In South Florida, the Argentine black and white tegu (Salvator merianae), a large, omnivorous lizard, has become a recent threat to the Everglades ecosystem. The increase in tegu observations, especially near ecologically sensitive areas such as Everglades National Park, makes informed management critical to contain the tegu population. Using Very High Frequency (VHF) and Global Positioning System (GPS) telemetry, we tracked 24 tegus in the Southern Glades Wildlife Management Area and Redland Agricultural Area in Homestead, Florida from March 2016 to November 2018 and March 2021 to January 2022. We used generalized additive models to determine factors that drive tegu movement to inform managers when traps and surveillance plots are most likely to be effective. Our top model included temporal (time of day and time of year), environmental (air temperature, relative humidity, rain, and wind speed from closest weather station), and biological (sex) variables. This model explained 34.6% of the deviance in tegu minimum rate of movement. We determined that tegus were most active between mid-March and mid-April, and tegu minimum rate of movement positively correlates with air temperature (i.e., highest activity during the hottest part of the day in the early afternoon). We observed a slight positive trend between tegu minimum rate of movement and relative humidity, and no clear trend between rate of movement and either rainfall or wind. Our results can inform natural resource management actions to target tegu removal and surveillance during high activity periods to maximize resource use.
Earthquakes pose substantial threats to communities worldwide. Understanding how people respond to the fast-changing environment during earthquakes is crucial for reducing risks and saving lives. This study aims to study people’s protective action decision-making in earthquakes by leveraging explainable machine learning and video data. Specifically, this study first collected real-world CCTV footage and video postings from social media platforms, and then identified and annotated changes in the environment and people’s behavioral responses during the M7.1 2018 Anchorage earthquake. By using the fully annotated video data, we applied XGBoost, a widely-used machine learning method, to model and forecast people’s protective actions (e.g., drop and cover, hold on, and evacuate) during the earthquake. Then, explainable machine learning techniques were used to reveal the complex, nonlinear relationships between different factors and people’s choices of protective actions. Modeling results confirm that social and environmental cues played critical roles in affecting the probability of different protective actions. Certain factors, such as the earthquake shaking intensity and number of people shown in the environment, displayed evident nonlinear relationships with the probability of choosing to evacuate. These findings can help emergency managers and policymakers design more effective protective action recommendations during earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-55584-7","usgsCitation":"Zhang, X., Zhao, X., Baldwin, D., McBride, S., Bellizzi, J., Cochran, E.S., Luco, N., Wood, M., and Cova, T.J., 2024, Modeling protective action decision-making in earthquakes by using explainable machine learning and video data: Scientific Reports, v. 14, 5480, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55584-7.","productDescription":"5480, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-162087","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":440208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55584-7","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":432865,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, Xiaojian","contributorId":214967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Xiaojian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39141,"text":"Department of Basic Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 9 Mississippi, United States;","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhao, Xilei","contributorId":342942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhao","given":"Xilei","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldwin, Dare","contributorId":269660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Dare","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":910523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McBride, Sara K. 0000-0002-8062-6542","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8062-6542","contributorId":206933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McBride","given":"Sara K.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bellizzi, Josephine","contributorId":342943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellizzi","given":"Josephine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cochran, Elizabeth S. 0000-0003-2485-4484 ecochran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-4484","contributorId":2025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochran","given":"Elizabeth","email":"ecochran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":910526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Luco, Nicolas 0000-0002-5763-9847 nluco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-9847","contributorId":140191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"Nicolas","email":"nluco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":910527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wood, Matthew","contributorId":342944,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Matthew","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13252,"text":"University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Cova, Thomas J.","contributorId":342946,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cova","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13252,"text":"University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":910529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70273191,"text":"70273191 - 2024 - California community Earth Models for Seismic Hazard Assessments workshop report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-18T15:39:21.401578","indexId":"70273191","displayToPublicDate":"2024-03-05T09:33:06","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"California community Earth Models for Seismic Hazard Assessments workshop report","docAbstract":"The California Community Earth Models for Seismic Hazard Assessments Workshop (https://www.scec.org/workshops/2024/california-community-models) was held online March 4–5, 2024, with more than 200 participants over the two days. In this report, we provide a summary of the key points from the presentations and discussions. We highlight three use cases that drive the development of community Earth models, present an inventory of existing community Earth models in California, summarize a few techniques for integrating and merging models, discuss potential connections with the Cascadia Region Earthquake Science Center, and discuss what “community” means in community Earth models.","language":"English","publisher":"Statewide California Earthquake Center","usgsCitation":"Aagaard, B.T., Marshall, S., Minson, S.E., Boyd, D., Denolle, M.A., Fielding, E.J., Gabriel, A., Goulet, C.A., Graymer, R., Hardebeck, J.L., Hatem, A.E., Hirakawa, E.T., Huynh, T., Hwang, L., Luttrell, K., Materna, K.Z., Montesi, L., Oskin, M., Rodgers, A., Pitarka, A., and Zachariasen, J., 2024, California community Earth Models for Seismic Hazard Assessments workshop report, 67 p.","productDescription":"67 p.","ipdsId":"IP-173281","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":78686,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center - Seismology / Geomagnetism","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":497662,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.scec.org/workshops/2024/california-community-models"}],"country":"United 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Water-quality constituents considered in the report include salinity, geogenic constituents, contaminants of emerging concern, and nitrogen. For each constituent, there is a selection of scientific gaps, approaches, and outcomes to help guide portions of the U.S. Geological Survey Water Mission Area (https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources) research portfolio and other national research efforts. Although the report is not comprehensive, and new issues are likely to emerge, it does provide an assessment of many of the major challenges and opportunities concerning water-quality effects on water availability for beneficial uses. Due to the changing nature of water-quality concerns, and to deal with issues not described in this report, it will be important to maintain broad-based expertise and flexibility to address the full spectrum of long-term water-quality issues facing the Nation’s water resources.
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This report identifies key scientific gaps that limit our ability to predict water quality effects on health of aquatic ecosystems and proposes approaches to address those gaps. Topics considered include (1) coupled nutrient-carbon cycle processes and related ecological-flow-regime drivers of ecosystem health, (2) anthropogenic and geogenic toxin bioexposure, (3) fine sediment drivers of aquatic ecosystem health, and (4) freshwater salinization. Each topic is addressed in terms of scientific gaps, approaches, and timelines to help guide portions of the U.S. Geological Survey Water Mission Area (https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources) research portfolio and other national research efforts. The report provides an assessment of several of the major challenges and opportunities concerning water quality impacts on aquatic ecosystem health. It will be important to maintain broad-based expertise and flexibility to address the full range of long-term water quality issues facing the Nation’s water resources.
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South Fork Quantico Creek (SFQ; 19.8 square kilometre (km2), forested) and Fourmile Run (4MR; 32.4-km2, urban) are small watersheds in northern Virginia, United States. Precipitation and streamflow data for both watersheds were examined from water year (WY) 1952 through 2022. Temporal changes in hydrologic metrics were identified by calculating trends in annual precipitation, annual peak flow, mean daily flow, minimum daily flow, stream flashiness, and the runoff ratio. The impact of climate and urbanization on watershed hydrology was assessed by computing trends on both raw and precipitation-adjusted data. Despite increasing precipitation in both watersheds, increasing monotonic trends in most hydrologic metrics were observed only in 4MR. At 4MR, the long-term trend in annual peak flow was non-linear, thus trends were calculated on separate periods. Annual peak flow increased from WY 1952 through 1968, coinciding with a period of rapid urbanization. During WY 1969 through 1981, annual peak flows decreased, coinciding with construction of a flood channelization project. Trends for both periods were robust to precipitation adjustment. From WY 1982 through 2022, no change in the precipitation-adjusted annual peak flows occurred, suggesting annual peak flows increased due to climate factors during this period. Comparison of area-normalized hydrologic metrics between the two watersheds revealed higher flows in 4MR than SFQ across all flows, not just high flows. Runoff ratio and stream flashiness also were higher in 4MR. Differences in hydrologic metrics between the two watersheds were driven primarily by differences in land use, land cover, and modifications to the water balance related to urbanization. Climate change has altered watershed hydrology at both sites, but extensive urbanization in 4MR has altered the hydrology more than that of SFQ. We conclude that urban watersheds are likely at greater risk of increased flooding than less developed areas as the climate intensifies.
The global decline of freshwater mussels and their crucial ecological services highlight the need to understand their phylogeny, phylogeography and patterns of genetic diversity to guide conservation efforts. Such knowledge is urgently needed for Unio crassus, a highly imperilled species originally widespread throughout Europe and southwest Asia. Recent studies have resurrected several species from synonymy based on mitochondrial data, revealing U. crassus to be a complex of cryptic species. To address long-standing taxonomic uncertainties hindering effective conservation, we integrate morphometric, phylogenetic, and phylogeographic analyses to examine species diversity within the U. crassus complex across its entire range. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (815 specimens from 182 populations) and, for selected specimens, whole mitogenome sequences and Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) data on ∼600 nuclear loci. Mito-nuclear discordance was detected, consistent with mitochondrial DNA gene flow between some species during the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Fossil-calibrated phylogenies based on AHE data support a Mediterranean origin for the U. crassus complex in the Early Miocene. The results of our integrative approach support 12 species in the group: the previously recognised Unio bruguierianus, Unio carneus, Unio crassus, Unio damascensis, Unio ionicus, Unio sesirmensis, and Unio tumidiformis, and the reinstatement of five nominal taxa: Unio desectus stat. rev., Unio gontierii stat. rev., Unio mardinensis stat. rev., Unio nanus stat. rev., and Unio vicarius stat. rev. Morphometric analyses of shell contours reveal important morphospace overlaps among these species, highlighting cryptic, but geographically structured, diversity. The distribution, taxonomy, phylogeography, and conservation of each species are succinctly described.
Rising water temperatures in rivers due to climate change are already having observable impacts on river ecosystems. Warming water has both direct and indirect impacts on aquatic life, and further aggravates pervasive issues such as eutrophication, pollution, and the spread of disease. Animals can survive higher temperatures through physiological and/or genetic acclimation, behavioral and phenological change, and range shifts to more suitable locations. As such, those animals that are adapted to cool-water regions typically found in high altitudes and latitudes where there are fewer dispersal opportunities are most at risk of future extinction. However, sub-lethal impacts on animal physiology and phenology, body-size, and trophic interactions could have significant population-level effects elsewhere. Rivers are vulnerable to warming because historic management has typically left them exposed to solar radiation through the removal of riparian shade, and hydrologically disconnected longitudinally, laterally, and vertically. The resilience of riverine ecosystems is also limited by anthropogenic simplification of habitats, with implications for the dispersal and resource use of resident organisms. Due to the complex indirect impacts of warming on ecosystems, and the species-specific physiological and behavioral response of organisms to warming, predicting how river ecosystems will change in the future is challenging. Restoring rivers to provide connectivity and heterogeneity of conditions would provide resilience to a range of expected co-occurring pressures, including warming, and should be considered a priority as part of global strategies for climate adaptation and mitigation.
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Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wood, Paul F.","contributorId":203707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Paul F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":896633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70252520,"text":"70252520 - 2024 - Writing SMART objectives for natural resource and environmental management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T11:50:34.223438","indexId":"70252520","displayToPublicDate":"2024-03-05T06:49:30","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9977,"text":"Ecological Solutions and Evidence","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Writing SMART objectives for natural resource and environmental management","docAbstract":"Interactions between wildlife and livestock can lead to cross-species disease transmission, which incurs economic costs and threatens wildlife conservation. Wild waterfowl are natural hosts of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), are often abundant near poultry farms, and have been linked to outbreaks of AIVs in poultry. Interspecific and seasonal variation in waterfowl movement and habitat use means that the risk of disease transmission between wild birds and poultry inevitably varies across species, space, and time. Here, we used GPS telemetry data from 10 waterfowl species in and near California's Central Valley, a region where both wild waterfowl and domestic poultry are abundant, to study selection of poultry farms by waterfowl across diel, seasonal, and annual cycles. We found that waterfowl selected for wetlands, open water, protected areas, and croplands, which meant that they generally avoided habitats that were likely to be used for poultry farming. These selection patterns were linked to species' ecology and diel behavioral patterns, such that avoidance of poultry habitats was stronger for local or partial migrants than for long-distance migrants, and stronger during daytime than at night. We then combined these habitat selection results with data on poultry farm locations to map risk of waterfowl–poultry contact across the Central Valley. Average selection strength at poultry farms was low, suggesting that current placement of poultry farms is generally effective for limiting risk of contact with wild birds. When we combined these habitat selection results with data on species' abundances and AIV infection prevalence, we found dramatic variation in potential AIV transmission risk among species. These results could be used to prioritize surveillance and biosecurity efforts for regions and times of relatively high risk. More generally, these results highlight that fine-scale movement data can help identify interspecific, seasonal, and diel patterns in animal behaviors that affect wildlife and poultry health.
Preferential groundwater discharge features along stream corridors are ecologically important at local and stream network scales, yet we lack quantification of the multiscale controls on the spatial patterning of groundwater discharge. Here we identify physical attributes that best explain variation in the presence and lateral extent of preferential groundwater discharges along two 5th order streams, the Housatonic and Farmington Rivers, and 32 1st to 4th order reaches across the Farmington River network. We mapped locations of preferential groundwater discharge exposed along streambanks using handheld thermal infrared cameras paired with high-resolution topographic and land use land cover datasets, surficial soil characteristic maps, and depth-to-bedrock geophysical measurements. The unconfined Housatonic River, MA, USA (12 km) had fewer discharge locations and less lateral extent (41 discharge locations with 38 m of active discharge/km of river) compared to the partially confined Farmington River, CT, USA (26 km; 169 discharge locations with 129 m of active discharge/km of river). Using a moving window analysis, we found along both rivers that discharge was more likely to occur where bank slopes were steeper, floodplain extent was narrower, and degree of confinement was higher. Along the Farmington River, groundwater discharge was more likely to occur where saturated hydraulic conductivity was higher and depth-to-bedrock was shallower. Among the 32 stream reaches surveyed (33.2 km of total stream length) within the Farmington River watershed, preferential discharge was observed in all but two stream reaches, varied from 0 to 25% of lateral extent along stream banks (mean = 6%), and was more likely to occur where stream reach slopes were steep, saturated hydraulic conductivity was high, and watershed urbanization was low. Our results show that, though both surface (e.g., topographic, land use land cover) and subsurface (e.g., soil characteristics, bedrock depth) factors control the prevalence of streambank preferential groundwater discharge, the dominant controls vary across valley settings and stream sizes.
Naegleria fowleri has been detected in drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) in Australia, Pakistan and the United States and is the causative agent of the highly fatal disease primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Previous small scale field studies have shown that Meiothermus may be a potential biomarker for N. fowleri. However, correlations between predictive biomarkers in small sample sizes often breakdown when applied to larger more representative datasets. This study represents one of the largest and most rigorous temporal investigations of Naegleria fowleri colonisation in an operational DWDS in the world and measured the association of Meiothermus and N. fowleri over a significantly larger space and time in the DWDS. A total of 232 samples were collected from five sites over three-years (2016-2018), which contained 29 positive N. fowleri samples. Two specific operational taxonomic units assigned to M. chliarophilus and M. hypogaeus, were significantly associated with N. fowleri presence. Furthermore, inoculation experiments demonstrated that Meiothermus was required to support N. fowleri growth in field-collected biofilms. This validates Meiothermus as prospective biological tool to aid in the identification and surveillance of N. fowleri colonisable sites.
Previous work on the lower Yakima River, Washington (downstream from Union Gap), has identified several cold-water areas that could be thermal refuges for migrating salmonids. These cold-water areas are characterized by small tributaries that are typically cooler than the main-stem river during summer months (June–August). Twenty-seven temperature sensors were deployed along the lower 90 miles of the Yakima River at 7 locations where cold water had been previously observed. Deployments lasted from 1 to 2 years from September 2018 to September 2020 to document the extent and duration of these cold-water areas. Cold-water areas included the mouths of tributaries, alongside channels, and alcoves. Throughout summer months, main-stem river temperatures were warm, averaging about 92 days, when maximum daily temperatures exceeded 21 degrees Celsius (°C). The relationship between temperatures in the lower Yakima River and its tributaries varied seasonally; tributary water temperatures were 2–10 °C cooler than the main-stem river during summer months but 6–10 °C warmer than main-stem temperatures during winter months. The cooling effect of tributary inputs reduced downstream temperatures in the main stem by an average of 2–4 °C up to 175 feet downstream from tributary mouths. Side channel locations showed evidence of cooling, most likely from subsurface groundwater seeps, but the magnitude of cooling was less evident compared to tributaries. This study provides new information on spatial and temporal dynamics of cold-water areas on the lower Yakima River, which might provide cold-water habitat for migrating fishes in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Benton Conservation District","usgsCitation":"Sheibley, R.W., Appel, M., Little, R., and Foreman, J.R., 2024, Extent and duration of cold-water areas associated with side channels and tributaries of the lower Yakima River, Washington, September 2018–20: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5140, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235140.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 50 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-130585","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":426156,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5140/images"},{"id":426155,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9MHTEGN","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Temperature data collected from the lower Yakima River from October 2018 to October 2020"},{"id":426154,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235140/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2023-5140"},{"id":426152,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5140/sir20235140.jpg"},{"id":499401,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_116144.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":426157,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5140/sir20235140.XML"},{"id":426153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5140/sir20235140.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023-5140"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Lower Yakima River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.28630644957337,\n 46.402847285280586\n ],\n [\n -120.28630644957337,\n 46.39387555060708\n ],\n [\n -120.27388079633042,\n 46.39387555060708\n ],\n [\n -120.27388079633042,\n 46.402847285280586\n ],\n [\n -120.28630644957337,\n 46.402847285280586\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
934 Broadway, Suite 300
Tacoma, Washington 98402
Both fine- and coarse-scale physicochemical conditions affect the quantity and quality of nursery habitats within riverine ecosystems. Nursery habitats in large, braided, and sandbed streams such as the lower Red River of Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas are not well described and likely vary among species. Identification of nursery habitats is important for developing proper conservation and management actions. We used an occupancy model framework to determine how hierarchical habitat factors related to the occupancy of 38 juvenile fish species. Our findings indicate that large river nursery habitats can generally be defined by reaches with off-channel slackwater habitat, having deep pools but shallow thalweg depths, typically located further away from dams, and with low percentages of limestone lithology. Species within the same genera often exhibited variable relationships with river slope, amount of large woody debris, channel shape, discharge, and position of reaches within the stream network. Our results indicate important species-specific relationships that define nursery habitats, indicating an important context dependency of nursery habitats even within fishes that are taxonomically similar. If the goal is to improve recruitment by native fishes, then consideration of the important species-specific differences would be beneficial if improvements are made to nursery habitats. Moreover, careful consideration of the effects of dam operations will help maintain proper connectivity to off-channel habitats important in downriver portions of the river network.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.4259","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, P.Q., Dattilo, J., DeVries, D., and Brewer, S.K., 2024, Evaluating the context dependency of large river nursery habitats for fishes in the lower Red River catchment: River Research and Applications, v. 40, no. 5, p. 761-779, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4259.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"761","endPage":"779","ipdsId":"IP-156597","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Red River catchment","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.96811702095188,\n 34.17992556415783\n ],\n [\n -97.00241373400291,\n 33.62977289441275\n ],\n [\n -96.53385971970476,\n 33.38517573322382\n ],\n [\n -94.98278492229939,\n 33.31193918856651\n ],\n [\n -94.251085881531,\n 32.86168102177392\n ],\n [\n -93.15721184350213,\n 31.13251420455059\n ],\n [\n -92.10891096481797,\n 30.704108186888107\n ],\n [\n -90.99949105200645,\n 29.934066472273642\n ],\n [\n -90.36282805811372,\n 29.943977336999993\n ],\n [\n -90.36282805811372,\n 30.444831098333296\n ],\n [\n -91.41116362773315,\n 31.184598481944448\n ],\n [\n -92.6843235859769,\n 31.89282317843616\n ],\n [\n -93.15314867786464,\n 32.51528012073811\n ],\n [\n -93.46572663313837,\n 33.905619467393606\n ],\n [\n -95.11183304728418,\n 34.211830972816045\n ],\n [\n -96.63935240433628,\n 34.435111093305494\n ],\n [\n -96.96811702095188,\n 34.17992556415783\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Paul Q.","contributorId":341174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[{"id":13360,"text":"Auburn University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":908042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dattilo, John","contributorId":341175,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dattilo","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13360,"text":"Auburn University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":908043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeVries, Dennis","contributorId":341176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeVries","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[{"id":13360,"text":"Auburn University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":908044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brewer, Shannon K. 0000-0002-1537-3921 skbrewer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1537-3921","contributorId":2252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewer","given":"Shannon","email":"skbrewer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":908045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70272817,"text":"70272817 - 2024 - Prefabricated Zero Ascend Omnispecies (ZAO) modular fish passage modules using advanced manufacturing techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-10T16:04:04.409653","indexId":"70272817","displayToPublicDate":"2024-03-04T09:56:01","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":23097,"text":"Final Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"title":"Prefabricated Zero Ascend Omnispecies (ZAO) modular fish passage modules using advanced manufacturing techniques","docAbstract":"The Zero Ascend Omnispecies (ZAO) fish passage attraction module “ZAO Attractor” is a novel system designed to facilitate upstream passage for a broad spectrum of fish species, with a particular focus on American shad and river herring (alewife and/or blueback herring). Combining the use of prefabricated, modular components with advanced manufacturing, the ZAO aims to provide a cost-effective and scalable solution for fish passage attractions across various hydropower sites. The system features a surface level entry, so fish do not need to climb. In addition, it is designed to be adjusted and repositioned to create the most effective attraction flows by managing the outflows from hydropower turbines.
Budget Period 1 (BP1) focused on the design and modeling of the ZAO Attractor and demonstrated the engineering feasibility of a modular, prefabricated, hydrodynamically efficient structure with surface level entry and passage. During BP1, the hypothesis was that certain structural adaptations, such as the addition of long fins, could direct turbine outflows to create a desirable downstream flow. Simulations, however, were inconclusive, revealing the complex nature of fish preferences for hydraulic conditions. It was discovered that there were limited published studies on the direct correlation between quantified flow patterns and fish attraction, emphasizing the need for controlled studies to observe and measure these effects.
In Budget Period 2 (BP2), controlled studies with live fish were prioritized to address these complexities. A partially scaled ZAO Attractor was evaluated in laboratory conditions using native river water to assess its capability to attract and guide fish. Despite challenges with flume flow conditions and the impact of flume dimensions on flow directionality and velocity, the studies provided insights into fish behavior and preferences, particularly the requirement for a consistent flow stream for migration cues. Adjustments to the fin structure demonstrated potential effectiveness in guiding fish toward the module. However, the hydraulic conditions within the flume environment did not accurately reflect typical in-river scenarios, therefore the results were inconclusive with respect to the optimal system configuration for in-river use.
In the future, conducting comprehensive field studies can enhance understanding of the interactions between fish behavior and flow conditions created by the ZAO Attractor. Additionally, a design review is advised, particularly regarding the load scenarios throughout the seasons and positioning of the ZAO Attractor. These studies should continue to refine the design to achieve its intended benefits: economical and effective fish attraction and passage that can be adapted to specific site conditions while allowing for continued energy generation at sites up for re-licensure and adding hydropower generation to previously untapped resources in non-powered dams and new stream reaches.
In conclusion, the ZAO fish passage attraction module presents a promising approach to fish passage at hydropower stations, with the potential to balance environmental concerns with renewable energy development. However, further field validation and optimization are necessary to ensure its effectiveness and practicality in real-world applications.
","language":"English","publisher":"Littoral Power Systems, Inc.","doi":"10.2172/3001800","usgsCitation":"Leighton, K., Bryan, J., Mulligan, K., Stewart, K., Jacobson, P., Duquette, D., and Challa, R., 2024, Prefabricated Zero Ascend Omnispecies (ZAO) modular fish passage modules using advanced manufacturing techniques: Final Technical Report, 187 p., https://doi.org/10.2172/3001800.","productDescription":"187 p.","ipdsId":"IP-165273","costCenters":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leighton, Katherine","contributorId":363650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leighton","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":951898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryan, Janine","contributorId":245811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bryan","given":"Janine","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":49332,"text":"Whooshh Innovations","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mulligan, Kevin 0000-0002-3534-4239 kmulligan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3534-4239","contributorId":177024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulligan","given":"Kevin","email":"kmulligan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, Kevin G.","contributorId":352583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Kevin G.","affiliations":[{"id":84275,"text":"University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jacobson, Paul","contributorId":363601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":80850,"text":"Electric Power Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Duquette, David","contributorId":363651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duquette","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":951899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Challa, Ravi","contributorId":363603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Challa","given":"Ravi","affiliations":[{"id":86732,"text":"Littoral Power Systems, Inc.,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70255003,"text":"70255003 - 2024 - A comprehensive assessment of submarine landslides and mass wasting processes offshore southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-11T13:44:02.456628","indexId":"70255003","displayToPublicDate":"2024-03-04T08:39:42","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comprehensive assessment of submarine landslides and mass wasting processes offshore southern California","docAbstract":"It is critical to characterize submarine landslide hazards near dense coastal populations, especially in areas with active faults, which can trigger slope failure, subsequent tsunamis, and damage seabed infrastructure during earthquake shaking. Offshore southern California, numerous marine geophysical surveys have been conducted over the past decade, and high-resolution bathymetric and subsurface data now cover about 60 percent of the total region between Point Conception and the United States-Mexico border from the California coast out to the base of Patton Escarpment ∼200 km offshore. In a comprehensive compilation and interpretive mapping effort, we find evidence of seafloor failure throughout offshore southern California with nearly 1,500 submarine landslide-related features, including 63 discrete slide deposits with debris and >1,400 slide-related scarps. In our analysis, we highlight new mapping of submarine landslides in Catalina Basin, the Del Mar slide, the San Gabriel slide complex, and the 232 km2 San Nicolas slide, the largest area of any known submarine landslide mass offshore southern California. Analysis of the spatial distribution of submarine landslide features suggests that most mapped slide features are located relatively near coastal sediment sources, particularly during sea-level lowstand conditions, which underscores the importance of sediment supply and sediment accumulation on low-gradient slopes as failure preconditioning processes. Tectonically driven uplift at shelf edges and along basin flanks is another key preconditioning factor, and our results also suggest that earthquakes along active faults trigger mass wasting, especially for repeated, small-scale failures on tectonically steepened slopes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2023GC011258","usgsCitation":"Walton, M., Conrad, J.E., Papesh, A.G., Brothers, D., Kluesner, J., McGann, M., and Dartnell, P., 2024, A comprehensive assessment of submarine landslides and mass wasting processes offshore southern California: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 25, no. 3, e2023GC011258, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GC011258.","productDescription":"e2023GC011258, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-158016","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":440233,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gc011258","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":429866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.51817074931012,\n 34.68553756211861\n ],\n [\n -123.51817074931012,\n 31.22008598067447\n ],\n [\n -116.76818799233598,\n 31.22008598067447\n ],\n [\n -116.76818799233598,\n 34.68553756211861\n ],\n [\n -123.51817074931012,\n 34.68553756211861\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walton, M. 0000-0001-8496-463X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8496-463X","contributorId":336836,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walton","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":80872,"text":"US Naval Research Laboratory Stennis Space Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":903061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrad, James E. 0000-0001-6655-694X jconrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-694X","contributorId":2316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"James","email":"jconrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papesh, Antoinette Gabrielle 0000-0002-1704-0557","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1704-0557","contributorId":224642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papesh","given":"Antoinette","email":"","middleInitial":"Gabrielle","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brothers, Daniel S. 0000-0001-7702-157X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7702-157X","contributorId":210199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brothers","given":"Daniel S.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kluesner, Jared W. 0000-0003-1701-8832","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-8832","contributorId":206367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kluesner","given":"Jared W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGann, Mary 0000-0002-3057-2945 mmcgann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-2945","contributorId":169540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGann","given":"Mary","email":"mmcgann@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":208208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":903067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70251818,"text":"sir20245002 - 2024 - Streamflow, base flow, and precipitation trends and simulated effects of Rush Springs aquifer groundwater withdrawals on base flows upgradient from Fort Cobb Reservoir, western Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T20:06:15.927647","indexId":"sir20245002","displayToPublicDate":"2024-03-04T08:04:05","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5002","displayTitle":"Streamflow, Base Flow, and Precipitation Trends and Simulated Effects of Rush Springs Aquifer Groundwater Withdrawals on Base Flows Upgradient From Fort Cobb Reservoir, Western Oklahoma","title":"Streamflow, base flow, and precipitation trends and simulated effects of Rush Springs aquifer groundwater withdrawals on base flows upgradient from Fort Cobb Reservoir, western Oklahoma","docAbstract":"To better understand the relation between groundwater use in the Rush Springs aquifer and inflows to the Fort Cobb Reservoir, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation, used a previously published numerical groundwater-flow model and historical streamflow records to evaluate four scenarios to investigate how changing groundwater withdrawals could affect base flows in streams that flow into Fort Cobb Reservoir. These scenarios consisted of observing simulated base-flow response by (1) scaling the 20-year equal-proportionate-share groundwater-withdrawal rate by various percentages over a 50-year period; (2) scaling the historical groundwater-withdrawal rates by various percentages across the entire Rush Springs aquifer; (3) scaling the historical groundwater-withdrawal rates within various subareas (zones) of the Fort Cobb Reservoir surface watershed; and (4) simulating a base-flow-depletion scenario. Cobb, Lake, and Willow Creeks are the major streams upgradient from the Fort Cobb Reservoir (listed from highest to lowest mean annual base flow). The results of scenarios 1 and 2 indicated that Willow Creek is the most susceptible to drying, but Cobb Creek was the most likely to have reduced base flow. Scenarios 3 and 4 indicated that groundwater withdrawals affect Cobb Creek base flows over a broader watershed area compared to Lake and Willow Creeks. In scenario 4, Cobb Creek base-flow depletion was higher across a larger area than Lake Creek and Willow Creek. Groundwater withdrawals in the Cobb Creek watershed tended to affect total inflows into Fort Cobb Reservoir more than other areas in the extent of the Rush Springs aquifer.
Director, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1505 Ferguson Lane
Austin, TX 78754-4501
The ability to sex individuals is an important component of many behavioural and ecological investigations and provides information for demographic models used in conservation and species management. However, many birds are difficult to sex using morphological characters or traditional molecular sexing methods. In this study, we developed probabilistic models for sexing birds using quantitative PCR (qPCR) data. First, we quantified distributions of gene copy numbers at a set of six sex-linked genes, including the sex-determining gene DMRT1, for individuals across 17 species and seven orders of birds (n = 150). Using these data, we built predictive logistic models for sex identification and tested their performance with independent samples from 51 species and 13 orders (n = 209). Models using the two loci most highly correlated with sex had greater accuracy than models using the full set of sex-linked loci, across all taxonomic levels of analysis. Sex identification was highly accurate when individuals to be assigned were of species used in model building. Our analytical approach was widely applicable across diverse neognath bird lineages spanning millions of years of evolutionary divergence. Unlike previous methods, our probabilistic framework incorporates uncertainty around qPCR measurements as well as biological variation within species into decision-making rules. We anticipate that this method will be useful for sexing birds, including those of high conservation concern and/or subsistence value, that have proven difficult to sex using traditional approaches. Additionally, the general analytical framework presented in this paper may also be applicable to other organisms with sex chromosomes.
We evaluated the Virgin, Verde, Salt, and Gila Rivers in the Lower Colorado River Basin. The watersheds have extents in Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, US and Sonora, MX.
We calculated trends in total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations and fluxes with the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge and Season model. The modeling framework leverages daily streamflow and discrete water quality observations at specific monitoring sites. We evaluated trends for a common period (1976–2008) and the whole period of record at each monitoring site in terms of climate and anthropogenic controls.
Three rivers had persistent TDS concentrations exceeding the EPA secondary drinking water standard. All were associated with a geologic source of TDS. We observed increases and decreases in TDS concentrations at our monitoring sites, contrasting with global freshwater salinization and declining TDS concentrations in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). We attributed concentration variability to wintertime hydroclimatic forcing, with secondary influences of human water use. Reservoirs may decrease TDS concentrations by 50%. Efficiency improvements in irrigation and mining water uses may decrease TDS concentrations, while municipal growth increases TDS concentrations. We observed TDS flux declines at most monitoring sites. We attributed up to 85% of the TDS flux trend to changes in streamflow arising from drought and groundwater use. This study informs salinity dynamics in arid and aridifying locations, including the UCRB.
Wildlife disease management decisions often require rapid responses to situations that are fraught with uncertainty. By recognizing that management is implemented to achieve specific objectives, resource managers and science partners can identify an analysis technique and develop a monitoring plan to evaluate management effectiveness. For emerging infectious diseases, objectives may take several distinct forms, dependent on the perceived stage of disease emergence (i.e., pre-epidemic, early outbreak, mid-epidemic, and endemic), the expected rate of spread, and the anticipated effect of the disease on host populations. Identifying modeling techniques and metrics that are linked to management objectives will require early and consistent communication between managers and science partners. We link modeling approaches that can be used to forecast and evaluate the performance of intervention strategies with a range of disease management objectives. Our aim is to help scientists recognize alternative modeling approaches which may better align with different forms of disease management objectives, and to help managers evaluate the relevance of proposed modeling approaches to their specified objectives for disease management. Recognizing that disease management objectives can take different forms, and thus require different modeling approaches, can help wildlife disease response teams (i.e., natural resource managers, scientists, and stakeholders working collaboratively) better prepare and respond to disease threats.
Fluvial landscape analysis is an essential part of geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and cartography. It is traditionally focused on the transition between hillslopes and channel domain, in which the network drainage is represented by static flow lines. However, the natural fluctuations of the processes occurring in the watershed induce lateral and longitudinal expansions and contractions in the drainage patterns and variations of stream surface area. These dynamics can be better understood by introducing a two-dimensional (2D) view of catchment hydrography, in which river width and floodplain are included in the analysis.
The novelty introduced in this work is the development of a hydrodynamic hierarchical framework (HHF) to analyse the transitions among geomorphic and hydrographic features of the fluvial landscape, distinguishing hillslope, unchanneled valleys, floodplains, and single/multithreads channels. HHF is based on the estimation of nested inundation pattern domains (IPDs) from digital elevation models and 2D hydrodynamic modeling. IPDs are defined by scaling laws that characterize log–log relations between watershed drainage density and unit discharge thresholds extracted from a 2D direct rainfall method (DRM) under steady state solutions.
The physical significance of the IPDs is analysed within the context of both the physiographic features of the fluvial landscape and the rainfall rates employed as input for the modeling approach. Initially, the spatial heterogeneity of the IPDs is used to derive stream width metrics as a function of the rainfall rate. Then, a spatial index, representative of the IPDs' heterogeneity, is introduced as a measure of the susceptibility of the drainage network surface area to expansion and contraction. Finally, the consistency of the results is assessed in comparison to another hydrodynamic-based method for fluvial landscape analysis recently proposed in the literature.
The proposed approach is analysed using challenging mountain and low-relief environments, characterized by multithread channels, meander cut-offs, oxbow lakes, and extreme landscapes that feature glacial outwash, permafrost, and peatlands.
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Bari","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":925352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shavers, Ethan J. 0000-0001-9470-5199 eshavers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9470-5199","contributorId":206890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shavers","given":"Ethan","email":"eshavers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":925353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stanislawski, Larry 0000-0002-9437-0576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9437-0576","contributorId":217849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanislawski","given":"Larry","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":925354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70252589,"text":"70252589 - 2024 - Seasonal and decadal subsurface thaw dynamics of an Aufeis feature investigated through numerical simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-29T11:55:55.292733","indexId":"70252589","displayToPublicDate":"2024-03-03T06:54:31","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal and decadal subsurface thaw dynamics of an Aufeis feature investigated through numerical simulations","docAbstract":"Aufeis (also known as icings) are large sheet-like masses of layered ice that form in river channels in arctic environments in the winter as groundwater discharges to the land surface and subsequently freezes. Aufeis are important sources of water for Arctic river ecosystems, bolstering late summer river discharge and providing habitat for caribou escaping insect harassment. The aim of this research is to use numerical simulations to evaluate a conceptual model of subsurface hydrogeothermal conditions that can lead to the formation of aufeis. We used a conceptual model based on geophysical data from the Kuparuk aufeis field on the North Slope of Alaska to develop a two-dimensional heterogeneous vertical profile model of groundwater flow, heat transport, and freeze/thaw dynamics. Modelling results showed that groundwater can flow to the land surface through subvertical high permeability pathways during winter months when the lower permeability soils near the land surface are frozen. The groundwater discharge can freeze on the surface, contributing to aufeis formation throughout the winter. We performed sensitivity analyses on subsurface properties and surface temperature and found that aufeis formation is most sensitive to the volume of unfrozen water available in the subsurface and the rate at which the subsurface water travels to the land surface. Although a trend of warming air temperatures will lead to a greater volume of unfrozen subsurface water, the aufeis volume can be reduced under warming conditions if the period of time for which air temperatures are below freezing is reduced.
Among polar bears (Ursus maritimus), only parturient females den for extended periods, emerging from maternal dens in spring after having substantially depleted their energy reserves during a fast that can exceed 8 months. Although den emergence coincides with a period of increasing prey availability, polar bears typically do not depart immediately to hunt, but instead remain at the den for up to a month. This delay suggests that there are likely adaptive advantages to remaining at the den between emergence and departure, but the influence of the timing and duration of this post-emergence period on cub survival has not been evaluated previously. We used temperature and location data from 70 denning bears collared within the Southern Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea subpopulations to estimate the phenology of the post-emergence period. We evaluated the influence of various spatial and temporal features on duration of the post-emergence period and evaluated the potential influence of post-emergence duration on litter survival early in the spring following denning. For dens that likely contained viable cubs at emergence (n = 56), mean den emergence occurred on 16 March (SE = 1.4 days) and mean departure on 24 March (SE = 1.6 days), with dates typically occurring later in the Chukchi Sea relative to Southern Beaufort Sea and on land relative to sea ice. Mean duration of the post-emergence period was 7.9 days (SE = 1.4) for bears that were observed with cubs later in the spring, which was over 4 times longer than duration of those observed without cubs (1.9 days). Litter survival in the spring following denning (n = 31 dens) increased from 0.5 to 0.9 when duration of the post-emergence period increased by ~4 days and other variables were held at mean values. Our limited sample size and inability to verify cub presence at emergence suggests that future research is merited to improve our understanding of this relationship. Nonetheless, our results highlight the importance of the post-emergence period in contributing to reproductive success and can assist managers in developing conservation and mitigation strategies in denning areas, which will be increasingly important as human activities expand in the Arctic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/jmammal/gyae010","usgsCitation":"Andersen, E., Wilson, R., Rode, K.D., Durner, G.M., Atwood, T.C., and Gustine, D., 2024, The post-emergence period for denning polar bears: Phenology and influence on cub survival: Journal of Mammalogy, gyae010, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae010.","productDescription":"gyae010, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-149193","costCenters":[{"id":65299,"text":"Alaska Science Center Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":440246,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae010","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7G73BTD","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Estimated Post-Emergence Period for Denning Polar Bears of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas"},{"id":426357,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andersen, Erik","contributorId":334600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andersen","given":"Erik","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, Ryan R. ","contributorId":222456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"Ryan R. ","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":896014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rode, Karyn D. 0000-0002-3328-8202 krode@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3328-8202","contributorId":5053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rode","given":"Karyn","email":"krode@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Atwood, Todd C. 0000-0002-1971-3110 tatwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1971-3110","contributorId":4368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwood","given":"Todd","email":"tatwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gustine, David","contributorId":200449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gustine","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":896018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}