This report is a descriptive model of Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits that presents their geological, mineralogical and geochemical attributes and is part of an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program to update existing models and develop new models that will be used for an upcoming national mineral resource assessment. This deposit modeling effort by the USGS is intended to supplement previously published models for use in mineral-resource and mineral-environmental assessments. Included in this report are geological, geophysical and geochemical assessment guides to assist in mineral resource estimation. The deposit attributes, including grade and tonnage of the deposits described in this report are based on a new mineral deposits data set of all known MVT deposits in the world.
\nMississippi Valley-Type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits are found throughout the world but the largest, and more intensely researched deposits occur in North America. The ores consist mainly of sphalerite, galena, and generally lesser amounts of iron sulfides. Silver is commonly an important commodity, whereas Cu is generally low, but is economically important in some deposits. Gangue minerals may include carbonates (dolomite, siderite, ankerite, calcite), and typically minor barite. Silicification of the host rocks (or quartz gangue) is generally minor, but may be abundant in a few deposits. The deposits have a broad range of relationships with their host rocks that includes stratabound, and discordant ores; in some deposits, stratiform and vein ore are important.
\nThe most important characteristics of MVT ore deposits are that they are hosted mainly by dolostone and limestone in platform carbonate sequences and usually located at flanks of basins, orogenic forelands, or foreland thrust belts inboard of the clastic rock-dominated passive margin sequences. They have no spatial or temporal relation to igneous rocks, which distinguishes them from skarn or other intrusive rock-related Pb-Zn ores. Abundant evidence has shown that the ore fluids were derived mainly from evaporated seawater and were driven within platform carbonates by large-scale tectonic events.
\nMVT deposits formed mainly during the Phanerozoic with more than 80 percent of the deposits hosted in Phanerozoic rocks and less than 20 percent in Precambrian rocks. Phanerozoic-hosted MVT deposits also account for 94 percent of total MVT ore, and 93 percent of total MVT lead and zinc metal. Many MVT deposits formed during Devonian to Permian time, corresponding to a series of intense tectonic events during assimilation of Pangea. The second most important period for MVT deposit genesis was Cretaceous to Tertiary time when microplate assimilation affected the western margin of North America and Africa-Eurasia.
\nMany subtypes or alternative classifications have been applied to MVT deposits. These alternative classifications reflect geographic and or specific geological features that some workers believe set them apart as unique (for example, Appalachian-, Alpine-, Reocin-, Irish-, Viburnum trend-types). However, we do not consider these alternative classifications or sub-types to be sufficiently different to warrant using them.
\nThis report also describes the geoenvironmental characteristic of MVT deposits. The response of MVT ores in the supergene environment is buffered by their placement in carbonate host rocks which commonly results in near-neutral associated drainage water. The geoenvironmental features and anthropogenic mining effects presented in this report illustrates this important environmental aspect of MVT deposits which separates them from other deposit types (especially coal, VHMS, Cu-porphyry, SEDEX, acid-sulfate polymetallic vein).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit models for resource assessment (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105070A","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Taylor, R.D., Fey, D.L., Diehl, S.F., and Saltus, R.W., 2010, A deposit model for Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc ores: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070, viii, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070A.","productDescription":"viii, 43 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311537,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/a/pdf/SIR10-5070A.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":116033,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5070_a.jpg"},{"id":13948,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395810,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93789.htm"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b25e4b07f02db6aede5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, David L.","contributorId":83902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diehl, Sharon F. diehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":1089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"Sharon","email":"diehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saltus, Richard W. saltus@usgs.gov","contributorId":777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"Richard","email":"saltus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98556,"text":"ofr20101112 - 2010 - Evaluating the feasibility of modeling the subsurface structure of two volcanic units in drill holes UE-18r and ER-EC-2a using existing magnetic data, Nevada Test Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-12T20:34:33.499435","indexId":"ofr20101112","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1112","title":"Evaluating the feasibility of modeling the subsurface structure of two volcanic units in drill holes UE-18r and ER-EC-2a using existing magnetic data, Nevada Test Site","docAbstract":"The magnetic properties of two volcanic units encountered in two drill holes, ER-EC-2a and UE18r, located in the vicinity of the Nevada Test Site, were investigated to determine if the units were significantly more magnetic than overlying units and, thus, detectable by using aeromagnetic data. Magnetic-susceptibility measurements were made on cuttings from the drill holes and were combined with published data on remanent magnetism to generate two-dimensional magnetic models, based on an interpreted geologic cross-section. The resulting magnetic anomaly calculated from the models was compared with the observed aeromagnetic anomaly and was found to differ significantly from it. Furthermore, the calculated magnetic anomalies were found to be relatively insensitive to changes in the two units of interest.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101112","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.A., 2010, Evaluating the feasibility of modeling the subsurface structure of two volcanic units in drill holes UE-18r and ER-EC-2a using existing magnetic data, Nevada Test Site: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1112, iii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101112.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":671,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1112.jpg"},{"id":390443,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93796.htm"},{"id":13951,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1112/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Nevada Test Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.6583,\n 37.0803\n ],\n [\n -116.325,\n 37.0803\n ],\n [\n -116.325,\n 37.2486\n ],\n [\n -116.6583,\n 37.2486\n ],\n [\n -116.6583,\n 37.0803\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f871b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. A.","contributorId":67107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98552,"text":"ofr20101115 - 2010 - Grassland birds wintering at U.S. Navy facilities in southern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:30:14","indexId":"ofr20101115","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1115","title":"Grassland birds wintering at U.S. Navy facilities in southern Texas","docAbstract":"Grassland birds have undergone widespread decline throughout North America during the past several decades. Causes of this decline include habitat loss and fragmentation because of conversion of grasslands to cropland, afforestation in the East, brush and shrub invasion in the Southwest and western United States, and planting of exotic grass species to enhance forage production. A large number of exotic plant species, including grasses, have been introduced in North America, but most research on the effects of these invasions on birds has been limited to breeding birds, primarily those in northern latitudes. Research on the effects of exotic grasses on birds in winter has been extremely limited.
This is the first study in southern Texas to examine and compare winter bird responses to native and exotic grasslands. This study was conducted during a period of six years (2003–2009) on United States Navy facilities in southern Texas including Naval Air Station–Corpus Christi, Naval Air Station–Kingsville, Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Waldron, Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Orange Grove, and Escondido Ranch, all of which contained examples of native grasslands, exotic grasslands, or both. Data from native and exotic grasslands were collected and compared for bird abundance and diversity; ground cover, vegetation density, and floristic diversity; bird and vegetation relationships; diversity of insects and arachnids; and seed abundance and diversity. Effects of management treatments in exotic grasslands were evaluated by comparing numbers and diversity of birds and small mammals in mowed, burned, and control areas.
To determine bird abundance and bird species richness, birds were surveyed monthly (December–February) during the winters of 2003–2008 in transects (100 meter × 20 meter) located in native and exotic grasslands distributed at all five U.S. Navy facilities. To compare vegetation in native and exotic grasslands, vegetation characteristics were measured during 2003–2008 in the same transects used for bird surveys and included five measures of ground cover, plus estimates of plant species richness, vegetation density (visual obstruction) at two different heights, and shrub numbers. These data, plus seasonal rainfall, were then used to evaluate components of variation in native and exotic grasslands. Relations between total bird numbers and bird species richness with environmental variation in native and exotic grasslands were compared. To compare diversity of arthropods in native and exotic grasslands, insects and arachnids were collected using three different methodologies (standardized sweep-net, random sweep-net, and pitfall traps) during four seasons, (2005–2006), at Naval Air Station–Corpus Christi, Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Waldron, and Naval Air Station–Kingsville. To compare seed abundance and diversity between native and exotic grasslands, seeds were collected for two winters (2004–2006) at Naval Air Station–Corpus Christi and Naval Air Station–Kingsville. To evaluate effects of management on grassland vertebrates, abundance and diversity of birds and small mammals were estimated and compared in exotic grasses subjected to mowing, burning, or no active management (control) for one full year (2008–2009).
Observations were made of 1,044 birds of 30 species in grassland transects during five winters. The Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) was the most common bird, which, with 644 detections, accounted for 63 percent of all individuals identified to species. Meadowlarks (Sturnella spp.) and Le Conte’s Sparrows (Ammodramus leconteii) were the second (10 percent) and third (7 percent) most abundant bird species, respectively. Six of the seven most abundant species detected in grasslands were grassland species, and their numbers accounted for 87 percent of all birds, but 20 of the 30 species (67 percent) that used grasslands were not grassland species. Seven species observed in grassland transects during the study were Species of Conservation Concern: Le Conte’s Sparrow, Sedge Wren (Cistothorus platensis), Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus), Sprague’s Pipit (Anthus spragueii), Cassin’s Sparrow (Aimophila cassinii), and Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus). Native grasslands consistently supported greater bird species richness than exotic grasslands. In one winter, exotic grasslands supported more birds than native grasslands.
Native grasslands were determined to have more forb cover, more bare ground, and greater plant species richness than exotic grasslands, whereas exotic grasslands were characterized by more grass cover and relatively greater vegetation density during dry years. Not only did these individual measures differ between native and exotic grasslands, but components of variation also differed. In native grasslands, grass density and cover contributed more to variation, whereas in exotic grasslands, non-grass vegetation was a greater component of variation. Total bird numbers and bird species richness in native grasslands were related to the principal component that contained a measure of litter cover. Total bird numbers and bird species richness in exotic grasslands indicated no significant relationships with any of the principal components of variation.
The two most common insect orders in native grasslands were Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, which accounted for 42 percent of all insects. The two most common insect orders in exotic grasslands were Hemiptera and Homoptera, which accounted for about 80 percent of all insects. Insect family richness was greater in exotic grasslands than in native grasslands in two of four seasons. Proportions of arachnid families were similar in native and exotic grasslands, but arachnid family richness was greater in exotic grasslands than in native grasslands.
Abundance of seeds was greater in exotic than in native grasslands. However, seed diversity was greater in native grasslands than in exotic grasslands.
Among the three types of management (mowed, burned, and control) applied to exotic grasses, birds were most abundant in the mowed area. Sedge Wrens, however, were never encountered in mowed sites. Meadowlarks were similarly abundant in all treatments, but Le Conte’s Sparrows were detected only in the control (unmanaged) area. Hispid cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) accounted for 93 percent of all rodent captures, with the number of captures peaking December through February. Hispid cotton rat numbers and total rodent numbers were greatest in control and pre-burn areas, and lowest in the mowed area. Mammal diversity, however, was greatest in the mowed habitat.
Native and exotic grasslands differed essentially in all categories (bird numbers and diversity, vegetation characteristics, components of variation, diversity of insects and arachnids, and seed abundance and diversity) used to measure and compare them. This indicates that fundamental ecosystem processes have been altered after native grasslands have undergone invasion and ultimate domination by exotic grass species. Future research in Texas grassland ecosystems is essential because: 1) Texas sustains more area in grasslands than any other state or province in the Central Flyway; 2) Texas serves as the winter destination or migration pathway for hundreds of species of birds, including winter residents and Neotropical migrants; 3) ecology, distribution, and numbers of grassland birds wintering in southern latitudes of the United States remains poorly understood; and 4) climate change threatens to further accelerate advances of invading grass species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101115","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi\r\n","usgsCitation":"Woodin, M.C., Skoruppa, M.K., Bryan, P.D., Ruddy, A.J., and Hickman, G.C., 2010, Grassland birds wintering at U.S. Navy facilities in southern Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1115, viii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101115.","productDescription":"viii, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"60","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1115.jpg"},{"id":341728,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1115/pdf/OFR2010-1115.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13947,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1115/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100,26 ], [ -100,29 ], [ -96,29 ], [ -96,26 ], [ -100,26 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db672349","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodin, Marc C.","contributorId":56316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodin","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skoruppa, Mary Kay","contributorId":24872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skoruppa","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Kay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryan, Pearce D.","contributorId":70873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"Pearce","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruddy, Amanda J.","contributorId":9366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hickman, Graham C.","contributorId":92354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98554,"text":"cir1351 - 2010 - Protocols for geologic hazards response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory to activity within the Yellowstone Volcanic System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T19:14:33.253513","indexId":"cir1351","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1351","displayTitle":"Protocols for Geological Hazards Response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory to Activity within the Yellowstone Volcanic System","title":"Protocols for geologic hazards response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory to activity within the Yellowstone Volcanic System","docAbstract":"The Yellowstone Plateau hosts an active volcanic system, with subterranean magma (molten rock), boiling, pressurized waters, and a variety of active faults with significant earthquake hazards. Within the next few decades, light-to-moderate earthquakes and steam explosions are certain to occur. Volcanic eruptions are less likely, but are ultimately inevitable in this active volcanic region. This document summarizes protocols, policies, and tools to be used by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) during earthquakes, hydrothermal explosions, or any geologic activity that could lead to a volcanic eruption.
Yellowstone National Park is home to Yellowstone Caldera, the largest volcanic system by volume in the United States, as well as a vigorous hydrothermal system composed of pressurized subsurface boiling waters and active faults capable of generating substantial seismicity. The region is subject to hazards spanning a wide range of intensities, magnitudes, likelihood of occurrence, and geographic extent of impact. These hazards include small and comparatively common hydrothermal explosions, occasional strong earthquakes, rare relatively non-explosive lava flows, and very rare large explosive volcanic eruptions. Addressing the broad style of potential hazards and the vast spatial and temporal scales over which these hazards can occur requires a general plan that outlines the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) response to a hazardous or potentially hazardous geological event or unrest (defined as departure from normal activity levels).
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Science Center (VSC) Response Plan for Significant Volcanic Events in the United States (Moran and others, 2024) forms the basis of any response by YVO but will be modified to suit the specific characteristics of the observatory, which operates as a consortium of nine federal, state, and academic institutions. Decisions on declaring an event response or “activity with potential” (defined as unrest that is not immediately hazardous but that may evolve into a hazardous event), as well as any changes in Volcano Alert Level and Aviation Color Code or the release of formal Information Statements, will be made by the USGS via the YVO Scientist-in-Charge (SIC) in consultation with the leads of the YVO member agencies.
The YVO response to hazardous or potentially hazardous geological activity in or around Yellowstone National Park will focus on the collection and analysis of data relevant to the location and style of the activity. Those data will be interpreted within the existing geological framework for the region to develop probabilistic assessments of potential outcomes. These interpretations and assessments will be used to support decision making by emergency management officials including Yellowstone National Park managers or within the National Incident Management System if an Incident Command System (ICS) is activated. YVO will also convene a communications group open to each member agency to ensure consistent internal and external messaging and that the public is kept informed of the unrest through formal notifications, social media posts, online content, traditional media interviews, and community meetings.
This response plan will be evaluated and updated as needed by the observatory and will be available through the YVO and USGS public websites. Responses to volcanic eruptions and responses outside of the Yellowstone region, but within the YVO area of responsibility (including Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Colorado), will follow the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Science Center Response Plan for Significant Volcanic Events in the United States (Moran and others, 2024).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1351","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Yellowstone National Park, University of Utah, EarthScope Consortium, University of Wyoming, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, Idaho Geological Survey, Wyoming State Geological Survey, and Montana State University","usgsCitation":"Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, 2025, Protocols for geological hazards response by the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory to activity within the Yellowstone Volcanic System (ver. 3.0, January 2025): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1351, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1351.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"32","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-144015","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":494129,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93794.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":489490,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1351/cir1351.pdf","text":"Report","size":"16.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIR 1351 PDF"},{"id":489514,"rank":3,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1351/versionHist.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"},"description":"Version History"},{"id":490279,"rank":6,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1351/downloads/circ1351_v2.pdf","text":"Ver. 2.0 [Superseded]","size":"3.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIR 1351 ver. 2.0"},{"id":490280,"rank":5,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1351/downloads/c1351.pdf","text":"Ver. 1.0 [Superseded]","size":"3.96 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"CIR 1351 ver. 1.0"},{"id":296524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1351/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":490268,"rank":4,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1351/index.html","text":"USGS Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,44 ], [ -112,45 ], [ -110,45 ], [ -110,44 ], [ -112,44 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0: July 29, 2010; Version 2.0: November 5, 2014; Version 3.0: June 3, 2025","contact":"Yellowstone Volcano Observatory
U.S. Geological Survey
1300 SE Cardinal Court, Suite 100
Vancouver, WA 98683
Email: yvowebteam@usgs.gov
","tableOfContents":"Marine biodiversity of the United States (U.S.) is extensively documented, but data assembled by the United States National Committee for the Census of Marine Life demonstrate that even the most complete taxonomic inventories are based on records scattered in space and time. The best-known taxa are those of commercial importance. Body size is directly correlated with knowledge of a species, and knowledge also diminishes with distance from shore and depth. Measures of biodiversity other than species diversity, such as ecosystem and genetic diversity, are poorly documented. Threats to marine biodiversity in the U.S. are the same as those for most of the world: overexploitation of living resources; reduced water quality; coastal development; shipping; invasive species; rising temperature and concentrations of carbon dioxide in the surface ocean, and other changes that may be consequences of global change, including shifting currents; increased number and size of hypoxic or anoxic areas; and increased number and duration of harmful algal blooms. More information must be obtained through field and laboratory research and monitoring that involve innovative sampling techniques (such as genetics and acoustics), but data that already exist must be made accessible. And all data must have a temporal component so trends can be identified. As data are compiled, techniques must be developed to make certain that scales are compatible, to combine and reconcile data collected for various purposes with disparate gear, and to automate taxonomic changes. Information on biotic and abiotic elements of the environment must be interactively linked. Impediments to assembling existing data and collecting new data on marine biodiversity include logistical problems as well as shortages in finances and taxonomic expertise.
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large-scale shoreline change","docAbstract":"The application of an integrated data analysis and modeling scheme reveals that decadal-scale shoreline evolution along a U.S. Pacific Northwest littoral cell is highly dependent on both sediment supply and wave climate variability. In particular, accurate estimates of (Columbia River) sediment supply and sediment feeding from the lower shoreface are critical components of balancing the barrier beach sediment budget and are therefore essential to making sensible shoreline change hindcasts and forecasts. A simple deterministic one-line shoreline change model, applied in a quasi-probabilistic manner, enables evaluation of the influence of sediment supply and wave climate variability through simulation of historical shoreline change. Through iteration, a range of realistic scenarios are developed to constrain decadal-scale shoreline change predictions. Modeled shoreline changes are significantly sensitive to directional changes in the incident waves, and therefore sensitive to the occurrence of interannual climatic fluctuations such as major El Niño events. A predicted increase in the intensity of the east Pacific wave climate (1.0 m increase in significant wave height in 20 yr) affects forecast shoreline positions only when this increase occurs during the winter storm season. However, the effect of this increase in storm power during any given year is small relative to the impact of major El Niño events. The model has significant skill in decadal-scale hindcasts suggesting that alongshore gradients in sediment transport dominate coastal change at this scale at this site. However, both data and model results suggest that net onshore feeding from the lower shoreface is responsible for approximately 20% of the decadal-scale coastal change. Field measurements and poor model skill at annual scale indicate that cross-shore processes likely dominate coastal change at shorter time scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2010.02.008","usgsCitation":"Ruggiero, P., Buijsman, M.C., Kaminsky, G.M., and Gelfenbaum, G.R., 2010, Modeling the effects of wave climate and sediment supply variability on large-scale shoreline change: Marine Geology, v. 273, no. 1-4, p. 127-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.02.008.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"140","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406244,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.26635742187501,\n 47.12995075666307\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -122.89306640624999,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 47.03269459852135\n ],\n [\n -124.26635742187501,\n 47.12995075666307\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"273","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruggiero, Peter","contributorId":15709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruggiero","given":"Peter","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buijsman, Maarten C.","contributorId":76340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buijsman","given":"Maarten","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kaminsky, George M.","contributorId":83150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaminsky","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy R. 0000-0003-1291-6107 ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1291-6107","contributorId":742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","email":"ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70148151,"text":"70148151 - 2010 - Utility of mesohabitat features for determining habitat associations of subadult sharks in Georgia’s estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-22T09:50:52","indexId":"70148151","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utility of mesohabitat features for determining habitat associations of subadult sharks in Georgia’s estuaries","docAbstract":"We examined the affects of selected water quality variables on the presence of subadult sharks in six of nine Georgia estuaries. During 231 longline sets, we captured 415 individuals representing nine species. Atlantic sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon terranovae), bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) and sandbar shark (C. plumbeus) comprised 96.1% of the catch. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to assess environmental influences on the assemblage of the four common species. Results of the CCA indicated Bonnethead Shark and Sandbar Shark were correlated with each other and with a subset of environmental variables. When the species occurred singly, depth was the defining environmental variable; whereas, when the two co-occurred, dissolved oxygen and salinity were the defining variables. Discriminant analyses (DA) were used to assess environmental influences on individual species. Results of the discriminant analyses supported the general CCA findings that the presence of bonnethead and sandbar shark were the only two species that correlated with environmental variables. In addition to depth and dissolved oxygen, turbidity influenced the presence of sandbar shark. The presence of bonnethead shark was influenced primarily by salinity and turbidity. Significant relationships existed for both the CCA and DA analyses; however, environmental variables accounted for <16% of the total variation in each. Compared to the environmental variables we measured, macrohabitat features (e.g., substrate type), prey availability, and susceptibility to predation may have stronger influences on the presence and distribution of subadult shark species among sites.
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Geological data from A.D. 1700 and records leading up to the late 1800s provide insights to the natural system dynamics prior to significant human intervention, most notably jetty construction between 1885 and 1917. All reliable surveys, charts, and aerial photos are used to quantify decadal-scale changes at the three estuary entrances and four sub-cells of the littoral cell. Shoreline, bathymetric, and topographic change over three historical intervals—1870s–1920s, 1920s–1950s, and 1950s–1990s—are integrated to provide an understanding of sediment-sharing relationships among the littoral cell components. Regional morphological change data are developed for alongshore segments of approximately 5 km, enabling comparisons of shoreline change to upper-shoreface and barrier volume change within common compartments. The construction of entrance jetties at the Columbia River (1885–1917) and Grays Harbor (1898–1916) has profoundly affected the evolution of the littoral cell, and has accentuated the morphological coupling between the inlets, ebb-tidal deltas, shorefaces, and barriers. The jetties induced erosion of the inlets and offshore migration of ebb-tidal deltas. The change in boundary conditions at the entrances enabled waves to rework the flanks of ebb-tidal deltas and supply enormous quantities of sand to the adjacent coasts. Over several decades the initial sand pulses have been dispersed alongshore up to tens of kilometers from the estuary entrances. Winter waves and coastal currents produce net northward sediment transport across the shoreface while summer conditions tend to induce onshore sediment transport and accumulation of the upper shoreface and barriers at relatively high rates. Historical shoreline progradation rates since jetty construction are approximately double the late prehistoric rates between 1700 and the 1870s. Erosion rates of the mid- to lower shoreface to the south of the jettied estuary entrances have typically been greater than the accumulation rates of the upper shoreface and barrier, suggesting that the lower shoreface has been an important source of littoral sediments over decadal and longer time scales. Until recent decades, sediment supply from the ebb-tidal delta flanks and lower shoreface has largely masked the decline in Columbia River sediment supply resulting from flow regulation and dredging disposal practices. With the contemporary onset and expansion of coastal erosion adjacent to the jettied estuary entrances, proper management of dredged sediment is imperative to mitigate the effects of a declining sediment budget.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.margeo.2010.02.006","usgsCitation":"Kaminsky, G.M., Ruggiero, Buijsman, M.C., McCandless, D., and Gelfenbaum, G.R., 2010, Historical evolution of the Columbia River littoral cell: Marine Geology, v. 273, no. 1-4, p. 96-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.02.006.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"96","endPage":"126","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406241,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.9642333984375,\n 45.79050946752472\n ],\n [\n -122.80517578125,\n 45.84028105450088\n ],\n [\n -122.8216552734375,\n 47.364873807434094\n ],\n [\n -124.32678222656249,\n 47.34626718205302\n ],\n [\n -124.21142578125,\n 47.081344869872034\n ],\n [\n -124.20043945312499,\n 46.916503267244835\n ],\n [\n -124.1455078125,\n 46.830133640447386\n ],\n [\n -124.1180419921875,\n 46.74738913515841\n ],\n [\n -124.1015625,\n 46.67582559793001\n ],\n [\n -124.1290283203125,\n 46.27483447871404\n ],\n [\n -123.98620605468751,\n 46.11513371326539\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 46.01985337287631\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 45.947330315089275\n ],\n [\n -123.9642333984375,\n 45.79050946752472\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"273","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaminsky, George M","contributorId":221036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaminsky","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":25353,"text":"Washington State Department of Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruggiero, Peter","contributorId":121401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggiero","suffix":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buijsman, Maarten C.","contributorId":76340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buijsman","given":"Maarten","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McCandless, Diana","contributorId":187530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCandless","given":"Diana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy R. 0000-0003-1291-6107 ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1291-6107","contributorId":742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","email":"ggelfenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70201009,"text":"70201009 - 2010 - Crater population and resurfacing of the Martian north polar layered deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-20T10:32:04","indexId":"70201009","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-01T10:31:31","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crater population and resurfacing of the Martian north polar layered deposits","docAbstract":"Present‐day accumulation in the north polar layered deposits (NPLD) is thought to occur via deposition on the north polar residual cap. Understanding current mass balance in relation to current climate would provide insight into the climatic record of the NPLD. To constrain processes and rates of NPLD resurfacing, a search for craters was conducted using images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Context Camera. One hundred thirty craters have been identified on the NPLD, 95 of which are located within a region defined to represent recent accumulation. High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment images of craters in this region reveal a morphological sequence of crater degradation that provides a qualitative understanding of processes involved in crater removal. A classification system for these craters was developed based on the amount of apparent degradation and infilling and where possible depth/diameter ratios were determined. The temporal and spatial distribution of crater degradation is interpreted to be close to uniform. Through comparison of the size‐frequency distribution of these craters with the expected production function, the craters are interpreted to be an equilibrium population with a crater of diameter D meters having a lifetime of ∼30.75D1.14 years. Accumulation rates within these craters are estimated at 7.2D−0.14mm/yr, which corresponds to values of ∼3–4 mm/yr and are much higher than rates thought to apply to the surrounding flat terrain. The current crater population is estimated to have accumulated in the last ∼20 kyr or less.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009JE003523","usgsCitation":"Banks, M.E., Byrne, S., Galla, K., McEwen, A.S., Bray, V.J., Dundas, C.M., Fishbaugh, K.E., Herkenhoff, K.E., and Murray, B.C., 2010, Crater population and resurfacing of the Martian north polar layered deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 115, no. E8, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JE003523.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009je003523","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":359596,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"115","issue":"E8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5bf52b6be4b045bfcae28014","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, Maria E.","contributorId":80914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":751675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrne, Shane","contributorId":192609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"Shane","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":751676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Galla, Kapil","contributorId":210752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Galla","given":"Kapil","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25655,"text":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 1629 E. University Blvd., The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":751677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":751678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bray, Veronica J.","contributorId":204232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bray","given":"Veronica","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":36888,"text":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":751679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224 cdundas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":2937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin","email":"cdundas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":751680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fishbaugh, Kathryn E.","contributorId":210540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fishbaugh","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":751681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":751682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Murray, Bruce C.","contributorId":61992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":751683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70236109,"text":"70236109 - 2010 - Depth profiles in a tropical, volcanic critical zone observatory: Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T15:00:43.82323","indexId":"70236109","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-01T09:31:25","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Depth profiles in a tropical, volcanic critical zone observatory: Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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\nIn this pilot year of the program, 547 observers reported phenology observations on one or more plants via an online interface. There was substantial national interest in participating in this program, focused only on plants and with minimal advertising or marketing, which resulted in fifteen hundred new registrants, a thousand new sites, and tens of thousands of observations on 133 plant species across the nation in less than a year.
\nParticipants tended to stay involved, reporting most phenophases for an average of nine unique dates over almost two months during the year. This suggests sustained interest in participation and that the online interface and status monitoring engage the public, keeping them involved in the project and in participatory monitoring and outdoor activities.
\nThe data collected by participants show interesting patterns of plant phenology on regional to national scales that are commensurate with our understanding of climatological gradients associated with latitude, longitude, elevation, and degree of continentality. As such, these data should be useful to a variety of stakeholders interested in the spatial and temporal patterns of plant activity on a national scale. Through time, these data should empower scientists, resource managers, and the public in making decisions concerning adaptation to variable and changing climates and environments.
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The final EPA maps with 250-m spatial resolution were categorized as normal performance, underperformance, and overperformance (observed performance relative to weather-based predictions) at the 90% level of confidence. The EPA maps were validated using “percentage of bare soil” ground observations. The validation results at locations with comparable site potential showed that regions identified as persistently underperforming (overperforming) tended to have a higher (lower) percentage of bare soil, suggesting that our preliminary EPA maps are reliable and agree with ground-based observations. The 3-year (2005–2007) persistent EPA map from this study provides the first quantitative evaluation of ecosystem performance anomalies within the UCRB and will help the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) identify potentially degraded lands. 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","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Community ecology of stream fishes: concepts, approaches, and techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"American Fisheries Symposium 73","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","isbn":"978-1-934874-14-1","usgsCitation":"Angermeier, P.L., 2010, Preface: Conservation Challenges for Stream Fish Ecologists, in Community ecology of stream fishes: concepts, approaches, and techniques.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018394","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324091,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324090,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fisheries.org/bookstore/all-titles/afs-symposia/54073p/"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576a6547e4b07657d1a11e54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Angermeier, Paul L. 0000-0003-2864-170X biota@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":166679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"Paul","email":"biota@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":630361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70142179,"text":"70142179 - 2010 - 2009 Spawning cisco investigations in the Canadian waters of Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-08T13:55:20","indexId":"70142179","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"4-08","title":"2009 Spawning cisco investigations in the Canadian waters of Lake Superior","docAbstract":"We sampled with acoustics (AC) and midwater trawls (MT) to determine cisco abundance in Lake Superior’s Thunder and Black bays during 8-14 November, 2009. Total abundance of spawning-size (≥ 250 mm total length) ciscoes was estimated at 6.25 million in Thunder Bay and 1.12 million in Black Bay. Exploitation fractions of market-size (≥ age 6) females from Thunder and Black bays for 2009 were estimated at 7.1% and 11.3%, respectively; below the recommended maximum annual harvest of 15% recently adopted by Lake Superior fisheries managers. Given Thunder Bay spawner densities are on a downward trajectory, and recruitment since the 2003 year-class has been low, it is likely the exploitation fractions will increase in the future. After 2010, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) will carry on the AC program as a management activity. It is likely suspended experimental gill net (GN) samples will be used to ground truth future AC samples. In 2009, we characterized the length and age structure of Thunder Bay ciscoes using both MT samples and GN samples. Females represented 49% of the MT catch, but only 39% in GN samples. Catching a smaller proportion of females in GN samples resulted in a lower female population estimate and a higher estimated exploitation fraction (10.4%) compared to MT samples (7.1%). Experimental gill net effort was limited to 10-11.8 m water column depths where midwater trawl samples also caught roughly 40% females. Ciscoes ≥ age 17 (≥ 1992 year class) were common in Black Bay, but rare in Thunder Bay suggesting: 1) the stocks may be distinct; and 2) total mortality of ciscoes returning to spawn in Black Bay in recent years has been lower than ciscoes returning to Thunder Bay. Our mid-November 2009 effort to assess the Black Bay stock by sampling outside of the 3 bay in the lake proper was deemed successful, but this should be confirmed by sampling the Black Bay region during both mid- and late-November 2010.
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These results, and comparison with the SRICOS Zmax calculation, show that less than half of the reduction-factor method values were the lowest estimate of scour; whereas, the Zmax method values were the lowest estimate for over half. A tiered approach to predicting pier and contraction scour was developed. There are four levels to this approach numbered in order of complexity, with the fourth level being a full SRICOS-EFA analysis. Levels 1 and 2 involve the reduction factors and Zmax calculation, and can be completed without EFA data. Level 3 requires some surrogate EFA data. Levels 3 and 4 require streamflow for input into SRICOS. Estimation techniques for both EFA surrogate data and streamflow data were developed.
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D.","email":"tdstraub@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":548227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Over, Thomas M. 0000-0001-8280-4368 tmover@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8280-4368","contributorId":1819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Over","given":"Thomas","email":"tmover@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":548228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003621,"text":"70003621 - 2010 - Ecological models supporting environmental decision making: A strategy for the 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However, current modeling practice is unsatisfactory. A literature review shows that the elements of good modeling practice have long been identified but are widely ignored. The reasons for this might include lack of involvement of decision makers, lack of incentives for modelers to follow good practice, and the use of inconsistent terminologies. As a strategy for the future, we propose a standard format for documenting models and their analyses: transparent and comprehensive ecological modeling (TRACE) documentation. This standard format will disclose all parts of the modeling process to scrutiny and make modeling itself more efficient and coherent.
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