reduce shading of the system by the crop; and (c) the production of a concentrated brine or precipitate, requiring proper off-site disposal.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0378-3774(89)90019-X","usgsCitation":"Constantz, J., 1989, Distillation irrigation: A low-energy process for coupling water purification and drip irrigation: Agricultural Water Management, v. 15, no. 3, p. 253-264, https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(89)90019-X.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"264","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223720,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a024be4b0c8380cd4ffac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015639,"text":"70015639 - 1989 - The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-23T00:57:19.511895","indexId":"70015639","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes","docAbstract":"Peat has been studied in several geologic settings: (1) glaciated terrain in cold temperate Maine and Minnesota, U.S.A.; (2) an island in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Maine, where sea level is rising; (3) the warm temperate U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, where sea level has changed often; and (4) the tropical coast of Sarawak, Malaysia, and the tropical delta of the Batang Hari River, Sumatra, Indonesia. Most of these deposits are domed (ombrotrophic or partly ombrotrophic) bogs in which peat accumulation continued above the surface of the surrounding soil. However, the bogs of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains are comparatively not as domed, and many have almost level surfaces.
In some bogs, aquatic or semi-aquatic plant materials accumulated, replaced water in the depressions, and formed a surface on which marsh or swamp vegetation could subsequently live, die, and accumulate. In others, the plant materials accumulated initially on level silt or sand surfaces supporting marshes or swamps. As the peat dome formed, plants growing on it changed from luxuriant ones near the base of the dome, where nutrients were brought into the bog by surface and ground water, to stunted ones at the top of the dome, where the raised bogs are fed by nutrient-poor precipitation.
The physical and chemical changes that take place in the sequence of environments from the pond stage of deposit development, through the grassy marsh stage, through the forested swamp stage, and finally through the heath dome stage can be measured in terms of acidity and ash, volatile matter, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen contents, as well as in the kind and distribution of trace elements. The organic and inorganic contents of the deposits relate to geomorphology, and geomorphology relates to their settings. As models of coal formation, some domed peat deposits may help in solving problems of distribution and character of ancient coal beds. But clearly not all peat deposits are precursors of coal. Most Holocene peat deposits are subject to destruction by erosion, fire and decomposition through microbial and chemical oxidation before burial. The best environments for coal precursors have biomass accumulation, a continuously rising water table within the mass, and minimum influx of clay and silt until preservation by burial. The most suitable settings for future economic coal deposits are domed bogs that accumulate thick, widespread peat having low ash and low sulfur contents.
The ombrotrophic peat deposits of tropical Sarawak and Sumatra are thick and extensive, contain low-ash and low-sulfur peat, and have high heating values. They are considered to be the best tropical coal analogs because of their extent and chances of preservation; the base of the peat is below adjacent river levels, and chemical and structural conditions are favorable for accumulation.
Spatial distributions of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) were followed along a longitudinal gradient of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in South San Francisco Bay (herein referred to as the South Bay). Dissolved Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations ranged from 24 to 66 nM, from 20 to 107 nM and from 1·2 to 4·7 nM, respectively, in samples collected on five dates beginning with the spring phytoplankton bloom and continuing through summer,1985. Dissolved Cu and Zn concentrations varied indirectly with salinity and directly with DOC concentration which ranged from 2·1 to 4·1 mg l−1. Available thermodynamic data strongly support the hypothesis that Cu speciation may be dominated by association with dissolved organic matter. Analogous control of Zn speciation by organic complexation was, however, not indicated in our computations. Computed free ion activity estimates for Cu, Zn and Cd were of the order of 10−10, 10−8 and 10−10 M, respectively. The availability of these metals may be among the factors regulating the growth of certain phytoplankton species within this region of the estuary. In contrast to dissolved Cu, dissolved Cd was directly related to the concentration of suspended particulate matter, suggesting a source of dissolved Cd coincident with elevated particle concentrations in the South Bay (e.g. runoff and solute desorption). Consistent with work in other estuaries, partitioning of all three trace metals onto suspended particulates was negatively correlated with salinity and positively correlated with increases in particulate organic carbon associated with the phytoplankton bloom. These results for the South Bay indicate that sorption processes influence dissolved concentrations of these trace metals, the degree of this influence varies among metals, and processes controlling metal distribution in this estuary appear to be more element-specific than spatially- or temporally-specific.
The head of Carmel Submarine Canyon lies in 15 m of water about 200 m off a coarse-sand beach in the southeast corner of Carmel Bay, California. Very coarse sand is the predominate material on the beach, adjacent shelf, and upper canyon-head slopes, while silt and clay cover the surface below a water depth of about 35 m. Along a shore-normal transect, median grain size decreases between the beach and canyon rim but increases down the upper canyon-head slope. On angle-of-repose slopes in the upper canyon head, downslope-coarsening deposits, which are everywhere there is active sand movement, are similar to a type of sediment gravity flow deposit formed by grain flows (sand avalanches). Using three sand fractions that were dyed different fluorescent colors, scuba divers generated sand avalanches that produced deposits similar to the natural deposits. The dyed-sand deposits, which extended as far as 25 m below the initiation point, were inversely graded and increased in grain size downslope. Inverse grading was well developed within two m of the initiation point, though the thicknesses of the three layers varied in a nonsystematic manner both across and down slope. The minor amount of native material found within the dyed-sand layers showed that entrainment of the underlying sand was minimal.
A model for generating random spatial networks that is based on elementary postulates comparable to those of the random topology model is proposed. In contrast to the random topology model, this model ascribes a unique spatial specification to generated drainage networks, a distinguishing property of some network growth models. The simplicity of the postulates creates an opportunity for potential analytic investigations of the probabilistic structure of the drainage networks, while the spatial specification enables analyses of spatially dependent network properties. In the random topology model all drainage networks, conditioned on magnitude (number of first-order streams), are equally likely, whereas in this model all spanning trees of a grid, conditioned on area and drainage density, are equally likely. As a result, link lengths in the generated networks are not independent, as usually assumed in the random topology model. For a preliminary model evaluation, scale-dependent network characteristics, such as geometric diameter and link length properties, and topologic characteristics, such as bifurcation ratio, are computed for sets of drainage networks generated on square and rectangular grids. Statistics of the bifurcation and length ratios fall within the range of values reported for natural drainage networks, but geometric diameters tend to be relatively longer than those for natural networks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i005p00793","usgsCitation":"Karlinger, M.R., and Troutman, B.M., 1989, A random spatial network model based on elementary postulates: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 793-798, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i005p00793.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"793","endPage":"798","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e52ae4b0c8380cd46b8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":195329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015640,"text":"70015640 - 1989 - Thermodynamics of magnesian calcite solid-solutions at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:07:44","indexId":"70015640","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermodynamics of magnesian calcite solid-solutions at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure","docAbstract":"The stability of magnesian calcites was reexamined, and new results are presented for 28 natural inorganic, 12 biogenic, and 32 synthetic magnesian calcites. The magnesian calcite solid-solutions were separated into two groups on the basis of differences in stoichiometric solubility and other physical and chemical properties. Group I consists of solids of mainly metamorphic and hydrothermal origin, synthetic calcites prepared at high temperatures and pressures, and synthetic solids prepared at low temperature and very low calcite supersaturations (![\"\"](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0016703789900562-si1.gif\" "\\"\\"")
) from artificial sea water or NaClMgCl2CaCl2solutions. Group I solids are essentially binary s of CaCO2 and MgCO2, and are thought to be relatively free of structural defects. Group II solid-solutions are of either biogenic origin or are synthetic magnesian calcites and protodolomites (0–20 and ∼ 45 mole percent MgCO3) prepared at high calcite supersaturations (![\"\"](\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0016703789900562-si2.gif\" "\\"\\"")
) from NaClNa2SO4MgCl2CaCl2 or NaClMgCl2CaCl2 solutions. Group II solid-solutions are treated as massively defective solids. The defects include substitution foreign ions (Na+ and SO42−) in the magnesian calcite lattice (point defects) and dislocations (~2 · 109 cm−2). Within each group, the excess free energy of mixing, GE, is described by the mixing model
\n\n, where x is the mole fraction of the end-member Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3 in the solid-solution. The values of A0and A1 for Group I and II solids were evaluated at 25°C. The equilibrium constants of all the solids are closely described by the equation ln
\n\n, where KC and KD are the equilibrium constants of calcite and Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3. Group I magnesian calcites were modeled as sub-regular solid-solutions between calcite and dolomite, and between calcite and “disordered dolomite”. Both models yield almost identical equilibrium constants for these magnesian calcites. The Group II magnesian calcites were modeled as sub-regular solid-solutions between defective calcite and protodolomite. Group I and II solid-solutions differ significantly in stability. The rate of crystal growth and the chemical composition of the aqueous solutions from which the solids were formed are the main factors controlling stoichiometric solubility of the magnesian calcites and the density of crystal defects. The literature on the occurrence and behavior of magnesian calcites in sea water and other aqueous solutions is also examined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90056-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Busenberg, E., and Plummer, N., 1989, Thermodynamics of magnesian calcite solid-solutions at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 6, p. 1189-1208, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90056-2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1189","endPage":"1208","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb282e4b08c986b32584b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015379,"text":"70015379 - 1989 - Local scour at bridge abutments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:57","indexId":"70015379","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Local scour at bridge abutments","docAbstract":"Comparison of local scour depths at bridge abutments computed using different equations yields a large variation in predicted values. To consolidate the fragmented results of previous investigations and assemble the most comprehensive data set possible, reported laboratory measurements of local scour at the end of an obstruction protruding from the side of an open channel of rectangular cross section were compiled from several sources. Regression analysis of these data was used to develop an equation that predicts maximum relative depth of local scour at bridge abutments for both clear-water and live-bed scour conditions.","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering","conferenceDate":"14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989","conferenceLocation":"New Orleans, LA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872627195","usgsCitation":"Froehlich, D.C., 1989, Local scour at bridge abutments, Proceedings of the 1989 National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA, 14 August 1989 through 18 August 1989, p. 13-18.","startPage":"13","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48e3e4b0c8380cd681d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Froehlich, David C.","contributorId":58617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froehlich","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015750,"text":"70015750 - 1989 - Dune migration in a steep, coarse-bedded stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T13:01:51","indexId":"70015750","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dune migration in a steep, coarse-bedded stream","docAbstract":"During 1986 and 1987, migrating bed forms composed of coarse sand and fine gravel (d50=1.8 to 9.1 mm) were documented in the North Fork Toutle River at Kid Valley, Washington, at flow velocities ranging from 1.6 to 3.4 m s−1 and depths of 0.8 to 2.2 m. The bed forms (predominantly lower regime dunes) were studied with a sonic depth sounder transducer suspended in the river at a stationary point. Twelve temporal depth-sounding records were collected during storm runoff and nearly steady, average streamflow, with record durations ranging from 37 to 261 min. Waveform height was defined by dune front heights, which ranged from 12 to 70 cm. A weak correlation between flow depth and the standard deviation of bed elevation was noted. Dune front counts and spectral analyses of the temporal records showed that dune crests passed the observation point every 2 to 5 min. Dunes were often superposed on larger bed forms with wave periods between 10 and 30 min. Gradual changes in waveform height and periodicity occurred over several hours during storm runoff. The processes of dune growth and decay were both time-dependent and affected by changes in streamflow. Rates of migration for typical dunes were estimated to be 3 cm s−1, and dune wavelengths were estimated to be 6 to 7 m.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i005p00911","usgsCitation":"Dinehart, R.L., 1989, Dune migration in a steep, coarse-bedded stream: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 5, p. 911-923, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i005p00911.","productDescription":"13p.","startPage":"911","endPage":"923","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Kid Valley","otherGeospatial":"North Fork Toutle River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.326068311712596\n ],\n [\n -122.51094818115233,\n 46.326068311712596\n ],\n [\n -122.51094818115233,\n 46.40590683633536\n ],\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.40590683633536\n ],\n [\n -122.66132354736328,\n 46.326068311712596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0416e4b0c8380cd5078f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinehart, Randy L.","contributorId":68341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinehart","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015754,"text":"70015754 - 1989 - Porosity development in coastal carbonate aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:42:39.256273","indexId":"70015754","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porosity development in coastal carbonate aquifers","docAbstract":"Geochemical mixing theory suggests that the mixing of seawater and calcite-saturated fresh ground water can result in a solution that is undersaturated with respect to calcite. Previous studies of the mixing of such waters in carbonate rocks along certain coastlines have indicated that this mixing effect may be responsible for significant amounts of calcite dissolution and porosity development. In this study, potential rates of porosity development by calcite dissolution are assessed by combining geochemical mixing theory with the hydrodynamics of fresh-water-salt-water mixing zones in a coupled reaction- transport model. Results from the reaction-path model PHREEQE are used with a variable-density ground-water flow and solute-transport model to simulate an idealized cross section of a coastal carbonate aquifer. Results of the simulations indicate that the dissolution process is sensitive to fresh-water chemistry, ground-water velocities, and sea-level movement. Dissolution potential was evaluated at three field sites, and evidence from those sites is in general agreement with the simulation results. Dissolution rates indicated by the model show that under the proper conditions this dissolution mechanism can produce significant increases in porosity over relatively short spans of geologic time (tens of thousands of years).
Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite of the Proterozoic Stripa granite, central Sweden, demonstrate that the rock and its fracture fillings have a complex evolutionary history. The majority of inclusions indicate formation during a hydrothermal stage following emplacement of the Stripa pluton. Total salinities of quartz inclusions range from 0–18 eq.wt% NaCl for unfractured rock and from 0–10 eq.wt% for fractured rock. Vein calcites contain up to 25 eq.wt% NaCl but the inclusion size is larger and the population density is lower. Homogenization temperatures are 100–150°C for unfractured rock and 100–250° for fractured rock. Pressure corrections, assuming immediate post-emplacement conditions of 2 kbar, give temperatures about 160°C higher.
Measurements of fluid-inclusion population-densities in quartz range from about 108 inclusions/cm3 in grain quartz to 109 inclusions/cm3 in vein quartz. Residual porosity from inclusion densities has been estimated to be at least 1% which is two orders of magnitude greater than the flow porosity.
Breakage and leaching of fluid inclusions is proposed as an hypothesis for the origin of major solutes (Na-Ca-Cl) in the groundwater. Evidence for the hypothesis is based on (1) mass balance—only a small fraction of the inclusions need to leak to account for salt concentrations in the groundwater, (2) chemical signatures—BrCl\">BrCl ratios of fluid inclusion leachates (0.0101) match those ratios for the deep groundwaters (0.0107), (3) leakage mechanisms—micro-stresses from isostatic rebound or mining activities acting on irregular-shaped inclusions could cause breakage and provide connection with the flow porosity, and (4) experimental studies—water forced through low permeability granites leach significant quantities of salt. This hypothesis is consistent with the available data although alternate hypotheses cannot be excluded.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(89)90295-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., Lindblom, S., Donahoe, R., and Barton, C., 1989, Fluid inclusions in the Stripa granite and their possible influence on the groundwater chemistry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, no. 8, p. 1741-1755, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90295-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1741","endPage":"1755","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1276e4b0c8380cd542f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindblom, S.","contributorId":103800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindblom","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donahoe, R.J.","contributorId":60231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donahoe","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barton, C.C.","contributorId":93063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015387,"text":"70015387 - 1989 - Mass conservation: 1-D open channel flow equations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T17:01:40.420247","indexId":"70015387","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass conservation: 1-D open channel flow equations","docAbstract":"Unsteady flow simulation in natural rivers is often complicated by meandering channels of compound section. Hydraulic properties and the length of the wetted channel may vary significantly as a meandering river inundates its adjacent floodplain. The one-dimensional, unsteady, open-channel flow equations can be extended to simulate floods in channels of compound section if it is assumed that the lateral velocities are negligible, the water surface is level across the section, and the effects of turbulence and friction may be adequately described by resistance laws used for uniform flow. It is shown that the equations derived from the addition of differential equations individually describing flow in main and overbank channels do not conserve mass when overbank and main channels are of different lengths. Equations derived through the use of appropriate integral relations, however, do conserve mass and momentum in the general case and are not limited to the specification of one main and two overbank channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1989)115:2(263)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"DeLong, L.L., 1989, Mass conservation: 1-D open channel flow equations: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 115, no. 2, p. 263-269, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1989)115:2(263).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"269","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223983,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a524ce4b0c8380cd6c2eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLong, Lewis L.","contributorId":91146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"Lewis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015390,"text":"70015390 - 1989 - Paleohydrologic evolution and geochemical dynamics of cumulative supergene metal enrichment at La Escondida, Atacama Desert, northern Chile","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T14:50:39.324276","indexId":"70015390","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleohydrologic evolution and geochemical dynamics of cumulative supergene metal enrichment at La Escondida, Atacama Desert, northern Chile","docAbstract":"Quantitative limonite mapping within the leached capping of the porphyry copper deposit at La Escondida, Chile, permits reconstruction of the paleohydrologic and chemical evolution of a well-developed supergene ore-forming system. The mineralogy, textures, and relative abundance of supergene limonite minerals (hematite, goethite, and jarosite) are used to reconstruct the former ratio of pyrite to chalcocite and the preoxidation copper grade based on empirical limonite sulfide correlations (after Locke, 1926; Blanchard, 1968; and Loghry, 1972). Estimates of preoxidation copper grades in surface exposures and tops of drill holes at La Escondida are significantly lower than actual copper grades in the underlying enrichment blanket at depth. This apparent inconsistency is explained by a progressive increase in the copper grade of the sulfide enrichment blanket as it descended to its present location in response to a descending water table. This systematic trend of reconstructed grades of supergene-enriched copper sulfide increasing with depth offers the first quantitative proof of cumulative downward enrichment in a supergene profile, as proposed by Locke (1926). The consistent trends of limonite mineralogy and abundance in vertical profiles indicate that water table descent at La Escondida was relatively continuous in space, although not necessarily in time.Evidence for cumulative downward enrichment in vertical profiles through leached capping allows quantitative analysis of chemical mass balance in dynamic supergene systems. Slopes of linear regressions for profiles of reconstructed enriched copper grades vs. depth indicate lateral fluxes into or out of a given vertical profile. This method provides independent verification of conclusions from a previous study of copper mass balance at La Escondida (Brimhall et al., 1985) which showed that lateral fluxes of copper were a significant factor during supergene leaching and enrichment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.229","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Alpers, C.N., and Brimhall, G., 1989, Paleohydrologic evolution and geochemical dynamics of cumulative supergene metal enrichment at La Escondida, Atacama Desert, northern Chile: Economic Geology, v. 84, no. 2, p. 229-255, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.2.229.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"255","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224034,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"84","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1989-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73f5e4b0c8380cd77357","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brimhall, G.H.","contributorId":91992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brimhall","given":"G.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015645,"text":"70015645 - 1989 - Uranium-series nuclides in the Golden fault, Colorado, U.S.A.: Dating latest fault displacement and measuring recent uptake of radionuclides by fault-zone materials","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T11:54:39.729342","indexId":"70015645","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series nuclides in the Golden fault, Colorado, U.S.A.: Dating latest fault displacement and measuring recent uptake of radionuclides by fault-zone materials","docAbstract":"Concentrations and isotopic ratios of U, Th and Ra were measured in a fault zone near Golden, Colorado where major displacement occurred between about 190 and 615 ka. Faulting created new surfaces for leaching and provided the pathways for U-rich ground water. Uranium and230Th, the latter produced by the decay of dissolved234U, are adsorbed by fault gouge, hematite-stained sand and brecciated sand- and claystones. The observed U enrichment is as much as six times baseline value and the simultaneous enrichment of230Th is estimated at about ninefold relative to238U. The adsorption of radionuclides chemically analogous to Th, such as Pu (IV) and Np, and237Np decay products, on fault-zone materials would contribute to the immobilization of high-level radioactive waste in the vicinity of a repository in the event of leakage from engineered barriers into fractured rock-mass.
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a known component of some volcanic gases and volcanic-related hydrothermal systems. It has recently been discovered in superheated steam in exploited geothermal systems, usually as a result of HCl-induced corrosion of well casing and steam gathering systems. Evaluation of four geothermal systems (Tatun, Taiwan; Krafla, Iceland; Larderello, Italy and The Geysers, USA) which produce CI-bearing steam provides evidence for the presence of Cl as HCl and the natural reservoir conditions which can produce HCl-bearing steam. Theoretical calculations defining the physical and chemical conditions of the reservoir liquid which can produce HCl-bearing steam are presented. The main factors are pH, temperature and Cl concentration. Lower pH, higher temperature and higher chlorinity allow more HCl to be volatilized with steam. In order to reach the surface in steam, the HCl cannot contact liquid water in which it is more soluble, essentially limiting transport to superheated steam. Temperature, pH and Cl concentration of reservoir liquids in each of the geothermal systems evaluated combine differently to produce HCl-bearing steam.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(89)90039-4","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Truesdell, A., Haizlip, J., Armannsson, H., and D’Amore, F., 1989, Origin and transport of chloride in superheated geothermal steam: Geothermics, v. 18, no. 1-2, p. 295-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(89)90039-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70c0e4b0c8380cd7620e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Truesdell, A.H.","contributorId":52566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truesdell","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. Current address: TN-SCORE, Univ of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, e-mail: jennen@gmail.com","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":370768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haizlip, J.R.","contributorId":42713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haizlip","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armannsson, H.","contributorId":78477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armannsson","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"D’Amore, F.","contributorId":79629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Amore","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015770,"text":"70015770 - 1989 - Oxygen-isotope composition of ground water and secondary minerals in Columbia Plateau basalts: Implications for the paleohydrology of the Pasco Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T01:40:58.508164","indexId":"70015770","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oxygen-isotope composition of ground water and secondary minerals in Columbia Plateau basalts: Implications for the paleohydrology of the Pasco Basin","docAbstract":"Concentrations of 18O and deuterium in ground waters beneath the Hanford Reservation, Washington State, suggest that the meteoric waters recharging the basalt aquifers have been progressively depleted in these isotopes since at least Pleistocene time. This conclusion is supported by oxygen-isotope analyses of low-temperature secondary minerals filling vugs and fractures in the basalts, which are used to approximate the 18O content of ground water at the time the mineral assemblage formed. A fossil profile of δ18O values projected for ground water in a 1500 m vertical section beneath the reservation suggests that the vertical mixing of shallow and deep ground water indicated by present-day hydrochemical data was also occurring during Neogene time. These data also suggest that a unidirectional depletion of 18O and deuterium recorded in Pleistocene ground waters may have extended considerably further back in time. This shift is tentatively attributed to the orographic depletion of 18O associated with the progressive uplift of the Cascade Range since the middle Miocene.
Solutes were determined for 26 pore-water samples extracted from Tertiary and Cretaceous core material from a 1,320-foot-deep test borehole at Freehold, New Jersey. The cored materials are sediments that form a multilayered aquifer system of seven aquifers and eight confining units in the New Jersey Coastal Plain. The sediments are of marine origin in the upper 650 feet of the core and primarily nonmarine below 650 feet. Total concentrations of silica and major anions (SO4-2 and Cl-) and cations (Ca+2, Mg+2, total Fe, Mn+2, Na+, and K+) in the pore-water samples varied with depth. Three core intervals are defined by water- chemistry variations, the environment of deposition (marine or nonmarine), and the degree of alteration (weathered or unweathered) of the units. Calcium, magnesium, sulfate, and total-ion concentrations were greater in the midcore (unweathered marine) interval than in the upper (weathered marine) and lower (fluviodeltaicsilicate) intervals of the core. Generally, pore-water chemical types in confining units were distinct from those found in aquifers–particularly in the midcore interval. In this interval, observed variations in pore-water chemistry in part reflect carbonate dissolution and cation exchange reactions common in Coastal Plain sediments. However, high concentrations of sulfate in unweathered marine sediments indicate novel processes may be important factors influencing pore-water chemistry in confining units.
Whitings, drifting clouds of water, milky because of suspended carbonate, have been claimed to originate from either the action of bottom-feeding fish or direct precipitation of calcium carbonate. Five cruises during different seasons were made to the Great Bahama Bank to collect data pertinent to the controversy. Measurements of particulate concentrations average 10 mg/liter with a maximum of 20 mg/liter of carbonate sediment suspended in whiting water, compared with an average of 1.5 mg/liter for clear water outside the whitings. The particles are dominantly acicular aragonite, but Mg calcite composes as much as 20 percent of some whitings. Sedimentation rates, measured with fixed and drifting sediment traps, were as great as 34 g/m 2 /hr. Sediment suspended in whitings aggregated into silt- and sand-size fioccules and settled to the bottom of settling tanks within six hours, even on a rocking ship. Sediment in artificial whitings, created by stirring sediment from the bottom with a shrimp trawl, settled to the bottom in about the same time. Natural whitings, on the other hand, were never observed to dissipate. Because sedimentation from whitings occurs at rates sufficient to cause dissipation of the whitings within six hours, we conclude that the natural whitings are continually replenished by direct precipitation. The search for fish in whitings utilized sidescan sonar and fathometer imaging, shrimp trawls, rotenone, remote video, and direct scuba observation. These methods and 25 years of casual observations leading to this study indicate that fish are not involved in the formation of most Bahamian whitings. Several whitings were found over rocky or sandy bottoms where there was no mud available for fish to suspend. The distance of these whitings from areas of muddy bottom precluded their having been made elsewhere by fish. Stable carbon- and oxygen-isotopic analyses and Delta 14 C activity are interpreted to indicate that the suspended sediment in whitings contains some precipitated calcium carbonate and is not merely bottom sediment stirred into suspension. Estimates indicate that the amount of new carbonate produced in whitings on the Great Bahama Bank is substantially higher than that arising from algal production. Consequently, the amount of sediment transported to deep water may be much greater than previously thought.
An improved air pycnometer method was used to examine the water content dependence of trapped-air volumes in two repacked, nonswelling soils. Trapped-air volumes were determined at a series of hydrostatic equilibrium stages which were attained during water pressure-controlled wetting and drying cycles over a range of 0 to −10 kPa for a sand and 0 to −20 kPa for a loam. Small pressure perturbations, between 0.2 and 0.6 kPa, were used in the air pycnometer method. Volumes of trapped air obtained at each hydrostatic equilibrium stage were independent of perturbation level and remained relatively constant over the time required to make repeated determinations. In contrast with most of the results obtained in previous studies, which often showed irregular relations, in this study the volume fraction of trapped air was found to be a regular, monotonically increasing (though possibly hysteretic) function of water content. For the soils studied, the function definitely exceeded zero only at water contents greater than 70% of saturation. However, during the initial drying from complete water saturation, the volume fraction of trapped air was virtually zero. Air trapping influenced the water retention curves significantly only at water contents higher than about 60% of saturation. Except at zero water pressure, however, not all of the differences between the initial and the other drying retention curves were accounted for by observed differences in trapped-air volumes. Air trapping was not required for the onset of hysteresis in the water retention relation for the cases studied, i.e., when drying-to-wetting reversals were imposed at about 27% and 40% of saturation for the sand and loam soils, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR025i009p01947","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., and Rubin, J., 1989, Water content dependence of trapped air in two soils: Water Resources Research, v. 25, no. 9, p. 1947-1958, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i009p01947.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1947","endPage":"1958","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223925,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc7d6e4b08c986b32c65e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70015516,"text":"70015516 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-27T13:05:20.579681","indexId":"70015516","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach","docAbstract":"In small limestone islands, the depositional history and subsequent chemical interactions between ground water and the aquifer host rock play critical roles in the occurrence, movement, and chemical quality of ground water. The hydrogeochemistry of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll, Marshall Islands, is an example of these relations.
Laura is underlain by two principal hydrologic units. The upper unit is a back-reef-marginal-lagoonal deposit which formed during the Holocene interglacial stage. It is composed of moderately permeable carbonate sediments. The lower hydrologic unit consists of highly permeable limestone that was subaerially exposed, most likely during a Pleistocene glacial lowstand. Similar stratification is found at Bikini and Enewetak atolls.
The upper hydrologic unit contains a calcium bicarbonate-rich fresh-water lens, in which a potable fresh-water nucleus as much as 14 m thick occurs on the lagoon side of the island. Storage in the fresh-water nucleus ranged from 1.70 x 106 to 2.08 x 106 m3 during 1984-1985. Ground-water occurrence and flow are governed by an asymmetric distribution of lithofacies about the longitudinal axis of the island and an abrupt increase in permeability at the contact between the upper and lower hydrologic units. The highly permeable lower hydrologic unit contains sea water and truncates the fresh-water-sea-water mixing zone.
The fresh-water lens and associated fresh-water-sea-water mixing zone are the site of continuously occurring diagenetic reactions that significantly affect the porosity and permeability of the aquifer. Non-equilibrium dissolution-precipitation reactions, coupled with variations in CO2 input, control the chemical evolution of Laura ground water. At the present rate of chemical weathering, 465 m3 of sediment are being dissolved and transported to the sea by ground water each year. This dissolution results in an annual increase in porosity of 0.01%.
The primary factors controlling the occurrence and flow of ground water in the leeward reef islet of Laura are (1) the depositional history of the upper hydrologic unit, which has resulted in a greater accumulation of low-permeability (fine-grained) sediments beneath the lagoon side of the island and a high- to low-permeability (coarse-to fine-grained sediment) gradation between the ocean and lagoon; and (2) the diagenetic history of the lower hydrologic unit, which has resulted in a highly permeable basement.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1066:GOTLFW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S.S., Peterson, F., MacKenzie, F., and Hamlin, S.N., 1989, Geohydrology of the Laura fresh-water lens, Majuro atoll: A hydrogeochemical approach: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, no. 8, p. 1066-1075, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101<1066:GOTLFW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1066","endPage":"1075","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1827e4b0c8380cd556b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, S. S.","contributorId":89173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, F.L.","contributorId":14123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"MacKenzie, F.T.","contributorId":25681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKenzie","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hamlin, S. N.","contributorId":46560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamlin","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70015519,"text":"70015519 - 1989 - Geochemical comparison of ground water in areas of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T23:06:15.00875","indexId":"70015519","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical comparison of ground water in areas of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"In New England, the ground-water geochemistry results mainly from the reaction of CO2-charged water with feldspar and other primary silicates. Water in the New England bedrock is more highly evolved geochemically than water in the drift, presumably as a result of its longer residence time. In the New York area, the geochemistry of water in both types of aquifers results mainly from carbonate-mineral dissolution. Water in most glacial drift and bedrock is saturated with respect to calcite. In some parts of New York, the dissolution of evaporite minerals has a marked effect on the water chemistry of the bedrock. In most of the Pennsylvania area, the geochemistry of water in both types of aquifers indicates that, although carbonate minerals are the principal reactants, their influence on water chemistry is less than in New York. In parts of Pennsylvania, chemical differences between ground water from drift and ground water from bedrock are attributed to a higher proportion of reactive minerals in the drift than in the local bedrock as a result of glacial transport. -from Author","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Rogers, R., 1989, Geochemical comparison of ground water in areas of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania: Groundwater, v. 27, no. 5, p. 690-712.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"690","endPage":"712","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15f3e4b0c8380cd54fcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, R.J.","contributorId":63024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70015260,"text":"70015260 - 1989 - The effects of volcanic ash on the maceral and chemical composition of the C coal bed, Emery Coal Field, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T16:51:20.738615","indexId":"70015260","displayToPublicDate":"1989-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of volcanic ash on the maceral and chemical composition of the C coal bed, Emery Coal Field, Utah","docAbstract":"Volcanic ash which fell in the peat swamp that formed the Upper Cretaceous C coal bed (Ferron Sandstone Member of the Mancos Shale, Utah) produced semi-impermeable layers that caused the ponding of surface waters. Coal samples from directly above tonsteins (altered volcanic ash partings) are enriched in desmocollinite, telinite, and detrocollinite, as a result of poorly drained swamp conditions; coal samples from directly below tonsteins are enriched in semifusinite, inertodetrinite, and fusinite, as a result of well-drained conditions. Leaching of the volcanic ash or the incorporation of volcanic ash in peat provided a source for many elements (including Zr, Nb, Th, and Ce) that are enriched in coal samples taken from directly above and below tonsteins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(89)90059-4","usgsCitation":"Crowley, S.S., Stanton, R., and Ryer, T., 1989, The effects of volcanic ash on the maceral and chemical composition of the C coal bed, Emery Coal Field, Utah: Organic Geochemistry, v. 14, no. 3, p. 315-331, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(89)90059-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"331","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223707,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Emery Coal Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.36945135351807,\n 39.001451779888896\n ],\n [\n -111.36945135351807,\n 38.836898312543894\n ],\n [\n -111.09522486740309,\n 38.836898312543894\n ],\n [\n -111.09522486740309,\n 39.001451779888896\n ],\n [\n -111.36945135351807,\n 39.001451779888896\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babaae4b08c986b322fc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryer, Thomas A.","contributorId":46091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryer","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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