{"pageNumber":"1890","pageRowStart":"47225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68927,"records":[{"id":1099,"text":"wsp2331 - 1988 - Simulation of saltwater movement in the Floridan aquifer system, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T20:02:33.058986","indexId":"wsp2331","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2331","title":"Simulation of saltwater movement in the Floridan aquifer system, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Freshwater to supply Hilton Head Island, S.C., is obtained from the upper permeable zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer. Long-term pumping at Savannah, Ga., and the steadily increasing pumping on Hilton Head Island, have lowered Upper Floridan heads near the center of the island from about 10 feet above sea level to about 6 to 7 feet below sea level. The seaward hydraulic gradient that existed before pumping began has been reversed, thus increasing the potential for saltwater intrusion. Simulations of predevelopment, recent, and future ground-water flow in the Floridan aquifer system beneath the north end of Hilton Head Island and Port Royal Sound are presented. A finite-element model for fluid-density-dependent ground-water flow and solute transport was used in cross section. \r\n\r\nThe general configuration of the simulated predevelopment flowfield is typical of a coastal aquifer having a seaward gradient in the freshwater. The freshwater flows toward Port Royal Sound over an intruding wedge of saltwater. The simulated flowfield at the end of 1983 shows that ground water in the Floridan aquifer system beneath most of Hilton Head Island has reversed its predevelopment direction and is moving toward Savannah. The distribution of chloride concentrations, based on simulation at the end of 1983, is about the same as the predevelopment distribution of chloride concentrations obtained from simulation. \r\n\r\nResults of two 50-year simulations from 1983 to 2034 suggest that there will be no significant threat of saltwater intrusion into the upper permeable zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer if heads on Hilton Head Island remain at current levels for the next 45 to 50 years. However, if head decline continues at the historical rate, any flow that presently occurs from the north end of the island toward Port Royal Sound will cease, allowing lateral intrusion of saltwater to proceed. Even under these conditions, chloride concentrations in the upper permeable zone of the Upper Floridan aquifer beneath Hilton Head Island should remain below 250 milligrams per liter for the next 45 to 50 years. \r\n\r\nAquifer properties and selected boundary conditions were tested with several 1,000-year simulations which show that lateral permeability, transverse dispersivity, and landward boundary flow have the most influence on saltwater movement in the Upper Floridan aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2331","usgsCitation":"Bush, P.W., 1988, Simulation of saltwater movement in the Floridan aquifer system, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2331, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2331.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407243,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25433.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138095,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2331/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":25829,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2331/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Hilton Head Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.82916259765625,\n              32.10700619594571\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.81817626953125,\n              32.10467965495091\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.72410583496094,\n              32.15236189465577\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.66368103027344,\n              32.22325762025166\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.73028564453125,\n              32.27552233695385\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.7501983642578,\n              32.249393738633515\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.760498046875,\n              32.227904590766364\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.78384399414062,\n              32.22558113520613\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.78521728515625,\n              32.20699135272648\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.79139709472656,\n              32.176774851931214\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.79483032226562,\n              32.15584986046307\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.81130981445312,\n              32.145966944021744\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.82984924316406,\n              32.120964197033615\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.82916259765625,\n              32.10700619594571\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a63d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bush, Peter W.","contributorId":57820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1682,"text":"wsp2234F - 1988 - Bottom sediments and nutrients in the tidal Potomac system, Maryland and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2234F","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2234","chapter":"F","title":"Bottom sediments and nutrients in the tidal Potomac system, Maryland and Virginia","docAbstract":"The characteristics and distributions of near-surface bottom sediments and of nutrients in the sediments provide information on modern sediment and nutrient sources, sedimentation environments, and geochemical reactions in the tidal Potomac system, Maryland and Virginia. This information is fundamental to an improved understanding of sedimentation and eutrophication problems in the tidal Potomac system. The tidal Potomac system consists of 1,230 square kilometers of intertidal to subtidal Potomac mainstem and tributary streambed from the heads-of-tides to Chesapeake Bay. \r\n\r\nTidal Potomac sediments are dominantly silt and clay except in local areas. An average sediment sample is about two-thirds silt and clay (fine) particles and one-third sand (coarse) particles. The mean of the median size of all samples is 6.60 phi, or 0.010 millimeters. Sorting generally is poor and the average sediment is skewed toward the fine tail of the size-distribution curve. \r\n\r\nMean particle-size measures have large standard deviations. Among geomorphic units, two distinctly different size populations are found; fine (median phi about 9), and poorly sorted (sorting about 3) sediments in the channel and the smooth flat, and coarse (median phi about 2), and well sorted (sorting about 1) sediments in the shoreline flat and the irregular slope. Among mainstem hydrologic divisions, an average sediment from the river and the estuary division is coarser and more variable than an average sediment from the transition division. \r\n\r\nSubstantial concentrations of total carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, and limited amounts of inorganic carbon, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen occur in tidal Potomac sediments. An average tidal Potomac sediment sample weighing 1 kilogram contains about 21,000 milligrams of total carbon, 2,400 milligrams of total nitrogen, 1,200 milligrams of total phosphorus, 600 milligrams of inorganic carbon, 170 milligrams of ammonia nitrogen, and 2 milligrams of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen. Total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus have an average ratio by weight of 18:2:1 and an average ratio by atoms of 94:8:1. \r\n\r\nNutrient concentrations and nutrient ratios have large ranges and standard deviations. Nutrient concentrations usually are closely related to particle size; large concentrations are characteristic of fine sediments in the channel and the smooth flat, and small concentrations are typical of coarse sediments in the shoreline flat and the irregular slope. Concentrations typically decrease from the river division to the estuary division. \r\n\r\nMainstem and tributaries show no statistically significant difference in mean particle-size measures or mean nutrient concentrations. Tributaries do not contribute large quantities of sediment with diverse texture or nutrient content to the Potomac mainstem. Particle-size measures and nutrient concentrations in the mainstem are significantly related to hydrologic divisions and geomorphic units; that is, particle size and nutrients vary significantly along and across the Potomac mainstem. Lateral variations in particle size and nutrient content are more pronounced and contribute more to significant relations than longitudinal variations contribute. \r\n\r\nThe mean values for the median particle size and for the percentage of sand indicate significant variations among hydrologic divisions for samples from a geomorphic unit, and among geomorphic units, for samples from a hydrologic division. Sediments of channels and smooth flats in the river division commonly are coarser than sediments of channels and smooth flats in the transition and the estuary divisions. Shoreline flats in the estuary division are coarser than shoreline flats in the river division. Shoreline flats and irregular slopes in each hydrologic division generally are significantly coarser than channels and smooth flats. Relations between particle-size measures and geomorphic units show progressively larger cor","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2234F","usgsCitation":"Glenn, J.L., 1988, Bottom sediments and nutrients in the tidal Potomac system, Maryland and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2234, viii, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2234F.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234f/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26763,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glenn, Jerry L.","contributorId":54969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glenn","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1681,"text":"wsp2313 - 1988 - Streamflow, sediment transport, and nutrient transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 1970-73","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9145,"text":"ofr802045 - 1981 - Streamflow, sediment transport, and nutrient transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 1970-73","indexId":"ofr802045","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"title":"Streamflow, sediment transport, and nutrient transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 1970-73"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1681,"text":"wsp2313 - 1988 - Streamflow, sediment transport, and nutrient transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 1970-73","indexId":"wsp2313","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Streamflow, sediment transport, and nutrient transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 1970-73"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2313","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2313","title":"Streamflow, sediment transport, and nutrient transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 1970-73","docAbstract":"Five principal creeks, First Creek, Second Creek, Wood Creek, Third Creek, and Incline Creek, having a cumulative drainage of 17.8 square miles, furnished a yearly average of about 15,000 acre-feet of runoff, mainly snowmelt, to Lake Tahoe during the 1970-73 water years. Annual runoff from the individual streams ranged from 460 to 7,070 acre-feet, and discharges ranged from 0.2 to 110 cubic feet per second. During the 4 years, the five streams delivered to Lake Tahoe 31,000 tons of sediment, which averaged about 75 percent gravel and sand, 15 percent silt, and 10 percent clay. Annual cumulative sediment load for the five creeks ranged from 1,500 to 11,000 tons; individual streams furnished 20 to 5,200 tons annually. Measured sediment transport at the stream mouths ranged from 1 to 13,200 milligrams per liter and from 0.001 to 1,420 tons per day; sediment concentrations up to 63,200 milligrams per liter were measured at upstream tributary sites. \r\n\r\nEstimated annual sediment yields of principal drainage basins ranged from 3 to 930 tons per square mile from undeveloped areas and from 26 to 5,000 tons per square mile from developed areas; yields for developed areas appeared to average about 10 times those of undeveloped areas, and roadways apparently were the major source. Erosion disequilibrium caused by prestudy flash floods on two of the creeks continues to manifest itself through high natural sediment yields. The Second Creek flood of 1967 yielded about 75,000 tons of sediment in one afternoon. \r\n\r\nFluvial nutrient transport seems quantitatively related to magnitudes of sediment and water transport. Movement rates of organic nitrogen and particulate phosphorus were greater than rates of other nutrient species moving to the lake.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2313","usgsCitation":"Glancy, P.A., 1988, Streamflow, sediment transport, and nutrient transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, 1970-73: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2313, v, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2313.","productDescription":"v, 53 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2313/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26762,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2313/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699c0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glancy, Patrick A.","contributorId":87113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glancy","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":237,"text":"wsp2330 - 1988 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T19:25:26.608273","indexId":"wsp2330","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2330","title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1987","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2330","usgsCitation":"1988, Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2330, v, 129 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2330.","productDescription":"v, 129 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424767,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25552.htm","text":"Use of aeromagnetic data to define boundaries of a carbonate-rock aquifer in east-central Nevada","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25552"},{"id":424766,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25406.htm","text":"Potential for saltwater intrusion into the Upper Floridan aquifer, Hernando County, Florida","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25406"},{"id":424765,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25285.htm","text":"Base flow as an indicator of drought occurrence","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25285"},{"id":421281,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25259.htm","text":"Fire-related debris flows in the Beaver Creek drainage, Lewis and Clark County, Montana","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25259"},{"id":24846,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2330/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136529,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2330/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f838e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Subitzky, Seymour","contributorId":35710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Subitzky","given":"Seymour","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":884410,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1893,"text":"wsp2319 - 1988 - Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19375,"text":"ofr84437 - 1984 - Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan Cutthroat trout eggs in the , west-central Nevada and eastern California","indexId":"ofr84437","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan Cutthroat trout eggs in the , west-central Nevada and eastern California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1893,"text":"wsp2319 - 1988 - Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California","indexId":"wsp2319","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-12T11:44:23","indexId":"wsp2319","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2319","title":"Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has an ongoing program to assess the feasibility of reestablishing naturally spawning populations of Lahontan cutthroat trout in the Truckee River-Pyramid Lake system in Nevada. Previous in situ egg-survival studies have documented a 100 percent mortality of cutthroat trout eggs artificially planted in potential spawning gravels in the Truckee River downstream from Reno. The relation between ambient river-quality conditions and the observed mortality of eggs, however, has not been adequately documented. This study was designed to monitor the quality of surface and intragravel water during a trout-egg incubation period that began March 10, 1980. Five sites were monitored: two upstream from Reno (background sites), one near Reno, and two downstream from Wadsworth. \r\n\r\nAfter an incubation period of about 30 days, poor egg survival was recorded at all sites, including an unexpected high mortality at the upstream background sites. Analyses of the data indicated that the principal cause of egg mortality at the two downstream sites was low concentrations (less than 5 milligrams per liter) of intragravel dissolved oxygen. Low water temperatures, rather than degraded water-quality conditions, largely contributed to the poor survival at the upstream sites. \r\n\r\nBased on the results of this study, the following were considered unlikely to be mortality factors during the incubation period: (1) high water temperatures; (2) toxicity due to ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, and zinc; and (3) decreasing intragravel dissolved oxygen caused by inflow of oxygen-poor ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2319","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, R., and Scoppettone, G.G., 1988, Effect of water quality on survival of Lahontan cutthroat trout eggs in the Truckee River, west-central Nevada and eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2319, iv, 21 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2319.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. ","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2319/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27182,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2319/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Truckee River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -120.72052001953125,\n              39.059716474034666\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.72052001953125,\n              40.23550866893913\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.12774658203125,\n              40.23550866893913\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.12774658203125,\n              39.059716474034666\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.72052001953125,\n              39.059716474034666\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6253a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, Ray J.","contributorId":53770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Ray J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scoppettone, Gary G.","contributorId":23925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scoppettone","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1663,"text":"wsp2284 - 1988 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":9106,"text":"ofr84748 - 1985 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"ofr84748","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1663,"text":"wsp2284 - 1988 - Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","indexId":"wsp2284","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T09:23:06","indexId":"wsp2284","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2284","title":"Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","docAbstract":"Ground water in the 3,458-square-mile lower Susquehanna River basin occupies secondary openings in bedrock. The distribution of openings is a function of lithology, depth, and topography. Local flow systems account for most of the total ground-water flow. Average annual recharge for the lower basin is 1,857 million gallons per day, most of which discharges to streams. The water table is a subdued replica of land surface; its depth varies with topography but is generally 20 to 70 feet below land surface. Ground water circulates to depths of 500 to 600 feet below the water table. \r\n\r\nA digital model of regional, unconfined groundwater flow was developed and used to evaluate the ground-water resources of the lower basin. On the basis of lithologic and hydrologic differences, the area was subdivided into 21 hydrogeologic units, each with different hydrologic characteristics. Each unit was divided into two layers to take into account decreasing secondary permeability with depth. A finite-difference grid with square blocks approximately 1 mile on a side was used. The model was calibrated under steady-state and transient conditions. In the steady-state calibration, the model-generated results were compared with estimated water-table altitudes and estimated base flows. In the transient calibration, the model-generated results were compared with observed changes in water-table altitude from November 1, 1980, through April 22, 1981. \r\n\r\nHydraulic conductivity increases from hilltops to Valley bottoms. The average hydraulic conductivity for carbonate units is about 21 feet per day, which is an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for Paleozoic sedimentary, Triassic sedimentary, and crystalline units. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest average hydraulic conductivity-about 174 feet per day in valley bottoms. The average gaining-stream leakage coefficient for all carbonate units is about 16 feet per day, which is two orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding averages for the other lithologies. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest gaining-stream leakage coefficient--about 43 feet per day. The specific yields are 0.035, 0.020, 0.020, and 0.007 for the carbonate, Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units, respectively. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of a ground-water withdrawal of 1 inch per year on water-table altitudes and average annual base flows in the modeled area. The overall effect is least for the carbonate units and greatest for the Triassic sedimentary units. The model also was used to simulate a standardized potential yield for each unit by assuming that the maximum acceptable consequence of a hypothetical withdrawal scheme is an ultimate 50-percent reduction in average annual base flow. Based on this, the potential yield for the modeled area is 891 million gallons per day. The Cumberland Valley carbonate rocks have the greatest potential yield--0.47 million gallons per day per square mile. The carbonate units have the greatest average potential yield, followed by the Paleozoic sedimentary, crystalline, and Triassic sedimentary units. About 90 percent of the eventual decline in water-table altitudes and the eventual reduction in average annual base flows occurs within 5 years of the implementation of the hypothetical withdrawal scheme. Nearly all of the ground water withdrawn is derived from reduced discharge to streams. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated model can be used to estimate the impacts of ground-water development schemes on regional ground-water levels and base flows of streams, it cannot be used to simulate local cones of depression or local base-flow changes. The reliability of the model is a function of its approximation of the physical characteristics of the ground-water flow system, the two calibrations, various simplifying assumptions, and the lack of calibration under ground-water withdrawal conditions, it ca","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2284","usgsCitation":"Gerhart, J.M., and Lazorchick, G.J., 1988, Evaluation of the ground-water resources of the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2284, vi, 128 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2284.","productDescription":"vi, 128 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.; 2 plates in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":138535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2284/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26735,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2284/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26736,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2284/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":26737,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2284/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhart, James M.","contributorId":35717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lazorchick, George J.","contributorId":18743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lazorchick","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2317,"text":"wsp2311 - 1988 - Specific conductance; theoretical considerations and application to analytical quality control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2311","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2311","title":"Specific conductance; theoretical considerations and application to analytical quality control","docAbstract":"This report considers several theoretical aspects and practical applications of specific conductance to the study of natural waters. \r\n\r\nA review of accepted measurements of conductivity of secondary standard 0.01 N KCl solution suggests that a widely used algorithm for predicting the temperature variation in conductivity is in error. A new algorithm is derived and compared with accepted measurements. Instrumental temperature compensation circuits based on 0.01 N KCl or NaCl are likely to give erroneous results in unusual or special waters, such as seawater, acid mine waters, and acid rain. \r\n\r\nAn approach for predicting the specific conductance of a water sample from the analytically determined major ion composition is described and critically evaluated. The model predicts the specific conductance to within ?8 percent (one standard deviation) in waters with specific conductances of 0 to 600 microS/cm. Application of this approach to analytical quality control is discussed.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2311","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., Bradford, W.L., and Peters, N.E., 1988, Specific conductance; theoretical considerations and application to analytical quality control: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2311, vi, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2311.","productDescription":"vi, 16 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137857,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2311/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28157,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2311/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e5f06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Ronald L.","contributorId":103245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, Wesley L.","contributorId":95451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"Wesley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peters, Norman E. nepeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Norman","email":"nepeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":2569,"text":"wsp2342 - 1988 - Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp2342","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2342","title":"Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water","docAbstract":"Predicting the fate of organic compounds in streams and rivers often requires knowledge of the volatilization characteristics of the compounds. The reference-substance concept, involving laboratory-determined ratios of the liquid-film coefficients for volatilization of the organic compounds to the liquid-film coefficient for oxygen absorption, is used to predict liquid-film coefficients for streams and rivers. In the absence of experimental data, two procedures have been used for estimating these liquid-film coefficient ratios. These procedures, based on the molecular-diffusion coefficient and on the molecular weight, have been widely used but never extensively evaluated. \r\n\r\nLiquid-film coefficients for the volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds (toluene through n-octylbenzene) from water were measured in a constant-temperature, stirred water bath. Liquid-film coefficients for oxygen absorption were measured simultaneously. A range of water mixing conditions was used with a water temperature of 298.2 K. \r\n\r\nThe ratios of the liquid-film coefficients for volatilization to the liquid-film coefficient for oxygen absorption for all of the organic compounds were independent of mixing conditions in the water. Experimental ratios ranged from 0.606 for benzene to 0.357 for n-octylbenzene. \r\n\r\nThe molecular-diffusion-coefficient procedure accurately predicted the ratios for ethylbenzene through n-pentylbenzene with a power dependence of 0.566 on the molecular-diffusion coefficient, in agreement with published values. Predicted ratios for benzene and toluene were slightly larger than the experimental ratios. These differences were attributed to possible interactions between the molecules of these compounds and the water molecules and to benzene-benzene interactions that form dimers. Because these interactions also are likely to occur in natural waters, it was concluded that the experimental ratios are more correct than the predicted ratios for application purposes in the reference-substance concept. Predicted ratios for n-hexylbenzene, n-heptylbenzene, and n-octylbenzene were larger than the experimental ratios. These differences were attributed to a sorption-desorption process between these compounds and the surfaces of the constant-temperature water bath. Other experimental problems associated with preparing water solutions of these slightly soluble compounds also may have contributed to the differences. Because these processes are not part of the true volatilization process, it was concluded that the predicted ratios for these three compounds are probably more correct than the experimental ratios for application purposes in the reference-substance concept. Any model of the fate of these compounds in streams and rivers would have to include terms accounting for sorption processes, however.\r\n\r\nThe molecular-weight procedure accurately predicted the ratios for ethylbenzene through n-pentylbenzene, but only if the power dependence on the molecular weight was decreased from the commonly used -0.500 to -0.427. Deviations for the low- and high-molecular-weight compounds were similar to those observed for the molecular-diffusion-coefficient procedure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2342","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1988, Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2342, vi, 24 p. : ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2342.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p. : ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2342/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28838,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2342/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a0bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2567,"text":"wsp2318 - 1988 - Application of the two-film model to the volatilization of acetone and t-butyl alcohol from water as a function of temperature","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:29","indexId":"wsp2318","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2318","title":"Application of the two-film model to the volatilization of acetone and t-butyl alcohol from water as a function of temperature","docAbstract":"The two-film model is often used to describe the volatilization of organic substances from water. This model assumes uniformly mixed water and air phases separated by thin films of water and air in which mass transfer is by molecular diffusion. Mass-transfer coefficients for the films, commonly called film coefficients, are related through the Henry's law constant and the model equation to the overall mass-transfer coefficient for volatilization. The films are modeled as two resistances in series, resulting in additive resistances. \r\n\r\nThe two-film model and the concept of additivity of resistances were applied to experimental data for acetone and t-butyl alcohol. Overall mass-transfer coefficients for the volatilization of acetone and t-butyl alcohol from water were measured in the laboratory in a stirred constant-temperature bath. Measurements were completed for six water temperatures, each at three water mixing conditions. Wind-speed was constant at about 0.1 meter per second for all experiments. Oxygen absorption coefficients were measured simultaneously with the measurement of the acetone and t-butyl alcohol mass-transfer coefficients. Gas-film coefficients for acetone, t-butyl alcohol, and water were determined by measuring the volatilization fluxes of the pure substances over a range of temperatures. Henry's law constants were estimated from data from the literature. The combination of high resistance in the gas film for solutes with low values of the Henry's law constants has not been studied previously. \r\n\r\nCalculation of the liquid-film coefficients for acetone and t-butyl alcohol from measured overall mass-transfer and gas-film coefficients, estimated Henry's law constants, and the two-film model equation resulted in physically unrealistic, negative liquid-film coefficients for most of the experiments at the medium and high water mixing conditions. An analysis of the two-film model equation showed that when the percentage resistance in the gas film is large and the gas-film resistance approaches the overall resistance in value, the calculated liquid-film coefficient becomes extremely sensitive to errors in the Henry's law constant. The negative coefficients were attributed to this sensitivity and to errors in the estimated Henry's law constants. \r\n\r\nLiquid-film coefficients for the absorption of oxygen were correlated with the stirrer Reynolds number and the Schmidt number. Application of this correlation with the experimental conditions and a molecular-diffusion coefficient adjustment resulted in values of the liquid-film coefficients for both acetone and t-butyl alcohol within the range expected for all three mixing conditions. Comparison of Henry's law constants calculated from these film coefficients and the experimental data with the constants calculated from literature data showed that the differences were small relative to the errors reported in the literature as typical for the measurement or estimation of Henry's law constants for hydrophilic compounds such as ketones and alcohols. \r\n\r\nTemperature dependence of the mass-transfer coefficients was expressed in two forms. The first, based on thermodynamics, assumed the coefficients varied as the exponential of the reciprocal absolute temperature. The second empirical approach assumed the coefficients varied as the exponential of the absolute temperature. Both of these forms predicted the temperature dependence of the experimental mass-transfer coefficients with little error for most of the water temperature range likely to be found in streams and rivers. \r\n\r\nLiquid-film and gas-film coefficients for acetone and t-butyl alcohol were similar in value. However, depending on water mixing conditions, overall mass-transfer coefficients for acetone were from two to four times larger than the coefficients for t-butyl alcohol. This difference in behavior of the coefficients resulted because the Henry's law constant for acetone was about three times larger than that of ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2318","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., and Tai, D.Y., 1988, Application of the two-film model to the volatilization of acetone and t-butyl alcohol from water as a function of temperature: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2318, xii, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2318.","productDescription":"xii, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2318/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28836,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2318/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a8fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1160,"text":"wsp2234C - 1988 - Phytoplankton dynamics of the fresh, tidal Potomac River, Maryland, for the summers of 1979 to 1981","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-07T19:58:22.718738","indexId":"wsp2234C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2234","chapter":"C","title":"Phytoplankton dynamics of the fresh, tidal Potomac River, Maryland, for the summers of 1979 to 1981","docAbstract":"The distribution and abundance of phytoplankton in the fresh, tidal Potomac River, Md., was different during 1979-81 from that observed in the 1960's and 1970's. Concentrations \r\nof phytoplankton in the 1960's and 1970's reached maximum attainable levels that were limited only by self-shading. A sag in phytoplankton abundance, apparent during the summers of 1980 and 1981 between Rosier Bluff and Marshall Hall, appears to have been caused by the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea. Reduced abundance of phytoplankton throughout the entire fresh, tidal river during the summers of 1980 and 1981 may have been due to grazing by Corbicula, high discharge, and perhaps phosphorus limitation in late August at and downstream of Hallowing Point. Phytoplankton growth rates and chlorophyll-to-cell ratios were highest at Hatton Point and Marshall Hall (the sag reach). A model was constructed that predicted phytoplankton growth rates by varying only chlorophyll a concentration and light penetration. Nutrient concentrations were not required to make the model fit the data. \r\n\r\nPrimary productivity was highest for the year during August 1980 and August 1981. Productivity-per-unit chlorophyll was highest at Hatton Point, where reduced concentrations of phytoplankton permitted the deepest light penetration in the fresh, tidal river.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"A water quality study of the tidal Potomac River and Estuary","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2234C","usgsCitation":"Cohen, R.R., 1988, Phytoplankton dynamics of the fresh, tidal Potomac River, Maryland, for the summers of 1979 to 1981: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2234, vii, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2234C.","productDescription":"vii, 34 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395562,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25405.htm"},{"id":25975,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2234c/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.3712158203125,\n              38.212288054388175\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.9097900390625,\n              38.212288054388175\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.9097900390625,\n              38.89958342598271\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.3712158203125,\n              38.89958342598271\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.3712158203125,\n              38.212288054388175\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684ec2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohen, Ronald R.H.","contributorId":87523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2327,"text":"wsp2265 - 1988 - The Spokane aquifer, Washington: its geologic origin and water-bearing and water-quality characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2265","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2265","title":"The Spokane aquifer, Washington: its geologic origin and water-bearing and water-quality characteristics","docAbstract":"The Spokane aquifer is an unconfined aquifer consisting of coarse sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders deposited during several catastrophic glacial outburst floods--known as the Spokane Floods---of Pleistocene time. The aquifer is one of the most productive in the United States, and, as the only significant source of good-quality water supply in the Spokane Valley, it has been designated as a 'Sole Source Aquifer' by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. \r\n\r\nThe Spokane aquifer underlies an area of about 135 square miles in the Spokane Valley and varies in saturated thickness from a few feet to 500 feet or more. The aquifer is recharged by ground-water underflow from the Rathdrum Prairie aquifer in Idaho on the east, by ground-water underflow and surface-water seepage from small drainage areas along the Spokane Valley margins, and by percolation from various sources--from rainfall and snowmelt, from some reaches of the Spokane and Little Spokane Rivers, and from septic-tank drain fields, cesspools, and irrigation water. Discharge from the aquifer occurs by ground-water underflow from the lowermost end of the valley, by leakage to the Spokane and the Little Spokane Rivers, by evapotranspiration, and by ground-water withdrawal by pumping. The transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from less than 0.05 to 70 feet squared per second, and its specific yield ranges from less than 5 to 20 percent of the aquifer volume. Seasonal water-level fluctuations in wells tapping the aquifer are generally less than 10 feet. The annual pumpage from the aquifer in 1977 was about 164,000 acre-feet, of which about 70 percent was for municipal supplies, which included some industrial and commercial supplies. \r\n\r\nLand use over the aquifer includes predominantly agricultural activities in the eastern one-third of the valley and urban and residential developments in most of the remaining area. Potential sources of contamination of the aquifer include percolation from cesspools, septic-tank drain fields, and municipal and industrial waste-disposal sites. In general, the high rate of ground-water movement through the highly permeable aquifer materials has resulted in the ground-water quality being little affected by the overlying land use activities. Some local degradation of water quality has occurred due to industrial waste-disposal practices, however. During the water-quality study period of May 1977 to May 1978, average specific conductance of the ground water ranged from less than 100 to about 500 micromhos per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, average chloride concentration ranged from less than 2 to about 12 milligrams per liter (equivalent to parts per million}, and average nitrate nitrogen concentrations ranged from less than 1 to about 8 milligrams per liter. \r\n\r\nThe streamflow and water quality of the Spokane River, which are related to the flow and quality of water in the Spokane aquifer, indicate that, during the period 1913 to 1978 inclusive, the river at Post Falls, Idaho, had an average annual discharge of 6,307 cubic feet per second, a maximum discharge of 50,100 cubic feet per second, and a minimum discharge of 65 cubic feet per second. The quality of the river water along its course through the study area is affected to some extent by inflows of industrial wastewater and treated municipal sewered water. In the 30-mile reach between the State line and Riverside State Park, during the 1975 to 1978 water years inclusive, concentrations of nearly all the constituents analyzed increased, and concentrations of dissolved oxygen correspondingly decreased from 1968 to 1977 inclusive; coliform bacteria also showed notable increases in the downstream direction.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2265","usgsCitation":"Molenaar, D., 1988, The Spokane aquifer, Washington: its geologic origin and water-bearing and water-quality characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2265, vii, 74 p. :ill., (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2265.","productDescription":"vii, 74 p. :ill., (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137598,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2265/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2265/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a85f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molenaar, Dee","contributorId":34485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molenaar","given":"Dee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2394,"text":"wsp2333 - 1988 - Tritium migration from a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Chicago, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:33","indexId":"wsp2333","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2333","title":"Tritium migration from a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Chicago, Illinois","docAbstract":"This paper describes the results of a study to determine the geologic and hydrologic factors that control migration of tritium from a closed, low-level radioactive-waste disposal site. The disposal site, which operated from 1943 to mid1949, contains waste generated by research activities at the world's first nuclear reactors. Tritium has migrated horizontally at least 1,300 feet northward in glacial drift and more than 650 feet in the underlying dolomite. Thin, gently sloping sand layers in an otherwise clayey glacial drift are major conduits for ground-water flow and tritium migration in a perched zone beneath the disposal site. Tritium concentrations in the drift beneath the disposal site exceed 100,000 nanocuries per liter. Regional horizontal joints in the dolomite are enlarged by solution and are the major conduits for ground-water flow and tritium migration in the dolomite. A weathered zone at the top of the dolomite also is a pathway for tritium migration. The maximum measured tritium concentration in the dolomite is 29.4 nanocuries per liter. Fluctuations of tritium concentration in the dolomite are the result of dilution by seasonal recharge from the drift.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2333","usgsCitation":"Nicholas, J., and Healy, R.W., 1988, Tritium migration from a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Chicago, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2333, iv, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2333.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139189,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2333/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28371,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624515","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nicholas, J.R.","contributorId":26673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholas","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2037,"text":"wsp2323 - 1988 - Aqueous geochemistry of the Magothy aquifer, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2323","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2323","title":"Aqueous geochemistry of the Magothy aquifer, Maryland","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2323","usgsCitation":"Knobel, L.L., and Phillips, S., 1988, Aqueous geochemistry of the Magothy aquifer, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2323, iv, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2323.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2323/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27528,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2323/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db67a05b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knobel, LeRoy L.","contributorId":76285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobel","given":"LeRoy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Scott swphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":3515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Scott","email":"swphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":2538,"text":"wsp2309 - 1988 - Quantitative assessment of the shallow ground-water flow system associated with Connetquot Brook, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"wsp2309","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2309","title":"Quantitative assessment of the shallow ground-water flow system associated with Connetquot Brook, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Streamflow on Long Island is derived principally from shallow ground water that flows above the deeper regional flow system. The movement of shallow ground water was studied during 1975-82 at Connetquot Brook, an undisturbed stream in Connetquot River State Park, in south-central Long Island, New York. The investigation encompassed (1) field studies of streamflow, ground-water levels, and age of water as indicated by tritium and dissolved-oxygen concentrations and (2) numerical simulation of the shallow flow system to evaluate the hydraulic factors that govern the direction of shallow ground-water flow near and beneath the stream. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of water-level data indicates that ground water flows essentially horizontally throughout the drainage basin except near and beneath the stream, where it moves vertically upward toward the stream discharge boundary. Water levels in wells driven directly into the streambed and into the streambank at three sites were 1 to 2 feet higher than stream stage in the first 5 feet of penetration. Increases in head, which were detected to depths of 30 feet beneath the streambed, indicate upward movement of water above that depth. Hydraulic conductivity of the streambed sediments was calculated from head gradients in the streambed and from measured stream seepage; values were between 11 and 15 feet per day. \r\n\r\nWater samples from selected wells were analyzed for dissolved-oxygen and tritium concentrations to determine the relative age of the water in an attempt to locate the bottom boundary of the shallow flow system. Dissolved oxygen showed no pattern, but tritium concentrations about 1,000 feet from the stream were lower than those near the stream. The tritium concentrations indicate that the lower flow boundary was between 45 and 100 feet below the water table. \r\n\r\nA two-dimensional cross-sectional flow model of the shallow flow system was developed. The near-stream model response compared well with field data when the streambed discharge boundary was simulated as a uniform leaky bed. A systematic sensitivity analysis was done to determine which factors have the greatest influence on hydraulic head in the system. Ten dimensional parameters that describe the important aspects of the flow system were combined into a series of dimensionless parameters to simplify analysis. Results indicate that (1) streambed factors (width and hydraulic conductivity) are most influential upon heads near the stream, (2) factors representing thickness of the shallow flow system influence heads distant from the stream but have a negligible effect near the stream, and (3) factors that represent the quantity of water entering the system (recharge) influence the heads throughout the area. \r\n\r\nField measurements of hydraulic head indicate that the thickness of the shallow flow system below the stream channel is about 30 feet. However, results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the shallow system's thickness has a negligible effect on head distribution beneath the stream.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2309","usgsCitation":"Prince, K.R., Franke, O.L., and Reilly, T.E., 1988, Quantitative assessment of the shallow ground-water flow system associated with Connetquot Brook, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2309, iv, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2309.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2309/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28779,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2309/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a832b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prince, Keith R. krprince@usgs.gov","contributorId":1413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prince","given":"Keith","email":"krprince@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":145367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franke, O. Lehn","contributorId":63357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franke","given":"O.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lehn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1345,"text":"wsp2347 - 1988 - Urban stormwater runoff: Selected background information and techniques for problem assessment, with a Baltimore, Maryland case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-16T21:43:31.9482","indexId":"wsp2347","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2347","title":"Urban stormwater runoff: Selected background information and techniques for problem assessment, with a Baltimore, Maryland case study","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2347","usgsCitation":"Fisher, G.T., and Katz, B.G., 1988, Urban stormwater runoff: Selected background information and techniques for problem assessment, with a Baltimore, Maryland case study: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2347, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2347.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410652,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25458.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":26416,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2347/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2347/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Baltimore","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.584,\n              39.292\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.584,\n              39.458\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.769,\n              39.458\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.769,\n              39.292\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.584,\n              39.292\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60528f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Gary T. gtfisher@usgs.gov","contributorId":4931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Gary","email":"gtfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":143599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":143598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1309,"text":"wsp2196D - 1988 - Hydrology and ecology of the Apalachicola River, Florida : a summary of the river quality assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13496,"text":"ofr85626 - 1986 - Hydrology and ecology of the Apalachicola River, Florida; a summary of the river quality assessment","indexId":"ofr85626","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrology and ecology of the Apalachicola River, Florida; a summary of the river quality assessment"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1309,"text":"wsp2196D - 1988 - Hydrology and ecology of the Apalachicola River, Florida : a summary of the river quality assessment","indexId":"wsp2196D","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","title":"Hydrology and ecology of the Apalachicola River, Florida : a summary of the river quality assessment"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:17","indexId":"wsp2196D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2196","chapter":"D","title":"Hydrology and ecology of the Apalachicola River, Florida : a summary of the river quality assessment","docAbstract":"During 1979-81, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a large-scale study of the Apalachicola River in northwest Florida, the largest and one of the most economically important rivers in the State. Termed the Apalachicola River Quality Assessment, the study emphasized interrelations among hydrodynamics, the flood-plain forest, and the nutrient-detritus flow through the river system to the estuary. This report summarizes major findings of the study. Data on accumulation of toxic substances in sediments and benthic organisms in the river were also collected. \r\n\r\nBecause of the multiple uses of the Apalachicola River system, there are many difficult management decisions. The river is a waterway for shipping; hence there is an economic incentive for modification to facilitate movement of barge traffic. Such modifications include the proposed construction of dams, levees, bend easings, and training dikes; ditching and draining in the flood plain; and dredging and snagging in the river channel. The river is also recognized as an important supplier of detritus, nutrients, and freshwater to the Apalachicola Bay, which maintains an economically important shellfish industry. The importance of this input to the bay creates an incentive to keep the river basin in a natural state. Other values, such as timber harvesting, recreation, sport hunting, nature appreciation, and wildlife habitat, add even more to the difficulty of selecting management strategies.\r\n\r\nWater and nutrient budgets based on data collected during the river assessment study indicate the relative importance of various inputs and outflows in the system. Waterflow is controlled primarily by rainfall in upstream watersheds and is not greatly affected by local precipitation, ground-water exchanges, or evapotranspiration in the basin. On an annual basis, the total nutrient inflow to the system is nearly equal in quantity to total outflow, but there is a difference between inflow and outflow in the chemical and physical forms in which the nutrients are carried. The flood plain tends to be a net importer of soluble inorganic nutrients and a net exporter of particulate organic material. \r\n\r\nAnalysis of long-term records shows that dam construction in the upstream watersheds and at the Apalachicola headwaters has had little effect on the total annual waterflow but has probably suppressed low-flow extremes. Other effects include riverbed degradation and channelization which have to do with alteration of the habitat for aquatic biota and changes in flood-plain vegetation. \r\n\r\nWhatever management decisions are made should take into account the impact on the natural flooding cycle. Flooding is crucial to the present flood-plain plant community and to the production, decomposition, and transport of organic material from that community. Permanent, substantial changes in the natural flooding cycle would be likely to induce concomitant changes in the flood-plain environment and in the nutrient and detritus yield to the estuary.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2196D","usgsCitation":"Elder, J.F., Flagg, S.D., and Mattraw, H.C., 1988, Hydrology and ecology of the Apalachicola River, Florida : a summary of the river quality assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2196, v, 46 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2196D.","productDescription":"v, 46 p. :ill. (some col.), col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":137899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2196d/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":26342,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2196d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elder, John F.","contributorId":23919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elder","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":143539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flagg, Sherron D.","contributorId":59422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flagg","given":"Sherron","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mattraw, Harold C. Jr.","contributorId":72360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattraw","given":"Harold","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":143541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":12976,"text":"ofr88713 - 1988 - National Water Summary Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:55","indexId":"ofr88713","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-713","title":"National Water Summary Program","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88713","usgsCitation":"Chase, E.B., 1988, National Water Summary Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-713, 2 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88713.","productDescription":"2 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0713/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":41441,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0713/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69869f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chase, Edith B.","contributorId":11192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"Edith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":13672,"text":"ofr88171 - 1988 - Water-quality data for the Boise River, Boise to Star, Idaho, October to December 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:01","indexId":"ofr88171","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-171","title":"Water-quality data for the Boise River, Boise to Star, Idaho, October to December 1987","docAbstract":"Chemical and physical data were collected at six and biological data at five sites on the Boise River between Veterans Memorial Parkway in Boise and Star, Idaho, from October to December 1987. Data were collected to determine the impact of sewage effluent from two Boise wastewater treatment plants on the water and biological quality of the Boise River. Similar data will be collected from January to March 1988 and will be published in a second noninterpretive report. Results of all data analyses will be discussed in a final interpretive report. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88171","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S., and Hansen, T., 1988, Water-quality data for the Boise River, Boise to Star, Idaho, October to December 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-171, i, 11 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88171.","productDescription":"i, 11 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147535,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0171/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42222,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0171/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4cca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, S.A.","contributorId":9246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, T.F.","contributorId":87961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":12991,"text":"ofr8896 - 1988 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania; methods of data collection and analysis and description of study areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T09:22:04","indexId":"ofr8896","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-96","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania; methods of data collection and analysis and description of study areas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a water quality study as part of the nationally implemented Rural Clean Water Program in the headwaters of the Conestoga River, Pennsylvania. The study, which began in 1982, was designed to determine the effect of agricultural best management practices on surface--and groundwater quality. The study was concentrated in four areas within the intensively farmed, carbonate rock terrane located predominately in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. These areas were divided into three monitoring components: (1) a Regional study area (188 sq mi): (2) a Small Watershed study area (5.82 sq mi); and (3) two field site study areas, Field-Site 1 (22.1 acres) and Field 2 (47.5 acres). The type of water quality data and the methods of data collection and analysis are presented. The monitoring strategy and description of the study areas are discussed. The locations and descriptions for all data collection locations at the four study areas are provided. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8896","usgsCitation":"Chichester, D.C., 1988, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania; methods of data collection and analysis and description of study areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-96, iv, 32 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8896.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":41456,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":146805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae7d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chichester, Douglas C.","contributorId":83883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chichester","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":167091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14152,"text":"ofr88193 - 1988 - Results of qualification tests on water-level sensing instruments, 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:43","indexId":"ofr88193","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-193","title":"Results of qualification tests on water-level sensing instruments, 1986","docAbstract":"This report presents to users of hydrological instrumentation and U.S. Geological Survey procurement personnel a list of instruments that have met or exceeded the Survey 's minimum performance requirements for water level sensing instruments. The Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility at the National Space Technology Laboratories, Mississippi conducted qualification tests on four instrument systems. The data collected are summarized, brief system descriptions are given, qualification testing purposes and procedures are summarized, and results are given for each of the three systems that met performance requirements. The fourth system was returned to the manufacturer , because in preliminary testing the instrument system did not perform properly according to the manufacturer 's operating procedures. As a result of the qualification tests, the three systems that met performance requirements have been included on the Survey 's Qualified Products List. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88193","usgsCitation":"Holland, R.R., and Rapp, D.H., 1988, Results of qualification tests on water-level sensing instruments, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-193, iv, 34 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88193.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0193/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8131","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, Randolph R.","contributorId":16418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, Donald H.","contributorId":69562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":15446,"text":"ofr88194 - 1988 - Ground-water levels in the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer near pool 5 on the Lower Arkansas River during and after a 1-foot increase in pool stage, August through December 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:04","indexId":"ofr88194","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-194","title":"Ground-water levels in the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer near pool 5 on the Lower Arkansas River during and after a 1-foot increase in pool stage, August through December 1987","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88194","usgsCitation":"Plafcan, M., 1988, Ground-water levels in the Mississippi River valley alluvial aquifer near pool 5 on the Lower Arkansas River during and after a 1-foot increase in pool stage, August through December 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-194, iv, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88194.","productDescription":"iv, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0194/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44416,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667556","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plafcan, Maria","contributorId":20338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plafcan","given":"Maria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14593,"text":"ofr88182 - 1988 - Selected ground-water information for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington and Oregon, 1982-1985; Volume I. Geohydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:59","indexId":"ofr88182","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-182","title":"Selected ground-water information for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington and Oregon, 1982-1985; Volume I. Geohydrology","docAbstract":"This data report presents groundwater information collected and analyzed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey 's Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System Analysis study. The information was gathered from July 1982 through September 1985 in the part of the aquifer system in central and eastern Washington, and north-central and eastern Oregon. The report consists of three volumes: volume I, geohydrology; volume II, water levels; and volume III, groundwater quality. (See also W89-02573) (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88182","usgsCitation":"Lane, R.C., 1988, Selected ground-water information for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington and Oregon, 1982-1985; Volume I. Geohydrology: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-182, iii, 236 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88182.","productDescription":"iii, 236 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43260,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa2d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, R. C.","contributorId":6421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":14126,"text":"ofr8895 - 1988 - A summary of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:49","indexId":"ofr8895","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-95","title":"A summary of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment program","docAbstract":"Beginning in 1986, the Congress appropriated funds for the U.S. Geological Survey to test and refine concepts for a National Water Quality Assessment Program. At present, the program is in a pilot phase with field studies occurring in seven areas around the Nation. In 1990, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences will complete an evaluation of the design and potential utility of the program. A decision about moving to full-scale implementation will be made upon completion of this evaluation. The program is intended to address a wide range of national water quality issues that include chemical contamination, acidification, eutrophication, salinity, sedimentation, and sanitary quality. The goals of the program are to: (1) provide nationally consistent descriptions of current water quality conditions for a large part of the Nation 's water resources; (2) define long-term trends (or lack of trends) in water quality; and (3) identify and describe the relations of both current conditions and trends in water quality to natural and human factors. This information will be provided to water managers, policy makers, and the public to provide an improved scientific basis for evaluating the effectiveness of water quality management programs and for predicting the likely effects of contemplated changes in land- and water-management practices. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8895","usgsCitation":"Hirsch, R., Alley, W., and Wilber, W.G., 1988, A summary of the U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality Assessment program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-95, 7 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8895.","productDescription":"7 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0095/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42761,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6056","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirsch, R.M.","contributorId":58639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alley, W.M.","contributorId":6853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilber, W. G.","contributorId":98337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":15710,"text":"ofr88304 - 1988 - Climatic data for Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota, 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:15:48","indexId":"ofr88304","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-304","title":"Climatic data for Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota, 1986","docAbstract":"<p>Research on the hydrology of Williams Lake, north-central Minnesota includes study of evaporation. Presented here are those climatic data needed for energy-budget and mass-transfer studies, including: water-surface temperature, dry-bulb and wet-bulb air temperatures, wind speed, precipitation, and solar and atmospheric radiation. Some calculated values necessary for these studies, such as vapor pressure and Bowen ratio numbers, also are presented. Data are collected at raft and land stations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lakewood, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr88304","usgsCitation":"Rosenberry, D., Sturrock, A., and Winter, T.C., 1988, Climatic data for Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota, 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-304, iv, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88304.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":44703,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0304/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0304/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Hubbard County","otherGeospatial":"Williams Lake","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de152","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":171586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sturrock, A.M.","contributorId":25947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturrock","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":12995,"text":"ofr87548 - 1988 - Hydrologic data for computation of sediment discharge: Toutle and North Fork Toutle Rivers near Mount St. Helens, Washington, water years 1980-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-08T18:45:52.588542","indexId":"ofr87548","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-548","title":"Hydrologic data for computation of sediment discharge: Toutle and North Fork Toutle Rivers near Mount St. Helens, Washington, water years 1980-84","docAbstract":"Immediately after the devastating May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens, a program was initiated by the U.S. Geological Survey to study the streamflow and sediment characteristics of streams impacted by the eruption. Some of the data gathered in that program are presented in this report. Data are presented for two key sites in the Toutle River basin: North Fork Toutle River near Kid Valley, and Toutle River at Tower Road, near Silver Lake. The types of data presented are appropriate for use with sediment transport formulas; however, the data are also intended for use in a wide variety of additional applications. The data presented in this report are unique because they delineate flow conditions possessing great potential fo sediment transport. The data define unusually high suspended-sediment concentration. Data defining hydraulic, peak discharge, suspended-sediment, and bed-material characteristics are presented. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr87548","usgsCitation":"Childers, D., Hammond, S.E., and Johnson, W.P., 1988, Hydrologic data for computation of sediment discharge: Toutle and North Fork Toutle Rivers near Mount St. Helens, Washington, water years 1980-84: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-548, viii, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87548.","productDescription":"viii, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":379246,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0548/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":145145,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0548/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": 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