The 38-acre Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site is in Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pa. Historically, as part of the manufacturing process, trichloroethylene (TCE) degreasers were used for parts cleaning. In 1979, the Bucks County Health Department detected TCE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water from the Fischer and Porter on-site supply wells and nearby public-supply wells. The Fischer and Porter Site was designated as a Superfund Site and placed on the National Priorities List in September 1983. A 1984 Record of Decision for the site required the Fischer and Porter Company to pump and treat groundwater contaminated by VOCs from three on-site wells at a combined rate of 75 gallons per minute to contain groundwater contamination on the property. Additionally, the Record of Decision recognized the need for treatment of the water from two nearby privately owned supply wells operated by the Warminster Heights Home Ownership Association. In 2004, the Warminster Heights Home Ownership Association sold its water distribution system, and both wells were taken out of service. The report describes changes in groundwater levels and contaminant concentrations and migration caused by the shutdown of the Warminster Heights supply wells and presents a delineation of the off-site groundwater-contamination plume. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted this study (2006-09) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
The Fischer and Porter Site and surrounding area are underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Stockton Formation of Late Triassic age. The rocks are chiefly interbedded arkosic sandstone and siltstone. The Stockton aquifer system is comprised of a series of gently dipping lithologic units with different hydraulic properties. A three-dimensional lithostratigraphic model was developed for the site on the basis of rock cores and borehole geophysical logs. The model was simplified by combining individual lithologic units into generalized units representing upward fining sedimentary cycles capped by a siltstone bed. These cycles were labeled units 1 through 8 and are called stratigraphic units in this report. Groundwater in the unweathered zone mainly moves through a network of interconnecting secondary openings--bedding-plane fractures and joints. Groundwater generally is unconfined in the shallower part of the aquifer and confined or semiconfined in the deeper part of the aquifer.
The migration of VOCs from the Fischer and Porter Site source area is influenced by geologic and hydrologic controls. The hydrologic controls have changed with time. Stratigraphic units 2 and 3 crop out beneath the former Fischer and Porter plant. VOCs originating at the plant source area entered these stratigraphic units and moved downdip to the northwest. When the wells at and in the vicinity of the site were initially sampled in 1979-80, three public-supply wells (BK-366, BK-367, MG-946) and three industrial-supply wells (BK-368, BK-370, and BK-371) were pumping. Groundwater contaminated with VOCs flowed downdip and then northeast along strike toward well BK-366, downdip toward well BK-368, and downdip and then west along strike toward well MG-946. The long axis of the TCE plume is oriented about N. 18° W. in the direction of dip. In 1979-80, the leading edge of the plume was about 3,500 feet wide. With the cessation of pumping of the supply wells in 2004, the size of the plume has decreased. In 2007-09, the plume was approximately 2,000 feet long and 2,000 feet wide at the leading edge.
On the western side of the site, TCE and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) appear to be moving downdip though stratigraphic unit 3. The downdip extent of TCE and PCE migration extended approximately 550 feet off-site to the northwest and 750 feet off-site to the north. TCE concentrations in water samples from wells at the western site boundary increased from 1996 to 2007. On the northern side of the site, TCE and PCE appeared to be moving downward and laterally though stratigraphic units 2, 3, and 4.
Groundwater-flow directions shifted to the northwest in the intermediate and deep zones after cessation of pumping of well BK-366 in 2004. The shutdown of the Warminster Heights wells had little effect on the direction of groundwater flow in the shallow zone.
In 2007, TCE concentrations measured in water samples from the three remediation wells by the USGS ranged from less than 340 to 3,000 µg/L, and PCE concentrations ranged from less than 8.4 to 51 µg/L. TCE concentrations in water samples from the source-area remediation wells have decreased with time but remain highly variable. From 2001 to 2008, the TCE and PCE concentrations in water samples from wells BK-370 and BK-371 showed a linear decreasing trend. TCE and PCE concentrations in water samples from well BK-1324 showed an exponentially decreasing trend.
In 2007, TCE concentrations measured in water samples from shallow wells ranged from less than 0.1 to 14,000 µg/L, and PCE concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to 340 µg/L. The TCE and PCE plumes followed the hydraulic gradient in the shallow zone. In 2007, TCE concentrations measured in water samples from on-site intermediate-depth monitor wells ranged from less than 0.1 to 500 µg/L, and PCE concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 28 µg/L. The TCE and PCE plumes followed the hydraulic gradient in the intermediate zone and extended off-site to the north and northwest of the source area. Concentrations of TCE in water samples north and west of the source area increased from 1996 to 2007.
In 2007, the TCE concentrations measured in water samples from on-site monitor wells in the deep zone ranged from 1.1 to 86 µg/L, and PCE concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to 8.4 µg/L. The TCE and PCE plumes generally followed the hydraulic gradient in the deep zone and extended off-site to the northwest of the source area. In general, concentrations of TCE in water samples from monitor wells outside the source area increased between 1996 and 2005 and decreased between 2005 and 2007; concentrations were less in 2007 than in 1996.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105054","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2010, Changes in groundwater flow and volatile organic compound concentrations at the Fischer and Porter Superfund Site, Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1993-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5054, viii, 115 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105054.","productDescription":"viii, 115 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430169,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93247.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5054.jpg"},{"id":13661,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5054/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County","otherGeospatial":"Fischer and Porter Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.1894\n ],\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.1817\n ],\n [\n -75.0869,\n 40.1817\n ],\n [\n -75.0869,\n 40.1894\n ],\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.1894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98415,"text":"ds510 - 2010 - Soil geochemical data for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative study area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T14:05:26.739767","indexId":"ds510","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"510","title":"Soil geochemical data for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative study area","docAbstract":"In 2008, soil samples were collected at 139 sites throughout the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative study area in southwest Wyoming. These samples, representing a density of 1 site per 440 square kilometers, were collected from a depth of 0-5 cm and analyzed for a suite of more than 40 major and trace elements following a near-total multi-acid extraction. In addition, soil pH, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, total and organic carbon, and sodium adsorption ratio were determined. The resulting data set provides a baseline for detecting changes in soil composition that might result from natural processes or anthropogenic activities. This report describes the sampling and analytical protocols used, and makes available all the soil geochemical data generated in the study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds510","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., and Ellefsen, K.J., 2010, Soil geochemical data for the Wyoming Landscape Conservation Initiative study area: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 510, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds510.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118460,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_510.jpg"},{"id":13667,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/510/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111,41 ], [ -111,43.5 ], [ -106.5,43.5 ], [ -106.5,41 ], [ -111,41 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a34e4b07f02db619ce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, David B. 0000-0001-8396-9105 dsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8396-9105","contributorId":1274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"David B.","email":"dsmith@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":305240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98416,"text":"fs20103011 - 2010 - USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5165,"text":"fs06200 - 2000 - USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2000","indexId":"fs06200","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2000"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98416,"text":"fs20103011 - 2010 - USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010","indexId":"fs20103011","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T15:55:46.013079","indexId":"fs20103011","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3011","title":"USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Toxic Substances Hydrology Program adapts research priorities to address the most important contamination issues facing the Nation and to identify new threats to environmental health. 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* Watershed and Regional Contamination.
Research objectives include developing remediation methods that use natural processes, characterizing and remediating contaminant plumes in fractured-rock aquifers, identifying new environmental contaminants, characterizing new and understudied pesticides in common pesticide-use settings, explaining mercury methylation and bioaccumulation, and developing approaches for remediating watersheds affected by active and historic mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103011","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H.T., 2010, USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3011, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103011.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3011.jpg"},{"id":13668,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e4787","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98407,"text":"sir20105024 - 2010 - Quality of Source Water from Public-Supply Wells in the United States, 1993-2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:05","indexId":"sir20105024","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5024","title":"Quality of Source Water from Public-Supply Wells in the United States, 1993-2007","docAbstract":"More than one-third of the Nation's population receives their drinking water from public water systems that use groundwater as their source. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) sampled untreated source water from 932 public-supply wells, hereafter referred to as public wells, as part of multiple groundwater assessments conducted across the Nation during 1993-2007. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) contaminant occurrence in source water from public wells and the potential significance of contaminant concentrations to human health, (2) national and regional distributions of groundwater quality, and (3) the occurrence and characteristics of contaminant mixtures. Treated finished water was not sampled. \r\n\r\nThe 932 public wells are widely distributed nationally and include wells in selected parts of 41 states and withdraw water from parts of 30 regionally extensive aquifers used for public water supply. These wells are distributed among 629 unique public water systems-less than 1 percent of all groundwater-supplied public water systems in the United States-but the wells were randomly selected within the sampled hydrogeologic settings to represent typical aquifer conditions. Samples from the 629 systems represent source water used by one-quarter of the U.S. population served by groundwater-supplied public water systems, or about 9 percent of the entire U.S. population in 2008. \r\n\r\nOne groundwater sample was collected prior to treatment or blending from each of the 932 public wells and analyzed for as many as six water-quality properties and 215 contaminants. Consistent with the terminology used in the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), all constituents analyzed in water samples in this study are referred to as 'contaminants'. More contaminant groups were assessed in this study than in any previous national study of public wells and included major ions, nutrients, radionuclides, trace elements, pesticide compounds, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and fecal-indicator microorganisms. Contaminant mixtures were assessed in subsets of samples in which most contaminants were analyzed. \r\n\r\nContaminant concentrations were compared to human-health benchmarks-regulatory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for contaminants regulated in drinking water under the SDWA or non-regulatory USGS Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs) for unregulated contaminants, when available. Nearly three-quarters of the contaminants assessed in this study are unregulated in drinking water, and the USEPA uses USGS data on the occurrence of unregulated contaminants in water resources to fulfill part of the SDWA requirements for determining whether specific contaminants should be regulated in drinking water in the future.\r\n\r\nMore than one in five (22 percent) source-water samples from public wells contained one or more naturally occurring or man-made contaminants at concentrations greater than human-health benchmarks, and 80 percent of samples contained one or more contaminants at concentrations greater than one-tenth of benchmarks. Most individual contaminant detections, however, were less than one-tenth of human-health benchmarks. Public wells yielding water with contaminant concentrations greater than benchmarks, as well as those with concentrations greater than one-tenth of benchmarks, were distributed throughout the United States and included wells that withdraw water from all principal aquifer rock types included in this study. \r\n\r\nTen contaminants individually were detected at concentrations greater than human-health benchmarks in at least 1 percent of source-water samples and collectively accounted for most concentrations greater than benchmarks. Seven of these 10 contaminants occur naturally, including three radionuclides (radon, radium, and gross alpha-particle radioactivity) and four trace elements (arsenic, manganese, strontium, and boron); three of these 10 contaminants (dieldrin, nitrate, and perchl","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105024","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Toccalino, P., Norman, J.E., and Hitt, K.J., 2010, Quality of Source Water from Public-Supply Wells in the United States, 1993-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5024, Report: xiv, 126 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105024.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 126 p.; Appendixes","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5024.jpg"},{"id":13658,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5024/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toccalino, Patricia L. 0000-0003-1066-1702","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1066-1702","contributorId":41089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toccalino","given":"Patricia L.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norman, Julia E. 0000-0002-2820-6225 jnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2820-6225","contributorId":3832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Julia","email":"jnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hitt, Kerie J.","contributorId":54565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Kerie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159152,"text":"70159152 - 2010 - The upper crust on its side---Steeply tilted slabs in the basin and range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T14:19:14.762434","indexId":"70159152","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The upper crust on its side---Steeply tilted slabs in the basin and range","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Basin evolution and metallogeny: Geological Society of Nevada, 2010 Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geological Society of Nevada 2010 Symposium","conferenceDate":"May 14-22, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Reno-Sparks, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"DEStech Publications","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., 2010, The upper crust on its side---Steeply tilted slabs in the basin and range, in Great Basin evolution and metallogeny: Geological Society of Nevada, 2010 Symposium, v. 1, Reno-Sparks, Nevada, May 14-22, 2010, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018964","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309973,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5620ceb0e4b06217fc478b31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98408,"text":"cir1346 - 2010 - The quality of our Nation’s waters: Quality of water from public-supply wells in the United States, 1993–2007: Overview of major findings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-24T20:54:15.794125","indexId":"cir1346","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1346","title":"The quality of our Nation’s waters: Quality of water from public-supply wells in the United States, 1993–2007: Overview of major findings","docAbstract":"Summary of Major Findings and Implications\r\nAbout 105 million people in the United States-more than one-third of the Nation's population-receive their drinking water from about 140,000 public water systems that use groundwater as their source. Although the quality of finished drinking water (after treatment and before distribution) from these public water systems is regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), long-term protection and management of groundwater, a vital source of drinking water, requires an understanding of the occurrence of contaminants in untreated source water. Sources of drinking water are potentially vulnerable to a wide range of man-made and naturally occurring contaminants, including many that are not regulated in drinking water under the SDWA. \r\n\r\nIn this study by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), chemical water-quality conditions were assessed in source (untreated) groundwater from 932 public-supply wells, hereafter referred to as public wells, and in source and finished water from a subset of 94 wells. The public wells are located in selected parts of 41 states and withdraw water from parts of 30 regionally extensive water-supply aquifers, which constitute about one-half of the principal aquifers in the United States. Although the wells sampled in this study represent less than 1 percent of all groundwater-supplied public water systems in the United States, they are widely distributed nationally and were randomly selected within the sampled hydrogeologic settings to represent typical aquifer conditions. All source-water samples were collected prior to any treatment or blending that potentially could alter contaminant concentrations. As a result, the sampled groundwater represents the quality of the source water and not necessarily the quality of finished water ingested by the people served by these public wells.\r\n\r\nA greater number of chemical contaminants-as many as 337-both naturally occurring and man-made, were assessed in this study than in any previous national study of public wells (Appendixes 1 and 2). Consistent with the terminology used in the SDWA, all constituents analyzed in water samples in this study are referred to as 'contaminants,' regardless of their source, concentration, or potential for health effects (see sidebar on page 3). Eighty-three percent (279) of the contaminants analyzed in this study are not regulated in drinking water under the SDWA. The USEPA uses USGS data on the occurrence of unregulated contaminants to fulfill part of the SDWA requirements for determining whether specific contaminants should be regulated in drinking water in the future. By focusing primarily on source-water quality, and by analyzing many contaminants that are not regulated in drinking water by USEPA, this study complements the extensive sampling of public water systems that is routinely conducted for the purposes of regulatory compliance monitoring by federal, state, and local drinking-water programs. \r\n\r\nThe objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the occurrence of contaminants in source water from public wells and their potential significance to human health, (2) whether contaminants that occur in source water also occur in finished water after treatment, and (3) the occurrence and characteristics of contaminant mixtures. To evaluate the potential significance of contaminant occurrence to human health, contaminant concentrations were compared to regulatory Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) or non-regulatory Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs)-collectively referred to as human-health benchmarks in this study (see sidebars on pages 4 and 19).\r\n\r\nThe major findings and implications of this study are summarized below and the results are described in greater detail in the remainder of the report. 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L.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopple, Jessica A. 0000-0003-3180-2252 jahopple@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"Jessica","email":"jahopple@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175122,"text":"70175122 - 2010 - Isotopic characterization of flight feathers in two pelagic seabirds: Sampling strategies for ecological studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T08:44:37","indexId":"70175122","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-20T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3551,"text":"The Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotopic characterization of flight feathers in two pelagic seabirds: Sampling strategies for ecological studies","docAbstract":"We wish to use stable-isotope analysis of flight feathers to understand the feeding behavior of pelagic seabirds, such as the Hawaiian Petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis) and Newell’s Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newelli). Analysis of remiges is particularly informative because the sequence and timing of remex molt are often known. The initial step, reported here, is to obtain accurate isotope values from whole remiges by means of a minimally invasive protocol appropriate for live birds or museum specimens. The high variability observed in D13C and D15N values within a feather precludes the use of a small section of vane. We found the average range within 42 Hawaiian Petrel remiges to be 1.3‰ for both D13C and D15N and that within 10 Newell’s Shearwater remiges to be 1.3‰ and 0.7‰ for D13C and D15N, respectively. The D13C of all 52 feathers increased from tip to base, and the majority of Hawaiian Petrel feathers showed an analogous trend in D15N. Although the average range of DD in 21 Hawaiian Petrel remiges was 11‰, we found no longitudinal trend. We discuss influences of trophic level, foraging location, metabolism, and pigmentation on isotope values and compare three methods of obtaining isotope averages of whole feathers. Our novel barb-sampling protocol requires only 1.0 mg of feather and minimal preparation time. Because it leaves the feather nearly intact, this protocol will likely facilitate obtaining isotope values from remiges of live birds and museum specimens. As a consequence, it will help expand the understanding of historical trends in foraging behavior
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cstricker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5031-9437","contributorId":1097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Craig","email":"cstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"James, Helen F.","contributorId":54414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gandhi, Hasand","contributorId":31300,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gandhi","given":"Hasand","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70175146,"text":"70175146 - 2010 - Limiting factors of five rare plant species in mesic forests of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T13:26:03","indexId":"70175146","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-20T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":414,"text":"Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"seriesNumber":"HCSU-015","title":"Limiting factors of five rare plant species in mesic forests of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park","docAbstract":"Five rare or endangered plant species native to Kīpuka Puaulu and Kīpuka Kī were studied for two years to determine their stand structure, patterns of reproductive phenology, success of fruit production, potential pollinators, greenhouse seed germination rates, presence of soil seed banks, impacts of seed-predating rats, seed predation by insects, seedling predation by Kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), and seedling survival with different treatments. Species monitored were the trees Hibiscadelphus giffardianus (hau kuahiwi), Melicope hawaiensis (manena), M. zahlbruckneri (alani), and Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. dipetalum (kāwa`u), and the vine Sicyos macrophyllus (`ānunu).
\nLimiting factors identified for H. giffardianus were rat predation of seeds, bark-stripping, low fruit production likely resulting from the inter-relatedness of the planted population, and loss of original pollinators. For M. hawaiensis, rat and native insect predation of seeds limited the number of seeds available, and natural seedling recruitment was very low. Pollination was effected by an alien insect species. For M. zahlbruckneri, native insect predation and rat depredation greatly reduced the number of seeds available for germination. The low proportion of flowers that became fruit indicated a lack of successful pollination or self-incompatibility. For S. macrophyllus, rat predation of seeds on the ground and in the seed bank reduced the number of seeds available for natural regeneration. Alien grasses were suspected to limit seedling recruitment. Most floral visitors were alien insect species. Seedling recruitment appeared to be the most vulnerable life stage for Z. dipetalum var. dipetalum. Both alien Kalij pheasants and unknown insect species were implicated as seedling predators/herbivores.
\n","language":"English","publisher":"University of Hawaii at Hilo","publisherLocation":"Hilo, HI","usgsCitation":"Pratt, L.W., VanDeMark, J.R., and Euaparadorn, M., 2010, Limiting factors of five rare plant species in mesic forests of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park: Technical Report HCSU-015, viii, 140p.","productDescription":"viii, 140p.","numberOfPages":"150","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-017847","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325867,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.27114868164062,\n 19.441989391028706\n ],\n [\n -155.313720703125,\n 19.41220201468123\n ],\n [\n -155.37551879882812,\n 19.368158505739157\n ],\n [\n -155.40573120117188,\n 19.296886457967965\n ],\n [\n -155.43731689453125,\n 19.216506191361127\n ],\n [\n -155.40435791015622,\n 19.186677697957833\n ],\n [\n -155.31097412109372,\n 19.21391262405755\n ],\n [\n -155.27938842773435,\n 19.2489223284628\n ],\n [\n -155.18325805664062,\n 19.235956641468505\n ],\n [\n -155.16128540039062,\n 19.251515342943254\n ],\n [\n -155.08712768554688,\n 19.281332062593734\n ],\n [\n -155.03631591796875,\n 19.32280716454424\n ],\n [\n -155.00335693359375,\n 19.370749630150478\n ],\n [\n -155.03494262695312,\n 19.429039028956183\n ],\n [\n -155.10086059570312,\n 19.458823317103146\n ],\n [\n -155.13381958007812,\n 19.45752846172972\n ],\n [\n -155.20660400390625,\n 19.43421929772404\n ],\n [\n -155.27114868164062,\n 19.441989391028706\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a072b6e4b060ce18fb2da9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Linda W. lpratt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Linda","email":"lpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":644090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"VanDeMark, Joshua R.","contributorId":120307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanDeMark","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Euaparadorn, Melody","contributorId":37240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euaparadorn","given":"Melody","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98406,"text":"ofr20101097 - 2010 - Biosecurity Plan for Palmyra Atoll","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:51","indexId":"ofr20101097","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1097","title":"Biosecurity Plan for Palmyra Atoll","docAbstract":"This Biosecurity Plan for Palmyra Atoll was developed for The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Palmyra Program to refine and expand goals and objectives developed through the Conservation Action Plan process. The Biosecurity Plan is one in a series of adaptive management plans designed to achieve TNC's mission toward the protection and enhancement of native wildlife and habitat. The Biosecurity Plan focuses on ecosystem security, and specifically identifies and addresses issues related to non-native and potentially invasive species. The Plan attempts to identify pathways of invasion and strategies for preventing or reducing new introductions. Overall, the Biosecurity Plan provides a framework to implement and track the progress of conservation and restoration goals related to non-native species on Palmyra Atoll. \r\n\r\nPalmyra Atoll is one of the Northern Line Islands in the Pacific Ocean southwest of the Hawai`ian Islands. It consists of many heavily vegetated islets arranged in a horseshoe pattern around four lagoons and surrounded by a coral reef. At present, Palmyra Atoll harbors various non-native or invasive species in the terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The most notable examples of terrestrial invasive species include coconut trees (Cocos nucifera) and black rats (Rattus rattus). Although it is unclear whether they are non-native, coconut trees are currently the most dominant plant across Palmyra Atoll. They compete with native plant species for space and resources, and are potentially detrimental to seabirds dependent on native vegetation. Black rats are known to predate ground-nesting seabirds and are likely responsible for the lack of burrowing seabird reproduction on Palmyra Atoll. The most notable example of a marine invasive species is the corallimorph (Rhodactis howsei). Although Rhodactis howsei is a native species, it can take advantage of human-altered habitat and significantly change the natural habitat by aggressively outcompeting native corals. Although the extent and impacts of these and other non-native and (or) invasive species are not fully understood, they are clearly a threat to the native species and overall ecosystem integrity of Palmyra Atoll. \r\n\r\nIn fact, non-native invasive species have been considered the most important threat to ecosystems in Hawai`i and the second most important threat to biodiversity world-wide. Palmyra Atoll is somewhat protected because of its remote location, but there are still potential pathways for the introduction of non-native and possibly invasive species. With the continued influx of aircraft and ocean vessels and their contents to and around Palmyra Atoll, we anticipate many more concerns related to the import and spread of non-native invasive species in the future. \r\n\r\nIn terms of ecosystem security, prevention is the most effective and efficient tool for managing invasive species. There are various potential pathways for introduction and spread of non-native species within Palmyra Atoll's terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Identification of these pathways provides a first step in preventing introductions. We also recommend establishing, enhancing, and enforcing quarantine protocols to prevent future non-native species invasions. Other critical steps to minimize the impacts and spread of invasive species include early detection through inventory and monitoring, as well as containment, control, and management of non-native species already established at Palmyra Atoll. These efforts in combination with research and education will serve to inform management decisions related to ecosystem integrity. \r\n\r\nAlong with reinstating ecosystem security, this Biosecurity Plan aims to evaluate new risk factors related to non-native and potentially invasive species. To that end, an adaptive management process of audit and review is highly recommended to ensure the implementation and efficacy of the management practices outlined above. In addition, it will be important to identify high r","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101097","collaboration":"Prepared for The Nature Conservancy Palmyra Program","usgsCitation":"Hathaway, S.A., and Fisher, R.N., 2010, Biosecurity Plan for Palmyra Atoll: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1097, vi, 30 p.; Tables; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101097.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.; Tables; Appendices","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1097.jpg"},{"id":13657,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1097/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150,80 ], [ -150,22 ], [ -140,22 ], [ -140,80 ], [ -150,80 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db615f72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hathaway, Stacie A. 0000-0002-4167-8059 sahathaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4167-8059","contributorId":3420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hathaway","given":"Stacie","email":"sahathaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98405,"text":"ofr20101023 - 2010 - Geophysical Logs, Specific Capacity, and Water Quality of Four Wells at Rogers Mechanical (former Tate Andale) Property, North Penn Area 6 Superfund Site, Lansdale, Pennsylvania, 2006-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:28","indexId":"ofr20101023","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1023","title":"Geophysical Logs, Specific Capacity, and Water Quality of Four Wells at Rogers Mechanical (former Tate Andale) Property, North Penn Area 6 Superfund Site, Lansdale, Pennsylvania, 2006-07","docAbstract":"As part of technical assistance to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in the remediation of properties on the North Penn Area 6 Superfund Site in Lansdale, Pa., the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2006-07 collected data in four monitor wells at the Rogers Mechanical (former Tate Andale) property. During this period, USGS collected and analyzed borehole geophysical and video logs of three new monitor wells (Rogers 4, Rogers 5, and Rogers 6) ranging in depth from 80 to 180 feet, a borehole video log and additional heatpulse-flowmeter measurements (to quantify vertical borehole flow) in one existing 100-foot deep well (Rogers 3S), and water-level data during development of two wells (Rogers 5 and Rogers 6) to determine specific capacity. USGS also summarized results of passive-diffusion bag sampling for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the four wells. These data were intended to help understand the groundwater system and the distribution of VOC contaminants in groundwater at the property.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101023","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., and Bird, P.H., 2010, Geophysical Logs, Specific Capacity, and Water Quality of Four Wells at Rogers Mechanical (former Tate Andale) Property, North Penn Area 6 Superfund Site, Lansdale, Pennsylvania, 2006-07: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1023, vi, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101023.","productDescription":"vi, 17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1023.jpg"},{"id":13656,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1023/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"24000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.31666666666666,40.21666666666667 ], [ -75.31666666666666,40.266666666666666 ], [ -75.25,40.266666666666666 ], [ -75.25,40.21666666666667 ], [ -75.31666666666666,40.21666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c45e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senior, Lisa A. 0000-0003-2629-1996 lasenior@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-1996","contributorId":2150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senior","given":"Lisa","email":"lasenior@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Philip H. 0000-0003-2088-8644 phbird@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2088-8644","contributorId":2085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Philip","email":"phbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98404,"text":"sir20105011 - 2010 - Effects of surface-water diversion on streamflow, recharge, physical habitat, and temperature, Na Wai Eha, Maui, Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-09T23:05:03.443684","indexId":"sir20105011","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5011","displayTitle":"Effects of Surface-Water Diversion on Streamflow, Recharge, Physical Habitat, and Temperature, Nā Wai 'Ehā, Maui, Hawai‘i","title":"Effects of surface-water diversion on streamflow, recharge, physical habitat, and temperature, Na Wai Eha, Maui, Hawai'i","docAbstract":"
The perennial flow provided by Waihe‘e River, Waiehu Stream, ‘Īao Stream, and Waikapū Stream, collectively known as Nā Wai ‘Ehā (“The Four Streams”), made it possible for widespread agricultural activities to flourish in the eastern part of West Maui, Hawai‘i. The streams of the Nā Wai ‘Ehā area flow in their upper reaches even during extended dry-weather conditions because of persistent groundwater discharge to the streams. Overall, the lower reaches of these streams lose water, which may contribute to groundwater recharge.
During climate years 1984–2007 (when complete streamflow records were available for Waihe‘e River and ‘Īao Stream), Waihe‘e River had the greatest median flow of the four streams upstream of the uppermost diversion on each stream. The median flows, in million gallons per day, during climate years 1984–2007 were: 34 for Waihe‘e River near an altitude of 605 feet; 25 for ‘Īao Stream near an altitude of 780 feet; and estimated to be 4.3 for Waikapū Stream near an altitude of 1,160 feet; 3.2 for North Waiehu Stream near an altitude of 880 feet; and 3.2 for South Waiehu Stream near an altitude of 870 feet. Existing stream diversions in the Nā Wai ‘Ehā area have a combined capacity exceeding at least 75 million gallons per day and are capable of diverting all or nearly all of the dry-weather flows of these streams, leaving some downstream reaches dry. Hourly photographs collected during 2006–2008 indicate that some stream reaches downstream of diversions are dry more than 50 percent of the time. Many of these reaches would be perennial or nearly perennial in the absence of diversions.
A lack of sufficient streamflow downstream of existing diversions has led to recent conflicts between those currently diverting or using the water and those desiring sufficient instream flows for protection of traditional and customary Hawaiian rights (including the cultivation of taro), maintenance of habitat for native stream fauna, recreation, aesthetics, and groundwater recharge from loss of water through the streambed. In response to a need for additional information, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) undertook the present investigation to characterize the effects of existing surface-water diversions on (1) streamflow, (2) potential groundwater recharge from the streams to the underlying groundwater body, (3) physical habitat for native stream fauna (fish, shrimp, and snails), and (4) instream temperatures.
Information collected for this study includes discharge measurements under different streamflow conditions to characterize streamflow and seepage losses, hourly photographs of stream conditions from mounted cameras, snorkel surveys of stream fauna, measurements of microhabitat (depth, velocity, and substrate) under different flow conditions, and measurements of water temperatures. Families of curves were developed to show the relations between surface-water diversion intake capacity (the maximum rate that an intake can divert) and (1) selected duration discharges for sites near the coast; (2) selected duration discharges for the diversions; (3) groundwater-recharge reduction; and (4) physical-habitat reduction for native stream fauna. These curves may be used by water managers to evaluate the effects of different diversion intake capacities on streamflow, water available for offstream use, groundwater recharge, and habitat for native stream fauna.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105011","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the County of Maui Office of Economic Development, County of Maui Department of Water Supply, State of Hawai`i Commission on Water Resource Management, State of Hawai`i Office of Hawaiian Affairs","usgsCitation":"Oki, D.S., Wolff, R.H., and Perreault, J.A., 2010, Effects of surface-water diversion on streamflow, recharge, physical habitat, and temperature, Na Wai Eha, Maui, Hawai'i: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5011, Report: xviii, 138 p.; Table Folder, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105011.","productDescription":"Report: xviii, 138 p.; Table Folder","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":424247,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93243.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13655,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125402,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5011.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Maui, Nā Wai ‘Ehā","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.61734491035466,\n 20.77964772031042\n ],\n [\n -156.6117081382047,\n 20.984212083071995\n ],\n [\n -156.45681014971802,\n 20.982896272637973\n ],\n [\n -156.45365279711842,\n 20.774040548992517\n ],\n [\n -156.61734491035466,\n 20.77964772031042\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624b9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolff, Reuben H.","contributorId":35020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"Reuben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perreault, Jeff A.","contributorId":333052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perreault","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98403,"text":"sir20105028 - 2010 - Processes of Terrace Formation on the Piedmont of the Santa Cruz River Valley During Quaternary Time, Green Valley-Tubac Area, Southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:52","indexId":"sir20105028","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5028","title":"Processes of Terrace Formation on the Piedmont of the Santa Cruz River Valley During Quaternary Time, Green Valley-Tubac Area, Southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"In this report we describe a series of stepped Quaternary terraces on some piedmont tributaries of the Santa Cruz River valley in southeastern Arizona. These terraces began to form in early Pleistocene time, after major basin-and-range faulting ceased, with lateral planation of basin fill and deposition of thin fans of alluvium. At the end of this cycle of erosion and deposition, tributaries of the Santa Cruz River began the process of dissection and terrace formation that continues to the present. Vertical cutting alternated with periods of equilibrium, during which streams cut laterally and left thin deposits of channel fill. The distribution of terraces was mapped and compiled with adjacent mapping to produce a regional picture of piedmont stream history in the middle part of the Santa Cruz River valley. For selected tributaries, the thickness of terrace fill was measured, particle size and lithology of gravel were determined, and sedimentary features were photographed and described. Mapping of terrace stratigraphy revealed that on two tributaries, Madera Canyon Wash and Montosa Canyon Wash, stream piracy has played an important role in piedmont landscape development. On two other tributaries, Cottonwood Canyon Wash and Josephine Canyon Wash, rapid downcutting preempted piracy.\r\n\r\nTwo types of terraces are recognized: erosional and depositional. Gravel in thin erosional terraces has Trask sorting coefficients and sedimentary structures typical of streamflood deposits, replete with bar-and-swale surface topography on young terraces. Erosional-terrace fill represents the channel fill of the stream that cuts the terrace; the thickness of the fill indicates the depth of channel scour. In contrast to erosional terraces, depositional terraces show evidence of repeated deposition and net aggradation, as indicated by their thickness (as much as 20+ m) and weakly bedded structure. Depositional terraces are common below mountain-front canyon mouths where streams drop their load in response to abrupt flattening of gradients and expansion of channel banks, and they extend down the piedmont along Josephine Canyon Wash. Gravel in depositional terraces also has sorting coefficients typical of streamflood deposits. Sedimentary features in both types of terraces are consistent with deposition by flash floods in ephemeral streams, suggesting the climate was arid. Bedding and clast armor are weakly developed, clast clusters and imbrication are common, and crossbedding is generally absent. Debris-flow deposits, even near the mountain front, are surprisingly rare.\r\n\r\nOn the tectonically stable piedmont of southeastern Arizona, stream piracy and climate change are the most likely agents of terrace formation. Both piracy and climate change can cause rapid changes in discharge and sediment supply, which initiate cycles of incision, lateral cutting, and aggradation. Increased stream discharge initiates downcutting, but increased sediment supply interrupts downcutting and causes streams to cut laterally and aggrade. At times, on Madera Canyon Wash and Montosa Canyon Wash, stream piracy affected stream discharge and sediment supply, but on Cottonwood Canyon Wash and Josephine Canyon Wash, only climate change could have initiated terrace cutting. Terraces probably formed during extended arid intervals when sparse vegetation and flashy stream discharge combined to increase sediment supply. In most cases, sediment supply was sufficient to promote lateral cutting but not long-term aggradation. Thus, most streams formed erosional terraces. The middle Pleistocene Josephine Canyon Wash formed a depositional terrace because it had a source of abundant unconsolidated sediment. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105028","usgsCitation":"Lindsey, D.A., and Van Gosen, B.S., 2010, Processes of Terrace Formation on the Piedmont of the Santa Cruz River Valley During Quaternary Time, Green Valley-Tubac Area, Southeastern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5028, iv, 39 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105028.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5028.jpg"},{"id":13654,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.11749999999999,31.5 ], [ -111.11749999999999,31.8675 ], [ -110.86749999999999,31.8675 ], [ -110.86749999999999,31.5 ], [ -111.11749999999999,31.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e4f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindsey, David A. 0000-0002-9466-0899 dlindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9466-0899","contributorId":773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"David","email":"dlindsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209741,"text":"70209741 - 2010 - Flood hazard awareness and hydrologic modelling at Ambos Nogales, United States–Mexico border","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-23T15:46:51.335573","indexId":"70209741","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-18T10:40:25","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2289,"text":"Journal of Flood Risk Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood hazard awareness and hydrologic modelling at Ambos Nogales, United States–Mexico border","docAbstract":"Appropriate land‐use, watershed‐management, and flood‐attenuation plans are critical in the cross‐border urban environment known collectively as Ambos Nogales. This paper summarizes methodologies for predicting the watershed response associated with land‐use change within a spatial and temporal context through the use of a hydrological model in a cross‐border setting. The KINEROS2 model is implemented via the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment 2.0 geographic information system interface to evaluate the watershed of Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, to assess flood vulnerability by quantifying volumes of runoff and peak flow, based on alternative land‐use scenarios. Cross‐border geospatial data acquisition and input to models are described. Discussions about the KINEROS2 model results identify flood‐prone areas, simulate the impact of land‐use change, and evaluate the impact of potential flood‐control interventions in the Ambos Nogales watershed. Products from this research are being used in a comprehensive plan for sustainable development in Ambos Nogales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1753-318X.2010.01066.x","usgsCitation":"Norman, L.M., Huth, H., Levick, L., Burns, I.S., Guertin, D.P., Lara-Valencia, F., and Semmens, D.J., 2010, Flood hazard awareness and hydrologic modelling at Ambos Nogales, United States–Mexico border: Journal of Flood Risk Management, v. 3, no. 2, p. 151-165, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2010.01066.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","city":"Ambos Nogales watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.14593505859375,\n 31.09998179374943\n ],\n [\n -110.48675537109375,\n 31.09998179374943\n ],\n [\n -110.48675537109375,\n 31.468496379205966\n ],\n [\n -111.14593505859375,\n 31.468496379205966\n ],\n [\n -111.14593505859375,\n 31.09998179374943\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huth, H.","contributorId":224328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huth","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Levick, L.","contributorId":224329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levick","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, I. Shea","contributorId":224330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burns","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"Shea","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guertin, D. Phillip","contributorId":46062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guertin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Phillip","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lara-Valencia, Francisco","contributorId":77409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lara-Valencia","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Semmens, Darius J. 0000-0001-7924-6529 dsemmens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7924-6529","contributorId":1714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semmens","given":"Darius","email":"dsemmens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":98399,"text":"ofr20101053 - 2010 - Buddingtonite in Menlo Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:54","indexId":"ofr20101053","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1053","title":"Buddingtonite in Menlo Park, California","docAbstract":"The mineral buddingtonite, named after A.F. Buddington, long-time professor of petrology at Princeton University, was first identified at the Sulfur Bank mine in Lake County, California (Erd and others, 1964). The ammonium feldspar was recognized in Menlo Park, California, in 1964 by the author, with Erd's help, shortly before publication of the original description of the new mineral. Subsequently, buddingtonite has been widely recognized in hydrothermal mineral deposits and has been used in remote-sensing applications by the mineral industry. Buddingtonite also has been identified in the Phosphoria Formation and in oil shales of the Green River Formation. This paper briefly describes the geologic setting and mineralogy of the occurrences of buddingtonite and other ammonium-bearing minerals in the vicinity of Menlo Park. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101053","usgsCitation":"Pampeyan, E.H., 2010, Buddingtonite in Menlo Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1053, ii, 4 p.; Tables; Figures, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101053.","productDescription":"ii, 4 p.; Tables; Figures","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":671,"text":"Western Region Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1053.jpg"},{"id":13650,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1053/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,37 ], [ -123,38 ], [ -121.83333333333333,38 ], [ -121.83333333333333,37 ], [ -123,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f054f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pampeyan, Earl H.","contributorId":54698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pampeyan","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98400,"text":"ds503 - 2010 - Oblique Aerial Photography of the Arctic Coast of Alaska, Cape Sabine to Milne Point, July 16-19, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:54","indexId":"ds503","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"503","title":"Oblique Aerial Photography of the Arctic Coast of Alaska, Cape Sabine to Milne Point, July 16-19, 2009","docAbstract":"The Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska, an area of strategic economic importance to the United States, is home to remote Native American communities and encompasses unique habitats of global significance. Coastal erosion along the Arctic coast is chronic and widespread; recent evidence suggests that erosion rates are among the highest in the world (as high as ~16 m/yr) and may be accelerating. Coastal erosion adversely impacts energy-related infrastructure, natural shoreline habitats, and Native American communities. Climate change is thought to be a key component of recent environmental changes in the Arctic. Reduced sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean is one of the probable mechanisms responsible for increasing coastal exposure to wave attack and the resulting increase in erosion. Extended periods of permafrost melting and associated decreases in bluff cohesion and stability are another possible source of the increase in erosion. \r\n\r\nSeveral studies of selected areas on the Alaska coast document past shoreline positions and coastal change, but none have examined the entire North coast systematically. Results from these studies indicate high rates of coastal retreat that vary spatially along the coast. To address the need for a comprehensive and regionally consistent evaluation of shoreline change along the North coast of Alaska, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of their Coastal and Marine Geology Program's (CMGP) National Assessment of Shoreline Change Study, is evaluating shoreline change from Peard Bay to the United States/Canadian border, using historical maps and photography and a standardized methodology that is consistent with other shoreline-change studies along the Nation's coastlines (see, for example, http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/, last accessed February 12, 2010). \r\n\r\nThis is the second in a series of publications containing photographs collected during reconnaissance surveys conducted in support of the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Study. An accompanying ESRI ArcGIS shape file (and plaintext copy) indicates the position of the aircraft and time when each photograph was taken. The USGS-CMGP Field Activity ID for the survey is A-5-09-AK, and more information on the survey and how to view the photographs using Google Earth software is available online at http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/a/a509ak/html/a-5-09-ak.photos.kmz (last accessed February 12, 2010). The initial report ?Oblique aerial photography of the Arctic coast of Alaska, Nulavik to Demarcation Point, August 7-10, 2006? is available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/436/, and the associated Google Earth .kmz file is available at http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/a/a106ak/html/a-1-06-ak.photos.kmz (last accessed February 12, 2010). \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds503","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, A.E., and Richmond, B.M., 2010, Oblique Aerial Photography of the Arctic Coast of Alaska, Cape Sabine to Milne Point, July 16-19, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 503, iv, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds503.","productDescription":"iv, 4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_503.jpg"},{"id":13651,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/503/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170,66 ], [ -170,72 ], [ -141,72 ], [ -141,66 ], [ -170,66 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604503","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98401,"text":"ofr20101030 - 2010 - Geophysical surveys of the San Andreas and Crystal Springs Reservoir system, including seismic-reflection profiles and swath bathymetry, San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T18:48:08.28907","indexId":"ofr20101030","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1030","title":"Geophysical surveys of the San Andreas and Crystal Springs Reservoir system, including seismic-reflection profiles and swath bathymetry, San Mateo County, California","docAbstract":"This report describes geophysical data acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in San Andreas Reservoir and Upper and Lower Crystal Springs Reservoirs, San Mateo County, California, as part of an effort to refine knowledge of the location of traces of the San Andreas Fault within the reservoir system and to provide improved reservoir bathymetry for estimates of reservoir water volume. The surveys were conducted by the Western Coastal and Marine Geology (WCMG) Team of the USGS for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC). The data were acquired in three separate surveys: (1) in June 2007, personnel from WCMG completed a three-day survey of San Andreas Reservoir, collecting approximately 50 km of high-resolution Chirp subbottom seismic-reflection data; (2) in November 2007, WCMG conducted a swath-bathymetry survey of San Andreas reservoir; and finally (3) in April 2008, WCMG conducted a swath-bathymetry survey of both the upper and lower Crystal Springs Reservoir system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101030","usgsCitation":"Finlayson, D.P., Triezenberg, P., and Hart, P.E., 2010, Geophysical surveys of the San Andreas and Crystal Springs Reservoir system, including seismic-reflection profiles and swath bathymetry, San Mateo County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1030, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101030.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":646,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology Team of the USGS for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197733,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402706,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93240.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13652,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Mateo County","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas and Crystal Springs Reservoir system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.41790771484375,\n 37.32976463711538\n ],\n [\n -122.16110229492186,\n 37.32976463711538\n ],\n [\n -122.16110229492186,\n 37.60335225883687\n ],\n [\n -122.41790771484375,\n 37.60335225883687\n ],\n [\n -122.41790771484375,\n 37.32976463711538\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e9b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finlayson, David P. dfinlayson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finlayson","given":"David","email":"dfinlayson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Triezenberg, Peter J.","contributorId":32625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Triezenberg","given":"Peter J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, Patrick E. 0000-0002-5080-1426 hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-1426","contributorId":2879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98396,"text":"sir20105020 - 2010 - Application of AFINCH as a tool for evaluating the effects of streamflow-gaging-network size and composition on the accuracy and precision of streamflow estimates at ungaged locations in the southeast Lake Michigan hydrologic subregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T20:09:14.851195","indexId":"sir20105020","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5020","title":"Application of AFINCH as a tool for evaluating the effects of streamflow-gaging-network size and composition on the accuracy and precision of streamflow estimates at ungaged locations in the southeast Lake Michigan hydrologic subregion","docAbstract":"Bootstrapping techniques employing random subsampling were used with the AFINCH (Analysis of Flows In Networks of CHannels) model to gain insights into the effects of variation in streamflow-gaging-network size and composition on the accuracy and precision of streamflow estimates at ungaged locations in the 0405 (Southeast Lake Michigan) hydrologic subregion. AFINCH uses stepwise-regression techniques to estimate monthly water yields from catchments based on geospatial-climate and land-cover data in combination with available streamflow and water-use data. Calculations are performed on a hydrologic-subregion scale for each catchment and stream reach contained in a National Hydrography Dataset Plus (NHDPlus) subregion. Water yields from contributing catchments are multiplied by catchment areas and resulting flow values are accumulated to compute streamflows in stream reaches which are referred to as flow lines. AFINCH imposes constraints on water yields to ensure that observed streamflows are conserved at gaged locations.
Data from the 0405 hydrologic subregion (referred to as Southeast Lake Michigan) were used for the analyses. Daily streamflow data were measured in the subregion for 1 or more years at a total of 75 streamflow-gaging stations during the analysis period which spanned water years 1971–2003. The number of streamflow gages in operation each year during the analysis period ranged from 42 to 56 and averaged 47. Six sets (one set for each censoring level), each composed of 30 random subsets of the 75 streamflow gages, were created by censoring (removing) approximately 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 75 percent of the streamflow gages (the actual percentage of operating streamflow gages censored for each set varied from year to year, and within the year from subset to subset, but averaged approximately the indicated percentages).
Streamflow estimates for six flow lines each were aggregated by censoring level, and results were analyzed to assess (a) how the size and composition of the streamflow-gaging network affected the average apparent errors and variability of the estimated flows and (b) whether results for certain months were more variable than for others. The six flow lines were categorized into one of three types depending upon their network topology and position relative to operating streamflow-gaging stations.
Statistical analysis of the model results indicates that (1) less precise (that is, more variable) estimates resulted from smaller streamflow-gaging networks as compared to larger streamflow-gaging networks, (2) precision of AFINCH flow estimates at an ungaged flow line is improved by operation of one or more streamflow gages upstream and (or) downstream in the enclosing basin, (3) no consistent seasonal trend in estimate variability was evident, and (4) flow lines from ungaged basins appeared to exhibit the smallest absolute apparent percent errors (APEs) and smallest changes in average APE as a function of increasing censoring level. The counterintuitive results described in item (4) above likely reflect both the nature of the base-streamflow estimate from which the errors were computed and insensitivity in the average model-derived estimates to changes in the streamflow-gaging-network size and composition. Another analysis demonstrated that errors for flow lines in ungaged basins have the potential to be much larger than indicated by their APEs if measured relative to their true (but unknown) flows.
“Missing gage” analyses, based on examination of censoring subset results where the streamflow gage of interest was omitted from the calibration data set, were done to better understand the true error characteristics for ungaged flow lines as a function of network size. Results examined for 2 water years indicated that the probability of computing a monthly streamflow estimate within 10 percent of the true value with AFINCH decreased from greater than 0.9 at about a 10-percent network-censoring level to less than 0.6 as the censoring level approached 75 percent. In addition, estimates for typically dry months tended to be characterized by larger percent errors than typically wetter months.
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A quake of comparable magnitude struck the southern Puget Sound region about 1,100 years ago, and similar earthquakes are almost certain to occur in the future. The region is now home to hundreds of thousands of people, who would be at risk from the shaking, liquefaction, landsliding, and tsunamis caused by such an earthquake. 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No Midwest-wide systematic trends upward or downward were evident, although clusters of consistent trends (both upward and downward) were detected in parts of the Midwest.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1775","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R.R., Koenig, T.A., and Karstensen, K.A., 2010, Flooding in the United States Midwest, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1775, vii, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1775.","productDescription":"vii, 63 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1775.jpg"},{"id":13637,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1775/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105,32 ], [ -105,47 ], [ -80,47 ], [ -80,32 ], [ -105,32 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e04b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999 bholmes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":1624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert","suffix":"Jr.","email":"bholmes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koenig, Todd A. 0000-0001-5635-0219 tkoenig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-0219","contributorId":4463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"Todd","email":"tkoenig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karstensen, Krista A. kkarstensen@usgs.gov","contributorId":286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karstensen","given":"Krista","email":"kkarstensen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98384,"text":"ofr20101083A - 2010 - Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Caribbean plate and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-29T21:22:15.359393","indexId":"ofr20101083A","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1083","chapter":"A","title":"Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Caribbean plate and vicinity","docAbstract":"Extensive diversity of tectonic regimes characterizes the perimeter of the Caribbean plate, involving no fewer than four major adjacent plates (North America, South America, Nazca, and Cocos). Inclined zones of deep earthquakes (Wadati-Benioff zones), deep ocean trenches, and arcs of volcanoes clearly indicate subduction of oceanic lithosphere along the Central American and Atlantic Ocean margins of the Caribbean plate, while shallow seismicity and focal mechanisms of major shocks in Guatemala, northern Venezuela, and the Cayman Ridge and Cayman Trench indicate transform fault and pull-apart basin tectonics.\nThe depth profile panels on this map portray earthquakes that extend from the Middle America Trench axis in the west to depths as great as 300 km beneath Guatemala, and from the Lesser Antilles Trench axis in the east to depths of approximately 200 km beneath Guadeloupe and the northeast Caribbean. In contrast, seismicity along the segments of the Caribbean plate margins from Guatemala to Hispaniola and from Trinidad to western Venezuela is indicative of transform fault tectonics.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101083A","usgsCitation":"Benz, H.M., Tarr, A.C., Hayes, G., Villasenor, A.H., Furlong, K.P., Dart, R.L., and Rhea, S., 2010, Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Caribbean plate and vicinity (Revised September 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1083, 1 Plate: 36.04 inches x 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101083A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 36.04 inches x 24.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1083_a.jpg"},{"id":13635,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1083/a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"8000000","otherGeospatial":"Caribbean plate and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97,-2 ], [ -97,24 ], [ -55,24 ], [ -55,-2 ], [ -97,-2 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised September 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e771f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C. atarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur","email":"atarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Gavin P. 0000-0003-3323-0112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-0112","contributorId":6157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Gavin P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Villasenor, Antonio H. 0000-0001-8592-4832","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8592-4832","contributorId":38186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villasenor","given":"Antonio","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Furlong, Kevin P. 0000-0002-2674-5110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-5110","contributorId":19576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furlong","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":98385,"text":"sir20095244 - 2010 - Model Refinement and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"sir20095244","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5244","title":"Model Refinement and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan","docAbstract":"A groundwater-flow model that was constructed in 1996 of the Saginaw aquifer was refined to better represent the regional hydrologic system in the Tri-County region, which consists of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan. With increasing demand for groundwater, the need to manage withdrawals from the Saginaw aquifer has become more important, and the 1996 model could not adequately address issues of water quality and quantity. An updated model was needed to better address potential effects of drought, locally high water demands, reduction of recharge by impervious surfaces, and issues affecting water quality, such as contaminant sources, on water resources and the selection of pumping rates and locations. The refinement of the groundwater-flow model allows simulations to address these issues of water quantity and quality and provides communities with a tool that will enable them to better plan for expansion and protection of their groundwater-supply systems. Model refinement included representation of the system under steady-state and transient conditions, adjustments to the estimated regional groundwater-recharge rates to account for both temporal and spatial differences, adjustments to the representation and hydraulic characteristics of the glacial deposits and Saginaw Formation, and updates to groundwater-withdrawal rates to reflect changes from the early 1900s to 2005.\r\n\r\nSimulations included steady-state conditions (in which stresses remained constant and changes in storage were not included) and transient conditions (in which stresses changed in annual and monthly time scales and changes in storage within the system were included). These simulations included investigation of the potential effects of reduced recharge due to impervious areas or to low-rainfall/drought conditions, delineation of contributing areas with recent pumping rates, and optimization of pumping subject to various quantity and quality constraints. Simulation results indicate potential declines in water levels in both the upper glacial aquifer and the upper sandstone bedrock aquifer under steady-state and transient conditions when recharge was reduced by 20 and 50 percent in urban areas. Transient simulations were done to investigate reduced recharge due to low rainfall and increased pumping to meet anticipated future demand with 24 months (2 years) of modified recharge or modified recharge and pumping rates. During these two simulation years, monthly recharge rates were reduced by about 30 percent, and monthly withdrawal rates for Lansing area production wells were increased by 15 percent. The reduction in the amount of water available to recharge the groundwater system affects the upper model layers representing the glacial aquifers more than the deeper bedrock layers. However, with a reduction in recharge and an increase in withdrawals from the bedrock aquifer, water levels in the bedrock layers are affected more than those in the glacial layers. Differences in water levels between simulations with reduced recharge and reduced recharge with increased pumping are greatest in the Lansing area and least away from pumping centers, as expected. Additionally, the increases in pumping rates had minimal effect on most simulated streamflows. \r\n\r\nAdditional simulations included updating the estimated 10-year wellhead-contributing areas for selected Lansing-area wells under 2006-7 pumping conditions. Optimization of groundwater withdrawals with a water-resource management model was done to determine withdrawal rates while minimizing operational costs and to determine withdrawal locations to achieve additional capacity while meeting specified head constraints. In these optimization scenarios, the desired groundwater withdrawals are achieved by simulating managed wells (where pumping rates can be optimized) and unmanaged wells (where pumping rates are not optimized) and by using various combinations of existing and proposed well locations. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095244","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission","usgsCitation":"Luukkonen, C.L., 2010, Model Refinement and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5244, vii, 53 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095244.","productDescription":"vii, 53 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5244.jpg"},{"id":13636,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5244/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luukkonen, Carol L. clluukko@usgs.gov","contributorId":3489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"Carol","email":"clluukko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}