Along the southeast border of the 1002 Assessment Area in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, an explicit link between gas generation and deformation in the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt is provided through petrographic, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope analyses of fracture cements integrated with zircon fission-track data. Predominantly quartz-cemented fractures, collected from thrusted Triassic and Jurassic rocks, contain crack-seal textures, healed microcracks, and curved crystals and fluid inclusion populations, which suggest that cement growth occurred before, during, and after deformation. Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (175–250![\"deg\"](\"https://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2003/11nov/1823/IMAGES/DEG.JPG\")
C) and temperature trends in fracture samples suggest that cements grew at 7–10 km depth during the transition from burial to uplift and during early uplift. CH4-rich (dry gas) inclusions in the Shublik Formation and Kingak Shale are consistent with inclusion entrapment at high thermal maturity for these source rocks. Pressure modeling of these CH4-rich inclusions suggests that pore fluids were overpressured during fracture cementation.
Zircon fission-track data in the area record postdeposition denudation associated with early Brooks Range deformation at 64 ![\"plusmn\"](\"https://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/2003/11nov/1823/IMAGES/PLUSMN.JPG\")
3 Ma. With a closure temperature of 225–240C, the zircon fission-track data overlap homogenization temperatures of coeval aqueous inclusions and inclusions containing dry gas in Kingak and Shublik fracture cements. This critical time-temperature relationship suggests that fracture cementation occurred during early Brooks Range deformation. Dry gas inclusions suggest that Shublik and Kingak source rocks had exceeded peak oil and gas generation temperatures at the time structural traps formed during early Brooks Range deformation. The timing of hydrocarbon generation with respect to deformation therefore represents an important exploration risk for gas exploration in this part of the Brooks Range fold and thrust belt. The persistence of gas high at thermal maturity levels suggests, however, that significant volumes of gas may have been generated.
Sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations were exploited to near extinction and began to recover after the cessation of commercial hunting in 1911. Remnant colonies of sea otters in the Aleutian archipelago were among the first to recover; they continued to increase through the 1980s but declined abruptly during the 1990s. We conducted an aerial survey of the Aleutian archipelago in 2000 and compared results with similar surveys conducted in 1965 and 1992. The number of sea otters counted decreased by 75% between 1965 and 2000; 88% for islands at equilibrial density in 1965. The population decline likely began in the mid-1980s and declined at a rate of 17.5%/year in the 1990s. The minimal population estimate was 8,742 sea otters in 2000. The population declined to a uniformly low density in the archipelago, suggesting a common and geographically widespread cause. These data are in general agreement with the hypothesis of increased predation on sea otters. These data chronicle one of the most widespread and precipitous population declines for a mammalian carnivore in recorded history.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0055:SOPDIT>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Doroff, A.M., Estes, J.A., Tinker, M.T., Burn, D., and Evans, T., 2003, Sea otter population declines in the Aleutian Archipelago: Journal of Mammalogy, v. 84, no. 1, p. 55-64, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0055:SOPDIT>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0055:sopdit>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":328955,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Archipelago","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -188.173828125,\n 50.90303283111257\n ],\n [\n -188.173828125,\n 55.07836723201515\n ],\n [\n -163.740234375,\n 55.07836723201515\n ],\n [\n -163.740234375,\n 50.90303283111257\n ],\n [\n -188.173828125,\n 50.90303283111257\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe9614e4b0824b2d14d552","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doroff, Angela M.","contributorId":140660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doroff","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":649614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":649615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":649616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burn, Douglas M.","contributorId":65022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burn","given":"Douglas M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":649617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, Thomas J.","contributorId":174904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evans","given":"Thomas J.","affiliations":[{"id":13235,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":649618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70180865,"text":"70180865 - 2003 - Demography of Dall's sheep in northwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T08:41:44","indexId":"70180865","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":897,"text":"Arctic Research of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography of Dall's sheep in northwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"Dall’s sheep in northwestern Alaska declined in the early 1990s following the severe 1989-90 and 1990-91 winters. In the Baird Mountains of Noatak National Preserve, estimates of adult sheep declined by 50% from 800 in 1989 to under 400 in 1991. Population counts remained low throughout 1991 to 1996, reaching a minimum of 244 adult sheep in 1996. Few lambs were observed during annual midsummer aerial surveys in 1991 to 1994. We suspect that these declines resulted from a combination of poorer nutritional condition and increased vulnerability of sheep to predation resulting from severe winter conditions.
As a result of these declines, both subsistence and sport hunting seasons were closed by emergency order in 1991, resulting in substantial management controversy. The affected publics, although willing to accept the closures, questioned the validity of the sheep survey data and strongly emphasized their interest in restoring harvests as soon as populations increased sufficiently. In 1995 the Northwest Arctic Regional Advisory Council, the local advisory committee for the Federal Subsistence Board, passed a motion supporting efforts to initiate research on sheep populations in the region to better understand the factors limiting sheep populations and to evaluate sheep survey methodologies.
Currently estimates of Dall’s sheep population size and composition in the western Brooks Range are based on intensive fixed-wing aerial surveys conducted annually since 1986 in areas including the Baird Mountains. The annual variation in recent Baird Mountains aerial counts cannot be explained with reasonable assumptions about reproduction and survival, suggesting that there is some variability in the proportion of the population observed each year or that a substantial number of sheep move during the survey. Prior to our research, no attempt had been made to estimate visibility bias or precision for these surveys.
Our understanding of Dall’s sheep population biology comes largely from studies in central or southern Alaska and the southern Yukon. However, sheep in northwestern Alaska are at the northwestern extreme of their range and live in a less hospitable environment characterized by short growing seasons and long, severe winters. We expect patterns of productivity and survival for sheep in Noatak National Preserve to differ from the more southerly populations. To adequately manage sheep harvests in northwestern Alaska, we need a better understanding of sheep demography. Along with unbiased population estimates, understanding the dynamics of sheep populations in the region will allow population models to be developed that can provide focus for a useful dialog on management goals and strategies and facilitate a cooperative strategy for managing sheep harvests in northwestern Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"Kleckner, C., Udevitz, M.S., Adams, L., and Shults, B.S., 2003, Demography of Dall's sheep in northwestern Alaska: Arctic Research of the United States, v. 16, no. 2, p. 68-73.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"73","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334795,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334793,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.arctic.gov/publications/related/arotus.html"},{"id":334802,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03021/nsf03021_11.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Noatak National Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -162.39990234375,\n 67.27628693406152\n ],\n [\n -162.39990234375,\n 68.17563985633973\n ],\n [\n -159.27978515625,\n 68.17563985633973\n ],\n [\n -159.27978515625,\n 67.27628693406152\n ],\n [\n -162.39990234375,\n 67.27628693406152\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589847a8e4b0efcedb7072d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kleckner, Christopher","contributorId":179099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kleckner","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":662628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Layne G. 0000-0001-6212-2896 ladams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6212-2896","contributorId":2776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Layne G.","email":"ladams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shults, Brad S.","contributorId":46413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shults","given":"Brad","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180940,"text":"70180940 - 2003 - Improving size estimates of open animal populations by incorporating information on age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T18:18:11","indexId":"70180940","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":997,"text":"BioScience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving size estimates of open animal populations by incorporating information on age","docAbstract":"Around the world, a great deal of effort is expended each year to estimate the sizes of wild animal populations. Unfortunately, population size has proven to be one of the most intractable parameters to estimate. The capture-recapture estimation models most commonly used (of the Jolly-Seber type) are complicated and require numerous, sometimes questionable, assumptions. The derived estimates usually have large variances and lack consistency over time. In capture–recapture studies of long-lived animals, the ages of captured animals can often be determined with great accuracy and relative ease. We show how to incorporate age information into size estimates for open populations, where the size changes through births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. The proposed method allows more precise estimates of population size than the usual models, and it can provide these estimates from two sample occasions rather than the three usually required. Moreover, this method does not require specialized programs for capture-recapture data; researchers can derive their estimates using the logistic regression module in any standard statistical package.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0666:ISEOOA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Manly, B.F., McDonald, T.L., Amstrup, S.C., and Regehr, E.V., 2003, Improving size estimates of open animal populations by incorporating information on age: BioScience, v. 53, no. 7, p. 666-669, https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0666:ISEOOA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"669","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335073,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"53","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589c3c40e4b0efcedb741088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Trent L.","contributorId":92193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Regehr, Eric V. 0000-0003-4487-3105","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4487-3105","contributorId":66364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Regehr","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":12428,"text":"U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70180860,"text":"70180860 - 2003 - Polar bear aerial survey in the eastern Chukchi Sea: A pilot study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-14T07:25:37","indexId":"70180860","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polar bear aerial survey in the eastern Chukchi Sea: A pilot study","docAbstract":"Alaska has two polar bear populations: the Southern Beaufort Sea population, shared with Canada, and the Chukchi/Bering Seas population, shared with Russia. Currently a reliable population estimate for the Chukchi/Bering Seas population does not exist. Land-based aerial and mark-recapture population surveys may not be possible in the Chukchi Sea because variable ice conditions, the limited range of helicopters, extremely large polar bear home ranges, and severe weather conditions may limit access to remote areas. Thus line-transect aerial surveys from icebreakers may be the best available tool to monitor this polar bear stock. In August 2000, a line-transect survey was conducted in the eastern Chukchi Sea and western Beaufort Sea from helicopters based on a U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker under the \"Ship of Opportunity\" program. The objectives of this pilot study were to estimate polar bear density in the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort Seas and to assess the logistical feasibility of using ship-based aerial surveys to develop polar bear population estimates. Twenty-nine polar bears in 25 groups were sighted on 94 transects (8257 km). The density of bears was estimated as 1 bear per 147 km² (CV = 38%). Additional aerial surveys in late fall, using dedicated icebreakers, would be required to achieve the number of sightings, survey effort, coverage, and precision needed for more effective monitoring of population trends in the Chukchi Sea.
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) was isolated from populations of Pacific sardine Sardinops sagaxfrom the coastal waters of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, and central and southern California, USA. The virus was also isolated from Pacific mackerel Scomber japonicus in southern California, from eulachon or smeltThaleichthys pacificus, and surf smelt Hypomesus pretiosus pretiosus from Oregon, USA. Mortality and skin lesions typical of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in other marine fish species were observed among sardine in Canada and in a few surf smelt from Oregon, but the remaining isolates of VHSV were obtained from healthy appearing fish. The prevalence of VHSV among groups of apparently healthy sardine, mackerel and smelt ranged from 4 to 8% in California and Oregon. A greater prevalence of infection (58%) occurred in groups of sardine sampled in Canada that sustained a naturally occurring epidemic during 1998-99. A captive group of surf smelt in Oregon exhibited an 81% prevalence of infection with clinical signs in only a few fish. The new isolates were confirmed as North American VHSV and were closely related based on comparisons of the partial nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein (G) gene. The VHSV isolates from sardine in Canada and California were the most closely related, differing from isolates obtained from other marine fish species and salmonids in British Columbia, Canada, Alaska and Washington, USA. These new virus isolations extend both the known hosts (sardine, mackerel and 2 species of smelt) and geographic range (Oregon and California, USA) of VHSV.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/dao055211","usgsCitation":"Hedrick, R., Batts, W., Yun, S., Traxler, G., Kaufman, J., and Winton, J., 2003, Host and geographic range extensions of the North American strain of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, v. 55, no. 3, p. 211-220, https://doi.org/10.3354/dao055211.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"220","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/dao055211","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":320692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5723342fe4b0b13d39148cdf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedrick, R.P.","contributorId":76431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedrick","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batts, W.N. 0000-0002-6469-9004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6469-9004","contributorId":51043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batts","given":"W.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yun, S.","contributorId":169000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yun","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Traxler, G.S.","contributorId":31244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traxler","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaufman, J.","contributorId":35500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaufman","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":628003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70179619,"text":"70179619 - 2003 - Does the Animal Welfare Act apply to free-ranging animals?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-06T10:49:32","indexId":"70179619","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5255,"text":"ILAR Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does the Animal Welfare Act apply to free-ranging animals?","docAbstract":"Despite the long-standing role that institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs) have played in reviewing and approving studies at academic institutions, compliance with the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) is not always complete for government natural resource agencies that use free-ranging animals in research and management studies. Even at universities, IACUCs face uncertainties about what activities are covered and about how to judge proposed research on free-ranging animals. One reason for much of the confusion is the AWA vaguely worded exemption for \"field studies.\" In particular, fish are problematic because of the AWA exclusion of poikilothermic animals. However, most university IACUCs review studies on all animals, and the Interagency Research Animal Committee (IRAC) has published the \"IRAC Principles,\" which extend coverage to all vertebrates used by federal researchers. Despite this extended coverage, many scientists working on wild animals continue to view compliance with the AWA with little enthusiasm. IACUCs, IACUC veterinarians, wildlife veterinarians, and fish and wildlife biologists must learn to work together to comply with the law and to protect the privilege of using free-ranging animals in research.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1093/ilar.44.4.252","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., 2003, Does the Animal Welfare Act apply to free-ranging animals?: ILAR Journal, v. 44, no. 4, p. 252-258, https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.44.4.252.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.44.4.252","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":332946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58773eb9e4b0315b4c11ff13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":657918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026131,"text":"70026131 - 2003 - Experimental and textural constraints on mafic enclave formation in volcanic rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T18:50:05.702047","indexId":"70026131","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental and textural constraints on mafic enclave formation in volcanic rocks","docAbstract":"We have used experiments and textural analysis to investigate the process of enclave formation during magma mixing at Southwest Trident volcano, Alaska. Andesite enclaves are present throughout the four dacite lava flows produced by the eruption, and resemble mafic enclaves commonly found in other volcanic rocks. Our experiments replicate the pressure–temperature–time path taken by enclave-forming andesite magma as it is engulfed in dacite during magma mixing. Pressure and temperature information for the andesite and dacite are from [Coombs et al., Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 140 (2000) 99–118]. The andesite was annealed at 1000°C, and then cooled to 890°C at rates of 110°C h−1, 10°C h−1, and 2°C h−1. Once cooled to 890°C, andesite was held at this lower temperature from times ranging from 1 to 40 h. The andesite that was cooled at the slower rates of 2°C h−1 and 10°C h−1 most resembles enclave groundmass texturally and compositionally. Based on simple thermal calculations, these rates are more consistent with cooling of the andesite groundmass below an andesite–dacite interface than with cooling of enclave-sized spheres. If enclaves do crystallize as spheres, post-crystallization disaggregation must occur. Calculations using the MELTS algorithm [Ghiorso and Sack, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 119 (1995) 197–212] show that for incoming andesite to become less dense than the dacite ∼34 volume % of its groundmass must crystallize to undergo ∼18 volume % vesiculation; these values are similar to those determined for Southwest Trident enclaves. Thus such crystallization may lead to ‘flotation’ of enclaves and be a viable mechanism for enclave formation and dispersal. The residual melt in the cooling experiments did not evolve to rhyolitic compositions such as seen in natural enclaves due to a lack of a decompression step in the experiments. Decompression experiments on Southwest Trident dacite suggest an average ascent rate for the eruption of ∼2–3 MPa h−1. An andesite experiment that was cooled and then decompressed at this rate contains melt that matches that of the natural enclaves. It is apparent that decompression (ascent)-induced crystallization occurs in enclaves, but not in the form of microlites as happens in the dacite host, due either to insufficient residence time at chamber temperatures or to the pre-existing microphenocrysts which act as sites for new growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00309-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M., Eichelberger, J., and Rutherford, M., 2003, Experimental and textural constraints on mafic enclave formation in volcanic rocks: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 119, no. 1-4, p. 125-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00309-8.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234992,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Trident Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.1675550460309,\n 58.216619305288674\n ],\n [\n -155.1236097335309,\n 58.19455103470861\n ],\n [\n -155.08962078089428,\n 58.19310345591259\n ],\n [\n -155.05872173304255,\n 58.21860839354446\n ],\n [\n -155.04876537317935,\n 58.23542077682683\n ],\n [\n -155.04601879114807,\n 58.257824900156265\n ],\n [\n -155.11571331019104,\n 58.26721596553608\n ],\n [\n -155.17922801966364,\n 58.24337224732065\n ],\n [\n -155.1675550460309,\n 58.216619305288674\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0dc1e4b0c8380cd53198","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, M.L.","contributorId":67692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eichelberger, J.C.","contributorId":46277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eichelberger","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutherford, M.J.","contributorId":103039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53268,"text":"ofr2003304 - 2003 - Soil organic carbon on lands of the Department of the Interior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-28T11:26:07","indexId":"ofr2003304","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-304","title":"Soil organic carbon on lands of the Department of the Interior","docAbstract":"The stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) on the landscape are an important element in the global carbon cycle. Changes in soil carbon can change the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. If carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, captured through photosynthesis, is ultimately stored in the soil to an enhanced degree, the resulting soil carbon sequestration may help delay some of the undesirable consequences of global warming. If the conditions affecting the balance of photosynthesis and decomposition are changed to favor decomposition, then soil carbon can be released to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide or methane, contributing to greenhouse warming.
The Department of the Interior (DOI) is the largest land management agency in the United States, with jurisdiction influencing more than 2 million square kilometers of land--about 22 percent of the total land area of the country. Estimates using available data indicate that the DOI lands have nearly 18 petagrams (Pg; 1 Pg = 1015 g = 1 gigaton) of SOC, which is about 22 percent of the estimate for the country (81 Pg). The distribution is not uniform, and few areas of DOI lands reflect “average” conditions. Large areas of land with low biological productivity occur in the conterminous U.S. part of the DOI lands, and substantial areas with high SOC occur in Alaska. About 74 percent of the SOC on DOI lands is in Alaska. Details on amounts of SOC by DOI Bureau and location are shown in a series of tables and maps. For the conterminous United States, statistics are given by land cover type and soil depth ranges.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003304","usgsCitation":"Bliss, N.B., 2003, Soil organic carbon on lands of the Department of the Interior: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-304, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003304.","productDescription":"52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":87136,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0304/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0304/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d2e4b07f02db548315","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bliss, Norman B. 0000-0003-2409-5211 bliss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":1921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"Norman","email":"bliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":52861,"text":"wri034188 - 2003 - Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Streamflows for Ungaged Sites on Streams in Alaska and Conterminous Basins in Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-12T19:29:36.068717","indexId":"wri034188","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4188","title":"Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Streamflows for Ungaged Sites on Streams in Alaska and Conterminous Basins in Canada","docAbstract":"Estimates of the magnitude and frequency of peak streamflow are needed across Alaska for floodplain management, cost-effective design of floodway structures such as bridges and culverts, and other water-resource management issues. Peak-streamflow magnitudes for the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year recurrence-interval flows were computed for 301 streamflow-gaging and partial-record stations in Alaska and 60 stations in conterminous basins of Canada. Flows were analyzed from data through the 1999 water year using a log-Pearson Type III analysis. The State was divided into seven hydrologically distinct streamflow analysis regions for this analysis, in conjunction with a concurrent study of low and high flows. New generalized skew coefficients were developed for each region using station skew coefficients for stations with at least 25 years of systematic peak-streamflow data. \r\n\r\nEquations for estimating peak streamflows at ungaged locations were developed for Alaska and conterminous basins in Canada using a generalized least-squares regression model. A set of predictive equations for estimating the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, 200-, and 500-year peak streamflows was developed for each streamflow analysis region from peak-streamflow magnitudes and physical and climatic basin characteristics. These equations may be used for unregulated streams without flow diversions, dams, periodically releasing glacial impoundments, or other streamflow conditions not correlated to basin characteristics. Basin characteristics should be obtained using methods similar to those used in this report to preserve the statistical integrity of the equations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034188","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., Meyer, D.F., and Tasker, G.D., 2003, Estimating the Magnitude and Frequency of Peak Streamflows for Ungaged Sites on Streams in Alaska and Conterminous Basins in Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4188, 101 p.; 1 plate; 2 illus.; 4 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034188.","productDescription":"101 p.; 1 plate; 2 illus.; 4 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4877,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034188/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc7f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, David F. dfmeyer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"David","email":"dfmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":95035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51256,"text":"wri034213 - 2003 - Biogeochemical processes that produce dissolved organic matter from wheat straw","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:16:24","indexId":"wri034213","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4213","displayTitle":"Biogeochemical Processes That Produce Dissolved Organic Matter From Wheat Straw","title":"Biogeochemical processes that produce dissolved organic matter from wheat straw","docAbstract":"The chemical reactions that lead to the formation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural waters are poorly understood. Studies on the formation of DOM generally are complicated because almost all DOM isolates have been derived from mixtures of plant species composed of a wide variety of different types of precursor compounds for DOM formation. This report describes a study of DOM derived mainly from bales of wheat straw that had been left in a field for several years. During this period of time, black water from the decomposing wheat straw accumulated in pools in the field. The nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra of the black water DOM indicate that it is composed almost entirely of lignin and carbohydrate polymeric units. Analysis by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser-light scattering detection indicates that the number average molecular weight of the DOM is 124,000 daltons. The results presented in this report indicate that the black water DOM is composed of hemicellulose chains cross-linked to lignin oligomers. These types of structures have been shown to exist in the hemicellulose matrix of plant cell walls. The cross-linked lignin-hemicellulose complexes apparently were released from partially degraded wheat-straw cell walls with little alteration. In solution in the black water, these lignin-hemicellulose polymers fold into compact globular particles in which the nonpolar parts of the polymer form the interiors of the particles and the polar groups are on the exterior surfaces of the particles. The tightly folded, compact conformation of these particles probably renders them relatively resistant to microbial degradation. This should be especially the case for the aromatic lignin structures that will be buried in the interiors of the particles.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034213","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R.L., Rutherford, D.W., Leenheer, J.A., Kennedy, K.R., Cox, L.G., and Koci, D.R., 2003, Biogeochemical processes that produce dissolved organic matter from wheat straw: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4213, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034213.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4630,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034213/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625938","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, Robert L. rwershaw@usgs.gov","contributorId":4856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"Robert","email":"rwershaw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rutherford, David W. dwruther@usgs.gov","contributorId":1325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"David","email":"dwruther@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leenheer, Jerry A.","contributorId":72420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kennedy, Kay R.","contributorId":76396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Kay","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cox, Larry G. lgcox@usgs.gov","contributorId":3310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Larry","email":"lgcox@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":243230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Koci, Donald R.","contributorId":77593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koci","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":53169,"text":"fs00103 - 2003 - Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: growing and advancing in spite of global climate change and the 1986 and 2002 Russell Lake outburst floods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:46","indexId":"fs00103","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"001-03","title":"Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: growing and advancing in spite of global climate change and the 1986 and 2002 Russell Lake outburst floods","docAbstract":"Hubbard Glacier, the largest calving glacier on the North American Continent (25 percent larger than Rhode Island), advanced across the entrance to 35-mile-long Russell Fiord during June 2002, temporarily turning it into a lake. Hubbard Glacier has been advancing for more than 100 years and has twice closed the entrance to Russell Fiord during the last 16 years by squeezing and pushing submarine glacial sediments across the mouth of the fiord. Water flowing into the cutoff fiord from mountain streams and glacier melt causes the level of Russell Lake to rise. However, both the 1986 and 2002 dams failed before the lake altitude rose enough for water to spill over a low pass at the far end of the fiord and enter the Situk River drainage, a world-class sport and commercial fishery near Yakutat, Alaska.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/fs00103","usgsCitation":"Trabant, D.C., March, R.S., and Thomas, D.S., 2003, Hubbard Glacier, Alaska: growing and advancing in spite of global climate change and the 1986 and 2002 Russell Lake outburst floods: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 001-03, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs00103.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_001_03.jpg"},{"id":4754,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-001-03/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a70d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trabant, Dennis C.","contributorId":13965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"March, Rod S. rsmarch@usgs.gov","contributorId":416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Rod","email":"rsmarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":246813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, Donald S.","contributorId":17296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":246815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53359,"text":"wdrAK021 - 2003 - Water resources data, Alaska, water year 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:25","indexId":"wdrAK021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"AK-02-1","title":"Water resources data, Alaska, water year 2002","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2002 water year for Alaska consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stages of lakes; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This volume contains records for water discharge at 109 gaging stations; stage or contents only at 5 gaging stations; water quality at 26 gaging stations; and water levels for 45 observation wells. Also included are data for 32 crest-stage partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. Some data collected during 2002 will be published in subsequent reports. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Alaska.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrAK021","usgsCitation":"Meyer, D.F., Brinton, J., Hess, D., and Smith, C.W., 2003, Water resources data, Alaska, water year 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report AK-02-1, 432 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrAK021.","productDescription":"432 p.","temporalStart":"2001-10-01","temporalEnd":"2002-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5081,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/WDR-AK-02-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f15b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, D. F.","contributorId":21167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brinton, J.S.","contributorId":84443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinton","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hess, D.L.","contributorId":23209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, C. W.","contributorId":57457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":47787,"text":"wri024184 - 2003 - Channel stability and water quality of the Alagnak River, southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-17T16:54:15.083422","indexId":"wri024184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4184","displayTitle":"Channel Stability and Water Quality of the Alagnak River, Southwestern Alaska","title":"Channel stability and water quality of the Alagnak River, southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Alagnak River, a National Wild River located in southwestern Alaska, drains an area of 3,600 square kilometers and is used for recreational and subsistence activities, primarily angling, camping, rafting, and hunting by visitors and seasonal residents, and for commercial guiding by several lodges. Increases in visitor use in the 1990s included an increase in the use of high-horsepower motorboats on the river, primarily for angling, and raised concerns regarding human impacts on water quality.\r\n\r\n Downstream from its confluence with the Nonvianuk River at river kilometer (RK) 93, the Alagnak River is formed in glacial drift and outwash with a single, low bedrock outcrop. Analysis of aerial photography from 1951, 1982, and 2001 shows that the river's multiple channels from RK 57 to 93 have been relatively stable. In contrast, long reaches of multiple channels from RK 35 to 57 changed substantially between 1951 and 1982, creating a new complex of channels. Downstream from RK 35, channel changes in the past 50 years consist largely of minor meander migration.\r\n\r\n Analysis of water samples collected during this study at RK 21, 46, and 93 and in the Alagnak and Nonvianuk Rivers at the outlets of the lakes that form their source shows that the Alagnak River is a nutrient-poor, calcium-bicarbonate water with low suspended-sediment concentrations. Water chemistry changes little over time or in a downstream direction. Weak patterns over time include high late May/early June concentrations of some nutrients, carbon, and iron. Weak patterns over distance include downstream increases in iron, manganese, and phosphorous. No pervasive human impacts on Alagnak River water chemistry were detected. Local effects that could be diluted within a kilometer downstream of the source were not detectable by this study.\r\n\r\n Data collected at three continuously recording wake gaging stations at RK 21, 46, and 93 showed that 1999-2000 motorboat use was heaviest in the lower reaches of the river, moderate in the middle reaches, and very light in the upper reaches. Maximum boat use was 137, 40, and 4 wakes per day at RK 21, 46, and 93, respectively. The mean height of the maximum wave generated in each wake was about 0.15 m (meters) at all three gaging stations.\r\n\r\n Bank erosion monitoring at 14 sites between RK 21 and 93 quantified erosion rates ranging from 0 to 1.1 m/yr (meters per year). Erodibility (based on grain-size analysis) increases in a downstream direction, as do measured erosion rates. Alagnak River banks are noncohesive and erode by grain-by-grain removal of sediment in an alternating pattern of water-driven erosion and gravitydriven erosion. Periodic surveys at bank erosion monitoring sites detected the development of a shallow underwater shelf formed by the action of wind waves and boat wakes at several sites. This shelf contains sediment eroded from the bank and redeposited adjacent to the bank; the shelf reformed as water levels changed but maintained the same wave-generated form throughout much of the season.\r\n\r\n Measurements of bank erosion processes, particularly the development of a wave-generated shelf, and visual observations suggest that boat wakes increase bank erosion rates, especially at high, exposed banks. Analysis of aerial photography and other assessments of bank erosion processes indicate that this increase in erosion rates has not altered the mechanisms of channel change, which in the past 50 years have included complex, compound channel changes and meander migration.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024184","usgsCitation":"Curran, J.H., 2003, Channel stability and water quality of the Alagnak River, southwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4184, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024184.","productDescription":"64 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170943,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024184/images/cover1.jpg"},{"id":3999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024184/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6602","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curran, Janet H. 0000-0002-3899-6275 jcurran@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-6275","contributorId":690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"Janet","email":"jcurran@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70007011,"text":"70007011 - 2002 - Lichens from Simeonof Wilderness, Shumagin Island, Southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T15:56:19.676149","indexId":"70007011","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T16:23:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1087,"text":"Bryologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lichens from Simeonof Wilderness, Shumagin Island, Southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"One hundred eighty-eight taxa of lichens are reported from Simeonof Island in the Shumagin Islands of southwestern Alaska. Wide-ranging arctic-alpine and boreal species dominate the lichens; a coastal element is moderately represented, while amphi-Beringian species form a minor element. The lichen component of Empetrum nigrum dwarf shrub heath, the dominant vegetation type, was analyzed to identify the most frequently occurring lichens within this community.","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0111:LFSWSI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Talbot, S., Talbot, S.L., Thomson, J., Daniels, F., and Schofield, W., 2002, Lichens from Simeonof Wilderness, Shumagin Island, Southwestern Alaska: Bryologist, v. 105, no. 1, p. 111-121, https://doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0111:LFSWSI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"121","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":259521,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Shumagin Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.3125,\n 54.667477840945715\n ],\n [\n -159.093017578125,\n 54.667477840945715\n ],\n [\n -159.093017578125,\n 55.46017083861815\n ],\n [\n -160.3125,\n 55.46017083861815\n ],\n [\n -160.3125,\n 54.667477840945715\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"105","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a474ee4b0c8380cd67807","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomson, J.W.","contributorId":46251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomson","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daniels, F.J.A.","contributorId":92838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"F.J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schofield, W.B.","contributorId":76488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schofield","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70006409,"text":"70006409 - 2002 - Double sampling to estimate density and population trends in birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T19:24:00","indexId":"70006409","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T13:46:10","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Double sampling to estimate density and population trends in birds","docAbstract":"We present a method for estimating density of nesting birds based on double sampling. The approach involves surveying a large sample of plots using a rapid method such as uncorrected point counts, variable circular plot counts, or the recently suggested double-observer method. A subsample of those plots is also surveyed using intensive methods to determine actual density. The ratio of the mean count on those plots (using the rapid method) to the mean actual density (as determined by the intensive searches) is used to adjust results from the rapid method. The approach works well when results from the rapid method are highly correlated with actual density. We illustrate the method with three years of shorebird surveys from the tundra in northern Alaska. In the rapid method, surveyors covered ~10 ha h-1 and surveyed each plot a single time. The intensive surveys involved three thorough searches, required ~3 h ha-1, and took 20% of the study effort. Surveyors using the rapid method detected an average of 79% of birds present. That detection ratio was used to convert the index obtained in the rapid method into an essentially unbiased estimate of density. Trends estimated from several years of data would also be essentially unbiased. Other advantages of double sampling are that (1) the rapid method can be changed as new methods become available, (2) domains can be compared even if detection rates differ, (3) total population size can be estimated, and (4) valuable ancillary information (e.g. nest success) can be obtained on intensive plots with little additional effort. We suggest that double sampling be used to test the assumption that rapid methods, such as variable circular plot and double-observer methods, yield density estimates that are essentially unbiased. The feasibility of implementing double sampling in a range of habitats needs to be evaluated.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0036:DSTEDA]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., and Earnst, S.L., 2002, Double sampling to estimate density and population trends in birds: The Auk, v. 119, no. 1, p. 36-45, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0036:DSTEDA]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"36","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478586,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0036:dsteda]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":258314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03abe4b0c8380cd505cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bart, Jonathan jon_bart@usgs.gov","contributorId":57025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"Jonathan","email":"jon_bart@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":354455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Earnst, Susan L. susan_earnst@usgs.gov","contributorId":4446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Earnst","given":"Susan","email":"susan_earnst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98864,"text":"b21914 - 2002 - Biogeochemical and biochemical pathway investigations of cadmium in subarctic ecosystems using a cadmium accumulator species (willow)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98864,"text":"b21914 - 2002 - Biogeochemical and biochemical pathway investigations of cadmium in subarctic ecosystems using a cadmium accumulator species (willow)","indexId":"b21914","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Biogeochemical and biochemical pathway investigations of cadmium in subarctic ecosystems using a cadmium accumulator species (willow)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":47870,"text":"b2191 - 2002 - Pathways of metal transfer from mineralized sources to biorecptors: A synthesis of the Mineral Resources Program's past environmental studies in the Western United States and future research directions","indexId":"b2191","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Pathways of metal transfer from mineralized sources to biorecptors: A synthesis of the Mineral Resources Program's past environmental studies in the Western United States and future research directions"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":47870,"text":"b2191 - 2002 - Pathways of metal transfer from mineralized sources to biorecptors: A synthesis of the Mineral Resources Program's past environmental studies in the Western United States and future research directions","indexId":"b2191","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Pathways of metal transfer from mineralized sources to biorecptors: A synthesis of the Mineral Resources Program's past environmental studies in the Western United States and future research directions"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-26T19:17:20.556991","indexId":"b21914","displayToPublicDate":"2010-11-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2191-4","title":"Biogeochemical and biochemical pathway investigations of cadmium in subarctic ecosystems using a cadmium accumulator species (willow)","docAbstract":"This study focuses on a portion of the Fortymile River and Goodpaster River watersheds (fig. 1) in the Eagle and Big Delta 1:250,000-scale quadrangles, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b21914","usgsCitation":"Gough, L.P., Sanzolone, R.F., Crock, J., Foster, A., Lamothe, P.J., Ager, C.M., and Gent, C.A., 2002, Biogeochemical and biochemical pathway investigations of cadmium in subarctic ecosystems using a cadmium accumulator species (willow): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2191-4, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b21914.","productDescription":"11 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132527,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":416399,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51968.htm"},{"id":14280,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Fortymile and Goodpaster River study areas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141,\n 64.1292\n ],\n [\n -142,\n 64.1292\n ],\n [\n -142,\n 64.4467\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 64.4467\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 64.1292\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625d31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanzolone, R. F.","contributorId":64199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzolone","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, A. L. 0000-0003-1362-0068","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1362-0068","contributorId":17190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"A. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ager, C. M.","contributorId":15974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gent, C. A.","contributorId":17955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gent","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":5224150,"text":"5224150 - 2002 - α1-Antitrypsin polymorphism and systematics of eastern North American wolves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T11:22:53.920814","indexId":"5224150","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:55","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"α1-Antitrypsin polymorphism and systematics of eastern North American wolves","docAbstract":"We used data on the polymorphic status of α1-antitrypsin (α1AT) to study the relationship of Minnesota wolves to the gray wolf (Canis lupus), which was thought to have evolved in Eurasia, and to red wolves (Canis rufus) and coyotes (Canis latrans), which putatively evolved in North America. Recent evidence had indicated that Minnesota wolves might be more closely related to red wolves and coyotes. Samples from wild-caught Minnesota wolves and from captive wolves, at least some of which originated in Alaska and western Canada, were similarly polymorphic for α1AT, whereas coyote and red wolf samples were all monomorphic. Our findings, in conjunction with earlier results, are consistent with the Minnesota wolf being a gray wolf of Eurasian origin or possibly a hybrid between the gray wolf of Eurasian origin and the proposed North American wolf.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/z02-066","usgsCitation":"Mech, L., and Federoff, N., 2002, α1-Antitrypsin polymorphism and systematics of eastern North American wolves: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 80, no. 5, p. 961-963, https://doi.org/10.1139/z02-066.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"961","endPage":"963","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199509,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"80","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b45c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Federoff, N.E.","contributorId":50492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Federoff","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5224116,"text":"5224116 - 2002 - Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:31","indexId":"5224116","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:54","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds","docAbstract":"Adverse effects of selenium (Se) in wild aquatic birds have been documented as a consequence of pollution of the aquatic environment by subsurface agricultural drainwater and other sources. These effects include mortality, impaired reproduction with teratogenesis, reduced growth, histopathological lesions and alterations in hepatic glutathione metabolism. A review is provided, relating adverse biological effects of Se in aquatic birds to altered glutathione metabolism and oxidative stress. Laboratory studies, mainly with an organic form of Se, selenomethionine, have revealed oxidative stress in different stages of the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) life cycle. As dietary and tissue concentrations of Se increase, increases in plasma and hepatic GSH peroxidase activities occur, followed by dose-dependent increases in the ratio of hepatic oxidized to reduced glutathione (GSSG:GSH) and ultimately hepatic lipid peroxidation measured as an increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). One or more of these oxidative effects were associated with teratogenesis (4.6 ppm wet weight Se in eggs), reduced growth in ducklings (15 ppm Se in liver), diminished immune function (5 ppm Se in liver) and histopathological lesions (29 ppm Se in liver) in adults. Manifestations of Serelated effects on glutathione metabolism were also apparent in field studies in seven species of aquatic birds. Reduced growth and possibly immune function but increased liver:body weight and hepatic GSSG:GSH ratios were apparent in American avocet (Recurvirostra americana) hatchlings from eggs containing 9 ppm Se. In blacknecked stilts (Himantopus mexicanus), which contained somewhat lower Se concentrations, a decrease in hepatic GSH was apparent with few other effects. In adult American coots (Fulica americana), signs of Se toxicosis included emaciation, abnormal feather loss and histopathological lesions. Mean liver concentrations of 28 ppm Se (ww) in the coots were associated with elevated hepatic GSH peroxidase, depletion of hepatic protein bound thiols and total thiols, but a small increase in GSH. Diving ducks in the San Francisco Bay area exhibited a positive correlation between hepatic Se concentration and GSH peroxidase activity (r=0.63, P<0.05), but a negative correlation between hepatic Se and GSH concentration (r=0.740, P<0.05). In willets (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus) from the San Diego area, positive correlations occurred between hepatic Se concentration and GSSG (r=0.70, P<0.001), GSSG:GSH ratio, and TBARS. In emperor geese (Chen canagica) from western Alaska, blood levels of up to 9.4 ppm occurred and were associated with increased plasma GSH peroxidase activity (r=0.62, P<0.001), but with decreased plasma GSSG reductase activity. When evaluating Se toxicity, interactive nutritional factors, including other elements and dietary protein, should also be taken into consideration. Further studies are needed to examine the relationship between different forms of environmentally occurring selenium, arsenic and mercury on reproduction, hepatotoxicity and immune function of aquatic birds. Further selenium nutritional interaction studies may also help to illucidate the mechanism of selenium induced teratogenesis, by optimizing GSH and other antioxidant defense mechanisms in a manner that would stabilize or raise the cell's threshold for susceptibility to toxic attack from excess selenium. It is concluded that Se-related manifestations of oxidative stress may serve as useful bioindicators of Se exposure and toxicity in wild aquatic birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00263-6","collaboration":"5838_Hoffman.pdf","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., 2002, Role of selenium toxicity and oxidative stress in aquatic birds: Aquatic Toxicology, v. 57, no. 1, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00263-6.","productDescription":"11-26","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17514,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00263-6","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe1e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. 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A native of northeastern Eurasia and northern Japan, this species is rare along the Bering coast of Alaska, and there are only a handful of scattered records in the lower 48 state since the first in St Louis along the Mississippi River in late 1983. There is one previous New York State occurrence, in the Niagara River Gorge area of NY/ONT, 24 November-29 December 1992. The Sullivan Co. adult is the closest confirmed Slaty-backed Gull to the Atlantic Coast; recent single individuals along the Susquehanna River in MD, and at Cape Hatteras NC remain in dispute.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Kingbird","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Freer, V., Haas, J., and Buckley, P.A., 2002, Slaty-backed Gull in Sullivan Co., NY: Kingbird, v. 51, p. 114-118.","productDescription":"114-118","startPage":"114","endPage":"118","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197936,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eec19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freer, V.","contributorId":68005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freer","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haas, J.","contributorId":62711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buckley, P. A.","contributorId":69264,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5224264,"text":"5224264 - 2002 - Blood selenium concentrations and enzyme activities related to glutathione metabolism in wild emperor geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T14:09:19","indexId":"5224264","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blood selenium concentrations and enzyme activities related to glutathione metabolism in wild emperor geese","docAbstract":"In 1998, we collected blood samples from 63 emperor geese (Chen canagica) on their breeding grounds on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) in western Alaska, USA. We studied the relationship between selenium concentrations in whole blood and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in plasma. Experimental studies have shown that plasma activities of these enzymes are useful biomarkers of selenium-induced oxidative stress, but little information is available on their relationship to selenium in the blood of wild birds. Adult female emperor geese incubating their eggs in mid-June had a higher mean concentration of selenium in their blood and a greater activity of glutathione peroxidase in their plasma than adult geese or goslings that were sampled during the adult flight feathermolting period in late July and early August. Glutathione peroxidase activity was positively correlated with the concentration of selenium in the blood of emperor geese, and the rate of increase relative to selenium was greater in goslings than in adults. The activity of glutathione reductase was greatest in the plasma of goslings and was greater in molting adults than incubating females but was not significantly correlated with selenium in the blood of adults or goslings. Incubating female emperor geese had high selenium concentrations in their blood, accompanied by increased glutathione peroxidase activity consistent with early oxidative stress. These findings indicate that further study of the effects of selenium exposure, particularly on reproductive success, is warranted in this species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620211022","usgsCitation":"Franson, J., Hoffman, D.J., and Schmutz, J.A., 2002, Blood selenium concentrations and enzyme activities related to glutathione metabolism in wild emperor geese: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 21, no. 10, p. 2179-2184, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620211022.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2179","endPage":"2184","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kashunuk River, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"21","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":127740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":341087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":341088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211235,"text":"5211235 - 2002 - Microscopic analysis of feather and hair fragments associated with human mummified remains from Kagamil Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5211235","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"20","title":"Microscopic analysis of feather and hair fragments associated with human mummified remains from Kagamil Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Human mummified remains of 34 different infant and adult individuals from Kagamil Island, Alaska, are accessioned in the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Kagamil Island is one of the small islands in the Island of Four Mountains group of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska and is well known for the mummy caves located on the southwest coast of the island. The Kagamil mummy holdings at the Smithsonian represent one of the largest, best documented and preserved collections of this type. Although these specimens are stored in ideal conditions, many small feather and hair fragments have become loose or disassociated from the actual mummies over the years. This preliminary investigation of fragmentary fiber material retrieved from these artifacts is the first attempt to identify bird and mammal species associated with the mummified remains of the Kagamil Island, Alaska collection and is part of the ongoing research connected with these artifacts. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"To the Aleutians and beyond: the anthropology of William S. Laughlin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Department of Ethnography, The National Museum of Denmark","publisherLocation":"Copenhagen","collaboration":"OCLC: 52123012 PDF on file: 6076 Dove.pdf","usgsCitation":"Dove, C., and Peurach, S., 2002, Microscopic analysis of feather and hair fragments associated with human mummified remains from Kagamil Island, Alaska, chap. of To the Aleutians and beyond: the anthropology of William S. Laughlin, p. 51-62.","productDescription":"382","startPage":"51","endPage":"62","numberOfPages":"382","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e635","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Frohlich, Bruno","contributorId":113245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frohlich","given":"Bruno","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507836,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harper, Albert B.","contributorId":112257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"Albert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507835,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilberg, Rolf","contributorId":113874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilberg","given":"Rolf","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507837,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Dove, C.J.","contributorId":31867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dove","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peurach, S.C.","contributorId":20034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peurach","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5200307,"text":"5200307 - 2002 - Waterbird conservation for the Americas: The North American waterbird conservation plan, version 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-17T16:38:25","indexId":"5200307","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Waterbird conservation for the Americas: The North American waterbird conservation plan, version 1","docAbstract":"The North American Waterbird Conservation Plan (the Plan) is the product of an independent partnership of individuals and institutions having interest and responsibility for conservation of waterbirds and their habitats in the Americas. This partnership - Waterbird Conservation for the Americas - was created to support a vision in which the distribution, diversity, and abundance of populations and habitats of breeding, migratory, and nonbreeding waterbirds are sustained or restored throughout the lands and waters of North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
The Plan provides a continental-scale framework for the conservation and management of 210 species of waterbirds, including seabirds, coastal waterbirds, wading birds, and marshbirds utilizing aquatic habitats in 29 nations throughout North America, Central America, the islands and pelagic waters of the Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic, the U.S.-associated Pacific Islands and pelagic inland and pelagic waters of the Pacific. Birds as familiar as herons, loons, pelicans, and gulls, as well as the lesser known albatrosses, petrels, auks, and rails are among the species considered in the Plan. These birds' dependence on aquatic habitats such as wooded swamps, stream corridors, salt marshes, barrier islands, continental shelf waters and open pelagic waters make them especially vulnerable to the myriad threats facing water and wetland resources globally. In addition, the congregatory behavior of many waterbirds increases population risks by concentrating populations in limited areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Kushlan, J.A., Steinkamp, M., Parsons, K.C., Capp, J., Cruz, M.A., Coulter, M., Davidson, I., Dickson, L., Edelson, N., Elliot, R., Erwin, R.M., Hatch, S.A., Kress, S., Milko, R., Miller, S., Mills, K.L., Paul, R., Phillips, R., Saliva, J.E., Syderman, B., Trapp, J., Wheeler, J., and Wohl, K.D., 2002, Waterbird conservation for the Americas: The North American waterbird conservation plan, version 1 (Version 1), 78 p.","productDescription":"78 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337830,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/birds/management/bird-management-plans/waterbird-conservation-for-the-americas.php"}],"edition":"Version 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kushlan, James A.","contributorId":58653,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kushlan","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinkamp, Melanie J. 0000-0001-9322-609X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9322-609X","contributorId":101773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steinkamp","given":"Melanie J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parsons, Katharine C.","contributorId":113691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Katharine","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Capp, Jack","contributorId":10126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Capp","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cruz, Martin Acosta","contributorId":107827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruz","given":"Martin","email":"","middleInitial":"Acosta","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Coulter, Malcolm","contributorId":63506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coulter","given":"Malcolm","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Davidson, Ian","contributorId":189508,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davidson","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dickson, Loney","contributorId":47496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickson","given":"Loney","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Edelson, Naomi","contributorId":40524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelson","given":"Naomi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Elliot, Richard","contributorId":189509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elliot","given":"Richard","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Erwin, R. 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This is a geologic map of the Katmai volcanic cluster on the Alaska Peninsula (including Mount Katmai, Trident Volcano, Mount Mageik, Mount Martin, Mount Griggs, Snowy Mountain, Alagogshak volcano, and Novarupta volcano), and shows the distribution of ejecta from the great eruption of June, 1912 at Novarupta. Widely scattered erosional remnants of volcanic rocks, unrelated to but in the vicinity of the Katmai cluster, are also mapped. Distribution of glacial deposits, large landslides, debris avalanches, and surficial deposits are a snapshot of an ever-changing landscape.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i2778","usgsCitation":"Hildreth, W., and Fierstein, J., 2002, Geologic Map of the Katmai Volcanic Cluster, Katmai National Park, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2778, map, 62 by 43 inches + 45 p. pamphlet, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2778.","productDescription":"map, 62 by 43 inches + 45 p. pamphlet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110497,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68329.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"68329"},{"id":191651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6283,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2778/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a84d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildreth, Wes","contributorId":15996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"Wes","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fierstein, Judy","contributorId":88337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierstein","given":"Judy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}