Active thermal areas are concentrated in three areas on Mauna Loa and three areas on Kilauea. High-temperature fumaroles (115-362°C) on Mauna Loa are restricted to the summit caldera, whereas high-temperature fumaroles on Kilauea are found in the upper East Rift Zone (Mauna Ulu summit fumaroles, 562°C), middle East Rift Zone (1977 eruptive fissure fumaroles), and in the summit caldera. Solfataric activity that has continued for several decades occurs along border faults of Kilauea caldera and at Sulphur Cone on the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa. Solfataras that are only a few years old occur along recently active eruptive fissures in the summit caldera and along the rift zones of Kilauea. Steam vents and hot-air cracks also occur at the edges of cooling lava ponds, on the summits of lava shields, along faults and graben fractures, and in diffuse patches that may reflect shallow magmatic intrusions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(83)90028-8","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Casadevall, T.J., and Hazlett, R.W., 1983, Thermal areas on Kilauea and Mauna Loa Volcanoes, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 16, no. 3-4, p. 173-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(83)90028-8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"188","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.5,\n 19.25\n ],\n [\n -155,\n 19.25\n ],\n [\n -155,\n 19.5\n ],\n [\n -155.5,\n 19.5\n ],\n [\n -155.5,\n 19.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"16","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb211e4b08c986b32559a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Casadevall, Thomas J. 0000-0002-9447-6864 tcasadevall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9447-6864","contributorId":2734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"Thomas","email":"tcasadevall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":360953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hazlett, Richard W.","contributorId":89201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hazlett","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011251,"text":"70011251 - 1983 - Distribution of differentiated tholeiitic basalts on the lower east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: A possible guide to geothermal exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-31T01:38:15.121082","indexId":"70011251","displayToPublicDate":"1983-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1983","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution of differentiated tholeiitic basalts on the lower east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: A possible guide to geothermal exploration","docAbstract":"Geologic mapping of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, indicates that more than 100 eruptions have extruded an estimated 10 km3 of basalt during the past 2,000 yr. Six eruptions in the past 200 yr have extruded about 1 km3. The eruptive recurrence interval has ranged from 1 to 115 yr since the middle 18th century and has averaged 20 yr or less over the past 2,000 yr.
One hundred new chemical analyses indicate that the erupted tholeiites commonly are differentiated beyond olivine control or are hybrid mixtures of differentiates with more mafic (olivine-controlled) summit magmas. The distribution of vents for differentiated lavas indicates that several large magma chambers underlie the lower east rift zone. Several workers have recognized that a chamber underlies the area near a producing well, HGP-A; petrologic and 14C data indicate that it has existed for at least 1,300 yr. Stratigraphy, petrology, and surface deformation patterns suggest that two other areas, Heiheiahulu and Kaliu, also overlie large magma chambers and appear to be favorable geothermal prospects.
[none]
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"1982, Minor eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Earthquake Information Bulletin (USGS), v. 14, no. 6, p. 221-221.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":332099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58526903e4b0e2663625ecc4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Spall, Henry","contributorId":77933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spall","given":"Henry","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":655861,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":60773,"text":"mf1368 - 1982 - Structural map of the summit area of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:59:44","indexId":"mf1368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1368","title":"Structural map of the summit area of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf1368","usgsCitation":"Saint Ours, P.D., 1982, Structural map of the summit area of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 1368, 1 Plate: 58 x 55 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/mf1368.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 58 x 55 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":364216,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1368/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":183306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1368/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -155.33333333333334,19.333333333333332 ], [ -155.33333333333334,19.450833333333332 ], [ -155.20083333333332,19.450833333333332 ], [ -155.20083333333332,19.333333333333332 ], [ -155.33333333333334,19.333333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a497d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saint Ours, Patrice de","contributorId":104149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saint Ours","given":"Patrice","email":"","middleInitial":"de","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011527,"text":"70011527 - 1982 - Earthquakes of Loihi submarine volcano and the Hawaiian hot spot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T15:06:17.812666","indexId":"70011527","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquakes of Loihi submarine volcano and the Hawaiian hot spot","docAbstract":"Loihi is an active submarine volcano located 35 km south of the island of Hawaii and may eventually grow to be the next and southernmost island in the Hawaiian chain. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory recorded two major earthquake swarms located there in 1971–1972 and 1975 which were probably associated with submarine eruptions or intrusions. The swarms were located very close to Loihi's bathymetric summit, except for earthquakes during the second stage of the 1971–1972 swarm, which occurred well onto Loihi's southwest flank. The flank earthquakes appear to have been triggered by the preceding activity and possible rifting along Loihi's long axis, similar to the rift-flank relationship at Kilauea volcano. Other changes accompanied the shift in locations from Loihi's summit to its flank, including a shift from burst to continuous seismicity, a rise in maximum magnitude, a change from small earthquake clusters to a larger elongated zone, a drop in b value, and a presumed shift from concentrated volcanic stresses to a more diffuse tectonic stress on Loihi's flank. The 1971–1972 swarm began at depths of 20–50 km about 1 month before the shallow swarm started and suggests an upward migration of seismicity as the first stage of the 13-month swarm. The seismic ‘root’ of Kilauea volcano is well defined by earthquakes which plunge to the south and southwest to a depth of 50–60 km, terminating in a region in which earthquakes are associated with deep harmonic tremor and magma. The zone of these deeper earthquakes and tremor lies between Kilauea, Loihi, and Mauna Loa volcanoes, may feed magma to all three volcanoes, and probably locates the Hawaiian hot spot.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB087iB09p07719","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., 1982, Earthquakes of Loihi submarine volcano and the Hawaiian hot spot: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 87, no. B9, p. 7719-7726, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB087iB09p07719.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"7719","endPage":"7726","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221676,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0528e4b0c8380cd50c9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011823,"text":"70011823 - 1982 - Patterns of historical eruptions at Hawaiian volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:35","indexId":"70011823","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of historical eruptions at Hawaiian volcanoes","docAbstract":"Hawaiian eruptions are largely random phenomena displaying no periodicity; that is, future eruptions are relatively independent of the date of the last eruption. Several simultaneous processes probably govern eruption timing so that it appears random. I have performed statistical tests for nonrandomness on the repose times between eruptions and on the sequence of event types. Statistical differences that have physical consequences exist between large and small eruptions, summit and flank eruptions, and intrusive and extrusive events. Thus, large-volume eruptions tend to be followed by longer reposes as shallow magma reservoirs refill. On Kilauea, both summit eruptions and rapid intrusions tend to cluster at times associated with other physical events on the volcano. The longest recorded reposes of both Kilauea and Mauna Loa apparently are not random phenomena, for they appear to be associated with increased activity at the other volcano. Both eruption rates and volumes are consistent with a constant but alternating magma supply to the two volcanoes and an approximately five-fold larger magma reservoir at Mauna Loa than at Kilauea. ?? 1982.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., 1982, Patterns of historical eruptions at Hawaiian volcanoes: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 12, no. 1-2, p. 1-35.","startPage":"1","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221258,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75d6e4b0c8380cd77d88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011736,"text":"70011736 - 1982 - Storage, migration, and eruption of magma at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 1971-1972","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:32","indexId":"70011736","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storage, migration, and eruption of magma at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 1971-1972","docAbstract":"The magmatic plumbing system of Kilauea Volcano consists of a broad region of magma generation in the upper mantle, a steeply inclined zone through which magma rises to an intravolcano reservoir located about 2 to 6 km beneath the summit of the volcano, and a network of conduits that carry magma from this reservoir to sites of eruption within the caldera and along east and southwest rift zones. The functioning of most parts of this system was illustrated by activity during 1971 and 1972. When a 29-month-long eruption at Mauna Ulu on the east rift zone began to wane in 1971, the summit region of the volcano began to inflate rapidly; apparently, blockage of the feeder conduit to Mauna Ulu diverted a continuing supply of mantle-derived magma to prolonged storage in the summit reservoir. Rapid inflation of the summit area persisted at a nearly constant rate from June 1971 to February 1972, when a conduit to Mauna Ulu was reopened. The cadence of inflation was twice interrupted briefly, first by a 10-hour eruption in Kilauea Caldera on 14 August, and later by an eruption that began in the caldera and migrated 12 km down the southwest rift zone between 24 and 29 September. The 14 August and 24-29 September eruptions added about 107 m3 and 8 ?? 106 m3, respectively, of new lava to the surface of Kilauea. These volumes, combined with the volume increase represented by inflation of the volcanic edifice itself, account for an approximately 6 ?? 106 m3/month rate of growth between June 1971 and January 1972, essentially the same rate at which mantle-derived magma was supplied to Kilauea between 1952 and the end of the Mauna Ulu eruption in 1971. The August and September 1971 lavas are tholeiitic basalts of similar major-element chemical composition. The compositions can be reproduced by mixing various proportions of chemically distinct variants of lava that erupted during the preceding activity at Mauna Ulu. Thus, part of the magma rising from the mantle to feed the Mauna Ulu eruption may have been stored within the summit reservoir from 4 to 20 months before it was erupted in the summit caldera and along the southwest rift zone in August and September. The September 1971 activity was only the fourth eruption on the southwest rift zone during Kilauea's 200 years of recorded history, in contrast to more than 20 eruptions on the east rift zone. Order-of-magnitude differences in topographic and geophysical expression indicate greatly disparate eruption rates for far more than historic time and thus suggest a considerably larger dike swarm within the east rift zone than within the southwest rift zone. Characteristics of the historic eruptions on the southwest rift zone suggest that magma may be fed directly from active lava lakes in Kilauea Caldera or from shallow cupolas at the top of the summit magma reservoir, through fissures that propagate down rift from the caldera itself at the onset of eruption. Moreover, emplacement of this magma into the southwest rift zone may be possible only when compressive stress across the rift is reduced by some unknown critical amount owing either to seaward displacement of the terrane south-southeast of the rift zone or to a deflated condition of Mauna Loa Volcano adjacent to the northwest, or both. The former condition arises when the forceful emplacement of dikes into the east rift zone wedges the south flank of Kilauea seaward. Such controls on the potential for eruption along the southwest rift zone may be related to the topographic and geophysical constrasts between the two rift zones. ?? 1982.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., Christiansen, R., Koyanagi, R.Y., and Peterson, D.W., 1982, Storage, migration, and eruption of magma at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, 1971-1972: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 13, no. 3-4, p. 273-307.","startPage":"273","endPage":"307","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9874e4b08c986b31c045","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, W. A.","contributorId":71935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koyanagi, R. Y.","contributorId":35719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, D. W.","contributorId":84326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70011862,"text":"70011862 - 1982 - Huge landslide blocks in the growth of piton de la fournaise, La réunion, and Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T13:12:35","indexId":"70011862","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Huge landslide blocks in the growth of piton de la fournaise, La réunion, and Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Piton de la Fournaise, on the island of La Réunion, and Kilauea volcano, on the island of Hawaii, are active, basaltic shield volcanoes growing on the flanks of much larger shield volcanoes in intraplate tectonic environments. Past studies have shown that the average rate of magma production and the chemistry of lavas are quite similar for both volcanoes. We propose a structural similarity — specifically, that periodic displacement of parts of the shields as huge landslide blocks is a common mode of growth. In each instance, the unstable blocks are within a rift-zone-bounded, unbuttressed flank of the shield. At Kilauea, well-documented landslide blocks form relatively surficial parts of a much larger rift-zone-bounded block; scarps of the Hilina fault system mark the headwalls of the active blocks. At Fournaise, Hilina-like slump blocks are also present along the unbuttressed east coast of the volcano. In addition, however, the existence of a set of faults nested around the present caldera and northeast and southeast rift zones suggests that past chapters in the history of Fournaise included the slumping of entire rift-zone-bounded blocks themselves. These nested faults become younger to the east southeast and apparently record one of the effects of a migration of the focus of volcanism in that direction. Repeated dilation along the present set of northeast and southeast rift zones, most recently exemplified by an eruption in 1977, suggests that the past history of rift-zone-bounded slumping will eventually be repeated. The record provided by the succession of slump blocks on Fournaise is apparently at a relatively detailed part of a migration of magmatic focus that has advanced at least 30 km to the east-southeast from neighboring Piton des Neiges, an extinct Pliocene to Pleistocene volcano.?? 1982.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(82)90009-9","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Duffield, W.A., Stieltjes, L., and Varet, J., 1982, Huge landslide blocks in the growth of piton de la fournaise, La réunion, and Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 12, no. 1-2, p. 147-160, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(82)90009-9.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"160","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3274e4b0c8380cd5e803","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duffield, Wendell A.","contributorId":14363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffield","given":"Wendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stieltjes, Laurent","contributorId":99287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stieltjes","given":"Laurent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Varet, Jacques","contributorId":88877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Varet","given":"Jacques","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":362144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70011294,"text":"70011294 - 1982 - Age and petrology of the Kalaupapa Basalt, Molokai, Hawaii ( geochemistry, Sr isotopes).","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:30","indexId":"70011294","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2990,"text":"Pacific Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and petrology of the Kalaupapa Basalt, Molokai, Hawaii ( geochemistry, Sr isotopes).","docAbstract":"The post-erosional Kalaupapa Basalt on East Molokai, Hawaii, erupted between 0.34 and 0.57 million years ago to form the Kalaupapa Peninsula. The Kalaupapa Basalt ranges in composition from basanite to lava transitional between alkalic and tholeiitic basalt. Rare-earth and other trace-element abundances suggest that the Kalaupapa Basalt could be generated by 11-17% partial melting of a light-REE-enriched source like that from which the post-erosional lavas of the Honolulu Group on Oahu were generated by 2-11% melting. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the lavas range from 0.70320 to 0.70332, suggesting that the variation in composition mainly reflects variation in the melting process rather than heterogeneity of sources. The length of the period of volcanic quiescence that preceded eruption of post-erosional lavas in the Hawaiian Islands decreased as volcanism progressed from Kauai toward Kilauea. - Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pacific Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00308870","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., 1982, Age and petrology of the Kalaupapa Basalt, Molokai, Hawaii ( geochemistry, Sr isotopes).: Pacific Science, v. 36, no. 4, p. 411-420.","startPage":"411","endPage":"420","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e1e4b0c8380cd47f38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":360764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011692,"text":"70011692 - 1982 - Chemistry and isotope ratios of sulfur in basalts and volcanic gases at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-18T14:18:42.458757","indexId":"70011692","displayToPublicDate":"1982-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1982","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry and isotope ratios of sulfur in basalts and volcanic gases at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Eighteen basalts and some volcanic gases from the submarine and subaerial parts of Kilauea volcano were analyzed for the concentration and isotope ratios of sulfur. By means of a newly developed technique, sulfide and sulfate sulfur in the basalts were separately but simultaneously determined. The submarine basalt has 700 ± 100 ppm total sulfur with δ34SΣs of
The volcanic sulfur gases, predominantly SO2, from the 1971 and 1974 fissures in Kilauea Crater have δ34S values of 0.8 to 0.9%., slightly heavier than the total sulfur in the submarine basalts and definitely heavier than the subaerial basalts, in accord with the above model. However, the δ34S value of sulfur gases (largely SO2) from Sulfur Bank is 8.0%., implying a secondary origin of the sulfur. The δ34S values of native sulfur deposits at various sites of Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanos, sulfate ions of four deep wells and hydrogen sulfide from a geothermal well along the east rift zone are also reported. The high δ34S values (+5 to +6%.o) found for the hydrogen sulfide might be an indication of hot basalt seawater reaction beneath the east rift zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(82)90024-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Sakai, H., Casadevall, T.J., and Moore, J., 1982, Chemistry and isotope ratios of sulfur in basalts and volcanic gases at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 46, no. 5, p. 729-738, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90024-2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"738","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":221059,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"46","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f5a4e4b0c8380cd4c32c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sakai, H.","contributorId":92800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sakai","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casadevall, T. J.","contributorId":96680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casadevall","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":9755,"text":"ofr81979 - 1981 - Interpretation of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in the east rift geothermal area of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:10","indexId":"ofr81979","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-979","title":"Interpretation of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in the east rift geothermal area of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81979","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J.P., 1981, Interpretation of time-domain electromagnetic soundings in the east rift geothermal area of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-979, 25 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81979.","productDescription":"25 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0979/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37504,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0979/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e0190","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":160240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":8671,"text":"ofr81571 - 1981 - Changed magma budget since 1975 at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:11","indexId":"ofr81571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-571","title":"Changed magma budget since 1975 at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81571","usgsCitation":"Dzurisin, D., and Koyanagi, R.Y., 1981, Changed magma budget since 1975 at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-571, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81571.","productDescription":"46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":141996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0571/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":36266,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0571/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzurisin, Daniel 0000-0002-0138-5067 dzurisin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-5067","contributorId":538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"Daniel","email":"dzurisin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":158126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, Robert Y.","contributorId":52561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":158127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5842,"text":"pp1202 - 1981 - Deformation of host rocks and flow of magma during growth of minette dikes and breccia-bearing intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:55","indexId":"pp1202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1202","title":"Deformation of host rocks and flow of magma during growth of minette dikes and breccia-bearing intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico","docAbstract":"We have studied a small group of minette dikes and plugs that crop out within a flat-lying sequence of siltstone and shale near Ship Rock, a prominent volcanic throat of tuff breccia in northwestern New Mexico. Seven dikes form a radial pattern about Ship Rock we describe in detail the northeastern dike, which has an outcrop length of about 2,900 m, an average thickness of 2.3 m, and a maximum thickness of 7.2 m. The dike is composed of 35 discrete segments arranged in echelon; orientation. of dike segments ranges systematically from N. 52? E. to N. 66? E. A prominent joint set strikes parallel to the segments and is localized within several tens of meters of the dike. Regional joint patterns display no obvious relation to dike orientation. Small offsets of segment contacts, as well as wedge-shaped bodies of crumpled host rock within segments mark the sites of coalescence of smaller segments during dike growth. Bulges in the dike contact, which represent a nondilational component of growth, indicate that wall rocks were brecciated and eroded during the flow of magma. Breccias make up about 9 percent of the 7,176-m 2 area of the dike, are concentrated in its southwest half, and are commonly associated with its thickest parts. We also describe three subcircular plugs; each plug is smaller than 30 m in diameter, is laterally associated with a dike, and contains abundant breccias. Field evidence indicates that these plugs grew from the dikes by brecciation and erosion of wallrocks and that the bulges in the contact of the northeastern dike represent an initial stage of this process. \r\n\r\nFrom continuum-mechanical models of host-rock deformation, we conclude that dike propagation was the dominant mechanism for creating conduits for magma ascent where the host rock was brittle and elastic. At a given driving pressure, dikes dilate to accept greater volumes of magma than plugs, and for a given dilation, less work is done on the host rocks. In addition, the pressure required for dike growth decreases with dike length. From numerical solutions for dilation of cracks oriented like segments of the northeastern dike, we find that we can best model the form of the dike by treating it as composed of 10 cracks rather than 35. We attribute this result to coalescence of adjacent segments below the present outcrop and to inelastic deformation at segment ends. Using a driving pressure of 2 MPa (20 bars), we estimate a shear modulus of about 10^3 MPa for the host rocks, in agreement with laboratory tests on soft shale. A propagation criterion based on stress intensity at the segment ends indicates a fracture toughness of the host rocks of about 100 MPa-m^? , a hundredfold greater than values reported from laboratory tests. Segmentation of fractures is common in many materials and has been observed during fissure eruptions at Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii. At the northeastern dike, we attribute segmentation to local rotation of the direction of least principal compressive stress. \r\n\r\nFrom continuum-mechanical models of magma and heat flow in idealized conduits, we conclude that magma flows far more rapidly and with less relative heat loss in plugs than in dikes. Although dikes are the preferred form for emplacement, plugs are the preferred form for the flow of magma. We present a numerical solution for volumetric flow rate and wall heat flux for the northeastern dike and find that although the flow rate is extremely sensitive to conduit geometry, the rate of heat loss to wall rocks is not. During emplacement of the northeastern dike, local flow rate increased where wall rocks were eroded and reached a maximum of about 45 times the mean initial rate, whereas the maximum rate of heat loss to wallrocks increased to only 1.6 times the mean initial rate. An inferred progression from continuous magma flow along a dike to flow from a plug agrees well with observations of volcanic eruptions that begin from fissures and later are localized at discrete vents. We","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/pp1202","usgsCitation":"Delaney, P.T., and Pollard, D.D., 1981, Deformation of host rocks and flow of magma during growth of minette dikes and breccia-bearing intrusions near Ship Rock, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1202, 61 p.; 1 plate in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1202.","productDescription":"61 p.; 1 plate in pocket","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":117910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1202/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32608,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1202/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":32609,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1202/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672444","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delaney, Paul T.","contributorId":15195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delaney","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pollard, David D.","contributorId":38549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollard","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9651,"text":"ofr81256 - 1981 - Interpretation of D.C. resistivity, VLF, and total magnetic field intensity measurements of Kilauea Iki lava lake, 1979-1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:09","indexId":"ofr81256","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-256","title":"Interpretation of D.C. resistivity, VLF, and total magnetic field intensity measurements of Kilauea Iki lava lake, 1979-1980","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81256","usgsCitation":"Jackson, D.B., and Zablocki, C.J., 1981, Interpretation of D.C. resistivity, VLF, and total magnetic field intensity measurements of Kilauea Iki lava lake, 1979-1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-256, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81256.","productDescription":"29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140955,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0256/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37380,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0256/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e0655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, Dallas B.","contributorId":19947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"Dallas","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zablocki, Charles J.","contributorId":48961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zablocki","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19387,"text":"ofr81354 - 1981 - Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: chronology and morphology of the surficial lava flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:24","indexId":"ofr81354","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-354","title":"Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: chronology and morphology of the surficial lava flows","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81354","usgsCitation":"Holcomb, R.T., 1981, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: chronology and morphology of the surficial lava flows: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-354, xiv, 321, [51] leaves :ill., maps. ;28 cm.; (335 p. - PGS), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81354.","productDescription":"xiv, 321, [51] leaves :ill., maps. ;28 cm.; (335 p. - PGS)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151150,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0354/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48861,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0354/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holcomb, Robin T.","contributorId":46938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9891,"text":"ofr81984 - 1981 - Seismicity of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1960 to 1980","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:26:27.630353","indexId":"ofr81984","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-984","title":"Seismicity of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1960 to 1980","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr81984","usgsCitation":"Koyanagi, R.Y., Nakata, J.S., and Tanigawa, W.R., 1981, Seismicity of the lower east rift zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, 1960 to 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-984, i, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81984.","productDescription":"i, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":37684,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0984/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":411146,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12231.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":141176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0984/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.45,\n 19.517\n ],\n [\n -155.45,\n 19.167\n ],\n [\n -154.75,\n 19.167\n ],\n [\n -154.75,\n 19.517\n ],\n [\n -155.45,\n 19.517\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa8b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koyanagi, Robert Y.","contributorId":52561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakata, Jennifer S.","contributorId":18364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nakata","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tanigawa, Wilfred R.","contributorId":91102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanigawa","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186536,"text":"70186536 - 1981 - Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T10:28:53","indexId":"70186536","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Deep harmonic tremor originating at depths around 40 km under Kilauea was studied using records accumulated since 1962 at the Hawaii Volcano Observatory of the U.S. Geological Survey. The deep source of the tremor was determined by onset times and confirmed by the relative amplitude across the island-wide network of seismometers. The period of tremor was conclusively shown to be determined by the source effect and not by the path or station site effect because the period would change considerably in time but maintained uniformity across the seismic net during the tremor episode. The tremor appeared to be primarily composed of P waves. We interpret the observed period and amplitude in terms of the stationary crack model of Aki et al. (1977) and find that the seismic moment rates for deep tremors are considerably larger than those for shallow-tremors suggesting more vigorous transport for the former. We propose a kinematic source model which may be more appropriate for deep tremor. According to this model, a measurable quantity called ‘reduced displacement’ is directly proportional to the rate of magma flow. A systematic search for deep tremor episodes was made for the period from 1962 through 1979, and the amplitude, period, and duration of the tremor were tabulated. We then constructed a cumulative reduced-displacement plot over the 18-year period. The result shows a generally steady process which does not seem to be significantly affected by major eruptions and large earthquakes near the surface. The total magma flow estimated from the reduced displacement is however, one order of magnitude smaller than that estimated by Swanson (1972). It may be that most channels transport magma aseismically, and only those with strong barriers generate tremor.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB08p07095","usgsCitation":"Aki, K., and Koyanagi, R., 1981, Deep volcanic tremor and magma ascent mechanism under Kilauea, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B8, p. 7095-7109, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB08p07095.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"7095","endPage":"7109","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 21.778630076828534\n ],\n [\n -159.17266845703125,\n 21.778630076828534\n ],\n [\n -159.17266845703125,\n 22.328481987166487\n ],\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 22.328481987166487\n ],\n [\n -159.8675537109375,\n 21.778630076828534\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60287e4b09da6799ac6fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aki, Keiiti","contributorId":88790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aki","given":"Keiiti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koyanagi, Robert Y","contributorId":117756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koyanagi","given":"Robert Y","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70188956,"text":"70188956 - 1981 - Linear island and seamount chains, aseismic ridges and intraplate volcanism: Results from DSDP","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T18:25:34","indexId":"70188956","displayToPublicDate":"1981-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3842,"text":"SEPM Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linear island and seamount chains, aseismic ridges and intraplate volcanism: Results from DSDP","docAbstract":"The Deep Sea Drilling Project drilled a substantial number of sites that bear on the origin of linear island and seamount chains, aseismic ridges and other more regional expressions of intraplate volcanism. Drilling in the Emperor Seamounts during Leg 55 was particularly successful. Results from this leg include: 1) the volcanoes of the Hawaiian-Emperor chain continue to increase in age away from Kilauea as predicted. 2) Suiko Seamount formed at a paleolatitide of 26.9±3.5°N, 7° north of present-day Hawaii, but far south of its present latitude of 44.8°N. 3) the volcanic rock types recovered include hawaiite, mugearite, alkalic basalt and tholeiitic basalt in the sequence and relative volume expected for Hawaiian volcanoes. 4) the tholeiitic and alkalic basalts recovered are geochemically similar to those in the Hawaiian Islands, only the ratio of 87Sr/86Sr appears to change through time. All the lavas appear to be derived from a source that has small-scale heterogeneities, but is homogeneous on a large scale. 4) The Emperor Seamounts were once volcanic islands that underwent subaerial and shallow marine erosion, and deposition of shallow-water biogenic carbonate sediments that capped all or most of each volcano.
Drilling in other regions has yielded less conclusive results. For example, it is uncertain if the Line Islands are an age progressive chain (hot-spot trace) or result from some other type of intraplate volcanism. The mid-Pacific Mountains also show evidence of originating from a regional episode of volcanism in the mid-Cretaceous. Drilling in the Nauru Basin encountered a voluminous mid-Cretaceous volcanic flow-sill complex that overlies Jurassic magnetic anomalies, yet is composed of depleted tholeiite. In the Indian Ocean, drilling on the Ninety-East Ridge established that it 1) is volcanic in origin; 2) is older to the north; 3) formed in shallow water, and 4) formed further south and has moved northward. It appears that the Ninety-East Ridge, like the Hawaiian-Emperor chain, is a hot spot trace. In the Atlantic Ocean, drilling on the Iceland-Faeroe Ridge and the Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge suggests that all these aseismic ridges are hot spot traces generated by the Iceland and Tristan de Cunha hot-spots.
","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.2110/pec.81.32.0007","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., 1981, Linear island and seamount chains, aseismic ridges and intraplate volcanism: Results from DSDP: SEPM Special Publication, v. 32, p. 7-22, https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.81.32.0007.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":343055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59536ee1e4b062508e3c7b27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, David A.","contributorId":77105,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":701606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70011747,"text":"70011747 - 1981 - The glass transition in basalt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-16T16:21:21.34654","indexId":"70011747","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The glass transition in basalt","docAbstract":"The glass transition has been experimentally detected in basalt as (1) an increase in the aggregate linear thermal expansion coefficient αL, (2) an abrupt change in the temperature dependence of Young's modulus dE/dT, and (3) a change in stress relaxation behavior that effectively separates the T> TG and T < TG creep regimes. Transition temperatures determined by the respective experimental methods are (1) 730° ± 15°C, by expansion dilatometry, (2) 725° ± 10°C, by acoustic spectroscopy, and (3) 725° ± 25°C, by stress relaxation. For olivine tholeiite from Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii, thermal expansivity rises through the glass transition interval, attaining αυ = 39.0 × 10−6 °C−1 at 850°C. For olivine tholeiites with moderate glass contents, the temperature dependence of the Young's modulus changes on either side of the inferred TG of 725°C, and dE/dT= −0.071 kbar °C−1 for T< TG, while dE/dT = − 0.21 kbar °C−1 for T > TG. Collectively, the mechanical results suggest that for Hawaiian olivine tholeiite at 1-atm pressure, the principal material responses are (1) elastic (T ≤ 600°C), (2) reduced creep (600 < T < 725°C), (3) glass transition (T ≃ 725°C), (4) enhanced creep (725 < T< 980°C), and (5) partial melt (T > 980°C). Fracture surface morphologies developed during solidification suggest that the presence of the supercooled melt grain boundary phase may participate in the regulation of the thermal cracking process. Well-preserved fracture surfaces formed by incremental crack growth are found to be covered with striations that correspond to the inferred sequential stopping positions of the advancing fracture front. These striae may be rationalized in terms of experimental analogues that have been produced in viscoelastic polymers by cyclic tension-tension loading. The fracture surface morphology, mechanical data, and the controlled crack growth analogues suggest that thermal fracture in solidifying basalt is an incremental and cyclic process, involving three steps: (1) the accumulation of elastic strain energy in cooling rock at temperatures below that required for stress relaxation due to viscous flow in the intercrystalline liquid phase, (2) fracture at a ΔT determined primarily by the aggregate thermal expansion coefficient αυ and Young's modulus E, (3) the penetration by the advancing crack tip, of the thermal horizon capable of relaxing stress due to the creep of intercrystalline supercooled melt, producing the rough surface texture associated with the termination of a striation. Further crack growth must now await the migration of the solidus. The cycle then repeats. Striations measured in deep Hawaiian lava lakes have been compared with the crack advance increments expected in the vicinity of the glass transition, based on two tests: (1) thermal gradients measured in Kilauea Iki, combined with the mechanical properties of olivine tholeiite evaluated near TG, and (2) the crack advance required to match the recorded seismic stopping phases for prexisting cracks of the dimensions expected for Kilauea Iki. The observed versus predicted comparisons are (1) 31 versus 36 cm; and (2) 31 versus 30 cm. We envision this incremental crack growth process as contributing to the control on the downward movement of the thermal cracking front—and its associated hydrothermal circulation zone—in the upper portions of solidifying subaerial and submarine ponded basalt.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB086iB10p09519","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ryan, M., and Sammis, C., 1981, The glass transition in basalt: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 86, no. B10, p. 9519-9535, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB10p09519.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"9519","endPage":"9535","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac88e4b08c986b32356a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryan, M.P.","contributorId":30754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sammis, C.G.","contributorId":77140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammis","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70011768,"text":"70011768 - 1981 - Multiple asperity model for earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:32","indexId":"70011768","displayToPublicDate":"1981-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple asperity model for earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"Large earthquakes often occur as multiple ruptures reflecting strong variations of stress level along faults. Dense instrument networks with which the volcano Kilauea is monitored provided detailed data on changes of seismic velocity, strain accumulation and earthquake occurrence rate before the 1975 Hawaii 7.2-mag earthquake. During the ???4 yr of preparation time the mainshock source volume had separated into crustal volumes of high stress levels embedded in a larger low-stress volume, showing respectively high- and low-stress precursory anomalies. ?? 1981 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/289231a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Wyss, M., Johnston, A.C., and Klein, F.W., 1981, Multiple asperity model for earthquake prediction: Nature, v. 289, no. 5795, p. 231-234, https://doi.org/10.1038/289231a0.","startPage":"231","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":221470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205126,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/289231a0"}],"volume":"289","issue":"5795","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6060e4b0c8380cd713ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wyss, M.","contributorId":68880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyss","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, A. C.","contributorId":85574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":361917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23370,"text":"ofr80796 - 1980 - Preliminary geologic map of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"ofr80796","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-796","title":"Preliminary geologic map of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr80796","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Holcomb, R.T., 1980, Preliminary geologic map of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-796, 1 map ;131 x 155 cm. on 2 sheets 107 x 89 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80796.","productDescription":"1 map ;131 x 155 cm. on 2 sheets 107 x 89 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":52659,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0796/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52660,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0796/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c01c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holcomb, Robin T.","contributorId":46938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holcomb","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":11794,"text":"ofr8099 - 1980 - Observations from self-potential monitoring studies on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (1973-1975)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:34","indexId":"ofr8099","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-99","title":"Observations from self-potential monitoring studies on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (1973-1975)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8099","usgsCitation":"Zablocki, C.J., 1980, Observations from self-potential monitoring studies on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (1973-1975): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-99, 35 p. ill., maps ;29 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8099.","productDescription":"35 p. ill., maps ;29 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0099/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":39684,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0099/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db6964fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zablocki, Charles J.","contributorId":48961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zablocki","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":163741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":7032,"text":"ofr80504 - 1980 - A catalogue of drill core recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake, from 1967 to 1979","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":7032,"text":"ofr80504 - 1980 - A catalogue of drill core recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake, from 1967 to 1979","indexId":"ofr80504","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"title":"A catalogue of drill core recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake, from 1967 to 1979"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":16945,"text":"ofr84484 - 1984 - A Catalogue of drill core recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake from 1967 to 1979","indexId":"ofr84484","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"A Catalogue of drill core recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake from 1967 to 1979"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":16945,"text":"ofr84484 - 1984 - A Catalogue of drill core recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake from 1967 to 1979","indexId":"ofr84484","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"A Catalogue of drill core recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake from 1967 to 1979"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-25T19:43:35.816708","indexId":"ofr80504","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-504","title":"A catalogue of drill core recovered from Kilauea Iki lava lake, from 1967 to 1979","docAbstract":"