Explaining functional connectivity among occupied habitats is crucial for understanding metapopulation dynamics and species ecology. Landscape genetics has primarily focused on elucidating how ecological features between observations influence gene flow. Functional connectivity, however, may be the result of both these between‐site (landscape resistance) landscape characteristics and at‐site (patch quality) landscape processes that can be captured using network based models. We test hypotheses of functional connectivity that include both between‐site and at‐site landscape processes in metapopulations of Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) by employing a novel justification of gravity models for landscape genetics (eight microsatellite loci, 37 sites, n = 441). Primarily used in transportation and economic geography, gravity models are a unique approach as flow (e.g. gene flow) is explained as a function of three basic components: distance between sites, production/attraction (e.g. at‐site landscape process) and resistance (e.g. between‐site landscape process). The study system contains a network of nutrient poor high mountain lakes where we hypothesized a short growing season and complex topography between sites limit R. luteiventris gene flow. In addition, we hypothesized production of offspring is limited by breeding site characteristics such as the introduction of predatory fish and inherent site productivity. We found that R. luteiventris connectivity was negatively correlated with distance between sites, presence of predatory fish (at‐site) and topographic complexity (between‐site). Conversely, site productivity (as measured by heat load index, at‐site) and growing season (as measured by frost‐free period between‐sites) were positively correlated with gene flow. The negative effect of predation and positive effect of site productivity, in concert with bottleneck tests, support the presence of source–sink dynamics. In conclusion, gravity models provide a powerful new modelling approach for examining a wide range of both basic and applied questions in landscape genetics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04723.x","usgsCitation":"Murphy, M., Dezzani, R., Pilliod, D., and Storfer, A., 2010, Landscape genetics of high mountain frog metapopulations: Molecular Ecology, v. 19, no. 17, p. 3634-3649, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04723.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"3634","endPage":"3649","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":383298,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"middle east Idaho","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -113.88427734374999,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -113.88427734374999,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 44.793530904744074\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abb1b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, M.A.","contributorId":65214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dezzani, R.","contributorId":12609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dezzani","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pilliod, D. S.","contributorId":45259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pilliod","given":"D. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Storfer, A.","contributorId":37881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storfer","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":348728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98593,"text":"ofr20101066 - 2010 - Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Hunter Army Airfield, Chatham County, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T13:54:30","indexId":"ofr20101066","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1066","title":"Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Hunter Army Airfield, Chatham County, Georgia","docAbstract":"A 1,168-foot deep test well was completed at Hunter Army Airfield in the summer of 2009 to investigate the potential of using the Lower Floridan aquifer as a source of water supply to satisfy increased needs as a result of base expansion and increased troop levels. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted hydrologic testing at the test site including flowmeter surveys, packer-slug tests, and aquifer tests of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers.\r\n\r\nFlowmeter surveys were completed at different stages of well construction to determine the depth and yield of water-bearing zones and to identify confining beds that separate the main producing aquifers. During a survey when the borehole was open to both the upper and lower aquifers, five water-bearing zones in the Upper Floridan aquifer supplied 83.5 percent of the total pumpage, and five water-bearing zones in the Lower Floridan aquifer supplied the remaining 16.5 percent. An upward gradient was indicated from the ambient flowmeter survey: 7.6 gallons per minute of groundwater was detected entering the borehole between 750 and 1,069 feet below land surface, then moved upward, and exited the borehole into lower-head zones between 333 and 527 feet below land surface. During a survey of the completed Lower Floridan well, six distinct water-producing zones were identified; one 17-foot-thick zone at 768-785 feet below land surface yielded 47.9 percent of the total pumpage while the remaining five zones yielded between 2 and 15 percent each.\r\n\r\nThe thickness and hydrologic properties of the confining unit separating the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers were determined from packer tests and flowmeter surveys. This confining unit, which is composed of rocks of Middle Eocene age, is approximately 160 feet thick with horizontal hydraulic conductivities determined from four slug tests to range from 0.2 to 3 feet per day. Results of two separate slug tests within the middle confining unit were both 2 feet per day.\r\n\r\nAquifer testing indicated the Upper Floridan aquifer had a transmissivity of 40,000 feet squared per day, and the Lower Floridan aquifer had a transmissivity of 10,000 feet squared per day. An aquifer test conducted on the combined aquifer system, when the test well was open from 333 to 1,112 feet, gave a transmissivity of 50,000 feet squared per day. Additionally, during the 72-hour test of the Lower Floridan aquifer, a drawdown response was observed in the Upper Floridan aquifer wells.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101066","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army","usgsCitation":"Williams, L.J., 2010, Summary of hydrologic testing of the Floridan aquifer system at Hunter Army Airfield, Chatham County, Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1066, vi, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101066.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13991,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1066/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Chatham County","otherGeospatial":"Floridan aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.91666666666667,31.75 ], [ -81.91666666666667,32.25 ], [ -80.75,32.25 ], [ -80.75,31.75 ], [ -81.91666666666667,31.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db697f40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Lester J. lesterw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Lester","email":"lesterw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98595,"text":"ofr20101176 - 2010 - Arctic sea ice decline: Projected changes in timing and extent of sea ice in the Bering and Chukchi Seas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-22T19:13:14.422696","indexId":"ofr20101176","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1176","title":"Arctic sea ice decline: Projected changes in timing and extent of sea ice in the Bering and Chukchi Seas","docAbstract":"The Arctic region is warming faster than most regions of the world due in part to increasing greenhouse gases and positive feedbacks associated with the loss of snow and ice cover. One consequence has been a rapid decline in Arctic sea ice over the past 3 decades?a decline that is projected to continue by state-of-the-art models. Many stakeholders are therefore interested in how global warming may change the timing and extent of sea ice Arctic-wide, and for specific regions. To inform the public and decision makers of anticipated environmental changes, scientists are striving to better understand how sea ice influences ecosystem structure, local weather, and global climate. Here, projected changes in the Bering and Chukchi Seas are examined because sea ice influences the presence of, or accessibility to, a variety of local resources of commercial and cultural value. In this study, 21st century sea ice conditions in the Bering and Chukchi Seas are based on projections by 18 general circulation models (GCMs) prepared for the fourth reporting period by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007. Sea ice projections are analyzed for each of two IPCC greenhouse gas forcing scenarios: the A1B `business as usual? scenario and the A2 scenario that is somewhat more aggressive in its CO2 emissions during the second half of the century. A large spread of uncertainty among projections by all 18 models was constrained by creating model subsets that excluded GCMs that poorly simulated the 1979-2008 satellite record of ice extent and seasonality. \r\n\r\nAt the end of the 21st century (2090-2099), median sea ice projections among all combinations of model ensemble and forcing scenario were qualitatively similar. June is projected to experience the least amount of sea ice loss among all months. For the Chukchi Sea, projections show extensive ice melt during July and ice-free conditions during August, September, and October by the end of the century, with high agreement among models. High agreement also accompanies projections that the Chukchi Sea will be completely ice covered during February, March, and April at the end of the century. Large uncertainties, however, are associated with the timing and amount of partial ice cover during the intervening periods of melt and freeze. For the Bering Sea, median March ice extent is projected to be about 25 percent less than the 1979-1988 average by mid-century and 60 percent less by the end of the century. The ice-free season in the Bering Sea is projected to increase from its contemporary average of 5.5 months to a median of about 8.5 months by the end of the century. A 3-month longer ice- free season in the Bering Sea is attained by a 1-month advance in melt and a 2-month delay in freeze, meaning the ice edge typically will pass through the Bering Strait in May and January at the end of the century rather than June and November as presently observed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101176","usgsCitation":"Douglas, D., 2010, Arctic sea ice decline: Projected changes in timing and extent of sea ice in the Bering and Chukchi Seas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1176, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101176.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1176.jpg"},{"id":13993,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1176/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":407235,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93884.htm"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.9,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 55\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 80\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 80\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 160,\n 55\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 55\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 80\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 80\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98590,"text":"sir20105125 - 2010 - Demography of the Pryor Mountain wild horses, 1993-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:56","indexId":"sir20105125","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5125","title":"Demography of the Pryor Mountain wild horses, 1993-2007","docAbstract":"Wild horses (Equus caballus) at Pryor Mountain were studied by direct observation from 1993 through 2007. All horses present were individually identifiable on the basis of coat coloration, head and leg markings, gender, and band associations. Of the 609 horses either present prior to foaling in 1993 or born since, ages were precisely known for 491 (observed as a foal). Ages for 52 horses were estimated through tooth eruption and wear patterns, and for the remaining 66 horses through body size, morphology, and anecdotal evidence concerning when they were present on the range. At varying intensities, never less than 30 days per year, all horses were inventoried and their band associations noted. Foals were paired with dams based on observations of attachment during the early days and weeks of life. Year of death was determined by identification of the carcass where possible. In the absence of finding a carcass, an animal that was not observed for 2 years was considered to have died in the year that it went missing. Animals that were removed from the herd and mares that were part of a contraception study were excluded from calculations of survival and foaling rates, respectively, as appropriate.\r\n\r\nThe average prefoaling population over the 15 years of the study was 148.8 animals (range = 120-187), and the annual foal crop averaged 32.1 (range = 23-40). Large removals (19-60 animals) in four years helped maintain the herd at this level; apparent growth rate (calculated as though removals had not occurred) was 9.6 percent annually (? = 1.096, range = 0.977-1.220). This annual growth rate is relatively low compared to that for many western horse herds, at least in part because of a decline in foal survival. Sex ratio of the foal crop varied widely among years, but pooled across years did not differ from 50:50. Sex ratio in the herd changed mostly as a result of removals. The average age of both males and females in the herd increased during the course of the study. Annual survival of males did not differ from that of females, nor did gender affect annual survival of foals. Pooled across years, ages, and sexes, the annual survival rate was 0.899. Annual foal survival rate was 0.697 and declined through time, with a tendency toward recovery in 2005-2007. Foal survival was higher in larger bands, but did not differ between foals born to primiparous and multiparous mares. A few 2-year-old mares produced foals; foaling rate (excluding contracepted mares and foals they produced) increased through age 10, remained high through age 15, and declined thereafter. Overall foaling rate for mares =3 years of age was 0.576 foals per mare, with no apparent trend during the period of our study. Foaling rate in years following gathers was somewhat lower than in other years. There was a positive relation between foaling rate and band size. Primiparous mares were somewhat less likely to foal in the following year than were multiparous mares. Most stallions that acquired a harem did so at age 5 or 6, and the average age of harem stallions increased during our study. Most harems had 1-3 mares =2 years of age, but harem size varied with age of the stallion, increasing through about age 11 and declining thereafter. About 6 percent of bands had a satellite stallion (=5 years of age), but the mean number of mares did not differ between single- and multistallion bands. Most stallions left their natal band at age 2 or 3, but 17 percent remained with their natal band until age 4 or 5.\r\n\r\nFoal survival rate was positively related to precipitation, suggesting a possible link to forage production and availability mediated through mare fitness. There also was evidence for density-dependent population regulation, as both population growth rate and survival rate were negatively correlated with population size from the previous year. These and other factors were not sufficient to stabilize the population during our period of study, however, as evidenced by the necess","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105125","usgsCitation":"Roelle, J.E., Singer, F., Zeigenfuss, L., Ransom, J.I., Coates-Markle, L., and Schoenecker, K.A., 2010, Demography of the Pryor Mountain wild horses, 1993-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5125, vi, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105125.","productDescription":"vi, 29 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":13988,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5125/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5125.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -108.46666666666667,44.833333333333336 ], [ -108.46666666666667,45.2 ], [ -108.25,45.2 ], [ -108.25,44.833333333333336 ], [ -108.46666666666667,44.833333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db67222d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roelle, James E. roelleb@usgs.gov","contributorId":2330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roelle","given":"James","email":"roelleb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, Francis J.","contributorId":65528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, Linda 0000-0002-6700-8563 linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8563","contributorId":2079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"Linda","email":"linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ransom, Jason I. 0000-0002-5930-4004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-4004","contributorId":71645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ransom","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coates-Markle, Linda","contributorId":65582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates-Markle","given":"Linda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schoenecker, Kathryn A. 0000-0001-9906-911X schoeneckerk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9906-911X","contributorId":2001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenecker","given":"Kathryn","email":"schoeneckerk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98585,"text":"ofr20101161 - 2010 - Rainfall, discharge, and water-quality data during stormwater monitoring, H-1 storm drain, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2009, to June 30, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-31T15:57:26","indexId":"ofr20101161","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1161","title":"Rainfall, discharge, and water-quality data during stormwater monitoring, H-1 storm drain, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2009, to June 30, 2010","docAbstract":"Storm runoff water-quality samples were collected as part of the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation Stormwater Monitoring Program. The program is designed to assess the effects of highway runoff and urban runoff collected by the H-1 storm drain on the Manoa-Palolo Drainage Canal. This report summarizes rainfall, discharge, and water-quality data collected between July 1, 2009, and June 30, 2010. As part of this program, rainfall and continuous discharge data were collected at the H-1 storm drain. During the year, sampling strategy and sample processing methods were modified to improve the characterization of the effects of discharge from the storm drain on the Manoa-Palolo Drainage Canal. During July 1, 2009, to February 1, 2010, samples were collected from only the H-1 storm drain. Beginning February 2, 2010, samples were collected simultaneously from the H-1 storm drain and the Manoa-Palolo Drainage Canal at a location about 50 feet upstream of the discharge point of the H-1 storm drain. Three storms were sampled during July 1, 2009, to June 30, 2010. All samples were collected using automatic samplers. For the storm of August 12, 2009, grab samples (for oil and grease, and total petroleum hydrocarbons) and a composite sample were collected. The composite sample was analyzed for total suspended solids, nutrients, and selected dissolved and total (filtered and unfiltered) trace metals (cadmium, chromium, nickel, copper, lead, and zinc). Two storms were sampled in March 2010 at the H-1 storm drain and from the Manoa-Palolo Drainage Canal. Two samples were collected during the storm of March 4, 2010, and six samples were collected during the storm of March 8, 2010. These two storms were sampled using the modified strategy, in which discrete samples from the automatic sampler were processed and analyzed individually, rather than as a composite sample, using the simultaneously collected samples from the H-1 storm drain and from the Manoa-Palolo Drainage Canal. The discrete samples were analyzed for some or all of the following constituents: total suspended solids, nutrients, oil and grease, and selected dissolved (filtered) trace metals (cadmium, chromium, nickel, copper, lead, and zinc). Five quality-assurance/quality-control samples were analyzed during the year. These samples included one laboratory-duplicate, one field-duplicate, and one matrix-spike sample prepared and analyzed with the storm samples. In addition, two inorganic blank-water samples, one sample at the H-1 storm drain and one sample at the Manoa-Palolo Drainage Canal, were collected by running the blank water (water purified of all inorganic constituents) through the sampling and processing systems after cleaning automatic sampler lines to verify that the sampling lines were not contaminated.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101161","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Presley, T.K., and Jamison, M.T., 2010, Rainfall, discharge, and water-quality data during stormwater monitoring, H-1 storm drain, Oahu, Hawaii, July 1, 2009, to June 30, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1161, iv, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101161.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20101161.PNG"},{"id":13983,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1161/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.82,\n 21.30\n ],\n [\n -157.82,\n 21.27\n ],\n [\n -157.78,\n 21.27\n ],\n [\n -157.78,\n 21.30\n ],\n [\n -157.82,\n 21.30\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545f91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presley, Todd K. 0000-0001-5851-0634 tkpresle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5851-0634","contributorId":2671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presley","given":"Todd","email":"tkpresle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jamison, Marcael T. J.","contributorId":6817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamison","given":"Marcael","email":"","middleInitial":"T. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98584,"text":"sir20105158 - 2010 - Revised hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in the northern coastal area of Georgia and adjacent parts of South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T10:40:28","indexId":"sir20105158","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5158","title":"Revised hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in the northern coastal area of Georgia and adjacent parts of South Carolina","docAbstract":"The hydrogeologic framework for the Floridan aquifer system has been revised for eight northern coastal counties in Georgia and five coastal counties in South Carolina by incorporating new borehole geophysical and flowmeter log data collected during previous investigations. Selected well logs were compiled and analyzed to determine the vertical and horizontal continuity of permeable zones that make up the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers and to define more precisely the thickness of confining beds that separate these aquifers.\r\n\r\nThe updated framework generally conforms to the original framework established by the U.S. Geological Survey in the 1980s except for adjustments made to the internal boundaries of the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers and the individual permeable zones that compose these aquifers. The revised boundaries of the Floridan aquifer system were mapped by taking into account results from local studies and regional correlations of geologic and hydrogeologic units. Because the revised framework does not match the previous regional framework along all edges, additional work will be needed to expand the framework into adjacent areas.\r\n\r\nThe Floridan aquifer system in the northern coastal region of Georgia and parts of South Carolina can be divided into the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, which are separated by a middle confining unit of relatively lower permeability. The Upper Floridan aquifer includes permeable and hydraulically connected carbonate rocks of Oligocene and upper Eocene age that represent the most transmissive part of the aquifer system. The middle confining unit consists of low permeability carbonate rocks that lie within the lower part of the upper Eocene in Beaufort and Jasper Counties, South Carolina, and within the upper to middle parts of the middle Eocene elsewhere. Locally, the middle confining unit contains thin zones that have moderate to high permeability and can produce water to wells that tap them. The Lower Floridan aquifer includes all permeable strata that lie below the middle confining unit and above the base of the aquifer system. Beneath Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, the middle Floridan aquifer is now included as part of the Lower Floridan aquifer. The base of the Floridan aquifer system generally is located at the top of lower Eocene rocks in Georgia and the top of Paleocene rocks in South Carolina.\r\n\r\nThe Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers are interconnected to varying degrees depending on the thickness and permeability of the middle confining unit that separates these aquifers. In most places, hydraulic head differences between the two aquifers range from a few inches to a few feet or more. Monitoring at several vertically clustered well-point sites where wells were set at different depths in the aquifer revealed variations in the degree of hydraulic separation with depth. In general, the head separation between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers increases with depth, which indicates that the deeper zones are more hydraulically separated than the shallower parts of the Lower Floridan aquifer.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105158","usgsCitation":"Williams, L.J., and Gill, H.E., 2010, Revised hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in the northern coastal area of Georgia and adjacent parts of South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5158, viii, 76 p.; Appendices; 3 Plates; Plate 1: 24 inches x 33 inches; Plate 2: 36 inches x 40 inches; Plate 3: 30 inches x 30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105158.","productDescription":"viii, 76 p.; Appendices; 3 Plates; Plate 1: 24 inches x 33 inches; Plate 2: 36 inches x 40 inches; Plate 3: 30 inches x 30 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5158.jpg"},{"id":13982,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5158/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Floridan aquifer system","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82,31 ], [ -82,33 ], [ -80,33 ], [ -80,31 ], [ -82,31 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Lester J. lesterw@usgs.gov","contributorId":2395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Lester","email":"lesterw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gill, Harold E.","contributorId":91566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98586,"text":"fs20103061 - 2010 - Historic flooding in northern Georgia, September 16-22, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T12:08:44","indexId":"fs20103061","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3061","title":"Historic flooding in northern Georgia, September 16-22, 2009","docAbstract":"A primary mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the measurement and documentation of the magnitude and extent of hydrologic hazards, such as floods, droughts, and hurricane storm surge. USGS personnel were deployed to document historic, widespread flooding that occurred throughout the Atlanta metropolitan area and northwestern Georgia in the early fall of 2009. The floods were created by prolonged rainfall that occurred during September 16?22, 2009, with an especially intense period of rainfall during the late evening of September 20. The National Weather Service (NWS) reported that the southeastern United States had above-normal precipitation from August into early September, resulting in saturated soil conditions making the region extremely flood prone. Precipitation totals were the sixth highest on record for the month of September for the region (National Weather Service, 2010).\r\n\r\nLessons learned from this flood include the need for more effective communication of the latest river information by Federal agencies with flood-threatened communities. Communicating the flood threat in an easy, accessible manner would have helped emergency managers and the public greatly during this flood. In response, the USGS developed WaterAlert (http://water.usgs.gov/wateralert/) to send notifications of flood events by way of text and e-mail. Also in development are real-time flood-inundation maps to give the hydrograph spatial context by way of a map-based product.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103061","usgsCitation":"McCallum, B.E., and Gotvald, A.J., 2010, Historic flooding in northern Georgia, September 16-22, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3061, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103061.","productDescription":"3 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3061.bmp"},{"id":13984,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3061/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Northern Georgia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.616455078125,\n 34.994003757575776\n ],\n [\n -83.0841064453125,\n 35.0120020431607\n ],\n [\n -83.08959960937499,\n 34.94899072578227\n ],\n [\n -83.1610107421875,\n 34.908457853981375\n ],\n [\n -83.3038330078125,\n 34.80929324176267\n ],\n [\n -83.3203125,\n 34.69194468425019\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 34.642247047768535\n ],\n [\n -83.111572265625,\n 34.6060845921693\n ],\n [\n -83.0291748046875,\n 34.53371242139564\n ],\n [\n -82.935791015625,\n 34.51560953848204\n ],\n [\n -82.85888671875,\n 34.49750272138159\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 34.4069096565206\n ],\n [\n -82.7215576171875,\n 34.288991865037524\n ],\n [\n -82.694091796875,\n 34.1890858311724\n ],\n [\n -82.562255859375,\n 34.075412438417395\n ],\n [\n -82.518310546875,\n 33.957030069982316\n ],\n [\n -82.2381591796875,\n 33.8247936182649\n ],\n [\n -82.166748046875,\n 33.701492795584365\n ],\n [\n -82.0843505859375,\n 33.63291573870479\n ],\n [\n -81.8975830078125,\n 33.51391942394942\n ],\n [\n -81.8426513671875,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -81.7822265625,\n 33.261656767328006\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 33.18353672893615\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 33.10534697199519\n ],\n [\n -85.06164550781249,\n 32.49586350791503\n ],\n [\n -85.067138671875,\n 32.55607364492026\n ],\n [\n -85.15502929687499,\n 32.63937487360669\n ],\n [\n -85.1934814453125,\n 32.810361684869015\n ],\n [\n -85.616455078125,\n 34.994003757575776\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62ed1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCallum, Brian E. 0000-0002-8935-0343 bemccall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8935-0343","contributorId":1591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCallum","given":"Brian","email":"bemccall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gotvald, Anthony J. 0000-0002-9019-750X agotvald@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9019-750X","contributorId":1970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotvald","given":"Anthony","email":"agotvald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98583,"text":"sir20105152 - 2010 - Correlation chart of Pennsylvanian rocks in Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Maryland, and Pennsylvania showing approximate position of coal beds, coal zones, and key stratigraphic units","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:28:07","indexId":"sir20105152","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5152","title":"Correlation chart of Pennsylvanian rocks in Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Maryland, and Pennsylvania showing approximate position of coal beds, coal zones, and key stratigraphic units","docAbstract":"This report contains a simplified provisional correlation chart that was compiled from both published and unpublished data in order to fill a need to visualize the currently accepted stratigraphic relations between Appalachian basin formations, coal beds and coal zones, and key stratigraphic units in the northern, central, and southern Appalachian basin coal regions of Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Appalachian basin coal beds and coal zones were deposited in a variety of geologic settings throughout the Lower, Middle, and Upper Pennsylvanian and Pennsylvanian formations were defined on the presence or absence of economic coal beds and coarse-grained sandstones that often are local or regionally discontinuous. The correlation chart illustrates how stratigraphic units (especially coal beds and coal zones) and their boundaries can differ between States and regions.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105152","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L.F., Trippi, M.H., and Slucher, E.R., 2010, Correlation chart of Pennsylvanian rocks in Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, Maryland, and Pennsylvania showing approximate position of coal beds, coal zones, and key stratigraphic units: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5152, v, 9 p.; Additional separate large format files available as PDFs whithin contents page of report, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105152.","productDescription":"v, 9 p.; Additional separate large format files available as PDFs whithin contents page of report","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-022941","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5152.jpg"},{"id":13981,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5152/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6846bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061 lruppert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie","email":"lruppert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trippi, Michael H. 0000-0002-1398-3427 mtrippi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-3427","contributorId":941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trippi","given":"Michael","email":"mtrippi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Slucher, Ernie R. 0000-0002-5865-5734 eslucher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5865-5734","contributorId":3966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slucher","given":"Ernie","email":"eslucher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98582,"text":"cir1196Y - 2010 - Titanium recycling in the United States in 2004, chap. Y of Sibley, S.F., ed., Flow studies for recycling metal commodities in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"cir1196Y","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1196","chapter":"Y","title":"Titanium recycling in the United States in 2004, chap. Y of Sibley, S.F., ed., Flow studies for recycling metal commodities in the United States","docAbstract":"As one of a series of reports that describe the recycling of metal commodities in the United States, this report discusses the titanium metal fraction of the titanium economy, which generates and uses titanium metal scrap in its operations. Data for 2004 were selected to demonstrate the titanium flows associated with these operations. This report includes a description of titanium metal supply and demand in the United States to illustrate the extent of titanium recycling and to identify recycling trends.\r\n\r\nIn 2004, U.S. apparent consumption of titanium metal (contained in various titanium-bearing products) was 45,000 metric tons (t) of titanium, which was distributed as follows: 25,000 t of titanium recovered as new scrap, 9,000 t of titanium as titanium metal and titanium alloy products delivered to the U.S. titanium products reservoir, 7,000 t of titanium consumed by steelmaking and other industries, and 4,000 t of titanium contained in unwrought and wrought products exported. Titanium recycling is concentrated within the titanium metals sector of the total titanium market. The titanium market is otherwise dominated by pigment (titanium oxide) products, which generate dissipative losses instead of recyclable scrap. In 2004, scrap (predominantly new scrap) was the source of roughly 54 percent of the titanium metal content of U.S.-produced titanium metal products.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1196Y","collaboration":"Flow Studies for Recycling Metal Commodities in the United States","usgsCitation":"Goonan, T.G., 2010, Titanium recycling in the United States in 2004, chap. Y of Sibley, S.F., ed., Flow studies for recycling metal commodities in the United States (Chap. Y of Sibley, S.F., ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1196, vi, 14 p.; Appendices , https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1196Y.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.; Appendices ","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":116044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1196_y.jpg"},{"id":13980,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1196-Y/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Chap. Y of Sibley, S.F., ed.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b3ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goonan, Thomas G. goonan@usgs.gov","contributorId":2761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goonan","given":"Thomas","email":"goonan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98581,"text":"sir20105079 - 2010 - Evaluating effects of potential changes in streamflow regime on fish and aquatic-invertebrate assemblages in the New Jersey Pinelands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"sir20105079","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5079","title":"Evaluating effects of potential changes in streamflow regime on fish and aquatic-invertebrate assemblages in the New Jersey Pinelands","docAbstract":"Changes in water demand associated with population growth and changes in land-use practices in the Pinelands region of southern New Jersey will have a direct effect on stream hydrology. The most pronounced and measurable hydrologic effect is likely to be flow reductions associated with increasing water extraction. Because water-supply needs will continue to grow along with population in the Pinelands area, the goal of maintaining a sustainable balance between the availability of water to protect existing aquatic assemblages while conserving the surficial aquifer for long-term support of human water use needs to be addressed.\r\n\r\nAlthough many aquatic fauna have shown resilience and resistance to short-term changes in flows associated with water withdrawals, sustained effects associated with ongoing water-development processes are not well understood. In this study, the U.S. Geological Survey sampled forty-three 100-meter-long stream reaches during high- and low-flow periods across a designed hydrologic gradient ranging from small- (4.1 square kilometers (1.6 square miles)) to medium- (66.3 square kilometers (25.6 square miles)) sized Pinelands stream basins. This design, which uses basin size as a surrogate for water availability, provided an opportunity to evaluate the possible effects of potential variation in stream hydrology on fish and aquatic-invertebrate assemblage response in New Jersey Pinelands streams where future water extraction is expected based on known build-out scenarios. Multiple-regression models derived from extracted non-metric multidimensional scaling axis scores of fish and aquatic invertebrates indicate that some variability in aquatic-assemblage composition across the hydrologic gradient is associated with anthropogenic disturbance, such as urbanization, changes in stream chemistry, and concomitant changes in high-flow runoff patterns. To account for such underlying effects in the study models, any flow parameter or assemblage attribute that was found to be significantly correlated (|rho| = 0.5000) to known anthropogenic drivers (for example, the amount of urbanization in the basin) was eliminated from analysis. A reduced set of low- and annual-flow hydrologic variables, found to be unrelated to anthropogenic influences, was used to develop assemblage-response models. Many linear (monotonic) and curvilinear bivariate flow-ecology response models were developed for fish and invertebrate assemblages. For example, the duration and magnitude of low-flow events were significant predictors of invertebrate-assemblage complexity (for example, invertebrate-species richness, Plecoptera richness, and Ephemeroptera abundance); however, response models between flow attributes and fish-assemblage structure were, in all cases, more poorly fit. Annual flow variability also was important, especially variability across mean minimum monthly flows and annual mean streamflow. In general, all response models followed upward or downward trends that would be expected given hydrologic changes in Pinelands streams. This study demonstrates that the structural and functional response of aquatic assemblages of the Pinelands ecosystem resulting from changes in water-use practices associated with population growth and increased water extraction may be predictable.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105079","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Pinelands Commission","usgsCitation":"Kennen, J., and Riskin, M.L., 2010, Evaluating effects of potential changes in streamflow regime on fish and aquatic-invertebrate assemblages in the New Jersey Pinelands: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5079, vi, 34 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105079.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13979,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5079/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.25,39 ], [ -75.25,40 ], [ -74.25,40 ], [ -74.25,39 ], [ -75.25,39 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fb0ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennen, Jonathan G. 0000-0002-5426-4445 jgkennen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-4445","contributorId":574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennen","given":"Jonathan G.","email":"jgkennen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riskin, Melissa L. 0000-0001-6499-3775 mriskin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6499-3775","contributorId":654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riskin","given":"Melissa","email":"mriskin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98580,"text":"sir20105156 - 2010 - Strategic plan for science-U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio Water Science Center, 2010-15","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"sir20105156","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5156","title":"Strategic plan for science-U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio Water Science Center, 2010-15","docAbstract":"This Science Plan identifies specific scientific and technical programmatic issues of current importance to Ohio and the Nation. An examination of those issues yielded a set of five major focus areas with associated science goals and strategies that the Ohio Water Science Center will emphasize in its program during 2010-15. \r\n\r\n\r\nA primary goal of the Science Plan is to establish a relevant multidisciplinary scientific and technical program that generates high-quality products that meet or exceed the expectations of our partners while supporting the goals and initiatives of the U.S. Geological Survey. The Science Plan will be used to set the direction of new and existing programs and will influence future training and hiring decisions by the Ohio Water Science Center. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105156","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2010, Strategic plan for science-U.S. Geological Survey, Ohio Water Science Center, 2010-15: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5156, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105156.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2015-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5156.jpg"},{"id":13978,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b117c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98579,"text":"sir20105141 - 2010 - Hydrogeomorphic segments and hydraulic microhabitats of the Niobrara River, Nebraska— With special emphasis on the Niobrara National Scenic River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-28T21:46:56.605042","indexId":"sir20105141","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5141","title":"Hydrogeomorphic segments and hydraulic microhabitats of the Niobrara River, Nebraska— With special emphasis on the Niobrara National Scenic River","docAbstract":"The Niobrara River is an ecologically and economically important resource in Nebraska. The Nebraska Department of Natural Resources’ recent designation of the hydraulically connected surface- and groundwater resources of the Niobrara River Basin as “fully appropriated” has emphasized the importance of understanding linkages between the physical and ecological dynamics of the Niobrara River so it can be sustainably managed. In cooperation with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated the hydrogeomorphic and hydraulic attributes of the Niobrara River in northern Nebraska. This report presents the results of an analysis of hydrogeomorphic segments and hydraulic microhabitats of the Niobrara River and its valley for the approximately 330-mile reach from Dunlap Diversion Dam to its confluence with the Missouri River. Two spatial scales were used to examine and quantify the hydrogeomorphic segments and hydraulic microhabitats of the Niobrara River: a basin scale and a reach scale.
At the basin scale, digital spatial data and hydrologic data were analyzed to (1) test for differences between 36 previously determined longitudinal hydrogeomorphic segments; (2) quantitatively describe the hydrogeomorphic characteristics of the river and its valley; and (3) evaluate differences in hydraulic microhabitat over a range of flow regimes among three fluvial geomorphic provinces. The statistical analysis of hydrogeomorphic segments resulted in reclassification rates of 3 to 28 percent of the segments for the four descriptive geomorphic elements.
The reassignment of classes by discriminant analysis resulted in a reduction from 36 to 25 total hydrogeomorphic segments because several adjoining segments shared the same ultimate class assignments. Virtually all of the segment mergers were in the Canyons and Restricted Bottoms (CRB) fluvial geomorphic province. The most frequent classes among hydrogeomorphic segments, and the dominant classes per unit length of river, are: a width-restricted valley confinement condition, sinuous-planview pattern, irregular channel width, and an alternate bar configuration.
The Niobrara River in the study area flows through a diversity of fluvial geomorphic settings in its traverse across northern Nebraska. In the Meandering Bottoms (MB) fluvial geomorphic province, river discharge magnitudes are low, and the valley exerts little control on the channel-planview pattern. Within the CRB province, the river flows over a diversity of geologic formations, and the valley and river narrow and expand in approximate synchronicity. In the Braided Bottoms (BB) fluvial geomorphic province, the river primarily flows over Cretaceous Pierre Shale, the valley and channel are persistently wide, and the channel slope is generally uniform. The existence of vegetated islands and consequent multithread channel environments, indicated by a higher braided index, mostly coincided with reaches having gentler slopes and less unit stream power. Longitudinal hydrology curves indicate that the flow of the Niobrara River likely is dominated by groundwater as far downstream as Norden. Unit stream power values in the study area vary between 0 and almost 2 pounds per foot per second. Within the MB province, unit stream power steadily increases as the Niobrara gains discharge from groundwater inflow, and the channel slope steepens. The combination of steep slopes, a constrained channel width, and persistent flow within the CRB province results in unit stream power values that are between three and five times greater than those in less confined segments with comparable or greater discharges. With the exception of hydrogeomorphic segment 3, which is affected by Spencer Dam, unit stream power values in the BB province are generally uniform. Channel sinuosity values in the study area varied generally between 1 and 2.5, but with locally higher values measured in the MB province and at the entrenched bedrock meanders of hydrogeomorphic segment 18 in the CRB province.
The differences in channel morphology and hydraulic geometries between fluvial geomorphic provinces are evident in the types, relative abundance, and response of hydraulic microhabitats to changing discharges. The four gaging stations chosen for hydraulic microhabitat analysis are distributed among three different fluvial geomorphic provinces. In the MB province, the smaller channel and lower discharges resulted in the dominance of shallow and intermediate-depth hydraulic environments with the vast majority of hydraulic microhabitat restricted to shallow categories even during upper-decile discharges. In the CRB province, intermediate depth hydraulic conditions, particularly intermediate-swift, dominate over all ranges of discharge. Hydraulic microhabitat conditions were most diverse in the BB province, with most hydraulic microhabitat categories present over the entire range of discharges analyzed. The calculated differences in hydraulic microhabitat distributions, abundance, and adjustments between streamflow-gaging stations were the result of differences in physical structure of the channel and subsequent channel hydraulic geometry.
At the reach scale, field measurements made in water years 2008 and 2009 in four study reaches within the Scenic Reach were used to (1) characterize the elevation and geomorphic processes associated with fluvial landforms, (2) build hydraulic geometry relations, (3) examine flow hydraulics over a range of discharges, and (4) examine the types and responses of hydraulic microhabitats to a range of flow magnitudes. Four landform groups were identified and named in order of increasing elevation: low flood plains, intermediate flood plains, low terraces, and high terraces. The terraces were poorly characterized because the surveys did not extend across the full width of the alluvial valley bottom. The two lowest fluvial landforms are likely active in the modern hydroclimatic regime. Sediment samples obtained in the study reaches indicate that the primary bed material in the active channel ranged in size from coarse silt to coarse sand. Grain-size distributions from samples also indicate that the bed of the Niobrara River among the study reaches coarsens and has increasing grainsize variability in the downstream direction.
Values of at-a-station hydraulic geometry exponents indicate that the Niobrara River in the study reaches adjusts its geometry to changing discharges primarily through increases in flow depth and velocity. Relations at one cross section indicated that, at least locally, changes in width were also an important channel adjustment mechanism. Hydraulic behavior over the range of flows measured was not consistent among all study reaches, but two general modes of hydraulic behavior were observed in the reaches with substantial coverage of the bed by fine sediment. At the Sunny Brook and Muleshoe study reaches, average boundary-shear stress remained approximately constant, and hydraulic resistance decreased, for discharges below 900 cubic feet per second (ft3/s). Above 900 ft3/s, average boundary shear stress and hydraulic resistance both increased. The Rock Barn study reach did not exhibit the same two-mode hydraulic behavior observed at the Sunny Brook and Muleshoe reaches. The coincident increase in boundary shear stress above 900 ft3/s observed at the Sunny Brook and Muleshoe study reaches represents a potential hydraulic threshold above which bedload transport rates were likely to increase markedly. No consistent bed-adjustment pattern (scour or fill) was identified in the study reaches over the range of flows or over the measurement season.
Analysis of hydraulic microhabitats over the range of discharges measured at the study reaches indicates that some percentage of most habitat niche categories was available for at least one discharge condition, but the majority of hydraulic habitat available was within the intermediate-swift and deepswift habitat niche categories. Deep-swift conditions dominated nearly all study reaches under all measured discharge conditions. Slight differences in habitat distributions were observed between the study reaches with substantial coverage of the bed by fine sediment—Sunny Brook, Muleshoe, and Rock Barn—and the bedrock-dominated reach, Crooked Creek. Although the four study reaches occupy three different hydrogeomorphic segments, the types, relative abundance, and response of hydraulic microhabitat niche distributions to changing discharge conditions generally were similar among all reaches.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105141","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission","usgsCitation":"Alexander, J.S., Zelt, R.B., and Schaepe, N., 2010, Hydrogeomorphic segments and hydraulic microhabitats of the Niobrara River, Nebraska— With special emphasis on the Niobrara National Scenic River: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5141, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105141.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":423022,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93870.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13977,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5141/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116050,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5141.jpg"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Niobrara River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104,41.5 ], [ -104,43.25 ], [ -98,43.25 ], [ -98,41.5 ], [ -104,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2de4b07f02db6147ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, Jason S. 0000-0002-1602-482X jalexand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1602-482X","contributorId":2802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Jason","email":"jalexand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zelt, Ronald B. 0000-0001-9024-855X rbzelt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-855X","contributorId":300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"Ronald","email":"rbzelt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaepe, Nathan J.","contributorId":46194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaepe","given":"Nathan J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98578,"text":"sir20105073 - 2010 - Estimation of magnitude and frequency of floods in urban basins in Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-13T20:30:32.084658","indexId":"sir20105073","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5073","title":"Estimation of magnitude and frequency of floods in urban basins in Missouri","docAbstract":"Streamgage flood-frequency analyses were done for 35 streamgages on urban streams in and adjacent to Missouri for estimation of the magnitude and frequency of floods in urban areas of Missouri. A log-Pearson Type-III distribution was fitted to the annual series of peak flow data retrieved from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System. For this report, the flood frequency estimates are expressed in terms of percent annual exceedance probabilities of 50, 20, 10, 4, 2, 1, and 0.2. Of the 35 streamgages, 30 are located in Missouri. The remaining five non-Missouri streamgages were added to the dataset to improve the range and applicability of the regression analyses from the streamgage frequency analyses.
Ordinary least-squares was used to determine the best set of independent variables for the regression equations. Basin characteristics selected for independent variables into the ordinary least-squares regression analyses were based on theoretical relation to flood flows, literature review of possible basin characteristics, and the ability to measure the basin characteristics using digital datasets and geographic information system technology. Results of the ordinary least-squares were evaluated on the basis of Mallow's Cp statistic, the adjusted coefficient of determination, and the statistical significance of the independent variables. The independent variables of drainage area and percent impervious area were determined to be statistically significant and readily determined from existing digital datasets. The drainage area variable was computed using the best elevation data available, either from a statewide 10-meter grid or high-resolution elevation data from urban areas. The impervious area variable was computed from the National Land Cover Dataset 2001 impervious area dataset. The National Land Cover Dataset 2001 impervious area data for each basin was compared to historical imagery and 7.5-minute topographic maps to verify the national dataset represented the urbanization of the basin at the time streamgage data were collected. Eight streamgages had less urbanization during the period of time streamflow data were collected than was shown on the 2001 dataset. The impervious area values for these eight urban basins were adjusted downward as much as 23 percent to account for the additional urbanization since the streamflow data were collected.
Weighted least-squares regression techniques were used to determine the final regression equations for the statewide urban flood-frequency equations. Weighted least-squares techniques improve regression equations by adjusting for different and varying lengths in streamflow records. The final flood-frequency equations for the 50-, 20-, 10-, 4-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-percent annual exceedance probability floods for Missouri provide a technique for estimating peak flows on urban streams at gaged and ungaged sites. The applicability of the equations is limited by the range in basin characteristics used to develop the regression equations. The range in drainage area is 0.28 to 189 square miles; range in impervious area is 2.3 to 46.0 percent.
Seven of the 35 selected streamgages were used to compare the results of the existing rural and urban equations to the urban equations presented in this report for the 1-percent annual exceedance probability. Results of the comparison indicate that the estimated peak flows for the urban equation in this report ranged from 3 to 52 percent higher than the results from the rural equations. Comparing the estimated urban peak flows from this report to the existing urban equation developed in 1986 indicated the range was 255 percent lower to 10 percent higher. The overall comparison between the current (2010) and 1986 urban equations indicates a reduction in estimated peak flow values for the 1-percent annual exceedance probability flood.
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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1164","title":"Characteristics of fall chum salmon spawning habitat on a mainstem river in Interior Alaska","docAbstract":"Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are the most abundant species of salmon spawning in the Yukon River drainage system, and they support important personal use, subsistence, and commercial fisheries. Chum salmon returning to the Tanana River in Interior Alaska are a significant contribution to the overall abundance of Yukon River chum salmon and an improved understanding of habitat use is needed to improve conservation of this important resource. We characterized spawning habitat of chum salmon using the mainstem Tanana River as part of a larger study to document spawning distributions and habitat use in this river. Areas of spawning activity were located using radiotelemetry and aerial helicopter surveys. At 11 spawning sites in the mainstem Tanana River, we recorded inter-gravel and surface-water temperatures and vertical hydraulic gradient (an indication of the direction of water flux) in substrate adjacent to salmon redds. At all locations, vertical hydraulic gradient adjacent to redds was positive, indicating that water was upwelling through the gravel. Inter-gravel temperatures adjacent to redds generally were warmer than surface water at most locations and were more stable than surface-water temperature. Inter-gravel water temperature adjacent to redds ranged from 2.6 to 5.8 degrees Celsius, whereas surface-water temperature ranged from greater than 0 to 5.5 degrees Celsius. Some sites were affected more by extremes in air temperature than others. At these sites, inter-gravel water temperature profiles were variable (with ranges similar to those observed in surface water), suggesting that even though upwelling habitats provide a stable thermal incubation environment, eggs and embryos still may be affected by extremes in air temperature. Fine sand and silt covered redds at multiple sites and were evidence of increased river flow during the winter months, which may be a potential source of increased mortality during egg-to-fry development. This study provides documentation of spawning by fall chum salmon and is the first study to continuously measure inter-gravel water temperature at sites in the mainstem Tanana River. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101164","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game ","usgsCitation":"Burril, S., Zimmerman, C.E., and Finn, J.E., 2010, Characteristics of fall chum salmon spawning habitat on a mainstem river in Interior Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1164, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101164.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199477,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13975,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1164/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e50f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burril, Sean E.","contributorId":56183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burril","given":"Sean E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98576,"text":"sim3102 - 2010 - Mapping watershed potential to contribute phosphorus from geologic materials to receiving streams, southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-31T08:33:35","indexId":"sim3102","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3102","title":"Mapping watershed potential to contribute phosphorus from geologic materials to receiving streams, southeastern United States","docAbstract":"As part of the southeastern United States SPARROW (SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes) water-quality model implementation, the U.S. Geological Survey created a dataset to characterize the contribution of phosphorus to streams from weathering and erosion of surficial geologic materials. SPARROW provides estimates of total nitrogen and phosphorus loads in surface waters from point and nonpoint sources. The characterization of the contribution of phosphorus from geologic materials is important to help separate the effects of natural or background sources of phosphorus from anthropogenic sources of phosphorus, such as municipal wastewater or agricultural practices. The potential of a watershed to contribute phosphorus from naturally occurring geologic materials to streams was characterized by using geochemical data from bed-sediment samples collected from first-order streams in relatively undisturbed watersheds as part of the multiyear U.S. Geological Survey National Geochemical Survey. The spatial pattern of bed-sediment phosphorus concentration is offered as a tool to represent the best available information at the regional scale. One issue may weaken the use of bed-sediment phosphorus concentration as a surrogate for the potential for geologic materials in the watershed to contribute to instream levels of phosphorus-an unknown part of the variability in bed-sediment phosphorus concentration may be due to the rates of net deposition and processing of phosphorus in the streambed rather than to variability in the potential of the watershed's geologic materials to contribute phosphorus to the stream. Two additional datasets were created to represent the potential of a watershed to contribute phosphorus from geologic materials disturbed by mining activities from active mines and inactive mines.
","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3102","usgsCitation":"Terziotti, S., Hoos, A.B., Harned, D., and Garcia, A., 2010, Mapping watershed potential to contribute phosphorus from geologic materials to receiving streams, southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3102, 1 Map Sheet: 42 inches x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3102.","productDescription":"1 Map Sheet: 42 inches x 36 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":13974,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3102.jpg"}],"scale":"2000000","country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b937","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terziotti, Silvia 0000-0003-3559-5844 seterzio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3559-5844","contributorId":1613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terziotti","given":"Silvia","email":"seterzio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoos, Anne B. abhoos@usgs.gov","contributorId":2236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"Anne","email":"abhoos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harned, Douglas","contributorId":11195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harned","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia, Ana Maria 0000-0002-5388-1281","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-1281","contributorId":44634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Ana Maria","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98575,"text":"sir20095037 - 2010 - Simulation of ground-water flow and solute transport in the Glen Canyon aquifer, East-Central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-19T16:37:36","indexId":"sir20095037","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5037","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and solute transport in the Glen Canyon aquifer, East-Central Utah","docAbstract":"The extraction of methane from coal beds in the Ferron coal trend in central Utah started in the mid-1980s. Beginning in 1994, water from the extraction process was pressure injected into the Glen Canyon aquifer. The lateral extent of the aquifer that could be affected by injection is about 7,600 square miles. To address regional-scale effects of injection over a decadal time frame, a conceptual model of ground-water movement and transport of dissolved solids was formulated. A numerical model that incorporates aquifer concepts was then constructed and used to simulate injection.
The Glen Canyon aquifer within the study area is conceptualized in two parts—an active area of ground-water flow and solute transport that exists between recharge areas in the San Rafael Swell and Desert, Waterpocket Fold, and Henry Mountains and discharge locations along the Muddy, Dirty Devil, San Rafael, and Green Rivers. An area of little or negligible ground-water flow exists north of Price, Utah, and beneath the Wasatch Plateau. Pressurized injection of coal-bed methane production water occurs in this area where dissolved-solids concentrations can be more than 100,000 milligrams per liter. Injection has the potential to increase hydrologic interaction with the active flow area, where dissolved-solids concentrations are generally less than 3,000 milligrams per liter.
Pressurized injection of coal-bed methane production water in 1994 initiated a net addition of flow and mass of solutes into the Glen Canyon aquifer. To better understand the regional scale hydrologic interaction between the two areas of the Glen Canyon aquifer, pressurized injection was numerically simulated. Data constraints precluded development of a fully calibrated simulation; instead, an uncalibrated model was constructed that is a plausible representation of the conceptual flow and solute-transport processes. The amount of injected water over the 36-year simulation period is about 25,000 acre-feet. As a result, simulated water levels in the injection areas increased by 50 feet and dissolved-solids concentrations increased by 100 milligrams per liter or more. These increases are accrued into aquifer storage and do not extend to the rivers during the 36-year simulation period. The amount of change in simulated discharge and solute load to the rivers is less than the resolution accuracy of the numerical simulation and is interpreted as no significant change over the considered time period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095037","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil, Gas, and Mining","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G.W., and Stolp, B.J., 2010, Simulation of ground-water flow and solute transport in the Glen Canyon aquifer, East-Central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5037, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095037.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5037.jpg"},{"id":13972,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5037/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Glen Canyon aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.478271484375,\n 38.41916639395372\n ],\n [\n -111.4892578125,\n 38.51808630316305\n ],\n [\n -111.6265869140625,\n 38.59540719940386\n ],\n [\n -111.7529296875,\n 38.586820096127674\n ],\n [\n -111.8408203125,\n 38.77978137804918\n ],\n [\n -111.57714843749999,\n 39.155622393423215\n ],\n [\n -111.3519287109375,\n 39.48284540453334\n ],\n [\n -111.324462890625,\n 39.66914219401813\n ],\n [\n -111.5057373046875,\n 39.9476478239225\n ],\n [\n -111.37939453125,\n 40.0360265298117\n ],\n [\n -111.2091064453125,\n 39.99395569397331\n ],\n [\n -111.18713378906249,\n 40.107487419012415\n ],\n [\n -110.4730224609375,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -110.0445556640625,\n 39.50827899034114\n ],\n [\n -110.15716552734375,\n 38.982897808179985\n ],\n [\n -110.08575439453125,\n 38.6275996886131\n ],\n [\n -110.01434326171875,\n 38.40194908237822\n ],\n [\n -110.4400634765625,\n 38.153997218446115\n ],\n [\n -110.55541992187499,\n 38.34596449365382\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 38.55246141354153\n ],\n [\n -111.2750244140625,\n 38.41916639395372\n ],\n [\n -111.478271484375,\n 38.41916639395372\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2b1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, Geoffrey W.","contributorId":25570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stolp, Bernard J. 0000-0003-3803-1497 bjstolp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3803-1497","contributorId":963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolp","given":"Bernard","email":"bjstolp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98568,"text":"sir20105029 - 2010 - Concentrations and estimated loads of nutrients, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls in selected tributaries to Lake Michigan, 2005-6","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"sir20105029","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5029","title":"Concentrations and estimated loads of nutrients, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls in selected tributaries to Lake Michigan, 2005-6","docAbstract":"The Lake Michigan Mass Balance Project (LMMBP) measured and modeled the concentrations of environmentally persistent contaminants in air, river and lake water, sediment, and fish and bird tissues in and around Lake Michigan for an 18-month period spanning 1994-95. Tributary loads were calculated as part of the LMMBP. The work described in this report was designed to provide updated concentration data and load estimates for 5 nutrients, total mercury, and total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) at 5 of the original 11 LMMBP sampling sites.\r\n\r\nSamples were collected at five Lake Michigan tributary monitoring sites during 2005 and 2006. Annual loads calculated for the 2005-6 sampling period are as much as 50 percent lower relative to the 1994-95 time period. Differences between the loads calculated for the two time periods are likely related to a combination of (1) biases introduced by a reduced level of sampling effort, (2) differences in hydrological characteristics, and (3) actual environmental change.\r\n\r\nEstimated annual total mercury loads during 2005-6 ranged from 51 kilograms per year (kg/yr) in the Fox River to 2.2 kg/yr in the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal. Estimated annual total PCB loads during 2005-6 ranged from 132 kg/yr in the Fox River to 6.2 kg/yr in the Grand River.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105029","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Great Lakes National Program Office","usgsCitation":"Westenbroek, S.M., 2010, Concentrations and estimated loads of nutrients, mercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls in selected tributaries to Lake Michigan, 2005-6: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5029, viii, 28 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105029.","productDescription":"viii, 28 p.; Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-10-01","temporalEnd":"2006-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5029.jpg"},{"id":13965,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5029/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91,41 ], [ -91,47 ], [ -83.83333333333333,47 ], [ -83.83333333333333,41 ], [ -91,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a620b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westenbroek, Stephen M. 0000-0002-6284-8643 smwesten@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6284-8643","contributorId":2210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westenbroek","given":"Stephen","email":"smwesten@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98572,"text":"ofr20101156 - 2010 - A high-resolution land-use map; Nogales, Sonora, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:56","indexId":"ofr20101156","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1156","title":"A high-resolution land-use map; Nogales, Sonora, Mexico","docAbstract":"The cities of Nogales, Sonora, and Nogales, Arizona, are located in the Ambos Nogales Watershed, a topographically irregular bowl-shaped area with a northward gradient. Throughout history, residents in both cities have been affected by flooding. Currently, the primary method for regulating this runoff is to build a series of detention basins in Nogales, Sonora. Additionally, the municipality also is considering land-use planning to help mitigate flooding. This paper describes the production of a 10-meter resolution land-use map, derived from 2008 aerial photos of the Nogales, Sonora Watershed for modeling impacts of the detention basin construction and in support of an ?Early Warning Hazard System? for the region. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101156","usgsCitation":"Norman, L.M., Villarreal, M., Wallace, C., Gil Anaya, C.Z., Diaz Arcos, I., and Gray, F., 2010, A high-resolution land-use map; Nogales, Sonora, Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1156, iii, 15p.; Appendices; Readme TXT File; Metadata TXT File; Data ZIP, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101156.","productDescription":"iii, 15p.; Appendices; Readme TXT File; Metadata TXT File; Data ZIP","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13969,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.16666666666667,31.166666666666668 ], [ -111.16666666666667,31.466666666666665 ], [ -110.81666666666666,31.466666666666665 ], [ -110.81666666666666,31.166666666666668 ], [ -111.16666666666667,31.166666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae45c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Villarreal, Miguel L.","contributorId":107012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villarreal","given":"Miguel L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, Cynthia S.A.","contributorId":70487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Cynthia S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gil Anaya, Claudia Z.","contributorId":31869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gil Anaya","given":"Claudia","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diaz Arcos, Israel","contributorId":60741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz Arcos","given":"Israel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gray, Floyd 0000-0002-0223-8966 fgray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-8966","contributorId":603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"Floyd","email":"fgray@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98571,"text":"sir20065101E - 2010 - Effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems along an agriculture-to-urban land-use gradient, Milwaukee to Green Bay, Wisconsin, 2003-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"sir20065101E","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-5101","chapter":"E","title":"Effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems along an agriculture-to-urban land-use gradient, Milwaukee to Green Bay, Wisconsin, 2003-2004","docAbstract":"In 2003 and 2004, 30 streams near Milwaukee and Green Bay, Wisconsin, were part of a national study by the U.S. Geological Survey to assess urbanization effects on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics along an agriculture-to-urban land-use gradient. A geographic information system was used to characterize natural landscape features that define the environmental setting and the degree of urbanization within each stream watershed. A combination of land cover, socioeconomic, and infrastructure variables were integrated into a multi-metric urban intensity index, scaled from 0 to 100, and assigned to each stream site to identify a gradient of urbanization within relatively homogeneous environmental settings. The 35 variables used to develop the final urban intensity index characterized the degree of urbanization and included road infrastructure (road area and road traffic index), 100-meter riparian land cover (percentage of impervious surface, shrubland, and agriculture), watershed land cover (percentage of impervious surface, developed/urban land, shrubland, and agriculture), and 26 socioeconomic variables (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). Characteristics examined as part of this study included: habitat, hydrology, stream temperature, water chemistry (chloride, sulfate, nutrients, dissolved and particulate organic and inorganic carbon, pesticides, and suspended sediment), benthic algae, benthic invertebrates, and fish. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were used to assess the potential for bioconcentration of hydrophobic organic contaminants (specifically polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine and pyrethroid insecticides) in biological membranes, such as the gills of fish.\r\n\r\nPhysical habitat measurements reflective of channel enlargement, including bankfull channel size and bank erosion, increased with increasing urbanization within the watershed. In this study, percentage of riffles and streambed substrate size were more strongly related to local geologic setting, slope, watershed topography, and river-engineering practices than to urbanization. Historical local river-engineering features such as channelization, bank stabilization, and grade controls may have confounded relations among habitat characteristics and urbanization.\r\n\r\nA number of hydrologic-condition metrics (including flashiness and duration of high flow during pre- or post-ice periods) showed strong relations to the urban intensity index. Hydrologic-condition metrics cannot be used alone to predict habitat or geomorphic change.\r\n\r\nChloride and SPMD measures of potential toxicity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations showed the strongest positive correlations to urbanization including increases in road infrastructure, percentage of impervious surface in the watershed, urban land cover, and land-distribution related to urban land cover. This suggests that automobiles and the infrastructure required to support automobiles are a significant source of these compounds in this study area. Chloride in spring and summer showed a significant positive correlation with the urban intensity index; concentrations increased with increasing road infrastructure, urban land cover, and a number of landscape variables related to urbanization. Spring concentrations of sulfate, prometon, and diazinon correlated to fewer urban characteristics than chloride, including increases in road infrastructure, percentage of impervious surface, and urban land cover.\r\n\r\nChanges in biological communities correlated to the urban intensity index or individual urban-associated variables. Decreased percentages of pollution-sensitive diatoms and diatoms requiring high dissolved-oxygen saturation correlated to increases in the percentage of developed urban land, total impervious surface, stream flashiness, population density, road-area density, and decreases in the percentage of wetland in the watershed. Invertebrate taxa richness and Coleop","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20065101E","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Richards, K.D., Scudder, B.C., Fitzpatrick, F.A., Steuer, J.J., Bell, A.H., Peppler, M.C., Stewart, J.S., and Harris, M.A., 2010, Effects of urbanization on stream ecosystems along an agriculture-to-urban land-use gradient, Milwaukee to Green Bay, Wisconsin, 2003-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5101, xii, 115 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20065101E.","productDescription":"xii, 115 p.; Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2006_5101_e.jpg"},{"id":13968,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5101E/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.83333333333333,42.5 ], [ -89.83333333333333,45.583333333333336 ], [ -86.83333333333333,45.583333333333336 ], [ -86.83333333333333,42.5 ], [ -89.83333333333333,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db60ff01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, Kevin D. krichard@usgs.gov","contributorId":280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Kevin","email":"krichard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scudder, Barbara C.","contributorId":100319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scudder","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steuer, Jeffery J.","contributorId":52839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steuer","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bell, Amanda H. 0000-0002-7199-2145 ahbell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7199-2145","contributorId":1752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Amanda","email":"ahbell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peppler, Marie C. 0000-0002-1120-9673 mpeppler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-9673","contributorId":825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peppler","given":"Marie","email":"mpeppler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stewart, Jana S. 0000-0002-8121-1373 jsstewar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8121-1373","contributorId":539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Jana","email":"jsstewar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Harris, Mitchell A. maharris@usgs.gov","contributorId":1382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Mitchell","email":"maharris@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":98569,"text":"sir20105119 - 2010 - Nutrient concentrations, loads, and yields in the Eucha-Spavinaw Basin, Arkansas and Oklahoma, 2002-09","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:32","indexId":"sir20105119","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5119","title":"Nutrient concentrations, loads, and yields in the Eucha-Spavinaw Basin, Arkansas and Oklahoma, 2002-09","docAbstract":"The city of Tulsa, Oklahoma, uses Lake Eucha and Spavinaw Lake in the Eucha-Spavinaw Basin in northwestern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma for public water supply. The city has spent millions of dollars over the last decade to eliminate taste and odor problems in the drinking water from the Eucha-Spavinaw system, which may be attributable to blue-green algae. Increases in the algal biomass in the lakes may be attributable to increases in nutrient concentrations in the lakes and in the waters feeding the lakes. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Tulsa, investigated and summarized total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations in water samples and provided estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus loads, yields, and flow-weighted concentrations during base flow and runoff for two streams discharging to Lake Eucha for the period January 2002 through December 2009. This report updates a previous report that used data from water-quality samples collected from January 2002 through December 2006.\r\n\r\nBased on the results from the Mann-Whitney statistical test, unfiltered total nitrogen concentrations were significantly greater in runoff water samples than in base-flow water samples collected from Spavinaw Creek near Maysville and near Cherokee City, Arkansas; Spavinaw Creek near Colcord, Oklahoma, and Beaty Creek near Jay, Oklahoma. Nitrogen concentrations in runoff water samples collected from all stations generally increased with increasing streamflow.\r\n\r\nNitrogen concentrations in base-flow and runoff water samples collected in Spavinaw Creek significantly increased from the station furthest upstream (near Maysville) to the Sycamore station and then significantly decreased from the Sycamore station to the station furthest downstream (near Colcord). Nitrogen concentrations in base-flow and runoff water samples collected from Beaty Creek were significantly less than base-flow and runoff water samples collected from Spavinaw Creek.\r\n\r\nBased on the results from the Mann-Whitney statistical test, unfiltered total phosphorus concentrations were significantly greater in runoff water samples than in base-flow water samples for the entire period for most stations, except in water samples collected from Spavinaw Creek near Cherokee City, in which no significant difference was detected for the entire period nor for any season. Phosphorus concentrations in runoff water samples collected from all stations generally increased with increasing streamflow.\r\n\r\nBased on results from a multi-stage Kruskal-Wallis statistical test, phosphorus concentrations in base-flow water samples collected from Spavinaw Creek significantly increased from the Maysville station to the Cherokee City station, probably because of discharge from a municipal wastewater-treatment plant between those stations. Phosphorus concentrations significantly decreased downstream from the Cherokee City station to the Colcord station. Phosphorus concentrations in base-flow water samples collected from Beaty Creek were significantly less than phosphorus in base-flow water samples collected from Spavinaw Creek downstream from the Maysville station.\r\n\r\nView report for unabridged abstract.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105119","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Tulsa, Oklahoma","usgsCitation":"Esralew, R.A., and Tortorelli, R.L., 2010, Nutrient concentrations, loads, and yields in the Eucha-Spavinaw Basin, Arkansas and Oklahoma, 2002-09: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5119, vi, 40 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105119.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.; Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5119.jpg"},{"id":13966,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5119/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.25,36 ], [ -95.25,36.5 ], [ -94.25,36.5 ], [ -94.25,36 ], [ -95.25,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7ecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esralew, Rachel A.","contributorId":104862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esralew","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tortorelli, Robert L.","contributorId":65071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tortorelli","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156384,"text":"70156384 - 2010 - A geologic and anthropogenic journey from the Precambrian to the new energy economy through the San Juan volcanic field","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-09T16:12:51.345054","indexId":"70156384","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A geologic and anthropogenic journey from the Precambrian to the new energy economy through the San Juan volcanic field","docAbstract":"The San Juan volcanic field comprises 25,000 km2 of intermediate composition mid-Tertiary volcanic rocks and dacitic to rhyolitic calderas including the San Juan–Uncompahgre and La Garita caldera-forming super-volcanoes. The region is famous for the geological, ecological, hydrological, archeological, and climatological diversity. These characteristics supported ancestral Puebloan populations. The area is also important for its mineral wealth that once fueled local economic vitality. Today, mitigating and/or investigating the impacts of mining and establishing the region as a climate base station are the focuses of ongoing research. Studies include advanced water treatment, the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of propylitic bedrock for use in mine-lands cleanup, and the use of soil amendments including biochar from beetle-kill pines. Biochar aids soil productivity and revegetation by incorporation into soils to improve moisture retention, reduce erosion, and support the natural terrestrial carbon sequestration (NTS) potential of volcanic soils to help offset atmospheric CO2 emissions. This field trip will examine the volcano-tectonic and cultural history of the San Juan volcanic field as well as its geologic structures, economic mineral deposits and impacts, recent mitigation measures, and associated climate research. Field trip stops will include a visit to (1) the Summitville Superfund site to explore quartz alunite-Au mineralization, and associated alteration and new water-quality mitigation strategies; (2) the historic Creede epithermal-polymetallic–vein district with remarkably preserved resurgent calderas, keystone-graben, and moat sediments; (3) the historic mining town of Silverton located in the nested San Juan–Silverton caldera complex that exhibits base-metal Au-Ag mineralization; and (4) the site of ANC and NTS studies. En route back to Denver, we will traverse Grand Mesa, a high NTS area with Neogene basalt-derived soils and will enjoy a soak in the geothermal waters of the Aspen anomaly at Glenwood Springs.
\n