Large impoundments, defined as those with surface area of 200 ha or greater, are relatively new aquatic ecosystems in the global landscape. They represent important economic and environmental resources that provide benefits such as flood control, hydropower generation, navigation, water supply, commercial and recreational fisheries, and various other recreational and esthetic values. Construction of large impoundments was initially driven by economic needs, and ecological consequences received little consideration. However, in recent decades environmental issues have come to the forefront. In the closing decades of the 20th century societal values began to shift, especially in the developed world. Society is no longer willing to accept environmental damage as an inevitable consequence of human development, and it is now recognized that continued environmental degradation is unsustainable. Consequently, construction of large reservoirs has virtually stopped in North America. Nevertheless, in other parts of the world construction of large reservoirs continues.
The emergence of systematic reservoir management in the early 20th century was guided by concepts developed for natural lakes (Miranda 1996). However, we now recognize that reservoirs are different and that reservoirs are not independent aquatic systems inasmuch as they are connected to upstream rivers and streams, the downstream river, other reservoirs in the basin, and the watershed. Reservoir systems exhibit longitudinal patterns both within and among reservoirs. Reservoirs are typically arranged sequentially as elements of an interacting network, filter water collected throughout their watersheds, and form a mosaic of predictable patterns.
Traditional approaches to fisheries management such as stocking, regulating harvest, and in-lake habitat management do not always produce desired effects in reservoirs. As a result, managers may expend resources with little benefit to either fish or fishing. Some locally expressed effects, such as turbidity and water quality, zooplankton density and size composition, or fish growth rates and assemblage composition, are the upshot of large-scale factors operating outside reservoirs and not under the direct control of reservoir managers. Realistically, abiotic and biotic conditions in reservoirs are shaped by factors working inside and outside reservoirs, with the relative importance of external factors differing among reservoirs.
With this perspective, large reservoirs are viewed from a habitat standpoint within the framework of a conceptual model in which individual reservoir characteristics are influenced by both local- and landscape-scale factors (Figure 17.1). In the sections that follow, how each element of this hierarchical model influences habitat and fish assemblages in reservoirs is considered. Important in-reservoir habitat issues and reservoirs as part of larger systems, where reservoir management requires looking for real solutions outside individual reservoirs are described.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Inland fisheries management in North America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","isbn":"978-1-934874-16-5","usgsCitation":"Miranda, L.E., and Bettoli, P.W., 2010, Large reservoirs: Chapter 17, chap. of Inland fisheries management in North America, p. 545-586.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"586","ipdsId":"IP-008920","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340932,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591183bae4b0e541a03c1a90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miranda, Leandro E. 0000-0002-2138-7924 smiranda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-7924","contributorId":531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"Leandro","email":"smiranda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettoli, Phillip William pbettoli@usgs.gov","contributorId":1919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettoli","given":"Phillip","email":"pbettoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98818,"text":"fs20103097 - 2010 - The Border Environmental Health Initiative: Investigating the transboundary Santa Cruz watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-22T22:24:21.697894","indexId":"fs20103097","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3097","title":"The Border Environmental Health Initiative: Investigating the transboundary Santa Cruz watershed","docAbstract":"In 2004 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) launched the Border Environmental Health Initiative (BEHI), a major project encompassing the entire U.S.-Mexico border region. In 2009, a study of the Santa Cruz River Watershed (SCW), located in the border region of Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, was initiated as part of the BEHI. In this borderland region of the desert Southwest, human health and the ecosystems on which humans rely depend critically on limited water resources. Surface water is scarce during much of the year, and groundwater is the primary source for industrial, agricultural, and domestic use. \r\n\r\nIn order to identify risks to water resources in the SCW, and the potential consequences to riparian ecosystems and ultimately human health, the USGS is using an interdisciplinary and integrative approach that incorporates the expertise of geographers, hydrologists, biologists, and geologists to track organic and inorganic contaminants and their effects from sources to sinks in sediment, water, plants, and animals. Existing groundwater and surface-water models are being used and modified to assess contaminant and sediment transport.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20103097","collaboration":"U.S.-Mexico Border Environmental Health Initiative","usgsCitation":"Norman, L.M., Callegary, J., van Riper, C., and Gray, F., 2010, The Border Environmental Health Initiative: Investigating the transboundary Santa Cruz watershed: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3097, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103097.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":425889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94413.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126141,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3097.jpg"},{"id":14231,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, Sonora","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.0653,\n 31.6667\n ],\n [\n -111.0653,\n 31.2417\n ],\n [\n -110.5681,\n 31.2417\n ],\n [\n -110.5681,\n 31.6667\n ],\n [\n -111.0653,\n 31.6667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db6822cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Callegary, James","contributorId":62558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callegary","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":306601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gray, Floyd 0000-0002-0223-8966 fgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-8966","contributorId":603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Floyd","email":"fgray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98820,"text":"sir20105100 - 2010 - Relations that affect the probability and prediction of nitrate concentration in private wells in the glacial aquifer system in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"sir20105100","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5100","title":"Relations that affect the probability and prediction of nitrate concentration in private wells in the glacial aquifer system in the United States","docAbstract":"Nitrate in private wells in the glacial aquifer system is a concern for an estimated 17 million people using private wells because of the proximity of many private wells to nitrogen sources. Yet, less than 5 percent of private wells sampled in this study contained nitrate in concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L (milligrams per liter) as N (nitrogen). However, this small group with nitrate concentrations above the USEPA MCL includes some of the highest nitrate concentrations detected in groundwater from private wells (77 mg/L). Median nitrate concentration measured in groundwater from private wells in the glacial aquifer system (0.11 mg/L as N) is lower than that in water from other unconsolidated aquifers and is not strongly related to surface sources of nitrate. Background concentration of nitrate is less than 1 mg/L as N.\r\n\r\nAlthough overall nitrate concentration in private wells was low relative to the MCL, concentrations were highly variable over short distances and at various depths below land surface. Groundwater from wells in the glacial aquifer system at all depths was a mixture of old and young water. Oxidation and reduction potential changes with depth and groundwater age were important influences on nitrate concentrations in private wells. \r\n\r\nA series of 10 logistic regression models was developed to estimate the probability of nitrate concentration above various thresholds. The threshold concentration (1 to 10 mg/L) affected the number of variables in the model. Fewer explanatory variables are needed to predict nitrate at higher threshold concentrations. The variables that were identified as significant predictors for nitrate concentration above 4 mg/L as N included well characteristics such as open-interval diameter, open-interval length, and depth to top of open interval. Environmental variables in the models were mean percent silt in soil, soil type, and mean depth to saturated soil. The 10-year mean (1992-2001) application rate of nitrogen fertilizer applied to farms was included as the potential source variable. A linear regression model also was developed to predict mean nitrate concentrations in well networks. The model is based on network averages because nitrate concentrations are highly variable over short distances. Using values for each of the predictor variables averaged by network (network mean value) from the logistic regression models, the linear regression model developed in this study predicted the mean nitrate concentration in well networks with a 95 percent confidence in predictions. \r\n\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105100","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program\r\n","usgsCitation":"Warner, K., and Arnold, T., 2010, Relations that affect the probability and prediction of nitrate concentration in private wells in the glacial aquifer system in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5100, xi, 73 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105100.","productDescription":"xi, 73 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5100.jpg"},{"id":14234,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5100/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125,35 ], [ -125,50 ], [ -65,50 ], [ -65,35 ], [ -125,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6110b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warner, Kelly L. klwarner@usgs.gov","contributorId":655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"Kelly L.","email":"klwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arnold, Terri 0000-0003-1406-6054 tlarnold@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1406-6054","contributorId":1598,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arnold","given":"Terri","email":"tlarnold@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":306607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98819,"text":"ofr20101185 - 2010 - Modified Mercalli intensity assignments for the May 16, 1909, Northern Plains earthquake","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":97859,"text":"ofr20091184 - 2009 - Modified Mercalli Intensity Assignments for the May 16, 1909, Northern Plains Earthquake","indexId":"ofr20091184","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Modified Mercalli Intensity Assignments for the May 16, 1909, Northern Plains Earthquake"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98819,"text":"ofr20101185 - 2010 - Modified Mercalli intensity assignments for the May 16, 1909, Northern Plains earthquake","indexId":"ofr20101185","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Modified Mercalli intensity assignments for the May 16, 1909, Northern Plains earthquake"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T16:32:15","indexId":"ofr20101185","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1185","title":"Modified Mercalli intensity assignments for the May 16, 1909, Northern Plains earthquake","docAbstract":"We use newspaper accounts from the United States and Canada to assign modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) at 90 towns for the May 16, 1909 Northern Plains earthquake. Our MMI assignments generally are consistent with those plotted on Nuttli's (1976) isoseiemal map. The earthquake was felt over more than 1,500,000 km2 in the states of Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming and the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101185","collaboration":"This report supersedes USGS Open-File Report 2009-1184\r\n","usgsCitation":"Bakun, W.H., Stickney, M.C., Rogers, G., and Ristau, J., 2010, Modified Mercalli intensity assignments for the May 16, 1909, Northern Plains earthquake (Version 1.1; Revised 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1185, iii, 96 p.; Tables Folder , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101185.","productDescription":"iii, 96 p.; Tables Folder ","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":235,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program - Northern California","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1185.gif"},{"id":14233,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1185/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115,40 ], [ -115,55 ], [ -90,55 ], [ -90,40 ], [ -115,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1; Revised 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakun, W. H.","contributorId":67055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakun","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stickney, M. C.","contributorId":96227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stickney","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, G.","contributorId":75103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ristau, J.","contributorId":36509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ristau","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98817,"text":"ofr20101215 - 2010 - Ecological requirements for pallid sturgeon reproduction and recruitment in the Lower Missouri River: Annual report 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"ofr20101215","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1215","title":"Ecological requirements for pallid sturgeon reproduction and recruitment in the Lower Missouri River: Annual report 2009","docAbstract":"The Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project is a multiyear, multiagency collaborative research framework developed to provide information to support pallid sturgeon recovery and Missouri River management decisions. The general Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project strategy is to integrate field and laboratory studies of sturgeon reproductive ecology, habitat requirements, and physiology to produce a predictive understanding of sturgeon population dynamics. The project scope of work is developed annually with cooperating research partners and in collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River Recovery-Integrated Science Program. The research consists of several interdependent and complementary research tasks engaging multiple disciplines that primarily address spawning as a probable limiting factor in reproduction and survival of the pallid sturgeon. The research is multifaceted and is designed to provide information needed for management decisions impacting habitat restoration, flow modification, and pallid sturgeon population augmentation on the Missouri River, and throughout the range of the species. Research activities and progress towards understanding of the species are reported to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers annually. This annual report details the research effort and progress made by Comprehensive Sturgeon Research Project during 2009.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101215","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Missouri River Recovery-Integrated Science Program U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Yankton, South Dakota","usgsCitation":"DeLonay, A.J., Jacobson, R.B., Papoulias, D.M., Wildhaber, M.L., Chojnacki, K.A., Pherigo, E., Bergthold, C.L., and Mestl, G.E., 2010, Ecological requirements for pallid sturgeon reproduction and recruitment in the Lower Missouri River: Annual report 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1215, viii, 64 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101215.","productDescription":"viii, 64 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2009-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1215.jpg"},{"id":14230,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1215/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115,35 ], [ -115,50 ], [ -90,50 ], [ -90,35 ], [ -115,35 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688dca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeLonay, Aaron J.","contributorId":53360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Papoulias, Diana M. 0000-0002-5106-2469 dpapoulias@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":2726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"Diana","email":"dpapoulias@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chojnacki, Kimberly A. kchojnacki@usgs.gov","contributorId":1978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chojnacki","given":"Kimberly","email":"kchojnacki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pherigo, Emily K.","contributorId":33300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pherigo","given":"Emily K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bergthold, Casey L.","contributorId":59008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergthold","given":"Casey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Mestl, Gerald E.","contributorId":49336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mestl","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70118778,"text":"70118778 - 2010 - Variation in active and passive resource inputs to experimental pools: mechanisms and possible consequences for food webs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-30T11:39:21","indexId":"70118778","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-18T11:37:37","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in active and passive resource inputs to experimental pools: mechanisms and possible consequences for food webs","docAbstract":"1. Cross-ecosystem movements of resources, including detritus, nutrients and living prey, can strongly influence food web dynamics in recipient habitats. Variation in resource inputs is thought to be driven by factors external to the recipient habitat (e.g. donor habitat productivity and boundary conditions). However, inputs of or by ‘active’ living resources may be strongly influenced by recipient habitat quality when organisms exhibit behavioural habitat selection when crossing ecosystem boundaries.
\n2. To examine whether behavioural responses to recipient habitat quality alter the relative inputs of ‘active’ living and ‘passive’ detrital resources to recipient food webs, we manipulated the presence of caged predatory fish and measured biomass, energy and organic content of inputs to outdoor experimental pools of adult aquatic insects, frog eggs, terrestrial plant matter and terrestrial arthropods.
\n3. Caged fish reduced the biomass, energy and organic matter donated to pools by tree frog eggs by ∼70%, but did not alter insect colonisation or passive allochthonous inputs of terrestrial arthropods and plant material. Terrestrial plant matter and adult aquatic insects provided the most energy and organic matter inputs to the pools (40–50%), while terrestrial arthropods provided the least (7%). Inputs of frog egg were relatively small but varied considerably among pools and over time (3%, range = 0–20%). Absolute and proportional amounts varied by input type.
\n4. Aquatic predators can strongly affect the magnitude of active, but not passive, inputs and that the effect of recipient habitat quality on active inputs is variable. Furthermore, some active inputs (i.e. aquatic insect colonists) can provide similar amounts of energy and organic matter as passive inputs of terrestrial plant matter, which are well known to be important. Because inputs differ in quality and the trophic level they subsidise, proportional changes in input type could have strong effects on recipient food webs.
\n5. Cross-ecosystem resource inputs have previously been characterised as donor-controlled. However, control by the recipient food web could lead to greater feedback between resource flow and consumer dynamics than has been appreciated so far.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02516.x","usgsCitation":"Kraus, J.M., Pletcher, L.T., and Vonesh, J.R., 2010, Variation in active and passive resource inputs to experimental pools: mechanisms and possible consequences for food webs: Freshwater Biology, v. 56, no. 3, p. 491-502, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02516.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"502","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":291388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":291387,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02516.x"}],"volume":"56","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe8207e4b0824b2d1483f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraus, Johanna M. 0000-0002-9513-4129 jkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-4129","contributorId":4834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Johanna","email":"jkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pletcher, Leanna T.","contributorId":71107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pletcher","given":"Leanna","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vonesh, James R.","contributorId":55360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vonesh","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200473,"text":"70200473 - 2010 - Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-10T15:22:39","indexId":"70200473","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-17T14:58:09","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil","docAbstract":"Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil are characterised by high viscosity, high density (low API gravity), and high concentrations of nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and heavy metals. These characteristics result in higher costs for extraction, transportation, and refining than are incurred with conventional oil. Despite their cost and technical challenges, major international oil companies have found it desirable to acquire, develop, and produce these resources in increasing volumes. Large in-place resource volumes provide a reliable long-term flow of liquid hydrocarbons and provide substantial payoff for any incremental improvements in recovery. High oil prices during 2007 and 2008 spurred new development and production which, in turn, have intensified concern about environmental effects of production increases.
Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil are the remnants of very large volumes of conventional oils that have been generated and degraded, principally by bacterial action. Chemically and texturally, bitumen and extra-heavy oil resemble the residuum generated by refinery distillation of light oil. The resource base of natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil is immense and not a constraint on the expansion of production. These resources can make an important contribution to future oil supply if they can be extracted and transformed into usable refinery feedstock at sufficiently high rates and at costs that are competitive with alternative sources.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"2010 survey of energy resources ","language":"English","publisher":"World Energy Council ","isbn":"978 0 946121 021 ","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Meyer, R.F., 2010, Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil, chap. of 2010 survey of energy resources , p. 123-150.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.worldenergy.org/publications/2010/survey-of-energy-resources-2010/"},{"id":368245,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/ser_2010_report_1.pdf"},{"id":358549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Venezuela 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A.","contributorId":209897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749051,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trinnaman, J. A.","contributorId":209896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trinnaman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749050,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Richard F.","contributorId":67963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156525,"text":"70156525 - 2010 - Integrated simulation of consumptive use and land subsidence in the Central Valley, California, for the past and for a future subject to urbanization and climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T16:54:44.832371","indexId":"70156525","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Integrated simulation of consumptive use and land subsidence in the Central Valley, California, for the past and for a future subject to urbanization and climate change","docAbstract":"Competition for water resources is growing throughout California, particularly in the Central Valley where about 20% of all groundwater used in the United States is consumed for agriculture and urban water supply. Continued agricultural use coupled with urban growth and potential climate change would result in continued depletion of groundwater storage and associated land subsidence throughout the Central Valley. For 1962-2003, an estimated 1,230 hectare meters (hm3) of water was withdrawn from fine-grained beds, resulting in more than three meters (m) of additional land subsidence locally. Linked physically-based, supply-constrained and emanddriven hydrologic models were used to simulate future hydrologic conditions under the A2 climate projection scenario that assumes continued \"business as usual\" greenhouse gas emissions. Results indicate an increased subsidence in the second half of the twenty-first century. Potential simulated land subsidence extends into urban areas and the eastern side of the valley where future surface-water deliveries may be depleted.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Land subsidence, associated hazards and the role of natural resources development: EISOLS 2010 proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Eighth International Symposium on Land Subsidence (EISOLS) 2010","conferenceDate":"October 17-22, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Querétaro, Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrological Sciences","isbn":"1907161120 9781907161124","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Flint, A.L., Faunt, C., Cayan, D.R., Flint, L.E., Leake, S.A., and Schmid, W., 2010, Integrated simulation of consumptive use and land subsidence in the Central Valley, California, for the past and for a future subject to urbanization and climate change, in Land subsidence, associated hazards and the role of natural resources development: EISOLS 2010 proceedings, v. 339, Querétaro, Mexico, October 17-22, 2010, p. 467-471.","productDescription":"5 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endemic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T16:40:49.24843","indexId":"70156816","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Herbicide treatment of invasive Vinca major growing with endangered Galium buxifolium, an island endemic","docAbstract":"Galium buxifolium E. Greene [Rubiaceae] (sea-cliff bedstraw) is a small shrub restricted to San Miguel and Santa Cruz Islands, in the California Channel Islands. Almost all of the 26 known populations grow on vertical north-facing sea cliffs in native scrub, sandwiched between the sea below and non-native annual grasslands on the terraces above. A notable exception is a popula?tion at Pelican Bay on Santa Cruz Island, growing on the cliff and on thin terrace soils above the cliff in a stand of coastal bluff scrub that is recovering from more than a century of sheep grazing (Figure 1). Ironically, this stand is near the location of the historic Eaton Resort, a charismatic inn frequented by Hollywood glitterati in the early 1900s. Several landscape ornamentals planted there persist today in the area of the Galium population. Italian stone pine (Pinus pinaea) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) tower over the site while the invasive groundcover Vinca major L. [Apocynaceae] (greater periwinkle) forms dense mats at the cliff edge that are spreading into the developing native plant stand. Wherever the Galium is found it is intermixed with other native scrub plants in dense communities on moist ocean bluffs. Historic notes and herbarium collections indicate that it may have been more widespread on nearshore terraces adjacent to sea-cliff populations before conversion to grassland. Since Pelican Bay is the only site that we know of where Galium is spreading onto the nearby terrace, we wanted to know whether the Vinca posed a roadblock to upslope population expansion. In 2005 we mapped Vinca and Galium at the site. We also measured Galium individuals to see where the smaller, younger plants were to better understand where the population is expanding. We observed that 1) both the Galium and the Vinca appear to be spreading from the cliff face upslope onto a series of rock outcrops, stone walls and benches, 2) the native scrub community is recovering at the site and 3) the Vinca appears to be moving into the native scrub where it overtops small plants, including those Galium in the smallest size classes. This observed pattern of Vinca displacement of native vegetation has been noted in other places, where it is treated as an invasive weed. We concluded that Vinca may pose a threat to the expansion of both the native scrub and the Galium population that it supports. Therefore, we worked with the US Fish and Wildlife Service and others to develop a research project investigating 1) best techniques for killing Vinca within the boundaries of an endangered plant population and 2) demographic response of Galium to the treatment. Our intent is to push Vinca back to the vertical cliff face to give the natives a chance to establish a vigorous stand. Our conservation goal is to encourage natural establishment of new Galium plants on the terrace along with expansion of the native coastal bluff scrub and Galium population. Our immediate treatment objective is to reduce live Vinca cover by 90 % on the accessible upslope portions of the habitat. Our recovery objective is no net loss of Galium plants 2006-2016.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceeds of the California invasive plant council symposium 2010","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"California Invasive Plant Council Symposium 2010","conferenceDate":"October 13-16 2010","conferenceLocation":"Ventura, California","language":"English","publisher":"California Invasive Plant Council","usgsCitation":"McEachern, K., Chess, K., Flagg, K., Niessen, K., Owen, K., and Thompson, 2010, Herbicide treatment of invasive Vinca major growing with endangered Galium buxifolium, an island endemic, in Proceeds of the California invasive plant council symposium 2010, v. 14, Ventura, California, October 13-16 2010, p. 63-66.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"66","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-025640","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.47538757324217,\n 33.82422318995615\n ],\n [\n -120.47538757324217,\n 34.1112360490744\n ],\n [\n -119.937744140625,\n 34.1112360490744\n ],\n [\n -119.937744140625,\n 33.82422318995615\n ],\n [\n -120.47538757324217,\n 33.82422318995615\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e18634e4b05561fa206ac1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEachern, Kathryn kathryn_mceachern@usgs.gov","contributorId":2411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEachern","given":"Kathryn","email":"kathryn_mceachern@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":570661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chess, Katie","contributorId":147181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chess","given":"Katie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flagg, Karen","contributorId":147182,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flagg","given":"Karen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Niessen, Ken","contributorId":93590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niessen","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Owen, Ken Ken","contributorId":115447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"Ken","suffix":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Thompson, Kevin","contributorId":117791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","suffix":"Kevin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70205113,"text":"70205113 - 2010 - Climate warming-induced intensification of the hydrologic cycle: A review of the published record and assessment of the potential impacts on agriculture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-03T17:41:25","indexId":"70205113","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-15T17:35:23","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5855,"text":"Advances in Agronomy","onlineIssn":"0065-2113","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate warming-induced intensification of the hydrologic cycle: A review of the published record and assessment of the potential impacts on agriculture","docAbstract":"Climate warming is expected to intensify and accelerate the global hydrologic cycle resulting in increases in evaporation, evapotranspiration (ET), atmospheric water-vapor content, and precipitation. The strength of the hydrologic response, or sensitivity of the response for a given degree of warming, is a critical outstanding question in climatology and hydrology. In this review chapter, I examine the published record of trends in various components of the hydrologic cycle and associated variables to assess observed hydrologic responses to warming during the period of observational records. Global and regional trends in evaporation, ET, and atmospheric water-vapor content and several large river basin water-balance studies support an ongoing intensification of the hydrologic cycle. Global trends in precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture are more uncertain than the trends in the variables noted above, in part because of high spatial and temporal variability. Trends in associated variables, such as systematic changes in ocean salinity, the length of the growing season, and the rate of precipitation recycling are generally consistent with intensification of the hydrologic cycle. The evidence for an increase in the frequency, intensity, or duration of extreme-weather events like hurricanes is mixed and remains uncertain. The largest potential impacts to agricultural systems depend greatly on the responses of hydrologic variables that are the most uncertain; for example, intensity and duration of heavy rainfall events; frequency, intensity, and duration of major storms and droughts; and rates of erosion. Impacts on agriculture will depend greatly on how insects, diseases, weeds, nutrient cycling, effectiveness of agrichemicals, and heat stress are affected by an intensification of the hydrologic cycle.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-385040-9.00001-3","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T., 2010, Climate warming-induced intensification of the hydrologic cycle: A review of the published record and assessment of the potential impacts on agriculture: Advances in Agronomy, v. 109, p. 1-53, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385040-9.00001-3.","productDescription":"53 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"53","ipdsId":"IP-019751","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"109","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":11,"text":"Pembroke PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":218737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas G.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70200003,"text":"70200003 - 2010 - Hillslope hydrologic connectivity controls riparian groundwater turnover: Implications of catchment structure for riparian buffering and stream water sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T10:39:51","indexId":"70200003","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-15T10:39:16","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hillslope hydrologic connectivity controls riparian groundwater turnover: Implications of catchment structure for riparian buffering and stream water sources","docAbstract":"Hydrologic connectivity between catchment upland and near stream areas is essential for the transmission of water, solutes, and nutrients to streams. However, our current understanding of the role of riparian zones in mediating landscape hydrologic connectivity and the catchment scale export of water and solutes is limited. We tested the relationship between the duration of hillslope‐riparian‐stream (HRS) hydrologic connectivity and the rate and degree of riparian shallow groundwater turnover along four HRS well transects within a set of nested mountain catchments (Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest, MT). Transect HRS water table connectivity ranged from 9 to 123 days during the annual snowmelt hydrograph. Hillslope water was always characterized by low specific conductance (∼27 μS cm−1). In transects with transient hillslope water tables, riparian groundwater specific conductance was elevated during base flow conditions (∼127 μS cm−1) but shifted toward hillslope signatures once a HRS groundwater connection was established. The degree of riparian groundwater turnover was proportional to the duration of HRS connectivity and inversely related to the riparian: hillslope area ratios (buffer ratio; r2 = 0.95). We applied this relationship to the stream network in seven subcatchments within the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest and compared their turnover distributions to source water contributions measured at each catchment outlet. The amount of riparian groundwater exiting each of the seven catchments was linearly related (r2 = 0.92) to their median riparian turnover time. Our observations suggest that the size and spatial arrangement of hillslope and riparian zones along a stream network and the timing and duration of groundwater connectivity between them is a first‐order control on the magnitude and timing of water and solutes observed at the catchment outlet.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009wr008818","usgsCitation":"Jencso, K.G., McGlynn, B.L., Gooseff, M.N., Bencala, K.E., and Wondzell, S.M., 2010, Hillslope hydrologic connectivity controls riparian groundwater turnover: Implications of catchment structure for riparian buffering and stream water sources: Water Resources Research, v. 46, no. 10, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008818.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr008818","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358241,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10c636e4b034bf6a7f3b2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jencso, Kelsey G.","contributorId":32375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jencso","given":"Kelsey","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGlynn, Brian L.","contributorId":83012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGlynn","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gooseff, Michael N.","contributorId":191367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gooseff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":747711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wondzell, Steven M.","contributorId":80189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wondzell","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98815,"text":"sir20105189 - 2010 - Effects of groundwater levels and headwater wetlands on streamflow in the Charlie Creek basin, Peace River watershed, west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"sir20105189","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5189","title":"Effects of groundwater levels and headwater wetlands on streamflow in the Charlie Creek basin, Peace River watershed, west-central Florida","docAbstract":"The Charlie Creek basin was studied from April 2004 to December 2005 to better understand how groundwater levels in the underlying aquifers and storage and overflow of water from headwater wetlands preserve the streamflows exiting this least-developed tributary basin of the Peace River watershed. The hydrogeologic framework, physical characteristics, and streamflow were described and quantified for five subbasins of the 330-square mile Charlie Creek basin, allowing the contribution of its headwaters area and tributary subbasins to be separately quantified. A MIKE SHE model simulation of the integrated surface-water and groundwater flow processes in the basin was used to simulate daily streamflow observed over 21 months in 2004 and 2005 at five streamflow stations, and to quantify the monthly and annual water budgets for the five subbasins including the changing amount of water stored in wetlands. Groundwater heads were mapped in Zone 2 of the intermediate aquifer system and in the Upper Floridan aquifer, and were used to interpret the location of artesian head conditions in the Charlie Creek basin and its relation to streamflow. Artesian conditions in the intermediate aquifer system induce upward groundwater flow into the surficial aquifer and help sustain base flow which supplies about two-thirds of the streamflow from the Charlie Creek basin. Seepage measurements confirmed seepage inflow to Charlie Creek during the study period. \r\nThe upper half of the basin, comprised largely of the Upper Charlie Creek subbasin, has lower runoff potential than the lower basin, more storage of runoff in wetlands, and periodically generates no streamflow. Artesian head conditions in the intermediate aquifer system were widespread in the upper half of the Charlie Creek basin, preventing downward leakage from expansive areas of wetlands and enabling them to act as headwaters to Charlie Creek once their storage requirements were met. Currently, the dynamic balance between wetland storage, rainfall-runoff processes, and groundwater-level differences in the upper basin allow it to generate approximately half of the streamflow from the Charlie Creek basin. Therefore, future development in the upper basin that would alter the hydraulic connectivity of wetlands during high flow conditions or expand recharging groundwater conditions could substantially affect streamflow in Charlie Creek. LIDAR (Light detection and ranging) based topographic maps and integrated modeling results were used to quantify the water stored in wetlands and other topographic depressions, and to describe the network of shallow stream channels connecting wetlands to Charlie Creek and its tributaries over distances of several thousand feet. Peak flows at all but one streamflow station were underpredicted in MIKE SHE simulations, possibly because the hydraulics of surface channels connecting wetlands to stream channels were not explicitly simulated in the model. Explicitly simulating the smaller channels connecting wetlands and stream channels should improve the ability of future watershed models to simulate peak flows in streams with headwater wetlands. \r\nThe runoff potential was greater in the lower half of the Charlie Creek basin than in the upper half, and the streambed of Charlie Creek had greater potential to both directly gain streamflow from groundwater and lose streamflow to groundwater. Charlie Creek is more incised into the surficial aquifer in the lower basin than in the upper basin, and the streambed intersects the top of the intermediate aquifer system at two known locations. Groundwater levels in the intermediate aquifer system varied widely in the lower half of the basin from artesian conditions inducing upward flow toward the surficial aquifer and streams, to recharging conditions allowing downward flow and stream leakage. Recharge areas were greatest in May 2004 when rainfall was at a seasonal low and irrigation pumping was at a seasonal high. Recharge conditions ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105189","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with\r\nSouthwest Florida Water Management District \r\n","usgsCitation":"Lee, T.M., Sacks, L.A., and Hughes, J., 2010, Effects of groundwater levels and headwater wetlands on streamflow in the Charlie Creek basin, Peace River watershed, west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5189, Ix, 70 p.; Appendices , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105189.","productDescription":"Ix, 70 p.; Appendices ","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135776,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14228,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.5,26.75 ], [ -82.5,28.25 ], [ -81.5,28.25 ], [ -81.5,26.75 ], [ -82.5,26.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db6154be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, T. 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A.","contributorId":83092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, J.D.","contributorId":25539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98814,"text":"ofr20101214 - 2010 - Historical ice-out dates for 29 lakes in New England, 1807-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr20101214","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1214","title":"Historical ice-out dates for 29 lakes in New England, 1807-2008","docAbstract":"Ice-out dates for lakes are an important hydrologic data series for climate-change research. Historical ice-out dates for 29 lakes in New England from 1807 through 2008 were compiled and are presented in this report. Five lakes have more than 160 years of data and another 14 have more than 100 years of data. The oldest record ice-out date is for Sebago Lake in 1807.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101214","usgsCitation":"Hodgkins, G.A., 2010, Historical ice-out dates for 29 lakes in New England, 1807-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1214, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101214.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1807-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1214.jpg"},{"id":14227,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1214/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 19","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.5,41 ], [ -73.5,48 ], [ -67,48 ], [ -67,41 ], [ -73.5,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68841e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98816,"text":"ofr20101228 - 2010 - Water-level data for the Albuquerque Basin and adjacent areas, central New Mexico, period of record through September 30, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"ofr20101228","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1228","title":"Water-level data for the Albuquerque Basin and adjacent areas, central New Mexico, period of record through September 30, 2009","docAbstract":"The Albuquerque Basin, located in central New Mexico, is about 100 miles long and 25 to 40 miles wide. The basin is defined as the extent of consolidated and unconsolidated deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age that encompass the structural Rio Grande Rift within the basin. Drinking-water supplies throughout the basin were obtained solely from groundwater resources until December 2008, when surface water from the Rio Grande began being treated and integrated into the system. An increase of about 20 percent in the population from 1990 to 2000 also resulted in an increased demand for water. A network of wells was established to monitor changes in groundwater levels throughout the basin from April 1982 through September 1983. This network consisted of 6 wells with analog-to-digital recorders and 27 wells where water levels were measured monthly in 1983. Currently (2009), the network consists of 131 wells and piezometers. This report presents water-level data collected by U.S. Geological Survey personnel at 123 sites through water year 2009. In addition, data from four wells (Sites 140, 147, 148, and 149) owned, maintained, and measured by Sandia National Laboratories and three from Kirtland Air Force Base (Sites 119, 125, and 126) are presented in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority\r\n","usgsCitation":"Beman, J.E., and Torres, L.T., 2010, Water-level data for the Albuquerque Basin and adjacent areas, central New Mexico, period of record through September 30, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1228, iii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101228.","productDescription":"iii, 31 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1228.jpg"},{"id":14229,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1228/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,34 ], [ -107.5,36 ], [ -106,36 ], [ -106,34 ], [ -107.5,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c318","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beman, Joseph E. 0000-0002-0689-029X jebeman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-029X","contributorId":2619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beman","given":"Joseph","email":"jebeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torres, Leeanna T.","contributorId":57818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"Leeanna","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9000517,"text":"ds533 - 2010 - Database of groundwater levels and hydrograph descriptions for the Nevada Test Site area, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T21:01:22.159215","indexId":"ds533","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"533","displayTitle":"Database of Groundwater Levels and Hydrograph Descriptions for the Nevada Test Site Area, Nye County, Nevada","title":"Database of groundwater levels and hydrograph descriptions for the Nevada Test Site area, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"A database containing water levels measured from wells in and near areas of underground nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site since 1941 was developed. The database provides information for each well including well construction, borehole lithology, units contributing water to the well, and general site remarks. Water-level information provided in the database includes measurement source, status, method, accuracy, and specific water-level remarks. Additionally, the database provides hydrograph narratives that document the water-level history and describe and interpret the water-level hydrograph for each well.
Water levels in the database were quality assured and analyzed. Multiple conditions were assigned to each water‑level measurement to describe the hydrologic conditions at the time of measurement. General quality, temporal variability, regional significance, and hydrologic conditions are attributed to each water-level measurement.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds533","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Site Office, Office of Environmental Management under Interagency Agreement, DE-A152-07NA28100","usgsCitation":"Elliott, P.E., and Fenelon, J.M., 2010, Database of groundwater levels and hydrograph descriptions for the Nevada Test Site area, Nye County, Nevada (ver. 12.0, April 2022): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 533, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds533.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 13 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423585,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94692.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":279045,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/533/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/533/pdf/ds533.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":357104,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/533/images/coverthb_v12.jpg"},{"id":357057,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F75H7FGN","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"Database of groundwater levels and hydrograph descriptions for the Nevada Test Site area, Nye County, Nevada"},{"id":357058,"rank":5,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/533/versionhist.txt"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projection","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.866667,36.5 ], [ -116.866667,37.666667 ], [ -115.633333,37.666667 ], [ -115.633333,36.5 ], [ -116.866667,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0: December 2010; Version 2.0: December 2011; Version 3.0: October 2012; Version 4.0: November 2013; Version 5.0: October 2014; Version 6.0: October 2015; Version 7.0: October 2016; Version 8.0: September 2018; Version 9.0: February 2019; Version 10.0: February 2020; Version 11.0: May 2021; Version 12.0: April 2022","contact":"Director, Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road
Carson City, Nevada 89701
Flood-frequency analyses use statistical methods to compute peak streamflows for selected recurrence intervals— the average number of years between peak flows that are equal to or greater than a specified peak flow. Analyses are based on annual peak flows at a stream. It has long been assumed that the annual peak streamflows used in these computations were stationary (non-changing) over very long periods of time, except in river basins subject to direct effects of human activities, such as urbanization and regulation. Because of the potential effects of global warming on peak flows, the assumption of peak-flow stationarity has recently been questioned. Maine has many streamgages with 50 to 105 years of recorded annual peak streamflows. In this study, this long-term record has been tested for historical flood-frequency stationarity, to provide some insight into future flood frequency.
Changes over time in annual instantaneous peak streamflows at 28 U.S. Geological Survey streamgages with long-term data (50 or more years) and relatively complete records were investigated by examining linear trends for each streamgage’s period of record. None of the 28 streamgages had more than 5 years of missing data. Eight streamgages have substantial streamflow regulation. Because previous studies have suggested that changes over time may have occurred as a step change around 1970, step changes between each streamgage’s older record (start year to 1970) and newer record (1971 to 2006) also were computed. The median change over time for all 28 streamgages is an increase of 15.9 percent based on a linear change and an increase of 12.4 percent based on a step change. The median change for the 20 unregulated streamgages is slightly higher than for all 28 streamgages; it is 18.4 percent based on a linear change and 15.0 percent based on a step change.
Peak flows with 100- and 5-year recurrence intervals were computed for the 28 streamgages using the full annual peak-flow record and multiple sub-periods of that record using the guidelines (Bulletin 17B) of the Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data. Magnitudes of 100- and 5-year peak flows computed from sub-periods then were compared to those computed from the full period. Sub-periods of 30 years with starting years staggered by 10 years were evaluated (1907–36, 1917–46, 1927–56, 1937–66, 1947–76, 1957–86, 1967–96, and 1977–2006). Two other sub-periods were evaluated using older data (start-of-record to 1970) and newer data (1971 to 2006). The 5-year peak flow is used to represent small and relatively frequent flood flows in Maine, whereas the 100-year peak flow is used to represent large flood flows.
The 1967–96 sub-period generated the highest 100- and 5-year peak flows overall when compared to peak flows based on the full period of record; the median difference for all 28 streamgages is 8 percent for 100- and 5-year peak flows. The 1977–2006 and 1971–2006 sub-periods also generated 100- and 5-year peak flows higher than peak flows based on the full period of record, but not as high as the peak flows based on the 1967–96 sub-period. The 1937–66 sub-period generated the lowest 100- and 5-year peak flows overall. The median difference from full-period peak flows is -11 percent for 100-year peak flows and -8 percent for 5-year peak flows. Overall, differences between peak flows based on the sub-periods and those based on the full periods, generated using the 20 unregulated streamgages, are similar to differences using all 28 streamgages.
Increases in the 5- and 100-year peak flows based on recent years of record are, in general, modest when compared to peak flows based on complete periods of record. The highest peak flows are based on the 1967–96 sub-period rather than the most recent sub-period (1977-2006). Peak flows for selected recurrence intervals are sensitive to very high peak flows that may occur once in a century or even less frequently. It is difficult, therefore, to determine which approach will produce the most reliable future estimates of peak flows for selected recurrence intervals, using only recent years of record or the traditional method using the entire historical period. One possible conservative approach to computing peak flows of selected recurrence intervals would be to compute peak flows using recent annual peak flows and the entire period of record, then choose the higher computed value. Whether recent or entire periods of record are used to compute peak flows of selected recurrence intervals, the results of this study highlight the importance of using recent data in the computation of the peak flows. The use of older records alone could result in underestimation of peak flows, particularly peak flows with short recurrence intervals, such as the 5-year peak flows.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105094","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maine Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Hodgkins, G.A., 2010, Historical changes in annual peak flows in Maine and implications for flood-frequency analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5094, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105094.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126016,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5094.jpg"},{"id":343324,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5094/pdf/sir2010-5094.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":14222,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ea40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodgkins, Glenn A. 0000-0002-4916-5565 gahodgki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4916-5565","contributorId":2020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgkins","given":"Glenn","email":"gahodgki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70156623,"text":"70156623 - 2010 - Applying GORE-TEX technology for rapid contaminant assessments at Fort Gordon, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T16:57:33.519473","indexId":"70156623","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Applying GORE-TEX technology for rapid contaminant assessments at Fort Gordon, Georgia","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army at Fort Gordon, Georgia, deployed GORE1 adsorbent samplers along creeks and floodplains to rapidly assess potential contamination at abandoned facilities and in adjacent surface water. The samplers provide screening-level data to determine the presence or absence of volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and were deployed in saturated creek and floodplain sediments adjacent to four abandoned waste-disposal/warfare-training sites. Fuelrelated compounds, not solvents, are the most prevalent organic compounds detected along segments of McCoys Creek adjacent to the 19th Street landfill; South Prong Creek adjacent to the South Prong Creek waste-disposal area; an unnamed tributary to Butler Creek adjacent to the old hospital landfill; and the Brier Creek floodplain adjacent to the Patterson anti-tank range. All 37 samplers deployed in these assessments had detections of total petroleum hydrocarbons ranging from just above 3 (laboratory method detection level) to 344 micrograms per liter. Detections of octane that ranged from 1 to 7.6 micrograms per liter were common in all assessments, except for South Prong Creek. Calculated concentrations of benzene are at or just above the National Primary Drinking Water Standard maximum contaminant level for all samplers deployed in the floodplain at the Patterson anti-tank range. The highest calculated concentration of a specific fuel-related compound was for toluene collected at one sampling site on McCoys Creek adjacent to the 19th Street landfill, but the concentration was below the National Primary Drinking Water Standard. These results are being used by Fort Gordon environmental compliance personnel to decide if further assessments are needed at these abandoned waste-disposal/warfare-training sites
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 2010 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"2010 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"October 13-14 2010","conferenceLocation":"Columbia, South Carolina","language":"English","publisher":"Clemson University Center for Watershed Excellence","usgsCitation":"Falls, F.W., Harrelson, L.G., Ratliff, W.H., Wellborn, J.B., and Landmeyer, J., 2010, Applying GORE-TEX technology for rapid contaminant assessments at Fort Gordon, Georgia, in Proceedings of the 2010 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Columbia, South Carolina, October 13-14 2010, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-028335","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307394,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/scwrc/2010/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Fort Gordon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.25395202636719,\n 33.293229612321824\n ],\n [\n -82.19902038574219,\n 33.312741658795304\n ],\n [\n -82.11044311523438,\n 33.392466071900756\n ],\n [\n -82.09396362304688,\n 33.41883360541482\n ],\n [\n -82.10769653320312,\n 33.43659851558681\n ],\n [\n -82.1619415283203,\n 33.447484889088855\n ],\n [\n -82.21000671386719,\n 33.42456461884056\n ],\n [\n -82.27386474609375,\n 33.390172864722466\n ],\n [\n -82.37342834472656,\n 33.34544323507435\n ],\n [\n -82.3919677734375,\n 33.296673231834106\n ],\n [\n -82.33909606933594,\n 33.280027811732154\n ],\n [\n -82.29446411132811,\n 33.277731642555224\n ],\n [\n -82.25395202636719,\n 33.293229612321824\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91ade4b0518e354dd122","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Falls, Fred W.","contributorId":97234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falls","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrelson, Larry G.","contributorId":70059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrelson","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ratliff, W. Hagan","contributorId":60347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratliff","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hagan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wellborn, John B.","contributorId":24822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wellborn","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":569705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98808,"text":"sir20105112 - 2010 - Hydrogeology and groundwater availability in Clarke County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"sir20105112","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5112","title":"Hydrogeology and groundwater availability in Clarke County, Virginia","docAbstract":"The prolonged drought between 1999 and 2002 drew attention in Clarke County, Virginia, to the quantity and sustainability of its groundwater resources. The groundwater flow systems of the county are complex and are controlled by the extremely folded and faulted geology that underlies the county. A study was conducted between October 2002 and October 2008 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Clarke County, Virginia, to describe the hydrogeology and groundwater availability in the county and to establish a long-term water monitoring network. The study area encompasses approximately 177 square miles and includes the carbonate and siliciclastic rocks of the Great Valley section of the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province and the metamorphic rocks of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province (Blue Ridge).\r\n\r\nHigh-yielding wells generally tend to cluster along faults, within lineament zones, and in areas of tight folding throughout the county. Water-bearing zones are generally within 250 feet (ft) of land surface; however, median depths are slightly deeper for the hydrogeologic units of the Blue Ridge than for those of the Great Valley section of the county. Total water-level fluctuations between October 2002 and October 2008 ranged from 2.86 to 87.84 ft across the study area, with an average of 24.15 ft. Generally, water-level fluctuations were greatest near hydrologic divides, in isolated elevated areas, and in the Opequon Creek Basin. Seasonally, water-level highs occur in the early spring at the end of the major groundwater recharge period and lows occur in late autumn when evapotranspiration rates begin to decrease. An overall downward trend in water levels between 2003 and 2008, which closely follows a downward trend in annual precipitation over the same period, was observed in a majority of wells in the Great Valley and in some of the wells in the Blue Ridge. Water-level fluctuations in the Blue Ridge tend to follow current meteorological conditions, and seasonal highs and lows tend to shift in response to the current conditions. \r\n\r\nSprings generally are present along faults and fold axes, and discharges for the study period ranged from dry to 10 cubic feet per second. A similar downward trend in discharges correlates with the trend in water levels and is indicative of an aquifer system that, over time, drains to a base level controlled by springs and streams. Point discharge from springs can occur as the start of flows of streams and creeks, along banks, and as discrete discharge through streambeds in the Great Valley. For the most part, streams, creeks, and rivers in the Great Valley function as aqueducts. Springs in the Blue Ridge have relatively low discharge rates, have small drainage areas, and are susceptible to current meteorological conditions.\r\n\r\nEstimates of effective groundwater recharge from 2001 to 2007 ranged from 6.4 to 23.0 inches per year (in/yr) in the Dry Marsh Run and Spout Run Basins with averages of 11.6 and 11.9 in/yr, respectively. Base flow accounted for between 80 and 97 percent of mean streamflow and averaged about 90 percent in these basins. The high base-flow index values (percent of streamflow from base flow) in the Dry Marsh Run and Spout Run Basins indicate that groundwater is the dominant source of streamflow during both wet and drought conditions. Between 46 and 82 percent of the precipitation that fell on the Dry Marsh Run and Spout Run Basins from 2001 to 2007 was removed by evapotranspiration, and an average of approximately 30 percent of the precipitation reached the water table as effective recharge. The high permeability of the rocks and low relief in these basins are not conducive for runoff; therefore, on average, only about 3 to 4 percent of the precipitation becomes runoff.\r\n\r\nGroundwater flow systems in the county are extremely vulnerable to current climatic conditions. Successive years of below-average effective recharge cause declines in water levels, spring discha","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105112","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Clarke County","usgsCitation":"Nelms, D.L., and Moberg, R.M., 2010, Hydrogeology and groundwater availability in Clarke County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5112, xi, 71 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105112.","productDescription":"xi, 71 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5112.jpg"},{"id":14220,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.25,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.25,39.333333333333336 ], [ -77.83333333333333,39.333333333333336 ], [ -77.83333333333333,38.916666666666664 ], [ -75.25,38.916666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625553","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelms, David L. 0000-0001-5747-642X dlnelms@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5747-642X","contributorId":1892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelms","given":"David","email":"dlnelms@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moberg, Roger M. rmmoberg@usgs.gov","contributorId":3655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moberg","given":"Roger","email":"rmmoberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70158962,"text":"70158962 - 2010 - Data mining for water resource management part 2 - methods and approaches to solving contemporary problems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-30T14:55:41","indexId":"70158962","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Data mining for water resource management part 2 - methods and approaches to solving contemporary problems","docAbstract":"This is the second of two papers that describe how data mining can aid natural-resource managers with the difficult problem of controlling the interactions between hydrologic and man-made systems. Data mining is a new science that assists scientists in converting large databases into knowledge, and is uniquely able to leverage the large amounts of real-time, multivariate data now being collected for hydrologic systems. Part 1 gives a high-level overview of data mining, and describes several applications that have addressed major water resource issues in South Carolina. This Part 2 paper describes how various data mining methods are integrated to produce predictive models for controlling surface- and groundwater hydraulics and quality. The methods include: - signal processing to remove noise and decompose complex signals into simpler components; - time series clustering that optimally groups hundreds of signals into \"classes\" that behave similarly for data reduction and (or) divide-and-conquer problem solving; - classification which optimally matches new data to behavioral classes; - artificial neural networks which optimally fit multivariate data to create predictive models; - model response surface visualization that greatly aids in understanding data and physical processes; and, - decision support systems that integrate data, models, and graphics into a single package that is easy to use.
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Chesterfield County, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-11T12:07:58","indexId":"70156771","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Development of a conceptual model of groundwater flow, Chesterfield County, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Chesterfield County is located in the north central part of South Carolina (SC) and is adjacent to the North Carolina border. The County lies along the Fall Line, the geologic boundary between the Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP) and Piedmont physiographic provinces. Between 2000 and 2007, the population increased from 42,768 to 43,191 people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2007). Associated with this population growth is an increased demand for domestic, public, industrial, and agricultural water supplies. The ACP sediments underlying Chesterfield County contain abundant supplies of highquality groundwater (Newcome, 2004). The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources is investigating the ACP groundwater resources of Chesterfield County. The initial task of the study is to establish a hydrologic data-collection network for the ACP part of the County. A groundwater-flow model and derived water budgets for the ACP aquifer that underlies most of the County will be constructed and calibrated later in the study. Both anthropogenic and natural groundwater contaminants that have been identified in the study area will be quantified and described as part of a companion study.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"2010 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"2010 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"October 13-14 2010","conferenceLocation":"Columbia, South Carolina","language":"English","publisher":"Clemson University Center for Watershed Excellence","usgsCitation":"Campbell, B.G., and Landmeyer, J., 2010, Development of a conceptual model of groundwater flow, Chesterfield County, South Carolina, in 2010 South Carolina Water Resources Conference, Columbia, South Carolina, October 13-14 2010, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307643,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/scwrc/2010/"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","county":"Chesterfield County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.32,34.8137],[-80.2121,34.8121],[-79.9763,34.8089],[-79.9248,34.8084],[-79.9345,34.8027],[-79.9346,34.7977],[-79.9277,34.7681],[-79.9244,34.7645],[-79.9044,34.752],[-79.8945,34.7437],[-79.8864,34.7269],[-79.8781,34.7159],[-79.8723,34.694],[-79.8536,34.672],[-79.8408,34.6696],[-79.8298,34.6568],[-79.8175,34.659],[-79.8092,34.6511],[-79.7959,34.6478],[-79.7959,34.6456],[-79.7987,34.6429],[-79.8021,34.6402],[-79.7927,34.6337],[-79.7916,34.6324],[-79.7894,34.631],[-79.79,34.6296],[-79.7912,34.6242],[-79.7852,34.6182],[-79.7791,34.6159],[-79.778,34.6131],[-79.7831,34.6077],[-79.787,34.6064],[-79.7937,34.606],[-79.7992,34.6102],[-79.8026,34.6102],[-79.8054,34.608],[-79.8095,34.5989],[-79.809,34.593],[-79.8085,34.5862],[-79.8103,34.5807],[-79.8148,34.5758],[-79.8183,34.5722],[-79.8289,34.5346],[-79.8378,34.5356],[-79.8423,34.5343],[-79.8474,34.5289],[-79.8592,34.5204],[-79.8621,34.5104],[-79.8723,34.5041],[-79.8746,34.5001],[-79.8852,34.4943],[-79.8931,34.4916],[-79.902,34.4921],[-79.9125,34.4963],[-79.9203,34.4973],[-79.9422,34.4902],[-79.9623,34.4868],[-79.9673,34.4891],[-79.9733,34.4969],[-79.9772,34.4992],[-79.9877,34.5002],[-80.0001,34.4971],[-80.0141,34.4904],[-80.0247,34.4855],[-80.0336,34.4874],[-80.0425,34.4916],[-80.2867,34.3711],[-80.2871,34.3929],[-80.2993,34.3975],[-80.3053,34.4089],[-80.3108,34.4144],[-80.3141,34.4226],[-80.3224,34.4272],[-80.3318,34.4409],[-80.3272,34.4522],[-80.3304,34.4731],[-80.3273,34.499],[-80.3289,34.5081],[-80.3378,34.5145],[-80.3456,34.5146],[-80.3534,34.5205],[-80.3566,34.5346],[-80.3715,34.5506],[-80.3743,34.5597],[-80.3742,34.5679],[-80.3814,34.5761],[-80.3791,34.5865],[-80.3951,34.603],[-80.4079,34.613],[-80.4168,34.6162],[-80.4122,34.6271],[-80.4228,34.6344],[-80.4339,34.6404],[-80.4344,34.6477],[-80.4305,34.6576],[-80.4332,34.6599],[-80.4394,34.6604],[-80.4488,34.6682],[-80.4516,34.6759],[-80.4599,34.6787],[-80.476,34.6983],[-80.4871,34.7061],[-80.4904,34.7229],[-80.5153,34.7593],[-80.5141,34.7666],[-80.5247,34.7707],[-80.5303,34.7798],[-80.5437,34.7853],[-80.5559,34.8013],[-80.5614,34.8157],[-80.4444,34.8148],[-80.32,34.8137]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Chesterfield\",\"state\":\"SC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e034b6e4b0f42e3d040dfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Bruce G. 0000-0003-4800-6674 bcampbel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-6674","contributorId":995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"bcampbel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}