{"pageNumber":"1888","pageRowStart":"47175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184982,"records":[{"id":98967,"text":"ofr20101275 - 2010 - Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"ofr20101275","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1275","title":"Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2009","docAbstract":"Streamflow and water-quality data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) or the Providence Water Supply Board (PWSB), Rhode Island's largest drinking-water supplier. Streamflow was measured or estimated by the USGS following standard methods at 23 streamgage stations; 13 of these stations were also equipped with instrumentation capable of continuously monitoring specific conductance and water temperature. Streamflow and concentrations of sodium and chloride estimated from records of specific conductance were used to calculate loads of sodium and chloride during water year (WY) 2009 (October 1, 2008, to September 30, 2009). Water-quality samples also were collected at 37 sampling stations by the PWSB and at 14 monitoring stations by the USGS during WY 2009 as part of a long-term sampling program; all stations are in the Scituate Reservoir drainage area. Water-quality data collected by PWSB are summarized by using values of central tendency and are used, in combination with measured (or estimated) streamflows, to calculate loads and yields (loads per unit area) of selected water-quality constituents for WY 2009.\r\n\r\nThe largest tributary to the reservoir (the Ponaganset River, which was monitored by the USGS) contributed a mean streamflow of about 27 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) to the reservoir during WY 2009. For the same time period, annual mean1 streamflows measured (or estimated) for the other monitoring stations in this study ranged from about 0.50 to 17 ft3/s. Together, tributary streams (equipped with instrumentation capable of continuously monitoring specific conductance) transported about 1,400,000 kilograms (kg) of sodium and 2,200,000 kg of chloride to the Scituate Reservoir during WY 2009; sodium and chloride yields for the tributaries ranged from 10,000 to 64,000 kilograms per square mile (kg/mi2) and from 15,000 to 110,000 kg/mi2, respectively.\r\n\r\nAt the stations where water-quality samples were collected by the PWSB, the median of the median chloride concentrations was 21.7 milligrams per liter (mg/L), median nitrite concentration was 0.001 mg/L as N, median nitrate concentration was 0.02 mg/L as N, median orthophosphate concentration was 0.09 mg/L as P, and median concentrations of total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were 61 and 16 colony forming units per 100 milliliters (CFU/100 mL), respectively. The medians of the median daily loads (and yields) of chloride, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, and total coliform and E. coli bacteria were 190 kg/d (61 kg/d/mi2), 12 g/d (4.5 g/d/mi2), 93 g/d (32 g/d/mi2), 420 g/d (290 g/d/mi2), 6,200 million colony forming units per day (CFU?106/d) (2,600 CFU?106/d/mi2), and 1,100 CFU?106/d (340 CFU?106/d/mi2), respectively.\r\n\r\n  1The arithmetic mean of the individual daily mean discharges for the year noted or for the designated period. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101275","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Providence Water Supply Board \r\n","usgsCitation":"Breault, R., and Smith, K.P., 2010, Streamflow, water quality, and constituent loads and yields, Scituate Reservoir drainage area, Rhode Island, water year 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1275, iv, 24 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101275.","productDescription":"iv, 24 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2008-10-01","temporalEnd":"2009-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":544,"text":"Rhode Island Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116277,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1275.bmp"},{"id":14398,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1275/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -71.83333333333333,41.666666666666664 ], [ -71.83333333333333,41.916666666666664 ], [ -71.5,41.916666666666664 ], [ -71.5,41.666666666666664 ], [ -71.83333333333333,41.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4bd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breault, Robert F. 0000-0002-2517-407X rbreault@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2517-407X","contributorId":2219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breault","given":"Robert F.","email":"rbreault@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Kirk P. 0000-0003-0269-474X kpsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0269-474X","contributorId":1516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kirk","email":"kpsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98965,"text":"ofr20101273 - 2010 - Vegetation and substrate on aeolian landscapes in the Colorado River corridor, Cataract Canyon, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:05","indexId":"ofr20101273","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1273","title":"Vegetation and substrate on aeolian landscapes in the Colorado River corridor, Cataract Canyon, Utah","docAbstract":"Vegetation and substrate data presented in this report characterize ground cover on aeolian landscapes of the Colorado River corridor through Cataract Canyon, Utah, in Canyonlands National Park. The 27-km-long Cataract Canyon reach has undergone less anthropogenic alteration than other reaches of the mainstem Colorado River. Characterizing ecosystem parameters there provides a basis against which to evaluate future changes, such as those that could result from the further spread of nonnative plant species or increased visitor use. Upstream dams have less effect on the hydrology and sediment supply in Cataract Canyon compared with downstream reaches in Grand Canyon National Park. For this reason, comparison of these vegetation and substrate measurements with similar data from aeolian landscapes of Grand Canyon will help to resolve the effects of Glen Canyon Dam operations on the Colorado River corridor ecosystem. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101273","usgsCitation":"Draut, A.E., and Gillette, E.R., 2010, Vegetation and substrate on aeolian landscapes in the Colorado River corridor, Cataract Canyon, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1273, iv, 21 p.; Tables; Downloads: Spreadsheet of Tables 1-14, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101273.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.; Tables; Downloads: Spreadsheet of Tables 1-14","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1273.gif"},{"id":14396,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1273/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110.16666666666667,37.833333333333336 ], [ -110.16666666666667,38.25 ], [ -109.83333333333333,38.25 ], [ -109.83333333333333,37.833333333333336 ], [ -110.16666666666667,37.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602678","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draut, Amy E.","contributorId":92215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gillette, Elizabeth R.","contributorId":71519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98964,"text":"ofr20101283 - 2010 - Development of monitoring protocols to detect change in rocky intertidal communities of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:46","indexId":"ofr20101283","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1283","title":"Development of monitoring protocols to detect change in rocky intertidal communities of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","docAbstract":"Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve in southeastern Alaska includes extensive coastlines representing a major proportion of all coastlines held by the National Park Service. The marine plants and invertebrates that occupy intertidal shores form highly productive communities that are ecologically important to a number of vertebrate and invertebrate consumers and that are vulnerable to human disturbances. To better understand these communities and their sensitivity, it is important to obtain information on species abundances over space and time. During field studies from 1997 to 2001, I investigated probability-based rocky intertidal monitoring designs that allow inference of results to similar habitat within the bay and that reduce bias. Aerial surveys of a subset of intertidal habitat indicated that the original target habitat of bedrock-dominated sites with slope less than or equal to 30 degrees was rare. This finding illustrated the value of probability-based surveys and led to a shift in the target habitat type to more mixed rocky habitat with steeper slopes. Subsequently, I investigated different sampling methods and strategies for their relative power to detect changes in the abundances of the predominant sessile intertidal taxa: barnacles -Balanomorpha, the mussel Mytilus trossulus and the rockweed Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens. I found that lower-intensity sampling of 25 randomly selected sites (= coarse-grained sampling) provided a greater ability to detect changes in the abundances of these taxa than did more intensive sampling of 6 sites (= fine-grained sampling). Because of its greater power, the coarse-grained sampling scheme was adopted in subsequent years. This report provides detailed analyses of the 4 years of data and evaluates the relative effect of different sampling attributes and management-set parameters on the ability of the sampling to detect changes in the abundances of these taxa. The intent was to provide managers with information to guide design choices for intertidal monitoring. I found that the coarse-grained surveys, as conducted from 1998 to 2001, had power ranging from 0.68 to 1.0 to detect 10 percent annual changes in the abundances of these predominant sessile species. The information gained through intertidal monitoring would be useful in assessing changes due to climate (including ocean acidification), invasive species, trampling effects, and oil spills.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101283","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service\r\n","usgsCitation":"Irvine, G.V., 2010, Development of monitoring protocols to detect change in rocky intertidal communities of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1283, vi, 29 p.; Figures; Tables; Appendices; Downloads: Report Body; Appendix A; Appendix B; Appendix C; Appendix D; Appendix E, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101283.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.; Figures; Tables; Appendices; Downloads: Report Body; Appendix A; Appendix B; Appendix C; Appendix D; Appendix E","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1283.jpg"},{"id":14395,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1283/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65de70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Irvine, Gail V. girvine@usgs.gov","contributorId":2368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"Gail","email":"girvine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98966,"text":"ofr20101247 - 2010 - Internet-based interface for STRMDEPL08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"ofr20101247","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1247","title":"Internet-based interface for STRMDEPL08","docAbstract":"The core of the computer program STRMDEPL08 that estimates streamflow depletion by a pumping well with one of four analytical solutions was re-written in the Javascript software language and made available through an internet-based interface (web page). In the internet-based interface, the user enters data for one of the four analytical solutions, Glover and Balmer (1954), Hantush (1965), Hunt (1999), and Hunt (2003), and the solution is run for constant pumping for a desired number of simulation days. Results are returned in tabular form to the user. For intermittent pumping, the interface allows the user to request that the header information for an input file for the stand-alone executable STRMDEPL08 be created. The user would add the pumping information to this header information and run the STRMDEPL08 executable that is available for download through the U.S. Geological Survey. Results for the internet-based and stand-alone versions of STRMDEPL08 are shown to match.\r\n\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101247","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\r\n","usgsCitation":"Reeves, H.W., and Asher, A., 2010, Internet-based interface for STRMDEPL08: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1247, iv, 7 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101247.","productDescription":"iv, 7 p.; Appendix","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1247.gif"},{"id":14397,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0799","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, Howard W. 0000-0001-8057-2081 hwreeves@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-2081","contributorId":2307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"Howard","email":"hwreeves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Asher, A. Jeremiah","contributorId":34098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asher","given":"A. Jeremiah","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":9000519,"text":"ofr20101006 - 2010 - Geophysical and sampling data from the inner continental shelf: Northern Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-10T18:26:01","indexId":"ofr20101006","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1006","title":"Geophysical and sampling data from the inner continental shelf: Northern Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) have cooperated to map approximately 480 km2 of the inner continental shelf in northern Cape Cod Bay, MA. This report contains geophysical and sampling data collected by the USGS during five research cruises between 2006 and 2008. The geophysical data include (1) swath bathymetry from interferometric sonar, (2) acoustic backscatter from interferometric and sidescan sonars, and (3) subsurface stratigraphy and structure from seismic-reflection profilers. The seafloor sampling data include sediment samples, photographs, and video tracklines. These spatial data support research on the influence that sea-level change and sediment supply have on coastal evolution and help identify the type, distribution, and quality of subtidal marine habitats within the coastal zone of Massachusetts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101006","usgsCitation":"Andrews, B., Ackerman, S.D., Baldwin, W.E., and Barnhardt, W., 2010, Geophysical and sampling data from the inner continental shelf: Northern Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1006, HTML Page and DVD/CD Rom; PDF: iv, 7 p.; Figures; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101006.","productDescription":"HTML Page and DVD/CD Rom; PDF: iv, 7 p.; Figures; Appendices","numberOfPages":"19","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1006.bmp"},{"id":19180,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1006/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"crs\": {\"type\": \"name\", \"properties\": {\"name\": \"urn:ogc:def:crs:OGC:1.3:CRS84\"}}, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [[[-70.1341037750243, 41.95104789733888], [-70.4096186705684, 41.95154055278067], [-70.50489807128906, 41.929197311401474], [-70.59550666809083, 41.96906852722178], [-70.5973510870749, 41.97991037474872], [-70.5879332917579, 41.986537712194135], [-70.58897971345982, 41.998048350914765], [-70.63153419600297, 42.0399052189901], [-70.64330863952637, 42.06887245178229], [-70.59966278076172, 42.08695030212412], [-70.53343772888182, 42.093832015991325], [-70.27768516540526, 42.09016227722178], [-70.26380271816402, 42.08609683315666], [-70.22901064801272, 42.0373683146205], [-70.2007572620618, 42.0206255673903], [-70.15401709271117, 41.955049807405885], [-70.13692553824713, 41.956096229107686], [-70.13679885864252, 42.04490470886237], [-70.1330777347764, 41.954507150169185], [-70.1128253936767, 41.95272636413572], [-70.1341037750243, 41.95104789733888]]]}, \"properties\": {\"extentType\": \"Custom\", \"code\": \"\", \"name\": \"\", \"notes\": \"\", \"promotedForReuse\": false, \"abbreviation\": \"\", \"shortName\": \"\", \"description\": \"\"}, \"bbox\": [-70.64330863952637, 41.929197311401474, -70.1128253936767, 42.09390449523937], \"type\": \"Feature\", \"id\": \"3091914\"}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c1cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, Brian D.","contributorId":54180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Brian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ackerman, Seth D. 0000-0003-0945-2794 sackerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0945-2794","contributorId":178676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"Seth","email":"sackerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldwin, Wayne E. 0000-0001-5886-0917 wbaldwin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5886-0917","contributorId":1321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Wayne","email":"wbaldwin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnhardt, Walter A.","contributorId":80656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhardt","given":"Walter A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70236315,"text":"70236315 - 2010 - Scale-invariant stress orientations and seismicity rates near the San Andreas Fault","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-01T16:10:27.946688","indexId":"70236315","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-21T10:44:23","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scale-invariant stress orientations and seismicity rates near the San Andreas Fault","docAbstract":"<p>We analyzed measurements of the direction of maximum horizontal compressive stress as a function of depth in two scientific research wells near the San Andreas Fault in central and southern California. We found that the stress orientations exhibit scale-invariant fluctuations over intervals from tens of cm to several km. Similarity between the scaling of the stress orientation fluctuations and the scaling of earthquake frequency with fault size suggests that these fluctuations are controlled by stress perturbations caused by slip on faults of various sizes in the critically-stressed crust adjacent to the fault. The apparent difference in stress scaling parameters between the two studies wells seem to correspond to differences in the earthquake magnitude-frequency statistics for the creeping versus locked sections of the fault along which these two wells are located. This suggests that stress heterogeneity adjacent to active faults like the San Andreas may reflect variations in stresses and loading conditions along the fault.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2010GL045025","usgsCitation":"Day-Lewis, A., Zoback, M.D., and Hickman, S.H., 2010, Scale-invariant stress orientations and seismicity rates near the San Andreas Fault: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 37, no. 24, L24304, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL045025.","productDescription":"L24304, 5 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045025","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":406070,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.6680908203125,\n              36.40802070382984\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.05859375,\n              34.67839374011646\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.8448486328125,\n              34.075412438417395\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.334228515625,\n              32.78265637602964\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.20263671874999,\n              33.701492795584365\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.32299804687499,\n              34.813803317113155\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.38818359375,\n              36.83566824724438\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.6680908203125,\n              36.40802070382984\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Day-Lewis, Amy","contributorId":296086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Day-Lewis","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zoback, Mark D.","contributorId":29431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zoback","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":850584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98963,"text":"sir20105217 - 2010 - Methods for estimating selected low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:13","indexId":"sir20105217","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5217","title":"Methods for estimating selected low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Kentucky","docAbstract":"This report provides estimates of, and presents methods for estimating, selected low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Kentucky including the 30-day mean low flows for recurrence intervals of 2 and 5 years (30Q<sub>2</sub> and 30Q<sub>5</sub>) and the 7-day mean low flows for recurrence intervals of 5, 10, and 20 years (7Q<sub>2</sub>, 7Q<sub>10</sub>, and 7Q<sub>20</sub>). Estimates of these statistics are provided for 121 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations with data through the 2006 climate year, which is the 12-month period ending March 31 of each year. Data were screened to identify the periods of homogeneous, unregulated flows for use in the analyses.\r\nLogistic-regression equations are presented for estimating the annual probability of the selected low-flow frequency statistics being equal to zero. Weighted-least-squares regression equations were developed for estimating the magnitude of the nonzero 30Q<sub>2</sub>, 30Q<sub>5</sub>, 7Q<sub>2</sub>, 7Q<sub>10</sub>, and 7Q<sub>20</sub> low flows. Three low-flow regions were defined for estimating the 7-day low-flow frequency statistics.\r\nThe explicit explanatory variables in the regression equations include total drainage area and the mapped streamflow-variability index measured from a revised statewide coverage of this characteristic. The percentage of the station low-flow statistics correctly classified as zero or nonzero by use of the logistic-regression equations ranged from 87.5 to 93.8 percent. The average standard errors of prediction of the weighted-least-squares regression equations ranged from 108 to 226 percent. The 30Q<sub>2</sub> regression equations have the smallest standard errors of prediction, and the 7Q<sub>20</sub> regression equations have the largest standard errors of prediction.\r\nThe regression equations are applicable only to stream sites with low flows unaffected by regulation from reservoirs and local diversions of flow and to drainage basins in specified ranges of basin characteristics. Caution is advised when applying the equations for basins with characteristics near the applicable limits and for basins with karst drainage features.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Martin, G.R., and Arihood, L.D., 2010, Methods for estimating selected low-flow frequency statistics for unregulated streams in Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5217, vi. 55 p.; Appendices; 2 plates (30 x 22 inches), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105217.","productDescription":"vi. 55 p.; Appendices; 2 plates (30 x 22 inches)","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5217.jpg"},{"id":14394,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5217/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a4b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Gary R. 0000-0002-3274-5846 grmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3274-5846","contributorId":3413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Gary","email":"grmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arihood, Leslie D. 0000-0001-5792-3699 larihood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":2357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"Leslie","email":"larihood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":9000518,"text":"ofr20101324 - 2010 - Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring Pilot Summary Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:57","indexId":"ofr20101324","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1324","title":"Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring Pilot Summary Report","docAbstract":"The Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring Pilot project (GBILM) was one of four regional pilots to implement the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Science Thrust on Integrated Landscape Monitoring (ILM) whose goal was to observe, understand, and predict landscape change and its implications on natural resources at multiple spatial and temporal scales and address priority natural resource management and policy issues. The Great Basin is undergoing rapid environmental change stemming from interactions among global climate trends, increasing human populations, expanding and accelerating land and water uses, invasive species, and altered fire regimes. GBLIM tested concepts and developed tools to store and analyze monitoring data, understand change at multiple scales, and forecast landscape change. The GBILM endeavored to develop and test a landscape-level monitoring approach in the Great Basin that integrates USGS disciplines, addresses priority management questions, catalogs and uses existing monitoring data, evaluates change at multiple scales, and contributes to development of regional monitoring strategies. GBILM functioned as an integrative team from 2005 to 2010, producing more than 35 science and data management products that addressed pressing ecosystem drivers and resource management agency needs in the region. This report summarizes the approaches and methods of this interdisciplinary effort, identifies and describes the products generated, and provides lessons learned during the project.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101324","usgsCitation":"Finn, S.P., Kitchell, K., Baer, L.A., Bedford, D.R., Brooks, M.L., Flint, A.L., Flint, L.E., Matchett, J., Mathie, A., Miller, D., Pilliod, D., Torregrosa, A.A., and Woodward, A., 2010, Great Basin Integrated Landscape Monitoring Pilot Summary Report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1324, iv, 21 p.; Tables; Figures; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101324.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.; Tables; Figures; Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203749,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":19179,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1324/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122,34 ], [ -122,44 ], [ -112,44 ], [ -112,34 ], [ -122,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Sean P.","contributorId":106623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kitchell, Kate","contributorId":69694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"Kate","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baer, Lori Anne 0000-0003-1908-979X labaer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-979X","contributorId":4429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baer","given":"Lori","email":"labaer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bedford, David R. dbedford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedford","given":"David","email":"dbedford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brooks, Matthew L. 0000-0002-3518-6787 mlbrooks@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-6787","contributorId":393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"Matthew","email":"mlbrooks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Flint, Alan L. 0000-0002-5118-751X aflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5118-751X","contributorId":1492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Alan","email":"aflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Flint, Lorraine E. 0000-0002-7868-441X lflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":1184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Lorraine","email":"lflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Matchett, J.R.","contributorId":11535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matchett","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":344189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mathie, Amy amathie@usgs.gov","contributorId":2542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathie","given":"Amy","email":"amathie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":344184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":1707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pilliod, David S. 0000-0003-4207-3518 dpilliod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-3518","contributorId":161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilliod","given":"David S.","email":"dpilliod@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":344179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Torregrosa, Alicia A. 0000-0001-7361-2241 atorregrosa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-2241","contributorId":3471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torregrosa","given":"Alicia","email":"atorregrosa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":344185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":98961,"text":"ds548 - 2010 - Groundwater quality of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Houston, Texas, 2007-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-11T16:15:08","indexId":"ds548","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"548","title":"Groundwater quality of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Houston, Texas, 2007-08","docAbstract":"<p>In the summers of 2007 and 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the City of Houston, Texas, completed an initial reconnaissance-level survey of naturally occurring contaminants (arsenic, other selected trace elements, and radionuclides) in water from municipal supply wells in the Houston area. The purpose of this reconnaissance-level survey was to characterize source-water quality prior to drinking water treatment. Water-quality samples were collected from 28 municipal supply wells in the Houston area completed in the Evangeline aquifer, Chicot aquifer, or both. This initial survey is part of ongoing research to determine concentrations, spatial extent, and associated geochemical conditions that might be conducive for mobility and transport of these constituents in the Gulf Coast aquifer system in the Houston area. Samples were analyzed for major ions (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bromide, chloride, fluoride, silica, and sulfate), selected chemically related properties (residue on evaporation [dissolved solids] and chemical oxygen demand), dissolved organic carbon, arsenic species (arsenate [As(V)], arsenite [As(III)], dimethylarsinate [DMA], and monomethylarsonate [MMA]), other trace elements (aluminum, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, strontium, thallium, vanadium, and zinc), and selected radionuclides (gross alpha- and beta-particle activity [at 72 hours and 30 days], carbon-14, radium isotopes [radium-226 and radium-228], radon-222, tritium, and uranium). Field measurements were made of selected physicochemical (relating to both physical and chemical) properties (oxidation-reduction potential, turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, specific conductance, water temperature, and alkalinity) and unfiltered sulfides. Dissolved organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand are presented but not discussed in the report. Physicochemical properties, major ions, and trace elements varied considerably. The pH ranged from 7.2 to 8.1 (median 7.6); specific conductance ranged from 314 to 856 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, with a median of 517 microsiemens per centimeter; and alkalinity ranged from 126 to 324 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate (median 167 milligrams per liter). The range in oxidation-reduction potential was large, from -212 to 244 millivolts, with a median of -84.6 millivolts. The largest ranges in concentration for filtered major ion constituents were obtained for cations sodium and calcium and for anions chloride and bicarbonate (bicarbonate was calculated from the measured alkalinity). Filtered arsenic was detected in all 28 samples, ranging from 0.58 to 15.3 micrograms per liter (median 2.5 micrograms per liter), and exceeded the maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of 10 micrograms per liter in 2 of the 28 samples. As(III) was the most frequently detected arsenic specie. As(III) concentrations ranged from less than 0.6 to 14.9 micrograms arsenic per liter. The range in concentrations for the arsenic species As(V) was from less than 0.8 to 3.3 micrograms arsenic per liter. Barium, boron, lithium, and strontium were detected in quantifiable (equal to or greater than the laboratory reporting level) concentrations in all samples and molybdenum in all but one sample. Filtered iron, manganese, nickel, and vanadium were each detected in at least 18 of the 28 samples. All other selected trace elements were each detected in 16 or fewer samples. Radionuclides were detected in most samples. The gross alpha-particle activities at 30 days and 72 hours ranged from R-0.94 to 15.5 and R-1.1 to 17.2 picocuries per liter, respectively ('R' indicates nondetected result less than the sample-specific critical level). The combined radium (radium-226 plus radium-228) concentrations ranged from an estimat</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, Virginia","doi":"10.3133/ds548","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Oden, J.H., Oden, T., and Szabo, Z., 2010, Groundwater quality of the Gulf Coast aquifer system, Houston, Texas, 2007-08: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 548, v, 65 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds548.","productDescription":"v, 65 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-06-20","temporalEnd":"2008-09-23","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126167,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_548.png"},{"id":14391,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/548/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator Projection","country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Houston area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.61666666666666,29.666666666666668 ], [ -95.61666666666666,30.116666666666667 ], [ -95.16666666666667,30.116666666666667 ], [ -95.16666666666667,29.666666666666668 ], [ -95.61666666666666,29.666666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a94e4b07f02db658e61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oden, Jeannette H. 0000-0002-6473-1553 jhoden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6473-1553","contributorId":1152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"Jeannette","email":"jhoden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oden, Timothy D. toden@usgs.gov","contributorId":1284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"Timothy D.","email":"toden@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":307091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98962,"text":"pp1781 - 2010 - Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-27T21:36:48.896495","indexId":"pp1781","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1781","title":"Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States","docAbstract":"<p>The National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey has been conducting a regional analysis of water quality in the principal aquifer systems in the southwestern United States (hereinafter, “Southwest”) since 2005. Part of the NAWQA Program, the objective of the Southwest Principal Aquifers (SWPA) study is to develop a better understanding of water quality in basin-fill aquifers in the region by synthesizing information from case studies of 15 basins into a common set of important natural and human-related factors found to affect groundwater quality.</p><p>The synthesis consists of three major components:</p><p>1. Summary of current knowledge about the groundwater systems, and the status of, changes in, and influential factors affecting quality of groundwater in basin-fill aquifers in 15 basins previously studied by NAWQA (this report).</p><p>2. Development of a conceptual model of the primary natural and human-related factors commonly affecting groundwater quality, thereby building a regional understanding of the susceptibility and vulnerability of basin-fill aquifers to contaminants.</p><p>3. Development of statistical models that relate the concentration or occurrence of specific chemical constituents in groundwater to natural and human-related factors linked to the susceptibility and vulnerability of basin-fill aquifers to contamination.</p><p>Basin-fill aquifers occur in about 200,000 mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of the 410,000 mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>SWPA study area and are the primary source of groundwater supply for cities and agricultural communities. Four of the principal aquifers or aquifer systems of the United States are included in the basin-fill aquifers of the study area: (1) the Basin and Range basin-fill aquifers in California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona; (2) the Rio Grande aquifer system in New Mexico and Colorado; (3) the California Coastal Basin aquifers; and (4) the Central Valley aquifer system in California. Because of the generally limited availability of surface-water supplies in the arid to semiarid climate, cultural and economic activities in the Southwest are particularly dependent on supplies of good-quality groundwater. Irrigation and public-supply withdrawals from basin-fill aquifers in the study area account for about one quarter of the total withdrawals from all aquifers in the United States.</p><p>Many factors influence the quality of groundwater in the 15 case-study basins, but some common factors emerge from the basin summaries presented in this report. These factors include the chemical composition of the recharge water, consolidated rock geology and composition of aquifer materials derived from consolidated rock, and land and water use. The major water-quality issues in many of the developed case-study basins are increased concentrations of dissolved solids, nitrate, and VOCs in groundwater as a result of human activities.</p><p>The information presented and the citations listed in this report serve as a resource for those interested in the groundwater-flow systems in the NAWQA case-study basins. The summaries of water-development history, hydrogeology, conceptual understanding of the groundwater system under both predevelopment and modern conditions, and effects of natural and human-related factors on groundwater quality presented in the sections on each basin also serve as a foundation for the synthesis and modeling phases of the SWPA regional study.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1781","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Thiros, S.A., Bexfield, L.M., Anning, D.W., and Huntington, J.M., 2010, Conceptual understanding and groundwater quality of selected basin-fill aquifers in the Southwestern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1781, viii, 288 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1781.","productDescription":"viii, 288 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science 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,{"id":98960,"text":"ds549 - 2010 - Digital topographic map showing the extents of glacial ice and perennial snowfields at Mount Rainier, Washington, based on the LiDAR survey of September 2007 to October 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:05","indexId":"ds549","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"549","title":"Digital topographic map showing the extents of glacial ice and perennial snowfields at Mount Rainier, Washington, based on the LiDAR survey of September 2007 to October 2008","docAbstract":"In response to severe flooding in November 2006, the National Park Service contracted for a high-resolution aerial Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) topographic survey of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Due to inclement weather, this survey was performed in two stages: early September 2007 and September-October 2008. The total surveyed area of 241,585 acres includes an approximately 100-m-wide buffer zone around the Park to ensure complete coverage and adequate point densities at survey edges. Final results averaged 5.73 laser first return points/m2 over forested and high-elevation terrain, with a vertical accuracy of 3.7 cm on bare road surfaces and mean relative accuracy of 11 cm, based on comparisons between flightlines. Bare-earth topography, as developed by the contractor, is included in this release.\r\n\r\n    A map of the 2007-2008 limits of glaciers and perennial snowfields was developed by digitizing 1:2,000 to 1:5,000 slope and shaded-relief images derived from the LiDAR topography. Edges of snow and exposed ice are readily seen in such images as sharp changes in surface roughness and slope. Ice mantled by moraine can be distinguished by the moraine's distinctly high roughness due to ice motion and melting, local exposures of smooth ice, and commonly by the presence of crevasses and shear boundaries. A map of the 1970 limits of ice and perennial snow was also developed by digitizing the snow and ice perimeters as depicted on the hydrologic separates used to produce the 1:24,000 topographic maps of the Mount Rainier region. These maps, produced in 1971, were derived from September 1970 aerial photographs. Boundaries between adjacent glacier systems were estimated and mapped from drainage divides, including partly emergent rock ridges, lines of diverging slope, and medial moraines.\r\n\r\n    This data release contains the bare-earth LiDAR data as an ESRI grid file (DS549-Rainier_LiDAR.zip), the glacial limits derived from the USGS 1970 aerial photographs of the Mount Rainier vicinity as a shapefile, and the glacial limits derived from the 2007 to 2008 LiDAR survey as a shapefile (both shapefiles contained in DS549-Glacial_Limits.zip). These geospatial data files require GIS software for viewing. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds549","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J., Sisson, T.W., and Swinney, D.D., 2010, Digital topographic map showing the extents of glacial ice and perennial snowfields at Mount Rainier, Washington, based on the LiDAR survey of September 2007 to October 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 549, Map; Metadata Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds549.","productDescription":"Map; Metadata Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2007-09-01","temporalEnd":"2008-10-31","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_549.jpg"},{"id":14388,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/549/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.86777777777777,46.733333333333334 ], [ -121.86777777777777,46.95027777777778 ], [ -121.56666666666666,46.95027777777778 ], [ -121.56666666666666,46.733333333333334 ], [ -121.86777777777777,46.733333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Joel E. 0000-0002-5193-3666 jrobins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5193-3666","contributorId":2757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Joel E.","email":"jrobins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sisson, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3380-6425 tsisson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3380-6425","contributorId":2341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sisson","given":"Thomas","email":"tsisson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swinney, Darin D.","contributorId":90685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swinney","given":"Darin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98939,"text":"pp176910 - 2010 - Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98939,"text":"pp176910 - 2010 - Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176910","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"10","title":"Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-21T22:07:39","indexId":"pp176910","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"10","title":"Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Each of the three phases of the 2006 eruption at Augustine Volcano had a distinctive eruptive style and flowage deposits. From January 11 to 28, the explosive phase comprised short vulcanian eruptions that punctuated dome growth and produced volcanowide pyroclastic flows and more energetic hot currents whose mobility was influenced by efficient mixing with and vaporization of snow. Initially, hot flows moved across winter snowpack, eroding it to generate snow, water, and pyroclastic slurries that formed mixed avalanches and lahars, first eastward, then northward, and finally southward, but subsequent flows produced no lahars or mixed avalanches. During a large explosive event on January 27, disruption of a lava dome terminated the explosive phase and emplaced the largest pyroclastic flow of the 2006 eruption northward toward Rocky Point. From January 28 to February 10, activity during the continuous phase comprised rapid dome growth and frequent dome-collapse pyroclastic flows and a lava flow restricted to the north sector of the volcano. Then, after three weeks of inactivity, during the effusive phase of March 3 to 16, the volcano continued to extrude the lava flow, whose steep sides collapsed infrequently to produce block-and-ash flows.</p>\n<p>The three eruptive phases were each unique not only in terms of eruptive style, but also in terms of the types and morphologies of deposits that were produced, and, in particular, of their lithologic components. Thus, during the explosive phase, low-silica andesite scoria predominated, and intermediate- and high-silica andesite were subordinate. During the continuous phase, the eruption shifted predominantly to high-silica andesite and, during the effusive phase, shifted again to dense low-silica andesite. Each rock type is present in the deposits of each eruptive phase and each flow type, and lithologic proportions are unique and consistent within the deposits that correspond to each eruptive phase.</p>\n<p>The chief factors that influenced pyroclastic currents and the characteristics of their deposits were genesis, grain size, and flow surface. Column collapse from short-lived vulcanian blasts, dome collapses, and collapses of viscous lavas on steep slopes caused the pyroclastic currents documented in this study. Column-collapse flows during the explosive phase spread widely and probably were affected by vaporization of ingested snow where they overran snowpack. Such pyroclastic currents can erode substrates formed of snow or ice through a combination of mechanical and thermal processes at the bed, thus enhancing the spread of these flows across snowpack and generating mixed avalanches and lahars. Grain-size characteristics of these initial pyroclastic currents and overburden pressures at their bases favored thermal scour of snow and coeval fluidization. These flows scoured substrate snow and generated secondary slurry flows, whereas subsequent flows did not. Some secondary flows were wetter and more laharic than others. Where secondary flows were quite watery, recognizable mixed-avalanche deposits were small or insignificant, and lahars were predominant. Where such flows contained substantial amounts of snow, mixed-avalanche deposits blanketed medial reaches of valleys and formed extensive marginal terraces and axial islands in distal reaches. Flows that contained significant amounts of snow formed cogenetic mixed avalanches that slid across surfaces protected by snowpack, whereas water-rich axial lahars scoured channels.</p>\n<div>Correlations of planimetric area (<i>A</i>) versus volume (<i>V</i>) for pyroclastic deposits with similar origins and characteristics exhibit linear trends, such that <i>A=cV<sup>2/3</sup></i>, where <i>c</i> is a constant for similar groups of flows. This relationship was tested and&nbsp;calibrated for dome-collapse, column-collapse, and surgelike flows using area-volume data from this study and examples from Montserrat, Merapi, and Mount St. Helens. The ratio <i>A/V<sup>2/3</sup></i>=<i>c</i> gives a dimensionless measure of mobility calibrated for each of these three types of flow. Surgelike flows are highly mobile, with <i>c</i>&asymp;520; column-collapse flows have <i>c</i>&asymp;150; and dome-collapse flows have <i>c</i>&asymp;35, about that of simple rock avalanches. Such calibrated mobility factors have a potential use in volcano-hazard assessments.</div>","largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176910","usgsCitation":"Vallance, J.W., Bull, K.F., and Coombs, M.L., 2010, Pyroclastic flows, lahars, and mixed avalanches generated during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 10 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176910.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"267","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203708,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176910.gif"},{"id":14363,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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,{"id":98938,"text":"pp17699 - 2010 - Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98938,"text":"pp17699 - 2010 - Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>","indexId":"pp17699","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"9","title":"Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:23:42","indexId":"pp17699","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"9","title":"Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The 2005&ndash;6 eruption of Augustine Volcano produced tephra-fall deposits during each of four eruptive phases. Late in the precursory phase (December 2005), small phreatic explosions produced small-volume, localized, mostly nonjuvenile tephra. The greatest volume of tephra was produced during the explosive phase (January 11&ndash;28, 2006) when 13 discrete Vulcanian explosions generated ash plumes between 4 and 14 km above mean sea level (asl). A succession of juvenile tephra with compositions from low-silica to high-silica andesite is consistent with the eruption of two distinct magmas, represented also by a low-silica andesite lava dome (January 13&ndash;16) followed by a high-silica andesite lave dome (January 17&ndash;27). On-island deposits of lapilli to coarse ash originated from discrete vent explosions, whereas fine-grained, massive deposits were elutriated from pyroclastic flows and rock falls. During the continuous phase (January 28&ndash;February 10, 2006), steady growth and subsequent collapses of a high-silica andesite lava dome caused continuous low-level ash emissions and resulting fine elutriate ash deposits. The emplacement of a summit lava dome and lava flows of low-silica andesite during the effusive phase (March 3&ndash;16, 2006) resulted in localized, fine-grained elutriated ash deposits from small block-and-ash flows off the steep-sided lava flows.</p>\n<p>Mixing of two end-member magmas (low-silica and highsilica andesite) is evidenced by the overall similarities between tephra-fall and contemporaneous lava-dome and flow lithologies and by the chemical heterogeneity of matrix glass compositions of coarse lapilli and glass shards in the ash-size fraction throughout the 2005&ndash;6 eruption. A total mass of 2.2&times;10<sup>10</sup> kg of tephra fell (bulk volume of 2.2&times;10<sup>7</sup> m<sup>3</sup> and DRE volume of 8.5&times;10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) during the explosive phase, as calculated by extrapolation of mass data from a single Vulcanian blast on January 17. Total tephra-fall volume for the 2005&ndash;6 eruption is about an order of magnitude smaller than other historical eruptions from Augustine Volcano. Ash plumes of short duration and small volume caused no more than minor amounts (&le;1 mm) of ash to fall on villages and towns in the lower Cook Inlet region, and thus little hazard was posed to local communities. The bulk of the ash fell into Cook Inlet. Monitoring by the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the eruption helped to prevent hazardous encounters of ash and aircraft.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp17699","usgsCitation":"Wallace, K., Neal, C., and McGimsey, R.G., 2010, Timing, distribution, and character of tephra fall from the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chaper 9 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, Report: 31 p.; Appendix 2, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17699.","productDescription":"Report: 31 p.; Appendix 2","startPage":"187","endPage":"217","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":82660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGimsey, Robert G. 0000-0001-5379-7779 mcgimsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5379-7779","contributorId":2352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"Robert","email":"mcgimsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98941,"text":"pp176912 - 2010 - Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98941,"text":"pp176912 - 2010 - Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176912","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"12","title":"Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:05:38","indexId":"pp176912","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"12","title":"Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Before and during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) installed a network of telemetered and nontelemetered cameras in Homer, Alaska, and on Augustine Island. On December 1, 2005, a network camera was installed at the Homer Field Station, a University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute (UAF/GI) facility on a bluff near Homer, where telemetered Augustine data are received. The camera placed there provides observations of the volcano from a distance of 126 km (78 miles) in daylight hours during clear sky conditions. On January 9, 2006, a radio-telemetered network camera was installed on the lower eastern flank of the volcano at 'Mound,' 4.4 km (2.7 miles) from the summit. The proximity of this camera provided for near-field images of the volcano. A nontelemetered camera with onsite recording was installed 3.8 km (2.4 miles) north of the volcano's summit near Burr Point on December 17, 2005. This camera recorded high-resolution images at a rate of 4 images per hour through much of the eruptive sequence. A low-light camera was installed on February 8, 2006, at the Homer facility to augment the extreme low-light camera installed by the UAF/GI (Sentman and others, this volume). On September 10, 2006, a second radio-telemetered network camera was installed at Lagoon camp on the west side of Augustine Island, 5.4 km (3.3 miles) west-northwest of the summit. The installation of these camera systems proved valuable for assessing volcanic activity, determining ground hazards and on-island weather for visiting field teams, and deciphering depositional history after the eruption.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176912","usgsCitation":"Paskievitch, J., Read, C., and Parker, T., 2010, Remote telemetered and time-lapse cameras at Augustine Volcano: Chapter 12 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176912.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"286","endPage":"293","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98959,"text":"gip118 - 2010 - Bicentennial of the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquake sequence, December 2011–2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-27T22:05:40.580555","indexId":"gip118","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":315,"text":"General Information Product","code":"GIP","onlineIssn":"2332-354X","printIssn":"2332-3531","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"118","title":"Bicentennial of the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquake sequence, December 2011–2012","docAbstract":"A series of earthquakes hit the New Madrid seismic zone of southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and adjacent parts of Tennessee and Kentucky, in December 1811 to February 1812. Three earthquakes had a magnitude of 7.0 or greater. The first earthquake occurred December 16, 1811, at 2:15 a.m.; the second 9 a.m. on January 23, 1812; and the third on February 7, 1812, at 3:45 a.m. These three earthquakes were among the largest to strike North America since European settlement. The main shocks were followed by many hundreds of aftershocks that lasted for decades. Many of the aftershocks were major earthquakes themselves. The area that was strongly shaken by the three main shocks was 2-3 times as large as the strongly shaken area of the 1964 M9.2 Alaskan earthquake, and 10 times as large as that of the 1906 M7.8 San Francisco earthquake.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/gip118","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2010, Bicentennial of the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquake sequence, December 2011–2012: U.S. Geological Survey General Information Product 118, 1 Poster: \t48.00 × 29.99 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/gip118.","productDescription":"1 Poster: \t48.00 × 29.99 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/gip_118.bmp"},{"id":395022,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94650.htm"},{"id":14383,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/118/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -86,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -86,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -93,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -93,\n              34\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98937,"text":"pp17698 - 2010 - Timing, distribution, and volume of proximal products of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 8 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98937,"text":"pp17698 - 2010 - Timing, distribution, and volume of proximal products of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 8 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp17698","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"8","title":"Timing, distribution, and volume of proximal products of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 8 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-02T13:55:17.551167","indexId":"pp17698","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"8","title":"Timing, distribution, and volume of proximal products of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 8 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>During and after the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, we compiled a geologic map and chronology of new lava and flowage deposits using observational flights, oblique and aerial photography, infrared imaging, satellite data, and field investigations. After approximately 6 months of precursory activity, the explosive phase of the eruption commenced with two explosions on January 11, 2006 (events 1 and 2) that produced snow-rich avalanches; little or no juvenile magma was erupted. Seismicity suggests that a small lava dome may have extruded on January 12, but, if so, it was subsequently destroyed. A series of six explosions on January 13&ndash;14 (events 3&ndash;8) produced widespread but thin (0&ndash;30 cm) pyroclastic-current deposits on the upper flanks above 300 m altitude and lobate, 0.5- to 2-m-thick pyroclastic flows that traveled down most flanks of the volcano. Between January 14 and 17, a smooth lava lobe formed in the east half of the roughly 400-m-wide summit crater and was only partially covered by later deposits. An explosion on January 17 (event 9) opened a crater in the new lava dome and produced a ballistic fall deposit and pyroclastic flow on the southwest flank. During the interval from January 17 to 27, a rubbly lava dome effused. On January 27, explosive event 10 generated a pyroclastic current that left a deposit, rich in dense clasts, on the north-northwest flank. Immediately following the pyroclastic current, a voluminous 4.7-km-long pyroclastic flow swept down the north flank. Three more explosive blasts on January 27 and 28 produced unknown but likely minor on-island deposits. The cumulative&nbsp;volume of erupted material from the explosive phase, including domes, flows, and fall deposits (Wallace and others, this volume), was 30&times;10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> dense-rock equivalent (DRE).</p>\n<p>The continuous phase of the eruption (January 28 through February 10) began with a 4-day period of nearly continuous block-and-ash flows, which deposited small individual flow lobes that cumulatively formed fans to the north and northeast of the summit. A single larger pyroclastic flow on January 30 formed a braided deposit on the northwest flank. Roughly 9&times;10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> (DRE) of magma erupted during this period. Around February 2, the magma flux rate waned and a northward lava flow effused and reached a length of approximately 900 m by February 10. Approximately 11&times;10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> (DRE) of magma erupted during the second half of the continuous phase.</p>\n<p>After a 23-day hiatus, lava effusion recommenced in early March (the effusive phase) and was accompanied by frequent (but volumetrically minor) block-and-ash flows. From March 7 to 14, extrusion increased markedly; two blocky lava-flow lobes, each tens of meters thick, moved down the north and northeast flank of the volcano; and a new summit lava dome grew to be ~70 m taller than the pre-2006 summit. This phase produced 26&times;10<sup>6</sup> m<sup>3</sup> (DRE) of lava. Active effusion had ceased about March 16, but, in April and May, three gravitational collapses from the west margin of the north lava flow produced additional block-and-ash flows. The basic sequence of the 2006 eruption closely matches that of eruptions in 1976 and 1986.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp17698","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., Bull, K.F., Vallance, J.W., Schneider, D.J., Thoms, E.E., Wessels, R., and McGimsey, R.G., 2010, Timing, distribution, and volume of proximal products of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 8 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17698.","productDescription":"HTML Document","startPage":"145","endPage":"185","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98957,"text":"pp176928 - 2010 - Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98957,"text":"pp176928 - 2010 - Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176928","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"28","title":"Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:55:14","indexId":"pp176928","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"28","title":"Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Dissemination of volcano-hazard information in coordination with other Federal, State, and local agencies is a primary responsibility of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). During the 2005-6 eruption of Augustine Volcano in Alaska, AVO used existing interagency relationships and written protocols to provide hazard guidance before, during, and after eruptive events. The 2005-6 eruption was notable because of the potential for volcanogenic tsunami, which required establishment of a new procedure for alerts of possible landslide-induced tsunami in Cook Inlet. Despite repeated ash-cloud generating explosions and far-traveled ash clouds, impacts from the event were relatively minor. Primary economic losses occurred when air carriers chose to avoid flights into potentially unsafe conditions. Post-eruption evaluations by agencies involved in the response indicated weaknesses in information centralization and availability of specific information regarding ash fall hazards in real time.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176928","usgsCitation":"Neal, C., Murray, T., Power, J.A., Adleman, J.N., Whitmore, P.M., and Osiensky, J.M., 2010, Hazard information management, interagency coordination, and impacts of the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 28 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176928.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"645","endPage":"667","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98955,"text":"pp176926 - 2010 - Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98955,"text":"pp176926 - 2010 - Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176926","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"26","title":"Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:56:22","indexId":"pp176926","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"26","title":"Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Airborne surveillance of gas emissions from Augustine Volcano and other Cook Inlet volcanoes began in 1990 to identify baseline emission levels during noneruptive conditions. Gas measurements at Augustine for SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S showed essentially no evidence of anomalous degassing through spring 2005. Neither did a measurement on May 10, 2005, right after the onset of low level seismicity and inflation. The following measurement, on December 20, 2005, showed Augustine to be degassing about 600 metric tons per day (t/d) of SO<sub>2</sub>, and by January 4, 2006, only 7 days before the first explosive event, SO<sub>2</sub> emissions had climbed to ten times that amount. Maximum emission rates measured during the subsequent eruption were: 8,930 t/d SO<sub>2</sub> (February 24, 2006), 1,800 t/d CO<sub>2</sub> (March 9, 2006), and 4.3 t/d H<sub>2</sub>S (January 19, 2006). In total, 45 measurements for SO<sub>2</sub> were made from December 2005 through the end of 2008, with 19 each for CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S during the same period. Molar CO<sub>2</sub>/SO<sub>2</sub> ratios averaged about 1.6. In general, SO<sub>2</sub> emissions appeared to increase during inflation of the volcanic edifice, whereas CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were at their highest during the period of deflation associated with the vigorous effusive phase of the eruption in March. High SO<sub>2</sub> was probably associated with degassing of shallow magma, whereas high CO<sub>2</sub> likely reflected deep (&gt;4 km) magma recharge of the sub-volcanic plumbing system, For the 2005&ndash;6 period, the volcano released a total of about 1.5&times;10<sup>6</sup> tons of CO<sub>2</sub> to the atmosphere, a level similar to the annual output of a medium-sized natural-gas-fired powerplant. Augustine also emitted about 8&times;10<sup>5</sup> tons of SO<sub>2</sub>, similar to that produced by the 1976 and 1986 eruptions of the volcano.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176926","usgsCitation":"McGee, K.A., Doukas, M.P., McGimsey, R.G., Neal, C., and Wessels, R., 2010, Emission of SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and H<sub>2</sub>S from Augustine Volcano, 2002-2008: Chapter 26 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176926.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"627","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98952,"text":"pp176923 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98952,"text":"pp176923 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176923","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"23","title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:59:05","indexId":"pp176923","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"23","title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Augustine Volcano erupted explosively after 20 years of quiescence on January 11, 2006, followed by approximately 2 months of dome building and lava extrusion. This is the best monitored eruption in Alaska to date; the diverse complementary datasets gathered enable an interdisciplinary interpretation of volcanic activity. An analysis of reduced displacement (continuous measure of seismic tremor amplitude) and thermal energy output (from satellite imagery) observed between January 1 and April 30, 2006, shows relationships linked to the type of eruptive activity. Three different types of volcanic behavior can be identified as they show specific patterns in the combined data sets: (1) explosive activity, (2) lava extrusion (dome growth), and (3) cooling of erupted products. Explosive activity was characterized by high reduced displacement values but relatively low radiative thermal flux. Lava extrusion occurred in three distinct sequences characterized by increased values of reduced displacement and increased thermal emissions. Two periods of elevated thermal energy output and reduced displacement coincided with times of deflation, suggesting an increase in extrusion rate. Periods of cooling were marked by decreasing thermal emissions and reduced displacement. This work highlights the value of combined observations, which reveal more about the status of an active volcano than individual methods alone.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176923","usgsCitation":"van Manen, S.M., Dehn, J., West, M., Blake, S., and Rothery, D.A., 2010, The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano - Combined analyses of thermal satellite data and reduced displacement: Chapter 23 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176923.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"567","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98953,"text":"pp176924 - 2010 - Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98953,"text":"pp176924 - 2010 - Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176924","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"24","title":"Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:57:46","indexId":"pp176924","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"24","title":"Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Long-exposure visible-light images of Augustine Volcano were obtained using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera during several nights of the 2006 eruption. The camera was located 105 km away, at Homer, Alaska, yet showed persistent bright emissions from the north flank of the volcano corresponding to steam releases, pyroclastic flows, and rockfalls originating near the summit. The apparent brightness of the emissions substantially exceeded that of the background nighttime scene. The bright signatures in the images are shown to probably be thermal emissions detected near the long-wavelength limit (~1 &micro;m) of the CCD. Modeling of the emissions as a black-body brightness yields an apparent temperature of 400 to 450&deg;C that likely reflects an unresolved combination of emissions from hot ejecta and cooler material.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176924","usgsCitation":"Sentman, D.D., McNutt, S.R., Stenbaek-Nielsen, H.C., Tytgat, G., and DeRoin, N., 2010, Imaging observations of thermal emissions from Augustine Volcano using a small astronomical camera: Chapter 24 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176924.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"577","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98954,"text":"pp176925 - 2010 - Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98954,"text":"pp176925 - 2010 - Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176925","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"25","title":"Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T14:57:02","indexId":"pp176925","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"25","title":"Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Lightning and other electrical activity were measured during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. We found two phases of the activity, the explosive phase corresponding to the explosive eruptions and the plume phase. We classified the lightning into three types, vent discharges, near-vent lightning, and plume lightning. Vent discharges are small, 10 to 100 m sparks, that occur at rate as great as 10,000 s-1 at the mouth of the volcano during the energetic explosive eruptions. The vent discharges were observed six different times. Near-vent lightning appears to develop upward from the volcanic cone into the developing column during explosions. This lightning is small, in the range of 1 to 7 km, and short, 0.01 to 0.1 s. The behavior of the near-vent lightning indicates an overall positive charge in the ejecta. The plume lightning resembled intracloud thunderstorm lightning. Often it was branched, spanned more than 10 km, and lasted more than 0.5 s.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176925","usgsCitation":"Thomas, R.J., McNutt, S.R., Krehbiel, P.R., Rison, W., Aulich, G., Edens, H., Tytgat, G., and Clark, E., 2010, Lightning and electrical activity during the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 25 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176925.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"579","endPage":"608","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98951,"text":"pp176922 - 2010 - High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98951,"text":"pp176922 - 2010 - High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176922","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"22","title":"High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:13:18","indexId":"pp176922","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"22","title":"High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Thermal infrared (TIR) images provided a timely pre- and syn-eruption record of summit changes, lava flow emplacement, and pyroclastic-flow-deposit distribution during the Alaska Volcano Observatory's (AVO) response to the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. A series of images from both handheld and helicopter mounted forward looking infrared radiometers (FLIR) captured detailed views during a series of 13 overflights from December 2005 through August 2006. In conjunction with these images, data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) provided frequent multispectral synoptic views of the eruption's emissions and deposits. The ASTER Urgent Request Protocol system also facilitated more frequent scheduling and faster data availability during the eruption. Airborne and satellite imaging provided 20 different days of TIR coverage over the 5-month eruptive period, with 4 of those days covered by both FLIR and ASTER. The high-resolution TIR images documented gradual pre-eruption heating of the summit, emplacement of pyroclastic-flow deposits, rapid temperature increase as the lava dome and flows formed, and slow cooling of the volcanic deposits that followed. The high-resolution data uniquely documented segmentation of the lava flows into hot areas of increased flow deformation and cooler, more stable crust on the active flows. In contrast, the satellite TIR data provided synoptic views of the areal distribution of volcanic products at Augustine including the extent and composition of the plumes.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176922","usgsCitation":"Wessels, R., Coombs, M.L., Schneider, D.J., Dehn, J., and Ramsey, M.S., 2010, High-resolution satellite and airborne thermal infrared imaging of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 22 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176922.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"552","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98949,"text":"pp176920 - 2010 - Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98949,"text":"pp176920 - 2010 - Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176920","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"20","title":"Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T08:51:41","indexId":"pp176920","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"20","title":"Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>Satellite observations played an important role in monitoring the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano. It represented the first opportunity for observers to use, in an operational setting, new Web-based tools and techniques developed by the Alaska Volcano Observatory remote sensing group. The 'Okmok Algorithm' was used to analyze thermal infrared satellite data and highlight changes in the style and phases of activity. Temperature measurements were used to estimate ash cloud heights, which compared favorably to radar and ground-based observations, although larger discrepancies were seen when compared to pilot reports. Brightness temperature difference techniques were used to locate and track the 14 ash clouds produced during the explosive phase of the eruption. Stacking of these analyses allowed the creation of composite maps showing the distribution of airborne ash. The data from these maps were further combined with information from local reports and samples of ashfall to create a prototype of a concentration map that could be used to assess the potential hazard an eruption represents to aircraft, infrastructure and human health.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176920","usgsCitation":"Bailey, J.E., Dean, K.G., Dehn, J., and Webley, P.W., 2010, Integrated satellite observations of the 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 20 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176920.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"506","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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,{"id":98956,"text":"pp176927 - 2010 - Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98956,"text":"pp176927 - 2010 - Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176927","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"27","title":"Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-27T19:45:32","indexId":"pp176927","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"27","title":"Public outreach and communications of the Alaska Volcano Observatory during the 2005-2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano: Chapter 27 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The 2005-6 eruption of Augustine Volcano in the Cook Inlet region, Alaska, greatly increased public desire for volcano hazard information, as this eruption was the most significant in Cook Inlet since 1992. In response to this heightened concern, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) increased ongoing efforts to deliver specific eruption-focused information to communities nearest to the volcano, created a public communications strategy to assist staff with managing requests, and used the recently upgraded AVO Web site as a primary information-delivery path. During the eruption, AVO responded to a minimum of ~1,700 individual requests for information from the media, the public, and other organizations with responsibilities associated with volcanic activity in Alaska; requests were received both as phone calls to the observatory and e-mail stemming from the AVO Web site. Staff also delivered approximately two dozen Augustine-specific presentations and gave nearly three dozen tours of the AVO Anchorage Operations Center in Anchorage. 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This new system provided quick and straightforward access to the latest information for (1) staff within the observatory, (2) emergency managers from State and local governments and organizations, (3) the media, and (4) the public. 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,{"id":98948,"text":"pp176919 - 2010 - The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98948,"text":"pp176919 - 2010 - The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","indexId":"pp176919","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"19","title":"The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T15:00:59","indexId":"pp176919","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"19","title":"The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>","docAbstract":"<p>In September of 2004, UNAVCO and the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) installed five permanent Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations on Augustine Volcano, supplementing one existing CGPS station operated by the Alaska Volcano Observatory. 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Data from the new CGPS stations coupled with the existing seismic stations provided scientists with the first real opportunity to use geodetic data and real time seismic data to assess the volcanic hazards before, during, and after an Alaskan eruption.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176919","usgsCitation":"Pauk, B., Jackson, M., Feaux, K., Mencin, D., and Bohnenstiehl, K., 2010, The Plate Boundary Observatory Permanent Global Positioning System Network on Augustine Volcano before and after the 2006 Eruption: Chapter 19 in <i>The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska</i>: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176919.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"467","endPage":"477","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano 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