{"pageNumber":"188","pageRowStart":"4675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11364,"records":[{"id":50704,"text":"ofr02397 - 2002 - Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Kanaga Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-12T15:19:14","indexId":"ofr02397","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-397","title":"Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Kanaga Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"Kanaga Volcano is a steep-sided, symmetrical, cone-shaped, 1307 meter high, andesitic stratovolcano on the north end of Kanaga Island (51°55’ N latitude, 177°10’ W longitude) in the western Aleutian Islands of Alaska. Kanaga Island is an elongated, low-relief (except for the volcano) island, located about 35 kilometers west of the community of Adak on Adak Island and is part of the Andreanof Islands Group of islands. Kanaga Volcano is one of the 41 historically active volcanoes in Alaska and has erupted numerous times in the past 11,000 years, including at least 10 eruptions in the past 250 years (Miller and others, 1998). The most recent eruption occurred in 1993-95 and caused minor ash fall on Adak Island and produced blocky aa lava flows that reached the sea on the northwest and west sides of the volcano (Neal and others, 1995).\n\nThe summit of the volcano is characterized by a small, circular crater about 200 meters in diameter and 50-70 meters deep. Several active fumaroles are present in the crater and around the crater rim. The flanking slopes of the volcano are steep (20-30 degrees) and consist mainly of blocky, linear to spoonshaped lava flows that formed during eruptions of late Holocene age (about the past 3,000 years). The modern cone sits within a circular caldera structure that formed by large-scale collapse of a preexisting volcano. Evidence for eruptions of this preexisting volcano mainly consists of lava flows exposed along Kanaton Ridge, indicating that this former volcanic center was predominantly effusive in character. In winter (October-April), Kanaga Volcano may be covered by substantial amounts of snow that would be a source of water for lahars (volcanic mudflows). In summer, much of the snowpack melts, leaving only a patchy distribution of snow on the volcano. Glacier ice is not present on the volcano or on other parts of Kanaga Island.\n\nKanaga Island is uninhabited and is part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The island is remote and often shrouded by clouds and fog. It can be reached only by boat, helicopter,or amphibiouslanding aircraft.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02397","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Miller, T.P., and Nye, C.J., 2002, Preliminary volcano-hazard assessment for Kanaga Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-397, Report: iv, 34 p.; Plate: 29.00 inches x 21.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02397.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 34 p.; Plate: 29.00 inches x 21.00 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4175,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0397/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":283893,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0397/pdf/of02-397.pdf"},{"id":283894,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0397/pdf/of02-397plate.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Kanaga","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -177.263031,51.361492 ], [ -177.263031,51.655519 ], [ -177.025452,51.655519 ], [ -177.025452,51.361492 ], [ -177.263031,51.361492 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660547","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Thomas P. tmiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Thomas","email":"tmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":242112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nye, Christopher J.","contributorId":55418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":242113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50614,"text":"ofr02111 - 2002 - Digital recovery, modification, and analysis of Tetra Tech seismic horizon mapping, National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA), northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:05","indexId":"ofr02111","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-111","title":"Digital recovery, modification, and analysis of Tetra Tech seismic horizon mapping, National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA), northern Alaska","docAbstract":"We have digitized, modified, and analyzed seismic interpretation maps of 12 subsurface stratigraphic horizons spanning portions of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA). These original maps were prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc., based on about 15,000 miles of seismic data collected from 1974 to 1981. We have also digitized interpreted faults and seismic velocities from Tetra Tech maps. The seismic surfaces were digitized as two-way travel time horizons and converted to depth using Tetra Tech seismic velocities. The depth surfaces were then modified by long-wavelength corrections based on recent USGS seismic re-interpretation along regional seismic lines. We have developed and executed an algorithm to identify and calculate statistics on the area, volume, height, and depth of closed structures based on these seismic horizons. These closure statistics are tabulated and have been used as input to oil and gas assessment calculations for the region. Directories accompanying this report contain basic digitized data, processed data, maps, tabulations of closure statistics, and software relating to this project.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02111","usgsCitation":"Saltus, R.W., Kulander, C.S., and Potter, C.J., 2002, Digital recovery, modification, and analysis of Tetra Tech seismic horizon mapping, National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA), northern Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-111, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02111.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110406,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54655.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"54655"},{"id":4115,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-111/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db6516d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulander, Christopher S.","contributorId":14871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulander","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50615,"text":"ofr02113 - 2002 - Alaska resource data file: Nome quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-28T19:55:03.220052","indexId":"ofr02113","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-113","title":"Alaska resource data file: Nome quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02113","usgsCitation":"Hawley, C.C., and Hudson, T.L., 2002, Alaska resource data file: Nome quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-113, 735 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02113.","productDescription":"735 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4116,"rank":3,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":493045,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0113/ofr20020113.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.59 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":162206,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":484078,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54433.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Nome quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -168,\n              65\n            ],\n            [\n              -168,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -165,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -165,\n              65\n            ],\n            [\n              -168,\n              65\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hawley, Charles Caldwell","contributorId":102930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawley","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"Caldwell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Travis L.","contributorId":28288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50616,"text":"ofr02114 - 2002 - Alaska resource data file: Middleton Island quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T11:55:29.602522","indexId":"ofr02114","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-114","title":"Alaska resource data file: Middleton Island quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02114","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T.L., 2002, Alaska resource data file: Middleton Island quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-114, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02114.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486318,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0114/ofr02114.pdf","text":"Report","size":"99.9 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":484030,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54434.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4117,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Middleton Island quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -147,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -147,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -147,\n              60\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis L. 0000-0003-1588-2280","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1588-2280","contributorId":329722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":78701,"text":"Applied Geology, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":241939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50617,"text":"ofr02115 - 2002 - Alaska resource data file: Bering Glacier quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-02T22:26:59.097874","indexId":"ofr02115","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-115","title":"Alaska resource data file: Bering Glacier quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02115","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T.L., 2002, Alaska resource data file: Bering Glacier quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-115, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02115.","productDescription":"21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":483827,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54435.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4118,"rank":1,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":489435,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0115/ofr02115.pdf"},{"id":489434,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0115/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Glacier quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -141,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              61\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              61\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db688f15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis L.","contributorId":28288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50611,"text":"ofr0295 - 2002 - Alaska resource data file: Unalakleet quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-21T18:54:31.700826","indexId":"ofr0295","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-95","title":"Alaska resource data file: Unalakleet quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr0295","usgsCitation":"Dashevsky, S.S., 2002, Alaska resource data file: Unalakleet quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-95, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0295.","productDescription":"14 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4113,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":484201,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54432.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":486321,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0095/ofr0295.pdf","text":"Report","size":"129 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 02-95 PDF"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Unalakleet quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              63\n            ],\n            [\n              -159,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -162,\n              64\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dashevsky, Samuel S.","contributorId":42266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dashevsky","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50736,"text":"ofr02116 - 2002 - Alaska resource data file: Icy Bay quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-23T13:25:02.410778","indexId":"ofr02116","displayToPublicDate":"2003-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-116","title":"Alaska resource data file: Icy Bay quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02116","usgsCitation":"Hudson, T.L., 2002, Alaska resource data file: Icy Bay quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-116, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02116.","productDescription":"28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":486492,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0116/ofr20020116.pdf","size":"122 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":483993,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54436.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":4231,"rank":2,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P96MMRFD","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Icy Bay quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -141,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              60\n            ],\n            [\n              -144,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              59\n            ],\n            [\n              -141,\n              60\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68864c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hudson, Travis L.","contributorId":28288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70242834,"text":"70242834 - 2002 - Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience and future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T16:50:50.126019","indexId":"70242834","displayToPublicDate":"2003-02-19T11:43:46","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1531,"text":"Environmental Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience and future","docAbstract":"<p><span>Kelp forests are phyletically diverse, structurally complex and highly productive components of coldwater rocky marine coastlines. This paper reviews the conditions in which kelp forests develop globally and where, why and at what rate they become deforested. The ecology and long archaeological history of kelp forests are examined through case studies from southern California, the Aleutian Islands and the western North Atlantic, well-studied locations that represent the widest possible range in kelp forest biodiversity. Global distribution of kelp forests is physiologically constrained by light at high latitudes and by nutrients, warm temperatures and other macrophytes at low latitudes. Within mid-latitude belts (roughly 40–60° latitude in both hemispheres) well-developed kelp forests are most threatened by herbivory, usually from sea urchins. Overfishing and extirpation of highly valued vertebrate apex predators often triggered herbivore population increases, leading to widespread kelp deforestation. Such deforestations have the most profound and lasting impacts on species-depauperate systems, such as those in Alaska and the western North Atlantic. Globally urchin-induced deforestation has been increasing over the past 2–3 decades. Continued fishing down of coastal food webs has resulted in shifting harvesting targets from apex predators to their invertebrate prey, including kelp-grazing herbivores. The recent global expansion of sea urchin harvesting has led to the widespread extirpation of this herbivore, and kelp forests have returned in some locations but, for the first time, these forests are devoid of vertebrate apex predators. In the western North Atlantic, large predatory crabs have recently filled this void and they have become the new apex predator in this system. Similar shifts from fish- to crab-dominance may have occurred in coastal zones of the United Kingdom and Japan, where large predatory finfish were extirpated long ago. Three North American case studies of kelp forests were examined to determine their long history with humans and project the status of future kelp forests to the year 2025. Fishing impacts on kelp forest systems have been both profound and much longer in duration than previously thought. Archaeological data suggest that coastal peoples exploited kelp forest organisms for thousands of years, occasionally resulting in localized losses of apex predators, outbreaks of sea urchin populations and probably small-scale deforestation. Over the past two centuries, commercial exploitation for export led to the extirpation of sea urchin predators, such as the sea otter in the North Pacific and predatory fishes like the cod in the North Atlantic. The large-scale removal of predators for export markets increased sea urchin abundances and promoted the decline of kelp forests over vast areas. Despite southern California having one of the longest known associations with coastal kelp forests, widespread deforestation is rare. It is possible that functional redundancies among predators and herbivores make this most diverse system most stable. Such biodiverse kelp forests may also resist invasion from non-native species. In the species-depauperate western North Atlantic, introduced algal competitors carpet the benthos and threaten future kelp dominance. There, other non-native herbivores and predators have become established and dominant components of this system. Climate changes have had measurable impacts on kelp forest ecosystems and efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gasses should be a global priority. However, overfishing appears to be the greatest manageable threat to kelp forest ecosystems over the 2025 time horizon. Management should focus on minimizing fishing impacts and restoring populations of functionally important species in these systems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0376892902000322","usgsCitation":"Steneck, R.S., Graham, M.H., Bourque, B.J., Corbett, D., Erlandson, J.M., Estes, J.A., and Tegner, M.J., 2002, Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience and future: Environmental Conservation, v. 29, no. 4, p. 436-459, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892902000322.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"436","endPage":"459","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Steneck, Robert S.","contributorId":55211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steneck","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graham, Michael H.","contributorId":42785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bourque, Bruce J.","contributorId":12698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourque","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corbett, Debbie","contributorId":304251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corbett","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":869923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Erlandson, Jon M.","contributorId":68114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Erlandson","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7025,"text":"Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":869924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":869925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tegner, M. 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John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitaysky, Alexander S.","contributorId":13884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitaysky","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":696655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70187859,"text":"70187859 - 2002 - Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187859,"text":"70187859 - 2002 - Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","indexId":"70187859","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T16:38:54","indexId":"70187859","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"4","title":"Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints","docAbstract":"<p>Following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, we studied the status of recovery of harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) populations during 1995-1998. We evaluated potential constraints to full recovery, including (1) exposure to residual oil, (2) food limitation, and (3) intrinsic demographic limitations on population growth rates. In this paper, we synthesize the findings from our work and incorporate information from other harlequin duck research and monitoring programs to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the response of this species to the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill. We conclude that harlequin duck populations had not fully recovered by 1998. Furthermore, adverse effects continued as many as 9 years after the oil spill, in contrast to the conventional paradigm that oil spill effects on bird populations are short-lived. These conclusions are based on the findings that (1) elevated cytochrome P450 induction on oiled areas indicated continued exposure to oil in 1998, (2) adult female winter survival was lower on oiled than unoiled areas during 1995-1998, (3) fall population surveys by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game indicated numerical declines in oiled areas during 1995-1997, and (4) densities on oiled areas in 1996 and 1997 were lower than expected using models that accounted for effects of habitat attributes. Based on hypothesized links between oil contamination and demography, we suggest that harlequin duck population recovery was constrained primarily by continued oil exposure. Full population recovery also will&nbsp;be delayed by the time necessary for intrinsic population growth to allow return to pre-spill numbers following cessation of residual oil spill effects. Although not all wildlife species were affected by the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill, and some others may have recovered quickly from any effects, harlequin duck life history characteristics and benthic, nearshore feeding habits make them susceptible to both initial and long-term oil spill effects.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Bowman, T.D., Trust, K.A., Ballachey, B.E., Dean, T.A., Jewett, S.C., and O’Clair, C.E., 2002, Harlequin duck (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) perspective: Harlequin duck population recovery following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Progress, process, and constraints, 31 p.","productDescription":"31 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,{"id":70187856,"text":"70187856 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187856,"text":"70187856 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70187856","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3B","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:53:31","indexId":"70187856","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"3B","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","docAbstract":"<p>We examined the potential role of food limitation in constraining recovery of sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the &lt;i&gt;Exxon Valdez&lt;/i&gt; oil spill. The spill resulted in the removal of a large number of sea otters in 1989, and as of 1998, the portion of the population in the heavily oiled northern Knight Island region had not fully recovered. Between 1996 and 1998, prey consumption rate was higher and the condition of sea otters was better at northern Knight Island than in an unoiled area of the sound (Montague Island). Estimates of prey energy available per unit mass of sea otter were about 4 times higher at Knight than Montague Island, albeit not significantly different between the two areas. Over this same period, the number of sea otters remained constant at northern Knight Island but increased at Montague Island. These data suggest that food was at least as abundant at Knight than at Montague Island, and that recovery of sea otters via intrinsic population growth was limited by factors other than food. However, the availability of food, the prey consumption rate, and the condition of sea otters were all much lower at both Knight and Montague Islands than in areas newly occupied by sea otters where the population growth rate was near the theoretical maximum. It is possible that the relative short supply of food (compared to areas where sea otter population growth rate was high) may have inhibited immigration or interacted with other factors (e.g., oil-induced mortality or predation) to restrict sea otter population growth. Nonetheless, these data suggest that impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on large, often food-limited vertebrate predators can persist in spite of the availability of food resources that are sufficient for intrinsic population growth.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Dean, T.A., Bodkin, J.L., Fukuyama, A.K., Jewett, S.C., Monson, D., O’Clair, C.E., and VanBlaricom, G., 2002, Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part B. 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WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitaysky, Alexander S.","contributorId":13884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitaysky","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70187857,"text":"70187857 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187857,"text":"70187857 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","indexId":"70187857","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3C","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70188451,"text":"70188451 - 2002 - Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","indexId":"70188451","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-28T14:53:17","indexId":"70187857","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"chapter":"3C","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. Trophic linkages among sea otters and bivalve prey in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in the aftermath of the <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill: Implications for community models in sedimentary habitats","docAbstract":"<p>We exploited the<i> Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, to evaluate effects of reduced sea otter densities on prey populations in sedimentary habitats. We considered the need for and characteristics of new models for trophic effects of sea otters on coastal marine benthic communities. We viewed evidence for nonlinear or uncertain patterns of prey response to varying sea otter density as particularly significant for new model structure. </p><p>We specifically examined responses of densities and size distributions of populations of mussels and clams (several taxonomic and habitat categories), all important sea otter prey in PWS, to reduction in sea otter density caused by the oil spill. We utilized two primary criteria for determining the consistency of prey demographic responses to reduced sea otter densities as predicted by null hypotheses consistent with existing published models. First, prey populations subject to reduced influence by sea otters should be denser and contain proportionately more large individuals than prey populations strongly influenced by sea otter predation. Second, response times of prey demography to reduced otter densities should be similar to response times of prey to increased otter densities, the latter as indicated in existing published models. &nbsp;</p><p>Results were disparate with regard to expectation for the six categories of prey evaluated. With few exceptions, density data indicated nonconformance with demographic expectations. In contrast, size data for prey indicated conformance with expectation in about half the categories evaluated. We suggest that lingering effects of the oil spill, nonlinear relationships of sea otters and prey that involve thresholds in otter density, uncertainties in prey recruitment patterns, spatial differences in natural disturbance rate, and differences between areas in effects of competing predators are the main factors possibly accounting for patterns in our data. Recruitment and disturbance effects in particular may include significant stochastic components, especially in a temporal context. We suggest that recovered sea otter populations and their prey do not necessarily exist in long-term stable equilibria, and that development of new models incorporating both trophic thresholds and trophic stochasticity will be important in understanding community-level responses to variable sea otter numbers.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"VanBlaricom, G.R., Fukuyama, A.K., O’Clair, C.E., Monson, D., Jewett, S.C., Gage, T.K., Dean, T.A., and Bodkin, J.L., 2002, Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part C. 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,{"id":50563,"text":"ofr02450 - 2002 - Reconnaissance shallow seismic investigation of depth-to-bedrock and possible methane-bearing coalbeds, Galena, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:15","indexId":"ofr02450","displayToPublicDate":"2002-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-450","title":"Reconnaissance shallow seismic investigation of depth-to-bedrock and possible methane-bearing coalbeds, Galena, Alaska","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance shallow seismic reflection/refraction investigation in and around the city of Galena, Alaska suggests that Tertiary and/or Cretaceous bedrock, and possible coalbeds within the Cretaceous, is at least as deep as 550 feet in the immediate vicinity of town. Rock could be deeper than 1000 feet under alternate interpretations. Reflections recorded in these data are believed to be from the sediment/bedrock interface. Analysis of these reflections and associated refractions indicates that this interface, interpreted at most of the six profile locations, has a high seismic velocity, possibly indicating non-sedimentary rock (e.g. volcanic or igneous).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02450","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Williams, R., Odum, J.K., Worley, D.M., Barker, C., Clark, A.C., and Clough, J.G., 2002, Reconnaissance shallow seismic investigation of depth-to-bedrock and possible methane-bearing coalbeds, Galena, Alaska (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-450, 36 p., illus. incl. sects., 2 tables, sketch map, 7 refs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02450.","productDescription":"36 p., illus. incl. sects., 2 tables, sketch map, 7 refs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":176731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4372,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-450/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6367c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":241832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Robert A. rawilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":1357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert A.","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":241834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worley, David M. worley@usgs.gov","contributorId":947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"David","email":"worley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barker, Charles E.","contributorId":93070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, Arthur C. aclark@usgs.gov","contributorId":2320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Arthur","email":"aclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":241835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Clough, James G.","contributorId":67152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clough","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":241836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
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