The fate of acetone in water was investigated in an outdoor model stream located in southern Mississippi, U.S.A. Acetone was injected continuously for 32 days resulting in small milligram-perliter concentrations in the stream. Rhodamine-WT dye was injected at the beginning and at the end of the study to determine the time-of-travel and dispersion characteristics of the stream. A 12-h injection of t-butyl alcohol (TBA) was used to determine the volatilization characteristics of the stream. Volatilization controlled the acetone concentration in the stream. Significant bacterial degradation of acetone did not occur, contrary to expectations based on previous laboratory studies. Attempts to induce degradation of the acetone by injecting glucose and a nutrient solution containing bacteria acclimated to acetone were unsuccessful. Possible explanations for the lack of bacterial degradation included a nitrate limitation and a limited residence time in the stream system.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(88)90165-5","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Rathbun, R.E., Stephens, D.W., Shultz, D., and Tai, D.Y., 1988, Fate of acetone in an outdoor model stream in southern Mississippi, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 104, no. 1-4, p. 181-209, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90165-5.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 32.30570601389429\n ],\n [\n -91.60400390625,\n 31.071755902820133\n ],\n [\n -89.736328125,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 30.315987718557867\n ],\n [\n -88.39599609375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 33.119150226768866\n ],\n [\n -91.1865234375,\n 33.17434155100208\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f0fe4b0c8380cd5373b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rathbun, R. E.","contributorId":61796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, D. W.","contributorId":68335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shultz, D.J.","contributorId":60246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shultz","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tai, D. Y.","contributorId":59778,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tai","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013846,"text":"70013846 - 1988 - Nationwide regression models for predicting urban runoff water quality at unmonitored sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:30:13","indexId":"70013846","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nationwide regression models for predicting urban runoff water quality at unmonitored sites","docAbstract":"Regression models are presented that can be used to estimate mean loads for chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, dissolved solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia plus nitrogen, total phosphorous, dissolved phosphorous, total copper, total lead, and total zinc at unmonitored sites in urban areas. Explanatory variables include drainage area, imperviousness of drainage basin to infiltration, mean annual rainfall, a land-use indicator variable, and mean minimum January temperature. Model parameters are estimated by a generalized-least-squares regression method that accounts for cross correlation and differences in reliability of sample estimates between sites. The regression models account for 20 to 65 percent of the total variation in observed loads.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03026.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Tasker, G.D., and Driver, N.E., 1988, Nationwide regression models for predicting urban runoff water quality at unmonitored sites: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 5, p. 1091-1101, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03026.x.","startPage":"1091","endPage":"1101","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267754,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03026.x"},{"id":219899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6299e4b0c8380cd71fe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tasker, Gary D.","contributorId":83097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tasker","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driver, N. E.","contributorId":63398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driver","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014322,"text":"70014322 - 1988 - Trace elements and pesticides in Salton Sea area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014322","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Trace elements and pesticides in Salton Sea area, California","docAbstract":"Concentrations of numerous potentially toxic trace elements and pesticides were determined in water, sediment, and biota from the Salton Sea area in southestern California. Comparison of results with data from other studies in this area and from other areas, and with various water-quality standards or criteria, indicate that selenium probably is the principal contaminant of concern in the Salton Sea basin and that it probably is related to agricultural practices. Selenium is mobilized in the subsurface drainwater produced by agricultural irrigation and transported in ditches and rivers, some of which pass through or near the Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge before entering the Salton Sea. Some selenium apparently is incorporated into the food chain. In response to the finding of elevated selenium residues in fish from the area by State agencies, the Imperial County Health Department has issued a health advisory restricting or prohibiting human consumption of fish from the Salton Sea and drains.","conferenceTitle":"Planning Now for Irrigation and Drainage in the 21st Century","conferenceDate":"18 July 1988 through 21 July 1988","conferenceLocation":"Lincoln, NE, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872626660","usgsCitation":"Schroeder, R.A., Setmire, J.G., and Wolfe, J.C., 1988, Trace elements and pesticides in Salton Sea area, California, Planning Now for Irrigation and Drainage in the 21st Century, Lincoln, NE, USA, 18 July 1988 through 21 July 1988, p. 700-707.","startPage":"700","endPage":"707","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225439,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb646e4b08c986b326b84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schroeder, Roy A. raschroe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schroeder","given":"Roy","email":"raschroe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":368113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Setmire, James G.","contributorId":105284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Setmire","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wolfe, John C.","contributorId":96021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014317,"text":"70014317 - 1988 - The design and use of a hydraulic potentiomanometer for direct measurement of differences in hydraulic head between groundwater and surface water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T14:22:34","indexId":"70014317","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The design and use of a hydraulic potentiomanometer for direct measurement of differences in hydraulic head between groundwater and surface water","docAbstract":"The hydraulic potentiomanometer described herein consists of a potentiometer connected to a manometer by a flexible tube. The device is used to directly measure the direction of seepage as well as the hydraulic-head difference between groundwater and surface water. The device works most effectively in sandy materials. For accurate measurements the device must be free of air leaks. -Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., LaBaugh, J.W., and Rosenberry, P., 1988, The design and use of a hydraulic potentiomanometer for direct measurement of differences in hydraulic head between groundwater and surface water: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 33, no. 5, p. 1209-1214.","startPage":"1209","endPage":"1214","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225373,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267945,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_33/issue_5/1209.pdf"}],"volume":"33","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa90e4b08c986b3228ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBaugh, J. W.","contributorId":23484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberry, P.O.","contributorId":73347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"P.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014316,"text":"70014316 - 1988 - An oxygen isotope and geochemical study of meteoric-hydrothermal systems at Pilot Mountain and selected other localities, Carolina slate belt","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T15:58:47.869304","indexId":"70014316","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An oxygen isotope and geochemical study of meteoric-hydrothermal systems at Pilot Mountain and selected other localities, Carolina slate belt","docAbstract":"Several epigenetic mineral deposits in the Ca1rolina slate belt are intimately related to meteoric-hydrothermal systems of late Precambrian and early Paleozoic age. At Pilot Mountain, low 18 O rocks correlate well with zones of strong silicic alteration and alkali leaching accompanied by high alumina minerals (sericite, pyrophyllite, andalusite + or - topaz) and anomalous concentrations of Cu, Mo, Sn, B, and Au. The alteration occurs within andesitic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks and is associated with a subvolcanic(?) dacite porphyry stock on the southeastern slope of the mountain. Tilting and erosion have exposed an oblique section through the original system, interpreted to expose shallower rocks to the northwest. A 4-km 2 central zone of slight 18 O depletion (delta 18 O (sub whole rock) = 4.3-6.1ppm) occurs on the broad and resistant (silicifled) western flank of Pilot Mountain, predominantly within quartz-sericite schist and quartz granofels containing pods of high A1 minerals. A magmatic source for much of the sulfur and metal is likely, and a subordinate magmatic water component in the fluid of the central zone is possible. This central zone is surrounded by a >30-km 2 peripheral zone of low 18 O sericite schists, chlorite-sericite schists, and andesitic volcanic rocks (delta 18 O (sub whole rock) < 3.8ppm), with the lowest values (1.4ppm) occurring in intensely sericitized rocks on the eastern flank of Pilot Mountain, near the apex of the dacite porphyry stock. Rhyolites of the Uwharrie Formation (delta 18 O = 3.8-6.3ppm) are not as strongly altered as nearby andesites and may postdate the hydrothermal alteration. The fluid calculated to be in equilibrium with the lowest 18 O quartz veins and country rocks at 300 degrees + or - 50 degrees C would have delta 18 O approximately -4.5 + or - 2.0 per mil, whereas analyses of radiating pyrophyllite indicate equilibrium with a fluid having delta D approximately -30 per mil, consistent with a slightly 18 O-shifted, low-latitude meteoric water. Subsequent greenschist metamorphism caused intermineral isotopic reequilibration in several samples and may have modified preexisting alteration assemblages, but it did not destroy the large delta 18 O anomaly produced by meteoric-hydrothermal activity at Pilot Mountain. Reconnaissance studies of other alteration zones in the Carolina slate belt have so far disclosed the involvement of meteoric-hydrothermal fluids at the Snow Camp pyrophyllite deposit, at the Hoover Hill and Sawyer Au mines, and probably at the Haile and Brewer Au mines.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.83.4.801","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Klein, T.L., and Criss, R., 1988, An oxygen isotope and geochemical study of meteoric-hydrothermal systems at Pilot Mountain and selected other localities, Carolina slate belt: Economic Geology, v. 83, no. 4, p. 801-821, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.4.801.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"801","endPage":"821","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225372,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1988-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eaafe4b0c8380cd489f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, T. L.","contributorId":76322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Criss, R.E.","contributorId":10075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criss","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014312,"text":"70014312 - 1988 - Determining transit losses for water deliveries by use of stream-aquifer models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:32","indexId":"70014312","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Determining transit losses for water deliveries by use of stream-aquifer models","docAbstract":"Hydrologic modeling of stream-aquifer interaction commonly has been used to quantify transit losses associated with water deliveries, such as those from reservoir storage. This technique requires estimation of model parameters that include stage-discharge relations, channel-storage coefficient, aquifer transmissivity, and aquifer-storage coefficient. Because data to reliably estimate or calibrate these parameters often may be lacking, it is beneficial to know how parameter errors will affect the determination of transit losses. In addition, transit loss varies considerably depending on the duration of the recovery period (time allowed for water to leave channel and bank storage) used in the calculation of hydrograph volume. Sensitivity analysis indicates that recovery period typically is more important to the determination of total transit loss than are errors in the estimated values of channel and aquifer characteristics.","conferenceTitle":"Planning Now for Irrigation and Drainage in the 21st Century","conferenceDate":"18 July 1988 through 21 July 1988","conferenceLocation":"Lincoln, NE, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872626660","usgsCitation":"Livingston, R.K., 1988, Determining transit losses for water deliveries by use of stream-aquifer models, Planning Now for Irrigation and Drainage in the 21st Century, Lincoln, NE, USA, 18 July 1988 through 21 July 1988, p. 165-175.","startPage":"165","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fffae4b0c8380cd4f4eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Livingston, Russell K.","contributorId":69582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Livingston","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014296,"text":"70014296 - 1988 - National water-quality assessment: Future directions of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:29:30","indexId":"70014296","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National water-quality assessment: Future directions of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"Throughout U.S. history, the Nation has made major investments in assessing natural resources, such as soils, minerals, and hydrocarbons. The maintenance and the improvement of water quality has been one of the major areas of public investment and government regulation. One of the contributions the U.S. Geological Survey proposes to make is to provide a strong, high quality National Water-Quality Assessment Program to underpin and unify the Nation's water-quality activities. Such an assessment program will satisfy a decisive share of the attainable, national scale, water quality information objectives.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03032.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Cohen, P., Alley, W., and Wilber, W.G., 1988, National water-quality assessment: Future directions of the U.S. Geological Survey: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 6, p. 1147-1151, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03032.x.","startPage":"1147","endPage":"1151","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267752,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb03032.x"},{"id":226078,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6291e4b0c8380cd71fad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cohen, Philip","contributorId":61576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"Philip","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alley, William M.","contributorId":93030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"William M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilber, William G. wgwilber@usgs.gov","contributorId":297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilber","given":"William","email":"wgwilber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":368061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014295,"text":"70014295 - 1988 - Regional assessment of pumpage in southeastern Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:36","indexId":"70014295","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Regional assessment of pumpage in southeastern Virginia","docAbstract":"A U.S. Geological Survey investigation was conducted, in cooperation with the Virginia Water Control Board, to analyze the hydrogeology and groundwater flow system in the Coastal Plain physiographic province of southeastern Virginia, and to assess the continued reliability of groundwater as a freshwater resource. To provide a more detailed analysis of water-level decline and groundwater flow, a three-dimensional, digital, groundwater flow model, which incorporates hydrogeologic characteristics of the aquifers and confining units, was developed to simulate prepumping and pumping conditions. The results of this modeling effort provide a broad regional perspective on the magnitude and direction of groundwater flow in the confined system in the Coastal Plain physiographic province of southeastern Virginia.","conferenceTitle":"Critical Water Issues and Computer Applications: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"1 June 1988 through 3 June 1988","conferenceLocation":"Norfolk, VA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, United States","isbn":"0872626601","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, P.A., 1988, Regional assessment of pumpage in southeastern Virginia, Critical Water Issues and Computer Applications: Proceedings of the 15th Annual Water Resources Conference, Norfolk, VA, USA, 1 June 1988 through 3 June 1988, p. 168-170.","startPage":"168","endPage":"170","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a4aae4b0e8fec6cdbbf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, Pixie A. pahamilt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Pixie","email":"pahamilt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":368060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014288,"text":"70014288 - 1988 - Hydrogen concentrations as an indicator of the predominant terminal electron-accepting reactions in aquatic sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-12T13:44:01","indexId":"70014288","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogen concentrations as an indicator of the predominant terminal electron-accepting reactions in aquatic sediments","docAbstract":"Factors controlling the concentration of dissolved hydrogen gas in anaerobic sedimentary environments were investigated. Results, presented here or previously, demonstrated that, in sediments, only microorganisms catalyze the oxidation of H2 coupled to the reduction of nitrate, Mn(IV), Fe(III), sulfate, or carbon dioxide. Theoretical considerations suggested that, at steady-state conditions, H2 concentrations are primarily dependent upon the physiological characteristics of the microorganism(s) consuming the H2 and that organisms catalyzing H2 oxidation, with the reduction of a more electrochemically positive electron acceptor, can maintain lower H2 concentrations than organisms using electron acceptors which yield less energy from H2 oxidation. The H2 concentrations associated with the specified predominant terminal electron-accepting reactions in bottom sediments of a variety of surface water environments were: methanogenesis, 7-10 nM; sulfate reduction, 1-1.5 nM; Fe(III) reduction, 0.2 nM; Mn(IV) or nitrate reduction, less than 0.05 nM. Sediments with the same terminal electron acceptor for organic matter oxidation had comparable H2 concentrations, despite variations in the rate of organic matter decomposition, pH, and salinity. Thus, each terminal electron-accepting reaction had a unique range of steady-state H2 concentrations associated with it. Preliminary studies in a coastal plain aquifer indicated that H2 concentrations also vary in response to changes in the predominant terminal electron-accepting process in deep subsurface environments. These studies suggest that H2 measurements may aid in determining which terminal electron-accepting reactions are taking place in surface and subsurface sedimentary environments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(88)90163-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., and Goodwin, S., 1988, Hydrogen concentrations as an indicator of the predominant terminal electron-accepting reactions in aquatic sediments: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 52, no. 12, p. 2993-3003, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90163-9.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2993","endPage":"3003","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479997,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://works.bepress.com/derek_lovley/344","text":"External Repository"},{"id":225949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3349e4b0c8380cd5eea8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodwin, S.","contributorId":74638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014285,"text":"70014285 - 1988 - Assessing the Birkenes Model of stream acidification using a multisignal calibration methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:04:20","indexId":"70014285","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the Birkenes Model of stream acidification using a multisignal calibration methodology","docAbstract":"A revision of the Birkenes model of streamwater acidification has been attempted to incorporate additional chemical and hydrologic information gained in the last 6 years since its original construction. The first stage of this effort has been an analysis of the hydrologic submodel with the goal of extending it to predict concentrations of a conservative tracer in streamwater. An objective calibration of the model indicated that the model is overparameterized. Only one passive store is identifiabile, not two as currently contained in the model and the routing between the two reservoirs is not determined by the data. Inclusion of the conservative tracer improved the identifiability of the dimensional parameters, but had little effect on the rate or routing parameters. If the hydrologic structure is to be determined from the hydrograph and conservative tracer alone, it must be simplified to eliminate unidentifiable parameters. The validity of using more complex rainfall-runoff models in hydrochemical models which seek to test chemical mechanisms is called into question by this analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i008p01308","usgsCitation":"Hooper, R.P., Stone, A., Christophersen, N., Grosbois, D., and Seip, H.M., 1988, Assessing the Birkenes Model of stream acidification using a multisignal calibration methodology: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 8, p. 1308-1316, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i008p01308.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1308","endPage":"1316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ede4e4b0c8380cd49aa5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hooper, Richard P.","contributorId":19144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, Alex","contributorId":198669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stone","given":"Alex","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christophersen, Nils","contributorId":198668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christophersen","given":"Nils","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grosbois, de","contributorId":77668,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Grosbois","given":"de","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seip, Hans M.","contributorId":69720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seip","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70014328,"text":"70014328 - 1988 - The chemical evolution of a travertine-depositing stream: Geochemical processes and mass transfer reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T11:05:36","indexId":"70014328","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The chemical evolution of a travertine-depositing stream: Geochemical processes and mass transfer reactions","docAbstract":"This field study focuses on quantitatively defining the chemical changes occurring in Falling Spring Creek, a travertine-depositing stream located in Alleghany County, Virginia. The processes of CO2outgassing and calcite precipitation or dissolution control the chemical evolution of the stream. The observed chemical composition of the water was used with the computerized geochemical model WATEQF to calculate aqueous speciation, saturation indices, and CO2 partial pressure values. Mass balance calculations were performed to obtain mass transfers of CO2 and calcite. Reaction times, estimated from stream discharge, were used with the mass transfer results to calculate rates of CO2, outgassing and calcite precipitation between consecutive sampling points. The stream, which is fed by a carbonate spring, is supersaturated with respect to CO2 along the entire 5.2-km flow path. Outgassing of CO2 drives the solution to high degrees of supersaturation with respect to calcite. Metabolic uptake of CO2 by photosynthetic plants is insignificant, because the high supply rate of dissolved carbon dioxide and the extreme agitation of the stream at waterfalls and rapids causes a much greater amount of inorganic CO2 outgassing to occur. Calcite precipitation is kinetically inhibited until near the crest of a 20-m vertical waterfall. Calcite precipitation rates then reach a maximum at the waterfall where greater water turbulence allows the most rapid escape of CO2. Physical evidence for calcite precipitation exists in the travertine deposits which are first observed immediately above the waterfall and extend for at least 1.0 km below the falls. Net calcite precipitation occurs at all times of the year but is greatest during low-flow conditions in the summer and early fall.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i009p01541","usgsCitation":"Lorah, M.M., and Herman, J.S., 1988, The chemical evolution of a travertine-depositing stream: Geochemical processes and mass transfer reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 9, p. 1541-1552, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i009p01541.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1541","endPage":"1552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225567,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa2be4b08c986b322740","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":368129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Janet S.","contributorId":62138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014330,"text":"70014330 - 1988 - Concentration of gold in natural waters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-17T23:48:29.151242","indexId":"70014330","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2302,"text":"Journal of Geochemical Exploration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentration of gold in natural waters","docAbstract":"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the amount of gold present in natural waters. One hundred and thirty-two natural water samples were collected from various sources and analyzed for gold by the latest techniques. Background values for gold in natural waters range from <0.001 to 0.005 ppb, and anomalous values range from 0.010 to 2.8 ppb. Waters collected from mineralized areas have a mean gold value of 0.101 ppb, whereas waters collected from unmineralized areas have a mean of 0.002 ppb. Some of the high gold values reported in the earlier literature were probably due to interferences by high salt content in the sample and/or lack of proper filter procedures.
Ferromanganese-oxide deposits dredged from four seamounts (Welker, Miller, Murray, and Patton) in the Gulf of Alaska Seamount Province include poorly crystallized microlaminated crusts on basalt substrate, well-crystallized Mn-oxide veins in epiclastic sedimentary rocks, and crystalline Mn-oxide layers and micronodules in phosphorite. The principal rock types dredged are alkali-basalt pillow fragments and tuffaceous conglomerate and sandstone. The glassy rims of pillow fragments, the glassy goundmass of large volcanic clasts, and the tuffaceous component of the sediment are altered to palagonite. Other low-temperature alteration products include phillipsite, smectite, and carbonate-apatite.Thick (10–50 mm) Fe–Mn crusts consist mainly of δ-MnO2; straight and cuspate growth laminae indicate variable growth rates and periods of nondeposition. A larger number of detrital particles toward the top of thick crusts record the increasing influence of active volcanoes of the Aleutian arc during northwestward movement of the Pacific plate. Thick crusts on basalt substrate have higher Mn/Fe ratios and lower Co content than Fe–Mn crusts from low-latitude seamounts of the central Pacific region. Thin (< 10 mm) crusts on volcaniclastic substrate contain todorokite and birnessite and have higher Mn/Fe ratios, Ni, and Cu and lower Fe and Co than thick Gulf of Alaska crusts.Veins of todorokite and cryptomelane with complex internal structure occur in altered tuffaceous sandstone and conglomerate from Miller Seamount. Fibrous todorokite has a composition similar to those of other marine examples but may contain up to 7% Mn2+ in M2 sites. Microprobe analysis of the marine cryptomelane indicates a composition that is approximately (K,Ba)1–2(Mn4+,Co)7–8O16∙x(H2O).A third type of Fe–Mn deposit in phosphorite is an intimate mixture of todorokite (and minor δ-MnO2)-bearing layers and micronodules, carbonate-apatite, and phillipsite that encloses grains of altered volcanic glass and lithic fragments.The microlaminated structure, mineralogy (predominantly δ-MnO2), and composition (Mn/Fe ratio and transition metal, rare earth element, U, and Th contents) of the thick crusts are characteristic of hydrogenetic Fe–Mn crusts elsewhere in the Pacific. Conversely, the crystallinity and chemical composition of the Mn-oxide veins and thin crusts indicate formation during diagenesis of the volcanogenic sediment substrate. Mn and other transition metals are mobilized during low-temperature oxidative alteration (palagonitization) of basaltic volcanic glass; the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ during palagonitization and the dissolution of the dilute biogenic fraction of the sediment combine to lower the Eh of ambient pore fluid and enhance the mobility of Mn2+. Diagenesis in the phosphatic sandstone from Patton Seamount involves organic-rich sediment and pore waters elevated in phosphorus owing to upwelling above a large volcanic edifice.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e88-012","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Koski, R., 1988, Ferromanganese deposits from the Gulf of Alaska Seamount Province: Mineralogy, chemistry, and origin: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 25, no. 1, p. 116-133, https://doi.org/10.1139/e88-012.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"116","endPage":"133","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.00776514135964,\n 56.04004382192181\n ],\n [\n -159.01538751801613,\n 53.74753893106433\n ],\n [\n -156.60137340653682,\n 51.703580340566106\n ],\n [\n -150.9848921091314,\n 50.173489779545065\n ],\n [\n -143.4294153143174,\n 49.636364635620566\n ],\n [\n -136.0863142147839,\n 49.87286264148247\n ],\n [\n -130.50919580292341,\n 51.75308513520389\n ],\n [\n -131.6945012055195,\n 53.22621260109591\n ],\n [\n -131.38676197343256,\n 53.962297195260106\n ],\n [\n -132.21598643868458,\n 54.99783390695529\n ],\n [\n -133.95067374553372,\n 57.39047623147707\n ],\n [\n -135.86215431332465,\n 58.89865088074984\n ],\n [\n -138.8752696514683,\n 60.005470315111694\n ],\n [\n -140.6687800474778,\n 60.08618247763698\n ],\n [\n -144.04116644543993,\n 60.37646510058818\n ],\n [\n -146.80980626517766,\n 61.2984302351924\n ],\n [\n -149.56871330991953,\n 61.4277042570215\n ],\n [\n -150.339417785037,\n 61.79463577236061\n ],\n [\n -152.29396392062924,\n 61.035036119118644\n ],\n [\n -153.1025371174233,\n 60.095989802565384\n ],\n [\n -154.6801747619648,\n 59.10286769942718\n ],\n [\n -153.94347719022602,\n 58.84839811361036\n ],\n [\n -157.37850426396713,\n 57.231405831475456\n ],\n [\n -160.00776514135964,\n 56.04004382192181\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f87e4b0c8380cd53934","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koski, R.A.","contributorId":16006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koski","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014810,"text":"70014810 - 1988 - Natural variance in pH as a complication in detecting acidification of lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:29:16","indexId":"70014810","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural variance in pH as a complication in detecting acidification of lakes","docAbstract":"Natural variance in the pH of three dilute lakes in the Flat Tops Wilderness Area, Colorado, complicates the detection of acidification. Variations in pH during July-September of 1983 were: 0.95 (Ned Wilson Lake), 1.36 (Upper Island Lake), and 1.53 (Oyster Lake). Mean diurnal variations in pH during 1983 were: 0.37 (Ned Wilson Lake), 0.54 (Upper Island Lake), and 0.39 (Oyster Lake). Replicate pH measurements indicate that pH can be measured with a mean variance due to measurement error of ?? 0.005. Regression analysis indicates that samples collected on the same day of different years may differ because of time of day and percentage of cloud cover. Differences in wind duration and intensity and primary productivity also may cause the pH to differ between years. Such differences can be either random or systematic. Comparisons of pH among 3 yr of data from Ned Wilson Lake indicate that natural variations in pH are much larger than variations in Colorado Lakes previously attributed to acidification by precipitation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00226489","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Turk, J., 1988, Natural variance in pH as a complication in detecting acidification of lakes: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 37, no. 1-2, p. 171-176, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226489.","startPage":"171","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226109,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267656,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226489"}],"volume":"37","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6360e4b0c8380cd72478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turk, J.T.","contributorId":94259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014811,"text":"70014811 - 1988 - Further comments on sensitivities, parameter estimation, and sampling design in one-dimensional analysis of solute transport in porous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T17:52:23","indexId":"70014811","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Further comments on sensitivities, parameter estimation, and sampling design in one-dimensional analysis of solute transport in porous media","docAbstract":"Sensitivities of solute concentration to parameters associated with first-order chemical decay, boundary conditions, initial conditions, and multilayer transport are examined in one-dimensional analytical models of transient solute transport in porous media. A sensitivity is a change in solute concentration resulting from a change in a model parameter. Sensitivity analysis is important because minimum information required in regression on chemical data for the estimation of model parameters by regression is expressed in terms of sensitivities. Nonlinear regression models of solute transport were tested on sets of noiseless observations from known models that exceeded the minimum sensitivity information requirements. Results demonstrate that the regression models consistently converged to the correct parameters when the initial sets of parameter values substantially deviated from the correct parameters. On the basis of the sensitivity analysis, several statements may be made about design of sampling for parameter estimation for the models examined: (1) estimation of parameters associated with solute transport in the individual layers of a multilayer system is possible even when solute concentrations in the individual layers are mixed in an observation well; (2) when estimating parameters in a decaying upstream boundary condition, observations are best made late in the passage of the front near a time chosen by adding the inverse of an hypothesized value of the source decay parameter to the estimated mean travel time at a given downstream location; (3) estimation of a first-order chemical decay parameter requires observations to be made late in the passage of the front, preferably near a location corresponding to a travel time of √2 times the half-life of the solute; and (4) estimation of a parameter relating to spatial variability in an initial condition requires observations to be made early in time relative to passage of the solute front.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i002p00225","usgsCitation":"Knopman, D.S., and Voss, C.I., 1988, Further comments on sensitivities, parameter estimation, and sampling design in one-dimensional analysis of solute transport in porous media: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 2, p. 225-238, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i002p00225.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"238","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1421e4b0c8380cd5490c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knopman, Debra S.","contributorId":51472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopman","given":"Debra","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014815,"text":"70014815 - 1988 - Response of well aquifer systems to Earth tides: Problem revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T17:53:35","indexId":"70014815","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of well aquifer systems to Earth tides: Problem revisited","docAbstract":"Two recent works cause us to reexamine Bredehoeft's (1967) analysis of earthtide response of water wells. Narasimhan et al. (1984) raise several questions regarding Bredehoeft's (1967) analysis and suggest that the analysis is internally inconsistent. They argue that one cannot directly estimate the specific storage, which characterizes the drained behavior of a porous medium, from earth tide response, which is an undrained phenomenon. We resolve the questions raised by Narasimhan et al. (1984) and show that Bredehoeft's analysis is internally consistent. In addition, we show that it is possible to determine the specific storage from undrained loading. While Bredehoeft's analysis is somewhat heuristic and neglects grain compressibility, Van der Kamp and Gale (1983) present a more rigorous analysis that is based on Biot's (1941) constitutive relationships and accounts for grain compressibility. However, their results reduce to Bredehoeft's results when grains are assumed incompressible. This suggests that Bredehoeft's analysis has incorporated all the essential features of Biot's relationships except for grain compressibility. Upon reexamining Bredehoeft's analysis we find that this is indeed the case.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR024i003p00468","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., Bredehoeft, J.D., and Rojstaczer, S., 1988, Response of well aquifer systems to Earth tides: Problem revisited: Water Resources Research, v. 24, no. 3, p. 468-472, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR024i003p00468.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"468","endPage":"472","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa7ce4b0c8380cd8636a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bredehoeft, John D.","contributorId":86747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bredehoeft","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rojstaczer, Stuart","contributorId":102101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"Stuart","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014846,"text":"70014846 - 1988 - Leachate generated by an oil-and-gas brine pond site in North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T11:18:43.888666","indexId":"70014846","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leachate generated by an oil-and-gas brine pond site in North Dakota","docAbstract":"Two unlined ponds were used for holding and evaporation of brines produced with oil and gas at a well site in north-central North Dakota. The brine-evaporation ponds were in use from 1959 up to the late 1970s when they were backfilled and leveled. Continued salt-water migration at this site since closure has decreased crop yields in surrounding fields and has killed trees in a shelterbelt within an area of approximately 10 acres.
An apparent resistivity survey delineated a 360,000-ft2 area of extremely low resistivity. Isoconcentration maps indicate that a highly saline leachate plume extends laterally in a 500-foot radius around the ponds and vertically to a depth of 70 feet below the surface.
Ground-water recharge at this site is low because of the semiarid climate and the low hydraulic conductivity of the near-surface sediments and, as a result, very little flushing of the brine from the sediment beneath the ponds has occurred. Pore water within the unsaturated zone beneath the reclaimed ponds contains essentially the same ionic concentrations as that: of brine impounded in these pits 10 to 25 years ago.
Based upon the results of this research, we estimate that brine leachate will continue to migrate at slow rates from this site for tens and possibly hundreds of years if no action is taken. The construction of a mound over the site and/or an infiltration gallery around the perimeter would minimize the spread of brine and make it possible to return this land to production in the foreseeable future.
Element-concentration baselines are given for Parmelia sulcata and associated soils. Parmelia chlorochroa was found sporadically and therefore only representative concentration ranges are reported for this species. Element data include (1) for lichens; Al, As, Ba, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Sr, S, Ti, V, Y, and Zn; and (2) for soils: Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Cs, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, Nb, P, Pb, Sr, S, Ti, V, Y, and Zn. Very little (usually < 10 %) of the variability in the element data for lichen material occurs regionally (> 7.2 km); thus, P sukata is, in general, chemically similar throughout the park. This same uniformity was found for soil geochemistry. Numerous samples collected at close intervals would be required, therefore, to produce detailed element-concentration maps for P. sulcata and soils. No instances of elemental phytotoxic conditions were found; however, P. sulcata apparently possesses large concentrations of Ba, Cu, Fe, Pb, S, V, and possibly Zn.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00279594","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Gough, L.P., Severson, R.C., and Jackson, L.L., 1988, Determining baseline element composition of lichens. I. Parmelia sulcata at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 38, no. 1-2, p. 157-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00279594.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":378120,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00279594","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Theodore Roosevelt National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.48297119140625,\n 47.518128167602484\n ],\n [\n -103.2220458984375,\n 47.518128167602484\n ],\n [\n -103.2220458984375,\n 47.65058757118734\n ],\n [\n -103.48297119140625,\n 47.65058757118734\n ],\n [\n -103.48297119140625,\n 47.518128167602484\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffece4b0c8380cd4f497","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Severson, R. C.","contributorId":46498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, L. L.","contributorId":39366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013783,"text":"70013783 - 1988 - Experimental Marvin Windshield Effects on Precipitation Records in Leadville, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T14:35:04","indexId":"70013783","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental Marvin Windshield Effects on Precipitation Records in Leadville, Colorado","docAbstract":"An evaluation of the Leadville, Colorado, precipitation records that include a reported record-breaking storm (and flood) at higher elevations in the Rocky Mountains has indicated that the use of an experimental Marvin windshield (designed to decrease the effects of wind on precipitation-gage catchment of snow during winter) resulted in substantially overregistered summer precipitation for 1919 to 1938. The July monthly precipitation for these years was over-registered by an average of 157 percent of the long-term July monthly precipitation at Leadville. The cause of the overregistration of precipitation was the almost 4-foot-top-diameter cone-shaped windshield that had the effect of 'funneling' hail and rain splash into the rain gage. Other nearby precipitation gages, which did not use this Marvin windshield, did not have this trend of increased precipitation for the same period. Streamflow records from the Leadville area also do not indicate an increase in streamflow from 1919 to 1938.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00913.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Jarrett, R.D., and Crow, L.W., 1988, Experimental Marvin Windshield Effects on Precipitation Records in Leadville, Colorado: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, p. 615-626, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00913.x.","startPage":"615","endPage":"626","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267758,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1988.tb00913.x"},{"id":220220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a046de4b0c8380cd5099b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarrett, Robert D. rjarrett@usgs.gov","contributorId":2260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"Robert","email":"rjarrett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":366862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crow, Loren W.","contributorId":74640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crow","given":"Loren","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013726,"text":"70013726 - 1988 - Regression estimates for topological‐hydrograph input","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T14:38:34.704288","indexId":"70013726","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2501,"text":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regression estimates for topological‐hydrograph input","docAbstract":"Physiographic, hydrologic, and rainfall data from 18 small drainage basins in semiarid, central Wyoming were used to calibrate topological, unit‐hydrograph models for celerity, the average rate of travel of a flood wave through the basin. The data set consisted of basin characteristics and hydrologic data for the 18 basins and rainfall data for 68 storms. Calibrated values of celerity and peak discharges subsequently were regressed as a function of the basin characteristics and excess rainfall volume. Predicted values obtained in this way can be used as input for estimating hydrographs in ungaged basins. The regression models included ordinary least‐squares and seemingly unrelated regression. This latter regression model jointly estimated the celerity and peak discharge. The correlation between residuals of the celerity and peak‐discharge regressions was sufficiently large to de‐, crease the variances of estimated univariate‐model parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1988)114:4(446)","issn":"07339496","usgsCitation":"Karlinger, M.R., Guertin, D.P., and Troutman, B., 1988, Regression estimates for topological‐hydrograph input: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, v. 114, no. 4, p. 446-456, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1988)114:4(446).","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"446","endPage":"456","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220111,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9340e4b0c8380cd80ce2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karlinger, Michael R.","contributorId":10777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlinger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guertin, D. Phillip","contributorId":46062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guertin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Phillip","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":366732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Troutman, Brent M.","contributorId":41040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"Brent M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013712,"text":"70013712 - 1988 - Dichlorobenzene in ground water: Evidence for long-term persistence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-17T17:01:51","indexId":"70013712","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dichlorobenzene in ground water: Evidence for long-term persistence","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and geochemical evidence were used to establish the long-term persistence of dichlorobenzene in ground water that has been contaminated from 50 years of rapid-infiltration sewage disposal. An extensive plume of dichlorobenzene extends more than 3,500 meters downgradient from the disposal beds, with concentrations of the combined isomers ranging from less than 0.01 to over 1.0 ??g/l. Based on estimates of maximum ground-water flow velocities, a minimum age of 20 years was established for the farthest downgradient zone of dichlorobenzene contamination. Branched-chained, alkylbenzenesulfonic acid surfactants, that were introduced into the ground water prior to 1966, occur along with dichlorobenzene in the downgradient part of the plume, further establish residence of the compounds in the aquifer for at least 20 years. Although dichlorobenzene can be biologically degraded under aerobic conditions, its persistence at this field site is attributed to the dynamics of the ground-water system. Denitrifying conditions, resulting from the degradation of organic compounds in the aquifer near the disposal beds, appear to have enhanced the persistence of dichlorobenzene, which is not degraded by anaerobic bacteria. Biological degradation of dichlorobenzene in the aerobic part of the plume downgradient from the source is probably limited by the paucity of a suitable organic-carbon substrate and the low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the contaminated ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1988.tb00419.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Barber, L.B., 1988, Dichlorobenzene in ground water: Evidence for long-term persistence: Ground Water, v. 26, no. 6, p. 696-732, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1988.tb00419.x.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"696","endPage":"732","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":219818,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00b3e4b0c8380cd4f880","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70013749,"text":"70013749 - 1988 - Leaching characteristics of a high-calcium fly ash as a function of pH: A potential source of selenium toxicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-15T12:19:45.169849","indexId":"70013749","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leaching characteristics of a high-calcium fly ash as a function of pH: A potential source of selenium toxicity","docAbstract":"Using a modified extraction procedure, the effect of pH on the leaching of selected elements from Ca-rich (Type C) power plant fly ash was studied. Continuous additions of acetic acid were used to maintain pH values of fly ash slurries at 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 for 24 h and an additional set was leached at its natural pH (average 11.8) value. Analyses for Se, As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Fe, Na and Pb showed that the highest concentrations occur in the leachate at pH 4.0 and decline with increasing pH. Concentrations of Cr and Fe increased slightly between neutral and high pH. Arsenic, Cd, Cr, Pb and Se concentrations exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency's toxicity criteria at pH 4.0. Selenium was above its toxicity level at pH values near 7 but the other elements were below their respective toxicity levels near neutral pH. Because recent studies show adverse effects of Se on aquatic life at far lower concentrations than the current Environmental Protection Agency's standard, high-Ca, power plant fly ashes represent a potentially hazardous pollutant to surface and subsurface waters.
Over 5% of heat in the western United States is lost through Quaternary silicic volcanic centers, including the Valles caldera in north central New Mexico. These centers are the sites of major hydrothermal activity and upper crustal metamorphism, metasomatism, and mineralization, producing associated geothermal resources. We present new heat flow data from Valles caldera core hole 1 (VC-1), drilled in the southwestern margin of the Valles caldera. Thermal conductivities were measured on 55 segments of core from VC-1, waxed and wrapped to preserve fluids. These values were combined with temperature gradient data to calculate heat flow. Above 335 m, which is probably unsaturated, heat flow is 247±16 mW m−2. The only deep temperature information available is from an uncalibrated commercial log made 19 months after drilling. Gradients, derived from uncalibrated temperature logs, and conductivities are inversely correlated between 335 and 737 m, indicating a conductive thermal regime, and component heat fluxes over three depth intervals (335–539 m, 549–628 m, and 628–737 m) are in excellent agreement with each other with an average of 504±15 mW m−2. Temperature logs to 518 m depth with well-calibrated temperature sensors result in a revised heat flow of 463±15 mW m. We use shallow thermal gradient data from 75 other sites in and around the caldera to interpret the thermal regime at the VC-1 site. A critical review of published thermal conductivity data from the Valles caldera yields an average thermal conductivity of ≥1 W m−1 K−1 for the near-surface tuffaceous material, and we assume that shallow gradient values (°C km−1) are approximately numerically equal to heat flow (mW m−2). Heat loss from the caldera is asymmetrically distributed, with higher values (400 mW m−2 or higher) concentrated in the west-southwestern quadrant of the caldera. This quadrant also contains the main drainage from the caldera and the youngest volcanism associated with the caldera. We interpret the shallow thermal gradient data and the thermal regime at VC-1 to indicate a long-lived hydrothermal (and magmatic) system in the southwestern Valles caldera that has been maintained through the generation of shallow magma bodies during the long postcollapse history of the caldera. High heat flow at the VC-1 site is interpreted to result from hot water circulating below the base of the core hole, and we attribute the lower heat flow in the unsaturated zone to hydrologic recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB093iB06p06027","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sass, J., and Morgan, P., 1988, Conductive heat flux in VC-1 and the thermal regime of Valles caldera, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 93, no. B6, p. 6027-6039, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB06p06027.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"6027","endPage":"6039","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225656,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9b9e4b0c8380cd4d753","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sass, J.H.","contributorId":70749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sass","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morgan, P.","contributorId":34096,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}