{"pageNumber":"1873","pageRowStart":"46800","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184563,"records":[{"id":98963,"text":"sir20105217 - 2010 - Methods for estimating selected low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"sir20105217","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5217","title":"Methods for estimating selected low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Kentucky","docAbstract":"This report provides estimates of, and presents methods for estimating, selected low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Kentucky including the 30-day mean low flows for recurrence intervals of 2 and 5 years (30Q<sub>2</sub> and 30Q<sub>5</sub>) and the 7-day mean low flows for recurrence intervals of 5, 10, and 20 years (7Q<sub>2</sub>, 7Q<sub>10</sub>, and 7Q<sub>20</sub>). Estimates of these statistics are provided for 121 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations with data through the 2006 climate year, which is the 12-month period ending March 31 of each year. Data were screened to identify the periods of homogeneous, unregulated flows for use in the analyses.\r\nLogistic-regression equations are presented for estimating the annual probability of the selected low-flow frequency statistics being equal to zero. Weighted-least-squares regression equations were developed for estimating the magnitude of the nonzero 30Q<sub>2</sub>, 30Q<sub>5</sub>, 7Q<sub>2</sub>, 7Q<sub>10</sub>, and 7Q<sub>20</sub> low flows. Three low-flow regions were defined for estimating the 7-day low-flow frequency statistics.\r\nThe explicit explanatory variables in the regression equations include total drainage area and the mapped streamflow-variability index measured from a revised statewide coverage of this characteristic. The percentage of the station low-flow statistics correctly classified as zero or nonzero by use of the logistic-regression equations ranged from 87.5 to 93.8 percent. The average standard errors of prediction of the weighted-least-squares regression equations ranged from 108 to 226 percent. The 30Q<sub>2</sub> regression equations have the smallest standard errors of prediction, and the 7Q<sub>20</sub> regression equations have the largest standard errors of prediction.\r\nThe regression equations are applicable only to stream sites with low flows unaffected by regulation from reservoirs and local diversions of flow and to drainage basins in specified ranges of basin characteristics. Caution is advised when applying the equations for basins with characteristics near the applicable limits and for basins with karst drainage features.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Martin, G.R., and Arihood, L.D., 2010, Methods for estimating selected low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5217, vi. 55 p.; Appendices; 2 plates (30 x 22 inches), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105217.","productDescription":"vi. 55 p.; Appendices; 2 plates (30 x 22 inches)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5217.jpg"},{"id":14394,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a4b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arihood, Leslie D. 0000-0001-5792-3699 larihood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":2357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"Leslie","email":"larihood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":9000518,"text":"ofr20101324 - 2010 - Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring Pilot Summary Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:57","indexId":"ofr20101324","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1324","title":"Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring Pilot Summary Report","docAbstract":"The Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring Pilot project (GBILM) was one of four regional pilots to implement the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Science Thrust on Integrated Landscape Monitoring (ILM) whose goal was to observe, understand, and predict landscape change and its implications on natural resources at multiple spatial and temporal scales and address priority natural resource management and policy issues. The Great Basin is undergoing rapid environmental change stemming from interactions among global climate trends, increasing human populations, expanding and accelerating land and water uses, invasive species, and altered fire regimes. GBLIM tested concepts and developed tools to store and analyze monitoring data, understand change at multiple scales, and forecast landscape change. The GBILM endeavored to develop and test a landscape-level monitoring approach in the Great Basin that integrates USGS disciplines, addresses priority management questions, catalogs and uses existing monitoring data, evaluates change at multiple scales, and contributes to development of regional monitoring strategies. GBILM functioned as an integrative team from 2005 to 2010, producing more than 35 science and data management products that addressed pressing ecosystem drivers and resource management agency needs in the region. This report summarizes the approaches and methods of this interdisciplinary effort, identifies and describes the products generated, and provides lessons learned during the project.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101324","usgsCitation":"Finn, S.P., Kitchell, K., Baer, L.A., Bedford, D.R., Brooks, M.L., Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., Matchett, J., Mathie, A., Miller, D., Pilliod, D., Torregrosa, A.A., and Woodward, A., 2010, Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring Pilot Summary Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1324, iv, 21 p.; Tables; Figures; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101324.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.; Tables; Figures; Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19179,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1324/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,34 ], [ -122,44 ], [ -112,44 ], [ -112,34 ], [ -122,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Sean P.","contributorId":106623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitchell, Kate","contributorId":69694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"Kate","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baer, Lori Anne 0000-0003-1908-979X labaer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-979X","contributorId":4429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baer","given":"Lori","email":"labaer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bedford, David R. dbedford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedford","given":"David","email":"dbedford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Matchett, J.R.","contributorId":11535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matchett","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mathie, Amy amathie@usgs.gov","contributorId":2542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathie","given":"Amy","email":"amathie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":1707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pilliod, David S. 0000-0003-4207-3518 dpilliod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3518","contributorId":161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","email":"dpilliod@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science 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,{"id":98960,"text":"ds549 - 2010 - Digital topographic map showing the extents of glacial ice and perennial snowfields at Mount Rainier, Washington, based on the LiDAR survey of September 2007 to October 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:05","indexId":"ds549","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"549","title":"Digital topographic map showing the extents of glacial ice and perennial snowfields at Mount Rainier, Washington, based on the LiDAR survey of September 2007 to October 2008","docAbstract":"In response to severe flooding in November 2006, the National Park Service contracted for a high-resolution aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) topographic survey of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Due to inclement weather, this survey was performed in two stages: early September 2007 and September-October 2008. The total surveyed area of 241,585 acres includes an approximately 100-m-wide buffer zone around the Park to ensure complete coverage and adequate point densities at survey edges. Final results averaged 5.73 laser first return points/m2 over forested and high-elevation terrain, with a vertical accuracy of 3.7 cm on bare road surfaces and mean relative accuracy of 11 cm, based on comparisons between flightlines. Bare-earth topography, as developed by the contractor, is included in this release.\r\n\r\n    A map of the 2007-2008 limits of glaciers and perennial snowfields was developed by digitizing 1:2,000 to 1:5,000 slope and shaded-relief images derived from the LiDAR topography. Edges of snow and exposed ice are readily seen in such images as sharp changes in surface roughness and slope. Ice mantled by moraine can be distinguished by the moraine's distinctly high roughness due to ice motion and melting, local exposures of smooth ice, and commonly by the presence of crevasses and shear boundaries. A map of the 1970 limits of ice and perennial snow was also developed by digitizing the snow and ice perimeters as depicted on the hydrologic separates used to produce the 1:24,000 topographic maps of the Mount Rainier region. These maps, produced in 1971, were derived from September 1970 aerial photographs. Boundaries between adjacent glacier systems were estimated and mapped from drainage divides, including partly emergent rock ridges, lines of diverging slope, and medial moraines.\r\n\r\n    This data release contains the bare-earth LiDAR data as an ESRI grid file (DS549-Rainier_LiDAR.zip), the glacial limits derived from the USGS 1970 aerial photographs of the Mount Rainier vicinity as a shapefile, and the glacial limits derived from the 2007 to 2008 LiDAR survey as a shapefile (both shapefiles contained in DS549-Glacial_Limits.zip). These geospatial data files require GIS software for viewing. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds549","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J., Sisson, T.W., and Swinney, D.D., 2010, Digital topographic map showing the extents of glacial ice and perennial snowfields at Mount Rainier, Washington, based on the LiDAR survey of September 2007 to October 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 549, Map; Metadata Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds549.","productDescription":"Map; Metadata Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-09-01","temporalEnd":"2008-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_549.jpg"},{"id":14388,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/549/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.86777777777777,46.733333333333334 ], [ -121.86777777777777,46.95027777777778 ], [ -121.56666666666666,46.95027777777778 ], [ -121.56666666666666,46.733333333333334 ], [ -121.86777777777777,46.733333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swinney, Darin D.","contributorId":90685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinney","given":"Darin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98962,"text":"pp1781 - 2010 - Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-27T21:36:48.896495","indexId":"pp1781","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1781","title":"Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States","docAbstract":"<p>The National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey has been conducting a regional analysis of water quality in the principal aquifer systems in the southwestern United States (hereinafter, “Southwest”) since 2005. Part of the NAWQA Program, the objective of the Southwest Principal Aquifers (SWPA) study is to develop a better understanding of water quality in basin-fill aquifers in the region by synthesizing information from case studies of 15 basins into a common set of important natural and human-related factors found to affect groundwater quality.</p><p>The synthesis consists of three major components:</p><p>1. Summary of current knowledge about the groundwater systems, and the status of, changes in, and influential factors affecting quality of groundwater in basin-fill aquifers in 15 basins previously studied by NAWQA (this report).</p><p>2. Development of a conceptual model of the primary natural and human-related factors commonly affecting groundwater quality, thereby building a regional understanding of the susceptibility and vulnerability of basin-fill aquifers to contaminants.</p><p>3. Development of statistical models that relate the concentration or occurrence of specific chemical constituents in groundwater to natural and human-related factors linked to the susceptibility and vulnerability of basin-fill aquifers to contamination.</p><p>Basin-fill aquifers occur in about 200,000 mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of the 410,000 mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>SWPA study area and are the primary source of groundwater supply for cities and agricultural communities. Four of the principal aquifers or aquifer systems of the United States are included in the basin-fill aquifers of the study area: (1) the Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers in California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona; (2) the Rio Grande aquifer system in New Mexico and Colorado; (3) the California Coastal Basin aquifers; and (4) the Central Valley aquifer system in California. Because of the generally limited availability of surface-water supplies in the arid to semiarid climate, cultural and economic activities in the Southwest are particularly dependent on supplies of good-quality groundwater. Irrigation and public-supply withdrawals from basin-fill aquifers in the study area account for about one quarter of the total withdrawals from all aquifers in the United States.</p><p>Many factors influence the quality of groundwater in the 15 case-study basins, but some common factors emerge from the basin summaries presented in this report. These factors include the chemical composition of the recharge water, consolidated rock geology and composition of aquifer materials derived from consolidated rock, and land and water use. The major water-quality issues in many of the developed case-study basins are increased concentrations of dissolved solids, nitrate, and VOCs in groundwater as a result of human activities.</p><p>The information presented and the citations listed in this report serve as a resource for those interested in the groundwater-flow systems in the NAWQA case-study basins. The summaries of water-development history, hydrogeology, conceptual understanding of the groundwater system under both predevelopment and modern conditions, and effects of natural and human-related factors on groundwater quality presented in the sections on each basin also serve as a foundation for the synthesis and modeling phases of the SWPA regional study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1781","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., Bexfield, L.M., Anning, D.W., and Huntington, J.M., 2010, Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1781, viii, 288 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1781.","productDescription":"viii, 288 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science 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W. dwanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"David","email":"dwanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Huntington, Jena M. 0000-0002-9291-1404 jmhunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9291-1404","contributorId":2294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Jena","email":"jmhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":98961,"text":"ds548 - 2010 - Groundwater quality of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Houston, Texas, 2007-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T16:15:08","indexId":"ds548","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"548","title":"Groundwater quality of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Houston, Texas, 2007-08","docAbstract":"<p>In the summers of 2007 and 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the City of Houston, Texas, completed an initial reconnaissance-level survey of naturally occurring contaminants (arsenic, other selected trace elements, and radionuclides) in water from municipal supply wells in the Houston area. The purpose of this reconnaissance-level survey was to characterize source-water quality prior to drinking water treatment. Water-quality samples were collected from 28 municipal supply wells in the Houston area completed in the Evangeline aquifer, Chicot aquifer, or both. This initial survey is part of ongoing research to determine concentrations, spatial extent, and associated geochemical conditions that might be conducive for mobility and transport of these constituents in the Gulf Coast aquifer system in the Houston area. Samples were analyzed for major ions (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bromide, chloride, fluoride, silica, and sulfate), selected chemically related properties (residue on evaporation [dissolved solids] and chemical oxygen demand), dissolved organic carbon, arsenic species (arsenate [As(V)], arsenite [As(III)], dimethylarsinate [DMA], and monomethylarsonate [MMA]), other trace elements (aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, strontium, thallium, vanadium, and zinc), and selected radionuclides (gross alpha- and beta-particle activity [at 72 hours and 30 days], carbon-14, radium isotopes [radium-226 and radium-228], radon-222, tritium, and uranium). Field measurements were made of selected physicochemical (relating to both physical and chemical) properties (oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, specific conductance, water temperature, and alkalinity) and unfiltered sulfides. Dissolved organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand are presented but not discussed in the report. Physicochemical properties, major ions, and trace elements varied considerably. The pH ranged from 7.2 to 8.1 (median 7.6); specific conductance ranged from 314 to 856 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, with a median of 517 microsiemens per centimeter; and alkalinity ranged from 126 to 324 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate (median 167 milligrams per liter). The range in oxidation-reduction potential was large, from -212 to 244 millivolts, with a median of -84.6 millivolts. The largest ranges in concentration for filtered major ion constituents were obtained for cations sodium and calcium and for anions chloride and bicarbonate (bicarbonate was calculated from the measured alkalinity). Filtered arsenic was detected in all 28 samples, ranging from 0.58 to 15.3 micrograms per liter (median 2.5 micrograms per liter), and exceeded the maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 10 micrograms per liter in 2 of the 28 samples. As(III) was the most frequently detected arsenic specie. As(III) concentrations ranged from less than 0.6 to 14.9 micrograms arsenic per liter. The range in concentrations for the arsenic species As(V) was from less than 0.8 to 3.3 micrograms arsenic per liter. Barium, boron, lithium, and strontium were detected in quantifiable (equal to or greater than the laboratory reporting level) concentrations in all samples and molybdenum in all but one sample. Filtered iron, manganese, nickel, and vanadium were each detected in at least 18 of the 28 samples. All other selected trace elements were each detected in 16 or fewer samples. Radionuclides were detected in most samples. The gross alpha-particle activities at 30 days and 72 hours ranged from R-0.94 to 15.5 and R-1.1 to 17.2 picocuries per liter, respectively ('R' indicates nondetected result less than the sample-specific critical level). The combined radium (radium-226 plus radium-228) concentrations ranged from an estimat</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/ds548","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Oden, J.H., Oden, T., and Szabo, Z., 2010, Groundwater quality of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Houston, Texas, 2007-08: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 548, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds548.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-06-20","temporalEnd":"2008-09-23","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_548.png"},{"id":14391,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/548/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projection","country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Houston area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.61666666666666,29.666666666666668 ], [ -95.61666666666666,30.116666666666667 ], [ -95.16666666666667,30.116666666666667 ], [ -95.16666666666667,29.666666666666668 ], [ -95.61666666666666,29.666666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658e61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oden, Jeannette H. 0000-0002-6473-1553 jhoden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6473-1553","contributorId":1152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"Jeannette","email":"jhoden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oden, Timothy D. toden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"Timothy D.","email":"toden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98959,"text":"gip118 - 2010 - Bicentennial of the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquake sequence, December 2011–2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-27T22:05:40.580555","indexId":"gip118","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"118","title":"Bicentennial of the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquake sequence, December 2011–2012","docAbstract":"A series of earthquakes hit the New Madrid seismic zone of southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and adjacent parts of Tennessee and Kentucky, in December 1811 to February 1812. Three earthquakes had a magnitude of 7.0 or greater. The first earthquake occurred December 16, 1811, at 2:15 a.m.; the second 9 a.m. on January 23, 1812; and the third on February 7, 1812, at 3:45 a.m. These three earthquakes were among the largest to strike North America since European settlement. The main shocks were followed by many hundreds of aftershocks that lasted for decades. Many of the aftershocks were major earthquakes themselves. The area that was strongly shaken by the three main shocks was 2-3 times as large as the strongly shaken area of the 1964 M9.2 Alaskan earthquake, and 10 times as large as that of the 1906 M7.8 San Francisco earthquake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gip118","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2010, Bicentennial of the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquake sequence, December 2011–2012: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 118, 1 Poster: \t48.00 × 29.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip118.","productDescription":"1 Poster: \t48.00 × 29.99 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_118.bmp"},{"id":395022,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94650.htm"},{"id":14383,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/118/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -86,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -86,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -93,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -93,\n              34\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98941,"text":"pp176912 - 2010 - Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98941,"text":"pp176912 - 2010 - Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176912","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"12","title":"Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:05:38","indexId":"pp176912","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"12","title":"Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Before and during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) installed a network of telemetered and nontelemetered cameras in Homer, Alaska, and on Augustine Island. On December 1, 2005, a network camera was installed at the Homer Field Station, a University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute (UAF/GI) facility on a bluff near Homer, where telemetered Augustine data are received. The camera placed there provides observations of the volcano from a distance of 126 km (78 miles) in daylight hours during clear sky conditions. On January 9, 2006, a radio-telemetered network camera was installed on the lower eastern flank of the volcano at 'Mound,' 4.4 km (2.7 miles) from the summit. The proximity of this camera provided for near-field images of the volcano. A nontelemetered camera with onsite recording was installed 3.8 km (2.4 miles) north of the volcano's summit near Burr Point on December 17, 2005. This camera recorded high-resolution images at a rate of 4 images per hour through much of the eruptive sequence. A low-light camera was installed on February 8, 2006, at the Homer facility to augment the extreme low-light camera installed by the UAF/GI (Sentman and others, this volume). On September 10, 2006, a second radio-telemetered network camera was installed at Lagoon camp on the west side of Augustine Island, 5.4 km (3.3 miles) west-northwest of the summit. The installation of these camera systems proved valuable for assessing volcanic activity, determining ground hazards and on-island weather for visiting field teams, and deciphering depositional history after the eruption.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176912","usgsCitation":"Paskievitch, J., Read, C., and Parker, T., 2010, Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176912.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"286","endPage":"293","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98957,"text":"pp176928 - 2010 - Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98957,"text":"pp176928 - 2010 - Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176928","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"28","title":"Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:55:14","indexId":"pp176928","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"28","title":"Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Dissemination of volcano-hazard information in coordination with other Federal, State, and local agencies is a primary responsibility of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). During the 2005-6 eruption of Augustine Volcano in Alaska, AVO used existing interagency relationships and written protocols to provide hazard guidance before, during, and after eruptive events. The 2005-6 eruption was notable because of the potential for volcanogenic tsunami, which required establishment of a new procedure for alerts of possible landslide-induced tsunami in Cook Inlet. Despite repeated ash-cloud generating explosions and far-traveled ash clouds, impacts from the event were relatively minor. Primary economic losses occurred when air carriers chose to avoid flights into potentially unsafe conditions. Post-eruption evaluations by agencies involved in the response indicated weaknesses in information centralization and availability of specific information regarding ash fall hazards in real time.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176928","usgsCitation":"Neal, C., Murray, T., Power, J.A., Adleman, J.N., Whitmore, P.M., and Osiensky, J.M., 2010, Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176928.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"667","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Thomas L. tlmurray@usgs.gov","contributorId":351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Thomas L.","email":"tlmurray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adleman, Jennifer N.","contributorId":12422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adleman","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whitmore, Paul 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,{"id":98956,"text":"pp176927 - 2010 - Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98956,"text":"pp176927 - 2010 - Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176927","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"27","title":"Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-27T19:45:32","indexId":"pp176927","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"27","title":"Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The 2005-6 eruption of Augustine Volcano in the Cook Inlet region, Alaska, greatly increased public desire for volcano hazard information, as this eruption was the most significant in Cook Inlet since 1992. In response to this heightened concern, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) increased ongoing efforts to deliver specific eruption-focused information to communities nearest to the volcano, created a public communications strategy to assist staff with managing requests, and used the recently upgraded AVO Web site as a primary information-delivery path. During the eruption, AVO responded to a minimum of ~1,700 individual requests for information from the media, the public, and other organizations with responsibilities associated with volcanic activity in Alaska; requests were received both as phone calls to the observatory and e-mail stemming from the AVO Web site. Staff also delivered approximately two dozen Augustine-specific presentations and gave nearly three dozen tours of the AVO Anchorage Operations Center in Anchorage. This intensity of public interaction was markedly higher than during noneruptive periods.</p>\n<p>During the Augustine unrest and eruption, AVO also refined its internal communication procedures, instituted and maintained up-to-date and concise talking points concerning the most recent and relevant volcanic activity and hazards, and created a media management plan to assist staff in working with members of the media. These items aided staff in maintaining a consistent message concerning the eruption, potential hazards, and our response activities.</p>\n<p>The AVO Web site, with its accompanying database, is the backbone of AVO's external and internal communications. This was the first Cook Inlet volcanic eruption with a public expectation of real-time access to data, updates, and hazards information over the Internet. In March 2005, AVO improved the Web site from individual static pages to a dynamic, database-driven site. This new system provided quick and straightforward access to the latest information for (1) staff within the observatory, (2) emergency managers from State and local governments and organizations, (3) the media, and (4) the public. From mid-December 2005 through April 2006, the AVO Web site served more than 45 million Web pages and about 5.5 terabytes of data.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176927","usgsCitation":"Adleman, J.N., Cameron, C., Snedigar, S.F., Neal, C., and Wallace, K., 2010, Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176927.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"631","endPage":"644","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98947,"text":"pp176918 - 2010 - Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98947,"text":"pp176918 - 2010 - Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176918","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"18","title":"Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T16:09:36.365347","indexId":"pp176918","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"18","title":"Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Augustine Volcano is an active stratovolcano located in southwestern Cook Inlet, about 280 kilometers southwest of Anchorage, Alaska. The volcano produced six significant explosive eruptions between 1812 and 1986. Augustine eruptions typically have an explosive onset followed by dome building. The most recent eruption began on January 11, 2006. We applied the small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique to measure ground surface deformation during 1992-2005 with the use of European Remote Sensing Satellites 1 and 2 (ERS-1 and ERS-2) radar imagery. Through a multiple-interferogram approach, atmospheric delay artifacts, which hinder conventional InSAR measurements, are significantly reduced by spatial and temporal filtering. This allows us to retrieve time-series deformation over coherent points at millimeter-scale accuracy. The deformation results from two independent satellite tracks agree with each other, suggesting 2 to 8 cm wholesale uplift of Augustine Volcano from 1992 to 2005. Global Positioning System (GPS) data acquired in September 2004 and October 2005 confirm the SBAS InSAR results. A preliminary model consisting of a contracting source at 2 to 4 km depth and an inflating source at 7 to 12 km depth fits the observed deformation reasonably well. We interpret the deeper source as a long-term magma storage zone and the shallower source as a subsidiary reservoir that was tapped during the 2006 eruption. The shallow source corresponds approximately to the location of the volcano-tectonic earthquakes that preceded and followed the 1976 and 2006 eruptions, respectively.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176918","usgsCitation":"Lee, C., Lu, Z., Jung, H., Won, J., and Dzurisin, D., 2010, Surface deformation of Augustine Volcano, 1992-2005, from multiple-interferogram processing using a refined Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) approach: Chapter 18 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176918.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"453","endPage":"465","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98958,"text":"cir1365 - 2010 - Byproduct mineral commodities used for the production of photovoltaic cells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:49","indexId":"cir1365","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1365","title":"Byproduct mineral commodities used for the production of photovoltaic cells","docAbstract":"Rising fossil fuel costs, environmental concerns relating to global climate change, and Government policy to signifcantly increase our Nation's energy independence have placed greater emphasis on the generation of electricity from renewable sources, such as the Sun (light and heat), water, and wind, which for all intents and purposes are inexhaustible resources.\r\n\r\nAlthough the total amount of electricity generated from the direct conversion of sunlight through photovoltaic cells is relatively small compared with that from other forms of renewable energy, the rate of growth in the sector is signifcant. The total value of energy of photovoltaic cells produced worldwide increased to nearly 7 gigawatts (GW) in 2008 from 45 megawatts (MW) in 1990, a compound annual growth rate of about 30 percent. In the United States, manufacturing of photovoltaic cells has grown exponentially to about 480 MW in 2008, accounting for 6 percent of world production, from less than 10 MW of photovoltaic capacity in 1990 (Benner, 2007; U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 2010), a compound annual growth rate of approxi-mately 23 percent. A production capacity of 1 GW of electricity [or 8,760 gigawatthours1 (GWh)] is equivalent to the annual electricity requirements for roughly 800,000 average households in the United States (U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, 2010). This estimate does not include losses of electricity, such as during transmission through power lines.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1365","usgsCitation":"Bleiwas, D.I., 2010, Byproduct mineral commodities used for the production of photovoltaic cells: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1365, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1365.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1365.bmp"},{"id":14382,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1365/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9943","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bleiwas, Donald I. bleiwas@usgs.gov","contributorId":1434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bleiwas","given":"Donald","email":"bleiwas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98949,"text":"pp176920 - 2010 - Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98949,"text":"pp176920 - 2010 - Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176920","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"20","title":"Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:51:41","indexId":"pp176920","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"20","title":"Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Satellite observations played an important role in monitoring the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. It represented the first opportunity for observers to use, in an operational setting, new Web-based tools and techniques developed by the Alaska Volcano Observatory remote sensing group. The 'Okmok Algorithm' was used to analyze thermal infrared satellite data and highlight changes in the style and phases of activity. Temperature measurements were used to estimate ash cloud heights, which compared favorably to radar and ground-based observations, although larger discrepancies were seen when compared to pilot reports. Brightness temperature difference techniques were used to locate and track the 14 ash clouds produced during the explosive phase of the eruption. Stacking of these analyses allowed the creation of composite maps showing the distribution of airborne ash. The data from these maps were further combined with information from local reports and samples of ashfall to create a prototype of a concentration map that could be used to assess the potential hazard an eruption represents to aircraft, infrastructure and human health.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176920","usgsCitation":"Bailey, J.E., Dean, K.G., Dehn, J., and Webley, P.W., 2010, Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176920.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"506","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98940,"text":"pp176911 - 2010 - Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98940,"text":"pp176911 - 2010 - Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176911","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"11","title":"Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:06:19","indexId":"pp176911","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"11","title":"Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>In-place measurements of environmental magnetic susceptibility of pyroclastic flows, surges and lahars emplaced during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano show that primary volume magnetic susceptibilities of pyroclastic materials decreased where the flows encountered water and steam. The Rocky Point pyroclastic flow, the largest flow of the eruption sequence, encountered a small pond near the north coast of Augustine Island where local interactions with water and steam caused susceptibilities to decrease from 1,084&plusmn;128&times;10<sup>-5</sup> SI to 615&plusmn;114&times;10<sup>-5</sup> SI. Ash produced during phreatic explosions and pyroclastic surges that crossed snow also produced deposits with reduced susceptibilities, while lahar deposits derived from pyroclastic flows showed even greater reductions in susceptibility (430&plusmn;129&times;10<sup>-5</sup> SI). The susceptibility reductions are probably largely attributable to oxidation of iron in magnetite and other minerals within the pyroclastic flows, although other physiochemical processes may play a role. Measurements of the magnetic properties of pyroclastic flows, surges, and lahar deposits can be a useful tool in understanding the processes that occur when pyroclastic flows encounter ice, snow, and water and interact with water and steam on the slopes of active volcanoes.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176911","usgsCitation":"Beget, J.E., 2010, Characterizing pyroclastic-flow interactions with snow and water using environmental magnetism at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 11 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176911.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"283","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":139358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176911.gif"},{"id":14364,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.51470947265625,\n              59.412945785071\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.47625732421875,\n              59.41993301322722\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.446044921875,\n              59.428315784042574\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.39385986328125,\n              59.428315784042574\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.36090087890622,\n              59.41574084934491\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.34442138671875,\n              59.39477224351409\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.31695556640625,\n              59.37658895163648\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.32794189453125,\n              59.33599107056162\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.37188720703125,\n              59.32338185310805\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.446044921875,\n              59.31777625443006\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.5394287109375,\n              59.31076795603884\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.577880859375,\n              59.32618430580267\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.577880859375,\n              59.35139598294652\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.60260009765625,\n              59.379387015928536\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.59161376953125,\n              59.404559208021745\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.55865478515625,\n              59.410150490100754\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.51470947265625,\n              59.412945785071\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4cf6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647357,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647358,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647359,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Beget, James E.","contributorId":22757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beget","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98942,"text":"pp176913 - 2010 - Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98942,"text":"pp176913 - 2010 - Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176913","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"13","title":"Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T13:40:01","indexId":"pp176913","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"13","title":"Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>A late Wisconsin volcano erupted onto the JurassicCretaceous sedimentary bedrock of Augustine Island in lower Cook Inlet in Alaska. Olivine basalt interacting with water erupted explosively. Rhyolitic eruptive debris then swept down the south volcano flank while late Wisconsin glaciers from mountains on western mainland surrounded the island. Early to middle Holocene deposits probably erupted onto the island but are now largely buried. About 5,200, 3,750, 3,500, and 2,275 yr B.P. Augustine ash fell 70 to 110 km away.</p>\n<p>Since about 2,300 yr B.P. several large eruptions deposited coarse-pumice fall beds on the volcano flanks; many smaller eruptions dropped sand and silt ash. The steep summit erupting viscous andesite domes has repeatedly collapsed into rocky avalanches that flowed into the sea. After a collapse, new domes rebuilt the summit. One to three avalanches shed east before about 2,100 yr B.P., two large ones swept east and southeast between about 2,100 and 1,700 yr B.P., and one shed east and east-northeast between 1,700 and 1,450 yr B.P. Others swept into the sea on the volcano&rsquo;s south, southwest, and north-northwest between about 1,450 and 1,100 yr B.P., and pyroclastic fans spread southeast and southwest. Pyroclastic flows and surges poured down the west and south flanks and a debris avalanche plowed into the western sea between about 1,000 and 750 yr B.P. A small debris avalanche shed south-southeast between about 750 and 390 yr B.P., and large lithic pyroclastic flows went southeast.</p>\n<p>From about 390 to 200 yr B.P., three rocky avalanches swept down the west-northwest, north-northwest, and north flanks. The large West Island avalanche reached far beyond a former sea cliff and initiated a tsunami. Augustine&rsquo;s only conspicuous lava flow erupted on the north flank.</p>\n<p>In October 1883 a debris avalanche plowed into the sea to form Burr Point on the north-northeast; then came ashfall, pyroclastic surge, and pyroclastic flows. Eruptions in 1935 and 1963&ndash;64 grew summit lava domes that shed coarse rubbly lithic pyroclastic flows down the southwest and south flanks. Eruptions in 1976 and 1986 grew domes that shed large pyroclastic flows northeast, north, and north-northwest.</p>\n<p>The largest debris avalanches off Augustine sweep into the sea and radiate tsunami about lower Cook Inlet.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176913","usgsCitation":"Waitt, R.B., 2010, Ejecta and landslides from Augustine Volcano before 2006: Chapter 13 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176913.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"319","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176913.gif"},{"id":14366,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.51470947265625,\n              59.412945785071\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.47625732421875,\n              59.41993301322722\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.446044921875,\n              59.428315784042574\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.39385986328125,\n              59.428315784042574\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.36090087890622,\n              59.41574084934491\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.34442138671875,\n              59.39477224351409\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.31695556640625,\n              59.37658895163648\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.32794189453125,\n              59.33599107056162\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.37188720703125,\n              59.32338185310805\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.446044921875,\n              59.31777625443006\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.5394287109375,\n              59.31076795603884\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.577880859375,\n              59.32618430580267\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.577880859375,\n              59.35139598294652\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.60260009765625,\n              59.379387015928536\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.59161376953125,\n              59.404559208021745\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.55865478515625,\n              59.410150490100754\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.51470947265625,\n              59.412945785071\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eead","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647327,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647328,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647329,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Waitt, Richard B. 0000-0002-6392-5604 waitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6392-5604","contributorId":2343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waitt","given":"Richard","email":"waitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98951,"text":"pp176922 - 2010 - High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98951,"text":"pp176922 - 2010 - High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176922","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"22","title":"High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:13:18","indexId":"pp176922","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"22","title":"High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Thermal infrared (TIR) images provided a timely pre- and syn-eruption record of summit changes, lava flow emplacement, and pyroclastic-flow-deposit distribution during the Alaska Volcano Observatory's (AVO) response to the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. A series of images from both handheld and helicopter mounted forward looking infrared radiometers (FLIR) captured detailed views during a series of 13 overflights from December 2005 through August 2006. In conjunction with these images, data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) provided frequent multispectral synoptic views of the eruption's emissions and deposits. The ASTER Urgent Request Protocol system also facilitated more frequent scheduling and faster data availability during the eruption. Airborne and satellite imaging provided 20 different days of TIR coverage over the 5-month eruptive period, with 4 of those days covered by both FLIR and ASTER. The high-resolution TIR images documented gradual pre-eruption heating of the summit, emplacement of pyroclastic-flow deposits, rapid temperature increase as the lava dome and flows formed, and slow cooling of the volcanic deposits that followed. The high-resolution data uniquely documented segmentation of the lava flows into hot areas of increased flow deformation and cooler, more stable crust on the active flows. In contrast, the satellite TIR data provided synoptic views of the areal distribution of volcanic products at Augustine including the extent and composition of the plumes.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176922","usgsCitation":"Wessels, R., Coombs, M.L., Schneider, D.J., Dehn, J., and Ramsey, M.S., 2010, High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176922.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"552","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98952,"text":"pp176923 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98952,"text":"pp176923 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176923","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"23","title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:59:05","indexId":"pp176923","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"23","title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Augustine Volcano erupted explosively after 20 years of quiescence on January 11, 2006, followed by approximately 2 months of dome building and lava extrusion. This is the best monitored eruption in Alaska to date; the diverse complementary datasets gathered enable an interdisciplinary interpretation of volcanic activity. An analysis of reduced displacement (continuous measure of seismic tremor amplitude) and thermal energy output (from satellite imagery) observed between January 1 and April 30, 2006, shows relationships linked to the type of eruptive activity. Three different types of volcanic behavior can be identified as they show specific patterns in the combined data sets: (1) explosive activity, (2) lava extrusion (dome growth), and (3) cooling of erupted products. Explosive activity was characterized by high reduced displacement values but relatively low radiative thermal flux. Lava extrusion occurred in three distinct sequences characterized by increased values of reduced displacement and increased thermal emissions. Two periods of elevated thermal energy output and reduced displacement coincided with times of deflation, suggesting an increase in extrusion rate. Periods of cooling were marked by decreasing thermal emissions and reduced displacement. This work highlights the value of combined observations, which reveal more about the status of an active volcano than individual methods alone.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176923","usgsCitation":"van Manen, S.M., Dehn, J., West, M., Blake, S., and Rothery, D.A., 2010, The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176923.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"567","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98946,"text":"pp176917 - 2010 - Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98946,"text":"pp176917 - 2010 - Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176917","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"17","title":"Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:01:56","indexId":"pp176917","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"17","title":"Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>For the first time in the United States, a modern geodetic network of continuously recording Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers has measured a complete eruption cycle at a stratovolcano, Augustine Volcano in Alaska, from the earliest precursory unrest through the return to background quiescence. The on-island network consisted of five continuously recording, telemetered GPS stations, four continuously recording, nontelemetered stations, and about 10 campaign bench marks. The continuous network recorded several distinct and conspicuous signals over the course of the unrest and eruption, starting with a months-long precursory inflation centered beneath the volcano at around sea level. Nearly coincident with the highest volumetric eruption rates, this inflation gave way to a more deep seated deflation that we interpret as a major withdrawal (approx. 25 million m3 of compressed magma) from a nearly cylindrical magma reservoir centered about 5 km below sea level. Detailed analysis of the geodetic time series reveals additional nuance, including the probable upward propagation of a small dike into the edifice in the 60 days or so before the onset of large-scale explosive activity. Comparisons of the geodetic data and their resulting interpretations with other data, such as earthquake hypocenters and petrologically inferred magma-pressure histories, reveal a kinematic, if not mechanical, account of the 2006 eruption that details the shape and location of the magma source region, the means and velocity of magma transport, and the establishment of a short lived volume- (or pressure-) buffering capability held within the magma reservoir. The cumulative deformation over the course of the eruption shows a large signal close in and high on the edifice that decays rapidly with distance. This pattern indicates a small permanent increase in the edifice volume (beyond that added by the surficial lava dome) but also shows that without close-in (&lt;2.5 km from the summit) stations, the eruption might have been invisible to campaign GPS stations alone.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176917","usgsCitation":"Cervelli, P.F., Fournier, T.J., Freymueller, J.T., Power, J.A., Lisowski, M., and Pauk, B., 2010, Geodetic constraints on magma movement and withdrawal during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 17 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176917.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"452","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98954,"text":"pp176925 - 2010 - Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98954,"text":"pp176925 - 2010 - Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176925","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"25","title":"Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:57:02","indexId":"pp176925","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"25","title":"Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Lightning and other electrical activity were measured during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. We found two phases of the activity, the explosive phase corresponding to the explosive eruptions and the plume phase. We classified the lightning into three types, vent discharges, near-vent lightning, and plume lightning. Vent discharges are small, 10 to 100 m sparks, that occur at rate as great as 10,000 s-1 at the mouth of the volcano during the energetic explosive eruptions. The vent discharges were observed six different times. Near-vent lightning appears to develop upward from the volcanic cone into the developing column during explosions. This lightning is small, in the range of 1 to 7 km, and short, 0.01 to 0.1 s. The behavior of the near-vent lightning indicates an overall positive charge in the ejecta. The plume lightning resembled intracloud thunderstorm lightning. Often it was branched, spanned more than 10 km, and lasted more than 0.5 s.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176925","usgsCitation":"Thomas, R.J., McNutt, S.R., Krehbiel, P.R., Rison, W., Aulich, G., Edens, H., Tytgat, G., and Clark, E., 2010, Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176925.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"608","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98948,"text":"pp176919 - 2010 - The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98948,"text":"pp176919 - 2010 - The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176919","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"19","title":"The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:00:59","indexId":"pp176919","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"19","title":"The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>In September of 2004, UNAVCO and the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) installed five permanent Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations on Augustine Volcano, supplementing one existing CGPS station operated by the Alaska Volcano Observatory. All six CGPS stations proved crucial to scientists for detecting and monitoring the precursory deformation of the volcano beginning in early May 2005, as well as for monitoring the many subsequent small inflationary and deflationary episodes that characterized the 2006 eruption. Following the eruption, in September of 2006, PBO added six additional permanent CGPS stations. The 2006 eruption and its precursors were the first significant activity of the volcano in 20 years and the PBO CGPS network provided an unprecedented opportunity to monitor and detect volcanic ground deformation on an erupting Alaskan stratovolcano. Data from the new CGPS stations coupled with the existing seismic stations provided scientists with the first real opportunity to use geodetic data and real time seismic data to assess the volcanic hazards before, during, and after an Alaskan eruption.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176919","usgsCitation":"Pauk, B., Jackson, M., Feaux, K., Mencin, D., and Bohnenstiehl, K., 2010, The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176919.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"477","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98945,"text":"pp176916 - 2010 - Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98945,"text":"pp176916 - 2010 - Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176916","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"16","title":"Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T13:30:07","indexId":"pp176916","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"16","title":"Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The petrology and geochemistry of 2006 eruptive products of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, have been investigated through analyses of whole-rock samples, phenocrysts, silicate melt inclusions, and matrix glasses to constrain processes of magma evolution, eruption, and degassing. Particular attention was directed toward the concentrations and geochemical relationships involving the magmatic volatile components H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2,</sub>&nbsp;S, and Cl. The analytical results for 2006 samples have been integrated with data for samples of Pleistocene basalt, prehistoric andesites, and 1986 andesites from Augustine to provide a broad view of volatile behavior in Augustine magmas. The observation of generally similar geochemical features for this range of eruptions indicates that magmatic and volatile degassing processes have been relatively consistent during the past 2,100 years.</p>\n<p>Augustine andesites range from low-silica to high-silica compositions and contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene, with lesser olivine, amphiboles, iron-titanium oxides, and apatite. The groundmass varies from strongly crystallized and/or oxidized to comparatively clear, microlite-poor vesicular glass. Coexisting iron-titanium oxides of 2006 rock samples, which are generally consistent with those of prior eruptive materials, indicate &fnof;<sub>O2</sub> values of approximately NNO+1.5 to NNO+2.5 and oxide crystallization temperatures of 835 to 1,052&deg;C.</p>\n<p>The compositions of matrix and melt-inclusion glasses range from rhyodacite to rhyolite and show relationships that reflect magma evolution involving fractional crystallization and multiple stages of mingling and/or mixing. In particular, melt inclusions of low-silica andesites express mixing of magmas with more widely varying compositions, than do melt inclusions of high-silica andesites and dacites. The melt inclusions of 2006, 1986, and prehistoric andesites contain moderate to high concentrations of H<sub>2</sub>O and Cl and lesser CO<sub>2</sub> and SO<sub>2</sub>. Comparing the abundances of H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, and Cl in these melt inclusions with experimentally established volatile solubilities for felsic melts indicates that the 2006 and prehistoric samples are most consistent with the ascent of fluid-saturated magmas containing 1 weight percent of H<sub>2</sub>O-enriched vapor under closed-system conditions and that pressures of volatile phase exsolution range from 150 to less than 20 MPa. This closed-system behavior was maintained to quite shallow depths prior to eruption, and this pressure range is consistent with constraints derived from 2006 geodetic measurements indicating magma storage and crystallization at 4 to 6 km and upwards to near-surface depths. The magmatic fluids were relatively oxidizing and included H<sub>2</sub>O-enriched and HCl-, H<sub>2</sub>S-, S<sub>2</sub>-, and SO<sub>2</sub> &plusmn; CO<sub>2</sub>-bearing vapors; hydrosaline aqueous liquids largely enriched in Cl<sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, alkalis, and H<sub>2</sub>O; and moderately saline, H<sub>2</sub>O-poor liquids containing Cl<sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, and alkali elements.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176916","usgsCitation":"Webster, J., Mandeville, C., Goldoff, B., Coombs, M.L., and Tappen, C., 2010, Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 41 p., 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,{"id":98955,"text":"pp176926 - 2010 - Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98955,"text":"pp176926 - 2010 - Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176926","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"26","title":"Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:56:22","indexId":"pp176926","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"26","title":"Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Airborne surveillance of gas emissions from Augustine Volcano and other Cook Inlet volcanoes began in 1990 to identify baseline emission levels during noneruptive conditions. Gas measurements at Augustine for SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S showed essentially no evidence of anomalous degassing through spring 2005. Neither did a measurement on May 10, 2005, right after the onset of low level seismicity and inflation. The following measurement, on December 20, 2005, showed Augustine to be degassing about 600 metric tons per day (t/d) of SO<sub>2</sub>, and by January 4, 2006, only 7 days before the first explosive event, SO<sub>2</sub> emissions had climbed to ten times that amount. Maximum emission rates measured during the subsequent eruption were: 8,930 t/d SO<sub>2</sub> (February 24, 2006), 1,800 t/d CO<sub>2</sub> (March 9, 2006), and 4.3 t/d H<sub>2</sub>S (January 19, 2006). In total, 45 measurements for SO<sub>2</sub> were made from December 2005 through the end of 2008, with 19 each for CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S during the same period. Molar CO<sub>2</sub>/SO<sub>2</sub> ratios averaged about 1.6. In general, SO<sub>2</sub> emissions appeared to increase during inflation of the volcanic edifice, whereas CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were at their highest during the period of deflation associated with the vigorous effusive phase of the eruption in March. High SO<sub>2</sub> was probably associated with degassing of shallow magma, whereas high CO<sub>2</sub> likely reflected deep (&gt;4 km) magma recharge of the sub-volcanic plumbing system, For the 2005&ndash;6 period, the volcano released a total of about 1.5&times;10<sup>6</sup> tons of CO<sub>2</sub> to the atmosphere, a level similar to the annual output of a medium-sized natural-gas-fired powerplant. Augustine also emitted about 8&times;10<sup>5</sup> tons of SO<sub>2</sub>, similar to that produced by the 1976 and 1986 eruptions of the volcano.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176926","usgsCitation":"McGee, K.A., Doukas, M.P., McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C., and Wessels, R., 2010, Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176926.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"627","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98944,"text":"pp176915 - 2010 - Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98944,"text":"pp176915 - 2010 - Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176915","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"15","title":"Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:02:51","indexId":"pp176915","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"15","title":"Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Deposits from the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, record a complex history of magma mixing before and during the eruption. The eruption produced five major lithologies: low-silica andesite scoria (LSAS; 56.5 to 58.7 weight percent SiO<sub>2</sub>), mostly during the initial explosive phase; high-silica andesite pumice (HSA; 62.2 to 63.3 weight percent SiO<sub>2</sub>), prevalent during the continuous phase; dense low-silica andesite (DLSA; 56.4 to 59.3 weight percent SiO<sub>2</sub>), predominantly during the late effusive phase; and dense intermediate andesite (DIA) and banded clasts, present throughout the eruption but most abundant in the continuous phase. The DIA and banded clasts have compositions that fall between and partially overlap the ranges noted above. All rock types are phenocryst-rich (36 to 44 volume percent), containing plagioclase, orthopyroxene, augite, Fe-Ti oxides, olivine, and rare amphibole, apatite, and anhydrite. Glasses from tephra and flow-deposit clasts range from 66 to nearly 80 weight percent SiO<sub>2</sub> and represent highly evolved melt relative to the bulk rock compositions. Fe-Ti oxides recorded f<sub>O2</sub> ~2 log units above the Ni-NiO buffer and temperatures of 904&plusmn;47&deg;C and 838&plusmn;14&deg;C from LSAS and HSA samples, respectively, with the intermediate lithologies falling in the middle of these ranges. The dense low-silica andesite and scoria (collectively LSA) are compositionally nearly identical, and trace-element patterns show that the HSA is not the result of shallow crustal fractionation of the LSA. The petrological and geochemical data indicate that two-component magma mixing between the LSA and HSA caused the compositional spread in eruptive products. The phenocryst population in the LSA suggests that it represents a hybrid formed from the HSA and an unerupted, basaltic &ldquo;replenishing&rdquo; magma. On the basis of petrological and geophysical observations reported here and elsewhere in this volume, the HSA was stored as a crystal-rich mush with its top at ~5-km depth. An influx of basalt remobilized and partially mixed with a portion of the mush, forming the hybrid LSA. The lower viscosity LSA ascended towards the surface as a dike, erupting during the explosive phase in mid-January 2006. In late January, a large explosion produced the first significant volumes of HSA, followed by several days of rapid HSA effusion during the eruption&rsquo;s continuous phase. After a three-week hiatus marked by elevated gas output, signifying an open system, degassed LSA erupted during the final, effusive phase. Consistency in eruptive styles and compositions suggests that the HSA magma body may have been similarly rejuvenated during the past several eruptions.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176915","usgsCitation":"Larsen, J., Nye, C.J., Coombs, M.L., Tilman, M., Izbekov, P., and Cameron, C., 2010, Petrology and geochemistry of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 15 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 48 p.; Appendixes: 1-5, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176915.","productDescription":"48 p.; Appendixes: 1-5","startPage":"335","endPage":"382","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14368,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":98943,"text":"pp176914 - 2010 - Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98943,"text":"pp176914 - 2010 - Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176914","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"14","title":"Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:03:32","indexId":"pp176914","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"14","title":"Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Augustine Volcano has been a prolific producer of large debris avalanches during the Holocene. Originating as landslides from the steep upper edifice, these avalanches typically slide into the surrounding ocean. At least one debris avalanche that occurred in 1883 during an eruption initiated a far-traveled tsunami. The possible occurrence of another edifice collapse and ensuing tsunami was a concern during the 2006 eruption of Augustine. To aid in hazard assessments, we have evaluated the slope stability of Augustine's edifice, using a quasi-three-dimensional, geotechnically based slope-stability model implemented in the computer program SCOOPS. We analyzed the effects of topography, variations in rock strength, and earthquake-induced strong ground motion on the relative stability of millions of potential large (&gt;0.1 km<sup>3</sup> volume) slope failures throughout the edifice. Preliminary results from pre-2006 topography provide three insights. First, the predicted stability of all parts of the upper edifice is approximately the same, suggesting an equal likelihood of slope failure, in agreement with geologic observations that debris avalanches have swept all sectors of the volcano. Second, the least stable (by a small amount) sector is on the east flank where a debris avalanche would flow into deeper ocean water and a resulting tsunami would be directed toward the southwestern part of the Kenai Peninsula. Third, most model scenarios predict stable edifice slopes, and only scenarios assuming extensive weak rocks and moderate to strong ground shaking predict potential large collapses. Because other transient triggering mechanisms, such as shallow magma intrusion, may be needed to instigate slope instability, monitoring ground deformation and seismicity could</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176914","usgsCitation":"Reid, M.E., Brien, D.L., and Waythomas, C.F., 2010, Preliminary slope-stability analysis of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 14 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176914.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"332","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98953,"text":"pp176924 - 2010 - Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98953,"text":"pp176924 - 2010 - Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176924","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"24","title":"Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:57:46","indexId":"pp176924","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"24","title":"Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Long-exposure visible-light images of Augustine Volcano were obtained using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera during several nights of the 2006 eruption. The camera was located 105 km away, at Homer, Alaska, yet showed persistent bright emissions from the north flank of the volcano corresponding to steam releases, pyroclastic flows, and rockfalls originating near the summit. The apparent brightness of the emissions substantially exceeded that of the background nighttime scene. The bright signatures in the images are shown to probably be thermal emissions detected near the long-wavelength limit (~1 &micro;m) of the CCD. Modeling of the emissions as a black-body brightness yields an apparent temperature of 400 to 450&deg;C that likely reflects an unresolved combination of emissions from hot ejecta and cooler material.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176924","usgsCitation":"Sentman, D.D., McNutt, S.R., Stenbaek-Nielsen, H.C., Tytgat, G., and DeRoin, N., 2010, Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176924.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"577","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98938,"text":"pp17699 - 2010 - Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98938,"text":"pp17699 - 2010 - Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>","indexId":"pp17699","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"9","title":"Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:23:42","indexId":"pp17699","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"9","title":"Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The 2005&ndash;6 eruption of Augustine Volcano produced tephra-fall deposits during each of four eruptive phases. Late in the precursory phase (December 2005), small phreatic explosions produced small-volume, localized, mostly nonjuvenile tephra. The greatest volume of tephra was produced during the explosive phase (January 11&ndash;28, 2006) when 13 discrete Vulcanian explosions generated ash plumes between 4 and 14 km above mean sea level (asl). A succession of juvenile tephra with compositions from low-silica to high-silica andesite is consistent with the eruption of two distinct magmas, represented also by a low-silica andesite lava dome (January 13&ndash;16) followed by a high-silica andesite lave dome (January 17&ndash;27). On-island deposits of lapilli to coarse ash originated from discrete vent explosions, whereas fine-grained, massive deposits were elutriated from pyroclastic flows and rock falls. During the continuous phase (January 28&ndash;February 10, 2006), steady growth and subsequent collapses of a high-silica andesite lava dome caused continuous low-level ash emissions and resulting fine elutriate ash deposits. The emplacement of a summit lava dome and lava flows of low-silica andesite during the effusive phase (March 3&ndash;16, 2006) resulted in localized, fine-grained elutriated ash deposits from small block-and-ash flows off the steep-sided lava flows.</p>\n<p>Mixing of two end-member magmas (low-silica and highsilica andesite) is evidenced by the overall similarities between tephra-fall and contemporaneous lava-dome and flow lithologies and by the chemical heterogeneity of matrix glass compositions of coarse lapilli and glass shards in the ash-size fraction throughout the 2005&ndash;6 eruption. A total mass of 2.2&times;10<sup>10</sup> kg of tephra fell (bulk volume of 2.2&times;10<sup>7</sup> m<sup>3</sup> and DRE volume of 8.5&times;10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) during the explosive phase, as calculated by extrapolation of mass data from a single Vulcanian blast on January 17. Total tephra-fall volume for the 2005&ndash;6 eruption is about an order of magnitude smaller than other historical eruptions from Augustine Volcano. Ash plumes of short duration and small volume caused no more than minor amounts (&le;1 mm) of ash to fall on villages and towns in the lower Cook Inlet region, and thus little hazard was posed to local communities. The bulk of the ash fell into Cook Inlet. Monitoring by the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the eruption helped to prevent hazardous encounters of ash and aircraft.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp17699","usgsCitation":"Wallace, K., Neal, C., and McGimsey, R.G., 2010, Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, Report: 31 p.; Appendix 2, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17699.","productDescription":"Report: 31 p.; Appendix 2","startPage":"187","endPage":"217","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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