Novel catabolic pathways enabling rapid detoxification of s-triazine herbicides have been elucidated and detected at a growing number of locations. The genes responsible for s-triazine mineralization, i.e. atzABCDEF and trzNDF, occur in at least four bacterial phyla and are implicated in the development of enhanced degradation in agricultural soils from all continents except Antarctica. Enhanced degradation occurs in at least nine crops and six crop rotation systems that rely on s-triazine herbicides for weed control, and, with the exception of acidic soil conditions and s-triazine application frequency, adaptation of the microbial population is independent of soil physiochemical properties and cultural management practices. From an agronomic perspective, residual weed control could be reduced tenfold in s-triazine-adapted relative to non-adapted soils. From an environmental standpoint, the off-site loss of total s-triazine residues could be overestimated 13-fold in adapted soils if altered persistence estimates and metabolic pathways are not reflected in fate and transport models. Empirical models requiring soil pH and s-triazine use history as input parameters predict atrazine persistence more accurately than historical estimates, thereby allowing practitioners to adjust weed control strategies and model input values when warranted.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Chemical Industry","publisherLocation":"West Sussex, UK","doi":"10.1002/ps.1909","usgsCitation":"Krutz, L.J., Shaner, D.L., Weaver, M.A., Webb, R.M., Zablotowicz, R.M., Reddy, K.N., Huang, Y., and Thompson, S.J., 2010, Agronomic and environmental implications of enhanced s-triazine degradation: Pest Management Science, v. 66, no. 5, p. 461-481, https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1909.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"461","endPage":"481","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-016797","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d643ae4b07e28b6683497","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krutz, L. Jason","contributorId":169420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krutz","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jason","affiliations":[{"id":25506,"text":"USDA Agricultural Research Serv., Stoneville, MS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaner, Dale L.","contributorId":169419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaner","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":25505,"text":"USDA Agricultural Research Service, Ft. Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weaver, Mark A.","contributorId":169422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weaver","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":25507,"text":"USDA, Stoneville, MS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Webb, Richard M. 0000-0001-9531-2207 rmwebb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9531-2207","contributorId":1570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Richard","email":"rmwebb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zablotowicz, Robert M.","contributorId":169424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zablotowicz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":25507,"text":"USDA, Stoneville, MS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reddy, Krishna N.","contributorId":169425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reddy","given":"Krishna","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":25507,"text":"USDA, Stoneville, MS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Huang, Yanbo","contributorId":194197,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huang","given":"Yanbo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Thompson, Steven J.","contributorId":169426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":629536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70236056,"text":"70236056 - 2010 - The binding nature of humic substances with arsenic in alluvial aquifers of Chianan Plain, southwestern Taiwan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-26T16:04:09.843249","indexId":"70236056","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T10:44:42","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The binding nature of humic substances with arsenic in alluvial aquifers of Chianan Plain, southwestern Taiwan","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arsenic in geosphere and human diseases: Proceedings of the third International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Third International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment","conferenceDate":"May 17-21, 2010","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","usgsCitation":"Jean, J., Selim Reza, A.H., Liu, C., Lee, M., Hsu, H., Lee, Y., and Kulp, T., 2010, The binding nature of humic substances with arsenic in alluvial aquifers of Chianan Plain, southwestern Taiwan, in Arsenic in geosphere and human diseases: Proceedings of the third International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment, May 17-21, 2010, p. 558-560.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"558","endPage":"560","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":405688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405687,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/b10548/arsenic-geosphere-human-diseases-arsenic-2010-jiin-shuh-jean-jochen-bundschuh-prosun-bhattacharya"}],"country":"Taiwan","otherGeospatial":"Chianan Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 119.95697021484375,\n 22.96092231517627\n ],\n [\n 120.83587646484374,\n 22.96092231517627\n ],\n [\n 120.83587646484374,\n 23.848161991218273\n ],\n [\n 119.95697021484375,\n 23.848161991218273\n ],\n [\n 119.95697021484375,\n 22.96092231517627\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bundschuh, Jochen","contributorId":184215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bundschuh","given":"Jochen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849875,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bhattacharya, Prosun","contributorId":184213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bhattacharya","given":"Prosun","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849876,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Jean, Jiin-Shuh","contributorId":295736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jean","given":"Jiin-Shuh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selim Reza, A. H. M.","contributorId":295738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Selim Reza","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liu, Chia-Chuan","contributorId":295739,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Chia-Chuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Ming-Kuo","contributorId":295740,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Ming-Kuo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hsu, Hua-Fen","contributorId":295741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hsu","given":"Hua-Fen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, Yao-Chang","contributorId":295742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lee","given":"Yao-Chang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kulp, Thomas R.","contributorId":58364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulp","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":849874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70230192,"text":"70230192 - 2010 - Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in Earth history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-04T15:27:10.820413","indexId":"70230192","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T10:22:17","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in Earth history","docAbstract":"Sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits can be divided into two major subtypes. The first subtype is clastic-dominated lead-zinc (CD Pb-Zn) ores, which are hosted in shale, sandstone, siltstone, or mixed clastic rocks, or occur as carbonate replacement, within a CD sedimentary rock sequence. This subtype includes deposits that have been traditionally referred to as sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits. The CD Pb-Zn deposits occur in passive margins, back-arcs and continental rifts, and sag basins, which are tectonic settings that, in some cases, are transitional into one another. The second subtype of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits is the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT Pb-Zn) that occurs in platform carbonate sequences, typically in passive-margin tectonic settings.
Considering that the redox state of sulfur is one of the major controls on the extraction, transport, and deposition of Pb and Zn at shallow crustal sites, sediment-hosted Pb-Zn ores can be considered a special rock type that recorded the oxygenation of Earth’s hydrosphere. The emergence of CD and MVT deposits in the rock record between 2.02 Ga, the age of the earliest known deposit of these ores, and 1.85 to 1.58 Ga, a major period of CD Pb-Zn mineralization in Australia and India, corresponds to a time after the Great Oxygenation Event that occurred at ca 2.4 to 1.8 Ga. Contributing to the abundance of CD deposits at ca 1.85 to 1.58 Ga was the following: (1) enhanced oxidation of sulfides in the crust that provided sulfate to the hydrosphere and Pb and Zn to sediments; (2) development of major redox and compositional gradients in the oceans; (3) first formation of significant sulfate-bearing evaporites; (4) formation of red beds and oxidized aquifers, possibly containing easily extractable Pb and Zn; (5) evolution of sulfate-reducing bacteria; and (6) formation of large and long-lived basins on stable cratons.
Although MVT and CD deposits appeared for the first time in Earth history at 2.02 Ga, only CD deposits were important repositories for Pb and Zn in sediments between the Great Oxygenation Event, until after the second oxidation of the atmosphere in the late Neoproterozic. Increased oxygenation of the oceans following the second oxidation event led to an abundance of evaporites, resulting oxidized brines, and a dramatic increase in the volume of coarse-grained and permeable carbonates of the Paleozoic carbonate platforms, which host many of the great MVT deposits. The MVT deposits reached their maximum abundance during the final assembly of Pangea from Devonian into the Carboniferous. This was also a time for important CD mineral deposit formation along passive margins in evaporative belts of Pangea. Following the breakup of Pangea, a new era of MVT ores began with the onset of the assembly of the Neosupercontinent.
A significant limitation on interpreting the secular distribution of the deposits is that there is no way to quantitatively evaluate the removal of deposits from the rock record through tectonic recycling. Considering that most of the sedimentary rock record has been recycled, most sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits probably have also been destroyed by subduction and erosion, or modified by metamorphism and tectonism, so that they are no longer recognizable. Thus, the uneven secular distribution of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits reflects the genesis of these deposits, linked to Earth’s evolving tectonic and geochemical systems, as well as an unknown amount of recycling of the sedimentary rock record.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.593","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Bradley, D., Huston, D., Pisarevsky, S.A., Taylor, R.D., and Gardoll, S., 2010, Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in Earth history: Economic Geology, v. 105, no. 3, p. 593-625, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.593.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"625","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, David L 0000-0001-6487-5584","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-5584","contributorId":220733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huston, David","contributorId":261768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huston","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pisarevsky, Sergei A.","contributorId":62315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pisarevsky","given":"Sergei","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gardoll, S.","contributorId":94820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardoll","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70199968,"text":"70199968 - 2010 - Evaluating remediation alternatives for mine drainage, Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-09T10:13:00","indexId":"70199968","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T10:12:36","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1534,"text":"Environmental Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating remediation alternatives for mine drainage, Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah, USA","docAbstract":"The vast occurrence of mine drainage worldwide, documented in descriptive studies, presents a staggering challenge for remediation. Any tool that can move beyond descriptive study and helps to evaluate options for remediation in a way that maximizes improvements to the water quality of streams and minimizes cost of remediation could save valuable resources and time. A reactive solute transport model, calibrated from two detailed mass-loading studies in Little Cottonwood Creek (LCC), Utah, provides a tool to evaluate remediation options. Metal loading to LCC is dominated by discharge from two mine drainage tunnels. Discharge from an upstream tunnel has been treated by a fen to reduce metal loading. Discharge from the downstream tunnel (WDT) can be controlled because of a bulkhead that creates a mine pool. Simulations of remedial options for three compliance locations suggest that the water-quality standards for Cu and Zn at upstream and downstream compliance locations are met using various combinations of fen treatment and WDT regulation, but the complete compliance at the middle compliance location requires the highest level of fen treatment and the greatest regulation of WDT discharge. Reactive transport modeling is an useful tool for the evaluation of remedial alternatives in complex natural systems, where multiple hydrologic and geochemical processes determine metal fate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Berlin Heidelberg","doi":"10.1007/s12665-009-0240-0","usgsCitation":"Kimball, B.A., and Runkel, R.L., 2010, Evaluating remediation alternatives for mine drainage, Little Cottonwood Creek, Utah, USA: Environmental Earth Sciences, v. 60, no. 5, p. 1021-1036, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0240-0.","productDescription":"16p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1036","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358196,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Little Cottonwood Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.9451904296875,\n 40.55085246740427\n ],\n [\n -111.9451904296875,\n 40.6504293761137\n ],\n [\n -111.76391601562499,\n 40.6504293761137\n ],\n [\n -111.76391601562499,\n 40.55085246740427\n ],\n [\n -111.9451904296875,\n 40.55085246740427\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10c716e4b034bf6a7f50cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimball, Briant A. bkimball@usgs.gov","contributorId":533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimball","given":"Briant","email":"bkimball@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70230289,"text":"70230289 - 2010 - Displaying seismic deaggregation: The importance of the various sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-06T16:13:19.664095","indexId":"70230289","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T09:51:50","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Displaying seismic deaggregation: The importance of the various sources","docAbstract":"Seismic hazard deaggregation has become a standard part of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). The first product of PSHA is calculation of the likely severity of ground motion at a given range of annual probability levels, and this is extremely important for seismic design of structures to be built at the site under examination. However, for full analysis of proposed structural designs, engineers also need to examine scenario events to produce detailed time histories. To select such scenarios, a deaggregation of the hazard is performed, whereby the details of sources that contribute to the annual frequency of exceeding specified levels of ground motion, or Pexc, are identified. A common format for such a deaggregation is shown in Figure 1. This relates to the 475-year peak ground acceleration (pga) at Wellington, New Zealand (41.28°S 174.77°E), and shows the distribution in magnitude and distance of sources that contribute to Pexc. Return period is approximately the reciprocal of Pexc. Stiff soil site conditions (Standards New Zealand 2004) were assumed.
The analysis in Figure 1 used the interim version of the updated seismic hazard model for New Zealand (Stirling et al. 2007), with the attenuation function developed by McVerry et al. (2007). Based on a Poisson time dependence model, a return period of 475 years corresponds to a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years.
From Figure 1, it is apparent that for this site the main contribution to ground motion of this severity is from earthquakes of magnitude about 7.6 less than 10 km from the site (blue), and there is another strong contribution from larger events in the distance range 10 to 20 km (red). These correspond to the Wellington and Wairarapa faults, respectively (see Table 1). There are other events less than 10 km from the site and small contributions from other sources. At this site the major contributions are from specific faults nearby, which are readily identified. At sites where there is significant background seismicity, however, the plot will be much more complicated and not so easy to interpret.
Figure 1 deaggregates probabilistic pga at the site; other parameters are also commonly deaggregated in the same way, in particular response spectral acceleration at a variety of natural periods. But the figure has a major shortcoming in that it represents only one return period; to obtain a full appreciation of the various contributing sources it is necessary to perform a succession of analyses to cover the full range of return periods.
The Mississippi Delta has long been characterized as an area of rapid subsidence; however, recent subsidence rates are substantially lower than previously reported. Tide-gauge records indicate that rates of relative sea-level rise were slow from 1947 until the mid-1960s, relatively fast from the mid-1960s until the early 1990s, and then slow since the early 1990s. These trends and rates are independently verified by repeat benchmark surveys and height monitoring at continuously operating geographic positioning system stations. Subsidence rates for the slow periods were a few millimeters per year, comparable to rates averaged over geological time scales that are attributed to natural processes such as shallow sediment compaction and deep crustal loading. The decadal pattern of slow, then rapid, then slow subsidence may be caused by natural deep-basin processes (e.g., gravity gliding and salt migration), but it is more likely related to rates of hydrocarbon production that followed the same temporal trends. If accelerated subsidence was primarily induced by reservoir compaction and fault reactivation associated with fluid withdrawal that also accelerated in the 1960s and 1970s, then the recent reductions in subsidence rates likely reflect a balancing of subsurface stresses and a return to near preproduction conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00014R1.1","usgsCitation":"Bernier, J., and Morton, R.A., 2010, Recent subsidence-rate reductions in the Mississippi Delta and their geological implications: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 26, no. 3, p. 555-561, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-09-00014R1.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"555","endPage":"561","ipdsId":"IP-011086","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417336,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.54574708608203,\n 34.87638255573431\n ],\n [\n -90.73553169837413,\n 34.48369704372655\n ],\n [\n -91.17632176563357,\n 34.00799369523986\n ],\n [\n -91.31100761951801,\n 33.51940318306656\n ],\n [\n -91.28651928244814,\n 32.93559882393609\n ],\n [\n -91.16407759709845,\n 32.311703921809794\n ],\n [\n -91.59262349582195,\n 31.673266161525035\n ],\n [\n -91.76404185531173,\n 31.072162712928943\n ],\n [\n -90.87021755225851,\n 29.85321725067682\n ],\n [\n -89.27235355844417,\n 30.17658267650077\n ],\n [\n -89.68865528863336,\n 30.68860575648489\n ],\n [\n -89.56621360328366,\n 31.0302040615546\n ],\n [\n -89.90905032226289,\n 31.532483279870817\n ],\n [\n -90.08659076602024,\n 32.13063222730449\n ],\n [\n -89.87843990092553,\n 32.82370104719912\n ],\n [\n -89.61519027742344,\n 33.68887212878171\n ],\n [\n -89.82946176991513,\n 34.18881423152217\n ],\n [\n -89.94578137099727,\n 35.00018367925969\n ],\n [\n -90.38657143825668,\n 35.0252543699099\n ],\n [\n -90.54574708608203,\n 34.87638255573431\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bernier, Julie 0000-0002-9918-5353 jbernier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-5353","contributorId":3549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bernier","given":"Julie","email":"jbernier@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morton, Robert A.","contributorId":305683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":873517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198310,"text":"70198310 - 2010 - Permeability of the continental crust: Dynamic variations inferred from seismicity and metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-07T13:34:34.159404","indexId":"70198310","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T08:45:04","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1765,"text":"Geofluids","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Permeability of the continental crust: Dynamic variations inferred from seismicity and metamorphism","docAbstract":"The variation of permeability with depth can be probed indirectly by various means, including hydrologic models that use geothermal data as constraints and the progress of metamorphic reactions driven by fluid flow. Geothermal and metamorphic data combine to indicate that mean permeability (k) of tectonically active continental crust decreases with depth (z) according to log k ≈ −14–3.2 log z, where k is in m2 and z in km. Other independently derived, crustal‐scale k–z relations are generally similar to this power‐law curve. Yet there is also substantial evidence for local‐to‐regional‐scale, transient, permeability‐generation events that entail permeabilities much higher than these mean k–z relations would suggest. Compilation of such data yields a fit to these elevated, transient values of log k ≈ −11.5–3.2 log z, suggesting a functional form similar to that of tectonically active crust, but shifted to higher permeability at a given depth. In addition, it seems possible that, in the absence of active prograde metamorphism, permeability in the deeper crust will decay toward values below the mean k–z curves. Several lines of evidence suggest geologically rapid (years to 103 years) decay of high‐permeability transients toward background values. Crustal‐scale k–zcurves may reflect a dynamic competition between permeability creation by processes such as fluid sourcing and rock failure, and permeability destruction by processes such as compaction, hydrothermal alteration, and retrograde metamorphism.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00278.x","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Manning, C.E., 2010, Permeability of the continental crust: Dynamic variations inferred from seismicity and metamorphism: Geofluids, v. 10, no. 1-2, p. 193-205, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00278.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"205","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356041,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b794e4b0702d0e844eaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, Steven E. 0000-0001-6917-9369 seingebr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6917-9369","contributorId":818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"Steven","email":"seingebr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, C. E.","contributorId":16987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70230185,"text":"70230185 - 2010 - Secular variation in economic geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-04T13:44:31.632535","indexId":"70230185","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T08:40:54","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Secular variation in economic geology","docAbstract":"The temporal pattern of ore deposits on a constantly evolving Earth reflects the complex interplay between the evolving global tectonic regime, episodic mantle plume events, overall changes in global heat flow, atmospheric and oceanic redox states, and even singular impact and glaciation events. Within this framework, a particular ore deposit type will tend to have a time-bound nature. In other words, there are times in Earth history when particular deposit types are absent, times when these deposits are present but scarce, times when they are abundant, and still other times for which we lack sufficient data. Understanding of such secular variation provides a critical first-order tool for exploration targeting, because rocks that have formed or were deformed during a certain time slice may be very permissive for a given deposit type, whereas identification of rocks of less favorable ages would help eliminate large areas during exploration programs. Secular analysis, therefore, is potentially a powerful tool for mineral resource assessment in poorly known terranes, providing a quick filter for favorability of a given deposit type using age of host rocks.
Factors bearing on the known age distribution of a particular type of deposit include the following: (1) uneven preservation, (2) data gaps, (3) contingencies of plate motions, and (4) long-term secular changes in the Earth System. The present special issue of Economic Geology is focused on the latter factor, although all of these are interrelated. The selective preservation of certain mineral deposit types and the greater susceptibility for shallowly formed ores in tectonically active environments to be lost to erosion define a pattern that is superimposed on the secular formational trends (e.g., Groves et al., 2005a, b; Kerrich et al., 2005). With improved geochronological methods and the availability of information on important mineral deposits from most parts of the world, data gaps for defining broad temporal distributions of ore types are becoming smaller. It has been increasingly recognized that ore deposit formation is also correlated with plate tectonic setting. Nevertheless, a complex Earth history of supercontinent assembly and breakup has led to the fragmentation of many Paleozoic and Precambrian mineral provinces. The use of plate reconstructions in economic geology, although extremely controversial and conjectural before the late Paleozoic, is critical for defining these provinces prior to the added complications resulting from post-ore plate motions.
It is now well established that the temporal patterns of many types of mineral deposits (Fig. 11) reflect the formation or break-up of supercontinents and the preservation potential of deposits formed during these periods (Barley and Groves, 1992; Titley, 1993; Kerrich et al., 2005; Goldfarb et al., 2009). Approximate time periods for such formation and break-up, respectively, include 2800–2500 and 2450–2100 Ma for Kenorland, 2100–1800 and 1600–1300 Ma for Nuna/Columbia, 1300–1100 and 850–600 Ma for Rodinia, and 600–300 Ma and 200–60 Ma for Gondwanaland-Pangea. A new supercontinent, Amasia, has begun to form during the past 250 m.y., thus overlapping Pangea break-up. Many of the formation-preservation patterns are themselves controlled by progressive cooling of Earth, the change from a mantle-plume buoyancy style to subduction-dominated tectonics, a decreasing buoyancy of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and depth of ore formation. In general, orogenic Au, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), epithermal Au-Ag, and porphyry Cu±Au and Mo porphyry deposits form in active margins during periods of supercontinent assembly. Numerous other ore deposit types show an association with supercontinent formation, but develop inland of the active margin. These include many of the MVT Pb-Zn deposits and unconformity-type U deposits. The Tertiary Carlin-type deposits within the deformed shelf sequences along the North American craton margin also appear to have formed during the ongoing growth of Amasia. Those ores associated with periods of supercontinent breakup or attempted breakup are more difficult to define. They probably include diamond, Bushveld-type Ni-Cu-PGE, IOCG, and clastic-dominated Pb-Zn (or SEDEX) deposits in intracontinental areas of failed rifting, and other clastic-dominated Pb-Zn deposits in areas of actual breakup. In all cases, however, these temporal/spatial distributions are ultimately controlled by the secular character of Earth history.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency has identified estrogens from animal feeding operations as a major environmental concern, but few data are available to quantify the excretion of estrogenic compounds by dairy cattle. The objectives of this study were to quantify variation in estrogenic activity in feces and urine due to increased dietary inclusion of phytoestrogens. Ten Holstein heifers were assigned to 2 groups balanced for age and days pregnant; groups were randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a 2-period crossover design. Dietary treatments consisted of grass hay or red clover hay, and necessary supplements. Total collection allowed for sampling of feed refusals, feces, and urine during the last 4 d of each period. Feces and urine samples were pooled by heifer and period, and base extracts were analyzed for estrogenic activity (estrogen equivalents) using the yeast estrogen screen bioassay. Feces and urine samples collected from 5 heifers were extracted and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify excretion of 7 phytoestrogenic compounds. Excretion of 17-β estradiolequivalents in urine was higher and tended to be higher in feces for heifers fed red clover hay (84.4 and 120.2 mg/d for feces and urine, respectively) compared with those fed grasshay (57.4 and 35.6 mg/d). Analysis by LC-MS/MS indicated greater fecal excretion of equol, genistein, daidzein, coumestrol, and formononetin by heifers fed red clover hay (1634, 29.9, 96.3, 27.8, and 163 mg/d, respectively) than heifers fed grass hay (340, 3.0, 46.2, 8.8, and 18.3 mg/d, respectively). Diet had no effect on fecal biochanin A or 2-carbethoxy-5, 7-dihydroxy-4’-methoxyisoflavone. Four phytoestrogens were detected in urine (2-carbethoxy-5, 7-dihydroxy-4’-methoxyisoflavone, daidzein, equol, and formononetin) and their excretion was not affected by diet. Identifying sources of variation in estrogenic activity of manure will aid in the development of practices to reduce environmental estrogen accumulation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.3168/jds.2009-2657","usgsCitation":"Tucker, H., Knowlton, K., Meyer, M.T., Khunjar, W., and Love, N., 2010, Effect of diet on fecal and urinary estrogenic activity: Journal of Dairy Science, v. 93, no. 5, p. 2088-2094, https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2657.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2088","endPage":"2094","costCenters":[{"id":588,"text":"Toxic Hydrology Program","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2657","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":358221,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10c716e4b034bf6a7f50d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tucker, H.A.","contributorId":208541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tucker","given":"H.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knowlton, K.F.","contributorId":208543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knowlton","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Khunjar, W.O","contributorId":208539,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khunjar","given":"W.O","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Love, N.G.","contributorId":93617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"N.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70171009,"text":"70171009 - 2010 - Modeling the production, decomposition, and transport of dissolved organic carbon in boreal soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T18:26:18","indexId":"70171009","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T07:45:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling the production, decomposition, and transport of dissolved organic carbon in boreal soils","docAbstract":"The movement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through boreal ecosystems has drawn increased attention because of its potential impact on the feedback of OC stocks to global environmental change in this region. Few models of boreal DOC exist. Here we present a one-dimensional model with simultaneous production, decomposition, sorption/desorption, and transport of DOC to describe the behavior of DOC in the OC layers above the mineral soils. The field-observed concentration profiles of DOC in two moderately well-drained black spruce forest sites (one with permafrost and one without permafrost), coupled with hourly measured soil temperature and moisture, were used to inversely estimate the unknown parameters associated with the sorption/desorption kinetics using a global optimization strategy. The model, along with the estimated parameters, reasonably reproduces the concentration profiles of DOC and highlights some important potential controls over DOC production and cycling in boreal settings. The values of estimated parameters suggest that humic OC has a larger potential production capacity for DOC than fine OC, and most of the DOC produced from fine OC was associated with instantaneous sorption/desorption whereas most of the DOC produced from humic OC was associated with time-dependent sorption/desorption. The simulated DOC efflux at the bottom of soil OC layers was highly dependent on the component and structure of the OC layers. The DOC efflux was controlled by advection at the site with no humic OC and moist conditions and controlled by diffusion at the site with the presence of humic OC and dry conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.","doi":"10.1097/SS.0b013e3181e0559a","usgsCitation":"Fan, Z., Neff, J.C., and Wickland, K.P., 2010, Modeling the production, decomposition, and transport of dissolved organic carbon in boreal soils: Soil Science, v. 175, no. 5, p. 223-232, https://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e3181e0559a.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"232","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-015251","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321280,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"175","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"574d65e2e4b07e28b6684868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fan, Zhaosheng","contributorId":169418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fan","given":"Zhaosheng","affiliations":[{"id":25481,"text":"Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neff, Jason C.","contributorId":169417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":25504,"text":"Univ. of Colorado, Coulder, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":629521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wickland, Kimberly P. 0000-0002-6400-0590 kpwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6400-0590","contributorId":1835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wickland","given":"Kimberly","email":"kpwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":629520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156097,"text":"70156097 - 2010 - Abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the dive performance of Common Eiders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-10T18:01:56.512772","indexId":"70156097","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the dive performance of Common Eiders","docAbstract":"Implanted transmitters have become an important tool for studying the ecology of sea ducks, but their effects remain largely undocumented. To address this, we assessed how abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the vertical dive speeds, stroke frequencies, bottom time, and dive duration of captive Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima). To establish baselines, we recorded video of six birds diving 4.9 m prior to surgery, implanted them with 38- to 47-g platform transmitter terminals, and then recorded their diving for 3.5 months after surgery to determine effects. Descent speeds were 16–25% slower and ascent speeds were 17–44% slower after surgery, and both remained below baseline at the end of the study. Dive durations were longer than baseline until day 22. On most days between 15 and 107 days after surgery, foot-stroke frequencies of birds foraging on the bottom were slower. Foot- and wing-stroke frequencies during descent and bottom time did not differ across the time series. If birds that rely on benthic invertebrates for sustenance dive slower and stay submerged longer after being implanted with a satellite transmitter, their foraging energetics may be affected. Researchers considering use of implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas should be mindful of these effects and the possibility of concomitant alterations in diving behavior, foraging success, and migratory behavior compared to those of unmarked conspecifics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1525/cond.2010.090022","usgsCitation":"Powell, A., Latty, C.J., Hollmén, T., Petersen, M.R., and Andrews, R.D., 2010, Abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the dive performance of Common Eiders: Condor, v. 112, no. 2, p. 314-322, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090022.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"314","endPage":"322","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010768","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090022","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": 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assessing low-level nutrient enrichment in wadeable Ozark streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-15T15:29:08.442893","indexId":"70155508","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of algal, macroinvertebrate, and fish assemblage indices for assessing low-level nutrient enrichment in wadeable Ozark streams","docAbstract":"Biotic indices for algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish assemblages can be effective for monitoring stream enrichment, but little is known regarding the value of the three assemblages for detecting perturbance as a consequence of low-level nutrient enrichment. In the summer of 2006, we collected nutrient and biotic samples from 30 wadeable Ozark streams that spanned a nutrient-concentration gradient from reference to moderately enriched conditions. Seventy-three algal metrics, 62 macroinvertebrate metrics, and 60 fish metrics were evaluated for each of the three biotic indices. After a group of candidate metrics had been identified with multivariate analysis, correlation procedures and scatter plots were used to identify the four metrics having strongest relations to a nutrient index calculated from log transformed and normalized total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations. The four metrics selected for each of the three biotic indices were: algae—the relative abundance of most tolerant diatoms, the combined relative abundance of three species of Cymbella, mesosaprobic algae percent taxa richness, and the relative abundance of diatoms that are obligate nitrogen heterotrophs; macroinvertebrate—the relative abundance of intolerant organisms, Baetidae relative abundance, moderately tolerant taxa richness, and insect biomass; fish—herbivore and detritivore taxa richness, pool species relative abundance, fish catch per unit effort, and black bass (Micropterus spp.) relative abundance.
All three biotic indices were negatively correlated to nutrient concentrations but the algal index had a higher correlation (rho = −0.89) than did the macroinvertebrate and fish indices (rho = −0.63 and −0.58, respectively). Biotic index scores were lowest and nutrient concentrations were highest for streams with basins having the highest poultry and cattle production. Because of the availability of litter for fertilizer and associated increases in grass and hay production, cattle feeding capacity increases with poultry production. Studies are needed that address the synergistic effect of poultry and cattle production on Ozark streams in high production areas before ecological risks can be adequately addressed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.10.007","usgsCitation":"Justus, B., Petersen, J., Femmer, S.R., Davis, J., and Wallace, J.E., 2010, A comparison of algal, macroinvertebrate, and fish assemblage indices for assessing low-level nutrient enrichment in wadeable Ozark streams: Ecological Indicators, v. 10, no. 3, p. 627-638, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.10.007.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"627","endPage":"638","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-006636","costCenters":[{"id":129,"text":"Arkansas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":409354,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ozarks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.68715751122797,\n 35.36705469793361\n ],\n [\n -91.79401845584462,\n 35.97194095099876\n ],\n [\n -92.64201175828644,\n 36.183679007769214\n ],\n [\n -94.0898052014799,\n 36.13079795420306\n ],\n [\n -94.59998003384335,\n 36.055589865284134\n ],\n [\n -94.81370192307662,\n 35.574800228769234\n ],\n [\n -95.06878933925815,\n 34.83686115065606\n ],\n [\n -92.8143681205715,\n 34.62722402550767\n ],\n [\n -91.68715751122797,\n 35.361432508222435\n ],\n [\n -91.68715751122797,\n 35.36705469793361\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfa9e4b08400b1fe13d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Justus, B. 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However, initial testing of these predictors was too limited to assess their reliability among diverse habitats, ecotypes, subspecies, and populations across the continent. With data collected from mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), elk (Cervus elaphus), and moose (Alces alces) during initial model development and data collected subsequently from free-ranging mule deer and elk herds across much of the western United States, we evaluated reliability across a broader range of conditions than were initially available. First, to more rigorously test reliability of the MAXFAT index, we evaluated its robustness across the 3 species, using an allometric scaling function to adjust for differences in animal size. We then evaluated MAXFAT, rump body condition score (rBCS), rLIVINDEX (an arithmetic combination of MAXFAT and rBCS), and our new allometrically scaled rump-fat thickness index using data from 815 free-ranging female Roosevelt and Rocky Mountain elk (C. e. roosevelti and C. e. nelsoni) from 19 populations encompassing 4 geographic regions and 250 free-ranging female mule deer from 7 populations and 2 regions. We tested for effects of subspecies, geographic region, and captive versus free-ranging existence. Rump-fat thickness, when scaled allometrically with body mass, was related to ingesta-free body fat over a 38–522-kg range of body mass (r2 = 0.87; P < 0.001), indicating the technique is remarkably robust among at least the 3 cervid species of our analysis. However, we found an underscoring bias with the rBCS for elk that had >12% body fat. This bias translated into a difference between subspecies, because Rocky Mountain elk tended to be fatter than Roosevelt elk in our sample. Effects of observer error with the rBCS also existed for mule deer with moderate to high levels of body fat, and deer body size significantly affected accuracy of the MAXFAT predictor. Our analyses confirm robustness of the rump-fat index for these 3 species but highlight the potential for bias due to differences in body size and to observer error with BCS scoring. We present alternative LIVINDEX equations where potential bias from rBCS and bias due to body size are eliminated or reduced. These modifications improve the accuracy of estimating body fat for projects intended to monitor nutritional status of herds or to evaluate nutrition's influence on population demographics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2193/2009-031","usgsCitation":"Cook, R.C., Cook, J.G., Stephenson, T.R., Myers, W.L., Mccorquodale, S.M., Vales, D.J., Irwin, L.L., Hall, P.B., Spencer, R.D., Murphie, S.L., Schoenecker, K.A., and Miller, P.J., 2010, Revisions of rump fat and body scoring indices for deer, elk, and moose: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 74, no. 4, p. 880-896, https://doi.org/10.2193/2009-031.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"880","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349383,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.20019531249999,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -125.20019531249999,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -125.20019531249999,\n 36.527294814546245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610abbe4b06e28e9c256cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, Rachel C.","contributorId":19064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, John G.","contributorId":12903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stephenson, Thomas R.","contributorId":64114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Myers, Woodrow L.","contributorId":200876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Myers","given":"Woodrow","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mccorquodale, Scott M.","contributorId":62921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mccorquodale","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vales, David J.","contributorId":74662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vales","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Irwin, Larry L.","contributorId":105649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irwin","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hall, P. 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","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ieam.49","usgsCitation":"Wiley, 2010, Global climate change and environmental contaminants: A SETAC call for research: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 6, no. 2, p. 197-198, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.49.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"198","ipdsId":"IP-019183","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.49","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":347689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59f83a5be4b063d5d3098280"} ,{"id":70169304,"text":"70169304 - 2010 - Comparative morphology among northern populations of breeding Cooper's Hawks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:03:27","indexId":"70169304","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative morphology among northern populations of breeding Cooper's Hawks","docAbstract":"Few studies at a broad geographical scale have characterized intraspecific variation in morphology of woodland hawks in the genus Accipiter. From 1999 to 2007 we investigated morphological variation in large samples of live Cooper's Hawks (A. cooperii) nesting in four study areas: coniferous woodland around Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, isolated deciduous woodlands in short-grass prairies of northwestern North Dakota, towns and rural deciduous woodlands along the border of North Dakota and Minnesota, and urban and rural mixed deciduous and coniferous landscapes of Wisconsin. These sites span 2660 km across the northern part of the species' breeding range. We measured body mass (i.e., size), wing chord, tail length, tarsus diameter, hallux length, and culmen length of breeding adults, finding significant and clinal variation in body mass (or size). The smallest and most similar-sized birds occurred in British Columbia and western North Dakota, larger birds along the border between North Dakota and Minnesota, and the largest birds in Wisconsin. Several other characters varied significantly when mass was used as a covariate. Variation by study site in mean indices of sexual size dimorphism was negligible and not significant. We speculate that the morphological differences we found, in part, are the result of geographic isolation, where diets, migratory behavior, and structural characteristics of nesting habitats vary across landscape types.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/cond.2010.090148","usgsCitation":"Rosenfield, R.N., Rosenfield, L.J., Bielefeldt, J., Murphy, R.K., Stewart, A.C., Stout, W.E., Driscoll, T.G., and Bozek, M.A., 2010, Comparative morphology among northern populations of breeding Cooper's Hawks: Condor, v. 112, no. 2, p. 347-355, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090148.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"355","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018232","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090148","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":319356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, Minnesota, North Dakota, 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John","contributorId":127819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bielefeldt","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murphy, Robert K.","contributorId":67643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":56253,"text":"Eagle Environmental, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":623599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stewart, Andrew C.","contributorId":127820,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stout, William E.","contributorId":167808,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stout","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Driscoll, Timothy G.","contributorId":42027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bozek, Michael A.","contributorId":51030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bozek","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70150353,"text":"70150353 - 2010 - Unintended effects of electrofishing on nongame fishes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-24T11:04:29","indexId":"70150353","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unintended effects of electrofishing on nongame fishes","docAbstract":"Most studies of injury associated with electrofishing have focused on game fishes, but few have given attention to cohabiting small nongame species. Under controlled laboratory conditions, we subjected small nongame cyprinids, ictalurids, and percids to a wide range of voltages and waveforms to examine potential harmful effects. Fish were treated with power levels distributed uniformly between the thresholds required to immobilize game fish and also were subjected multiple times to those thresholds to simulate the range of conditions that might exist in a heterogeneous electrical field formed during electrofishing in field situations. Across waveforms and species, the incidence of hemorrhages averaged 2% (range = 0–20%), the incidence of spinal injuries averaged 6% (range = 0–30%), and mortality averaged 16% (range = 0–90%). Continuous DC was generally less harmful than pulsed-DC waveforms; hemorrhages and spinal injuries tended to increase with high pulse frequencies, and mortalities tended to increase with low pulse frequencies. Ambiguities in the results were apparent, suggesting that some species may experience extensive harm, whereas others may not. Given the potential to harm numerically small populations and populations of imperiled species, we suggest (1) expanded efforts to overcome the power limitations that prevent effective use of continuous-DC electrofishing in many field situations and (2) pilot studies at geographic locations where numerically small populations of nongame species may be a concern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/T09-225.1","usgsCitation":"Miranda, L.E., and Kidwell, R.H., 2010, Unintended effects of electrofishing on nongame fishes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 139, no. 5, p. 1315-1321, https://doi.org/10.1577/T09-225.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1315","endPage":"1321","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018208","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":302277,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558bd4c3e4b0b6d21dd65332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miranda, Leandro E. 0000-0002-2138-7924 smiranda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-7924","contributorId":531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"Leandro","email":"smiranda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kidwell, R. H.","contributorId":32676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidwell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":556772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70044293,"text":"70044293 - 2010 - Fluvial processes and vegetation - Glimpses of the past, the present, and perhaps the future.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-27T08:01:24","indexId":"70044293","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluvial processes and vegetation - Glimpses of the past, the present, and perhaps the future.","docAbstract":"\"Most research before 1960 into interactions among fluvial processes, resulting landforms, and vegetation was descriptive. Since then, however, research has become more detailed and quantitative permitting numerical modeling and applications including agricultural-erosion abatement and rehabilitation of altered\nbottomlands. Although progress was largely observational, the empiricism increasingly yielded to objective recognition of how vegetation interacts with and influences geomorphic process. A review of advances relating fluvial processes and vegetation during the last 50 years centers on hydrologic reconstructions from\ntree rings, plant indicators of flow- and flood-frequency parameters, hydrologic controls on plant species, regulation of sediment movement by vegetation, vegetative controls on mass movement, and relations between plant cover and sediment movement. Extension of present studies of vegetation as a regulator of bottomland hydrologic and geomorphic processes may become markedly more sophisticated and widespread than at present. Research emphases that are\nlikely to continue include vegetative considerations for erosion modeling, response of riparian-zone forests to disturbance such as dams and water diversion, the effect of vegetation on channel and bottomland dynamics, and rehabilitation of stream corridors. Research topics that presently are receiving attention are the effect of woody vegetation on the roughness of stream corridors and, hence, processes of flood conveyance and flood-plain sedimentation, the development of a theoretical basis for rehabilitation projects as opposed to fully empirical approaches, the effect of invasive plant species on the dynamics of bottomland vegetation, the quantification of below-surface biomass and related soil-stability factors for use in erosion prediction models, and the effect of impoundments on downstream narrowing of channels and accompanying encroachment of vegetation. Bottomland vegetation partially controls and is controlled by fluvial-geomorphic processes. The purposes of this paper are to identify and review investigations that have related vegetation to bottomland features and\nprocesses, to distinguish the present status of these investigations, and to anticipate future research into how hydrologic and fluvial-geomorphic processes of bottomlands interact with vegetation.\"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.018","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Hupp, C.R., 2010, Fluvial processes and vegetation - Glimpses of the past, the present, and perhaps the future.: Geomorphology, v. 116, p. 274-285, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.018.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"274","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-013235","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":270789,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":270788,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.018"}],"country":"United States","volume":"116","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"516689e3e4b0bba30b388bda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, Waite R.","contributorId":8505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"Waite","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":475247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":475246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98354,"text":"fs20103021 - 2010 - Why Study Paleoclimate?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:35","indexId":"fs20103021","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3021","title":"Why Study Paleoclimate?","docAbstract":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) researchers are at the forefront of paleoclimate research, the study of past climates. With their unique skills and perspective, only geologists have the tools necessary to delve into the distant past (long before instrumental records were collected) in order to better understand global environmental conditions that were very different from today's conditions. Paleoclimatologists are geologists who study past climates to answer questions about what the Earth was like in the past and to enable projections, plans, and preparations for the future. \r\n\r\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected a future warmer climate that has the potential to affect every person on Earth. Extreme weather events, rising sea level, and migrating ecosystems and resources could result in worldwide socio-economic stresses if not met with prudent and proactive action plans based on quality scientific research. Still, the most dangerous aspect of our changing climate is the uncertainty in the exact nature and rate of projected climate change.\r\n\r\nTo reduce the uncertainties, USGS paleoclimatologists are studying a possible analog to a future warmer climate. The middle part of the Piacenzian Stage of the Pliocene Epoch, about 3.3 to 3.0 million years ago, is the most recent period in Earth's history in which global warmth reached and remained at temperatures similar to those projected for the end of this century, about 2 degrees C to 3 degrees C warmer on average than today over the entire globe. This past warmer time interval preceded the ice ages but was recent enough, geologically, to be very similar to today in terms of ocean circulation and the position of the continents. Also, the populations of plants and animals were much like those of today, and so geologists can use their fossils to estimate past environmental conditions such as temperature and sea level.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103021","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M., and Dowsett, H., 2010, Why Study Paleoclimate?: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3021, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103021.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3021.bmp"},{"id":13603,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3021/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Marci","contributorId":100087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Marci","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowsett, Harry","contributorId":6138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"Harry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189232,"text":"70189232 - 2010 - Variability and trends in dry day frequency and dry event length in the southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-06T11:33:03","indexId":"70189232","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variability and trends in dry day frequency and dry event length in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Daily precipitation from 22 National Weather Service first-order weather stations in the southwestern United States for water years 1951 through 2006 are used to examine variability and trends in the frequency of dry days and dry event length. Dry events with minimum thresholds of 10 and 20 consecutive days of precipitation with less than 2.54 mm are analyzed. For water years and cool seasons (October through March), most sites indicate negative trends in dry event length (i.e., dry event durations are becoming shorter). For the warm season (April through September), most sites also indicate negative trends; however, more sites indicate positive trends in dry event length for the warm season than for water years or cool seasons. The larger number of sites indicating positive trends in dry event length during the warm season is due to a series of dry warm seasons near the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Overall, a large portion of the variability in dry event length is attributable to variability of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, especially for water years and cool seasons. Our results are consistent with analyses of trends in discharge for sites in the southwestern United States, an increased frequency in El Niño events, and positive trends in precipitation in the southwestern United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009JD012866","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G., Legates, D.R., and Lins, H.F., 2010, Variability and trends in dry day frequency and dry event length in the southwestern United States: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 115, no. D7, Article D07108; 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012866.","productDescription":"Article D07108; 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-014940","costCenters":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475728,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jd012866","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":343398,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"D7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"595f4c48e4b0d1f9f057e38c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, Gregory J. 0000-0002-9258-2997 gmccabe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-2997","contributorId":167116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"Gregory J.","email":"gmccabe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":703634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Legates, David R.","contributorId":194273,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Legates","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":703636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lins, Harry F. 0000-0001-5385-9247 hlins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5385-9247","contributorId":1505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lins","given":"Harry","email":"hlins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":703635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70236357,"text":"70236357 - 2010 - The Origins of C4 Grasslands: Integrating Evolutionary and Ecosystem Science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-02T19:35:46.440591","indexId":"70236357","displayToPublicDate":"2010-04-30T14:04:29","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The Origins of C4 Grasslands: Integrating Evolutionary and Ecosystem Science","title":"The Origins of C4 Grasslands: Integrating Evolutionary and Ecosystem Science","docAbstract":"The evolution of the C4 photosynthetic pathway from the ancestral C3 pathway in grasses led to the establishment of grasslands in warm climates during the Late Miocene (8 to 3 million years ago). This was a major event in plant evolutionary history, and their high rates of foliage production sustained high levels of herbivore consumption. The past decade has seen significant advances in understanding C4 grassland ecosystem ecology, and now a wealth of data on the geological history of these ecosystems has accumulated and the phylogeny of grasses is much better known. Edwards et al. (p. 587) review this multidisciplinary research area and attempt to synthesize emerging knowledge about the evolution of grass species within the context of plant and ecosystem ecology.
Relatively few evaluations of aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities have been published in peer-reviewed literature detailing the effect of varying residual basal area (RBA) after timber harvesting in riparian buffers. Our analysis investigated the effects of partial harvesting within riparian buffers on aquatic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams from two experiments in northern Minnesota northern hardwood-aspen forests. Each experiment evaluated partial harvesting within riparian buffers. In both experiments, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish were collected 1 year prior to harvest and in each of 3 years after harvest. We observed interannual variation for the macroinvertebrate abundance, diversity and taxon richness in the single-basin study and abundance and diversity in the multiple-basin study, but few effects related to harvest treatments in either study. However, interannual variation was not evident in the fish communities and we detected no significant changes in the stream fish communities associated with partially harvested riparian buffers in either study. This would suggest that timber harvesting in riparian management zones along reaches ≤200 m in length on both sides of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 12.4 ± 1.3 m2 ha−1 or on a single side of the stream that retains RBA ≥ 8.7 ± 1.6 m2 ha−1 may be adequate to protect macroinvertebrate and fish communities in our Minnesota study systems given these specific timber harvesting techniques.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.006","usgsCitation":"Chizinski, C.J., Vondracek, B.C., Blinn, C.R., Newman, R.M., Atuke, D.M., Fredricks, K., Hemstad, N.A., Merten, E., and Schlesser, N., 2010, The influence of partial timber harvesting in riparian buffers on macroinvertebrate and fish communities in small streams in Minnesota, USA: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 259, no. 10, p. 1946-1958, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.006.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1946","endPage":"1958","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010803","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11299/183570","text":"External Repository"},{"id":323799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.47143554687499,\n 48.070738264258296\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 47.67278567576541\n ],\n [\n -92.340087890625,\n 46.581518465658014\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 47.64318610543658\n ],\n [\n -94.47143554687499,\n 48.070738264258296\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"259","issue":"10","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5763cdb4e4b07657d19ba766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chizinski, Christopher J.","contributorId":7178,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chizinski","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vondracek, Bruce C. bcv@usgs.gov","contributorId":904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vondracek","given":"Bruce","email":"bcv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blinn, Charles R.","contributorId":46320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blinn","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Newman, Raymond M.","contributorId":99519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Atuke, Dickson M.","contributorId":6291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Atuke","given":"Dickson","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fredricks, Keith","contributorId":8671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fredricks","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hemstad, Nathaniel A.","contributorId":105945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hemstad","given":"Nathaniel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Merten, Eric","contributorId":172045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merten","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schlesser, Nicholas","contributorId":16246,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schlesser","given":"Nicholas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70192988,"text":"70192988 - 2010 - A macroinvertebrate assessment of Ozark streams located in lead-zinc mining areas of the Viburnum Trend in southeastern Missouri, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T15:41:32","indexId":"70192988","displayToPublicDate":"2010-04-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A macroinvertebrate assessment of Ozark streams located in lead-zinc mining areas of the Viburnum Trend in southeastern Missouri, USA","docAbstract":"The Viburnum Trend lead-zinc mining subdistrict is located in the southeast Missouri portion of the Ozark Plateau. In 2003 and 2004, we assessed the ecological effects of mining in several watersheds in the region. We included macroinvertebrate surveys, habitat assessments, and analysis of metals in sediment, pore water, and aquatic biota. Macroinvertebrates were sampled at 21 sites to determine aquatic life impairment status (full, partial, or nonsupport) and relative biotic condition scores. Macroinvertebrate biotic condition scores were significantly correlated with cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc, and specific conductance in 2003 (r = -0.61 to -0.68) and with cadmium, lead, and pore water toxic units in 2004 (r = -0.55 to -0.57). Reference sites were fully supporting of aquatic life and had the lowest metals concentrations and among the highest biotic condition scores in both years. Sites directly downstream from mining and related activities were partially supporting, with biotic condition scores 10% to 58% lower than reference sites. Sites located greater distances downstream from mining activities had intermediate scores and concentrations of metals. Results indicate that elevated concentrations of metals originating from mining activities were the underlying cause of aquatic life impairment in several of the streams studied. There was general concurrence among the adversely affected sites in how the various indicators responded to mining activities during the overall study.
In this report, subjects discussed include components of mineral supply, production, and consumption data, and information on selected mineral commodities in which the Energy Critical Elements Study Group has an interest, and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recycling studies, with some results of these studies.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Critical elements for new energy technologies: an MIT Energy Initiative Workshop report","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"MIT Energy Workshop on Critical Elements for New Energy Technologies","conferenceDate":"April 29, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","language":"English","publisher":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","usgsCitation":"Sibley, S.F., 2010, Supply of and demand for selected energy related mineral commodities, in Critical elements for new energy technologies: an MIT Energy Initiative Workshop report, Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 29, 2010, p. 111-121.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"121","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021295","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308256,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fbe449e4b05d6c4e502905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sibley, Scott F.","contributorId":105426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibley","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":572613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98352,"text":"fs20093110 - 2010 - Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) in the Western United States-A Report on the State of the Science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:46","indexId":"fs20093110","displayToPublicDate":"2010-04-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3110","title":"Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) in the Western United States-A Report on the State of the Science","docAbstract":"The Salt Cedar and Russian Olive Control Demonstration Act of 2006 (Public Law 109-320) directs the Department of the Interior to submit a report to Congress that includes an assessment of several issues surrounding these two nonnative trees, now dominant components of the vegetation along many rivers in the Western United States. This report was published in 2010 as a U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report (available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5247). The report was produced through a collaborative effort led by the Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Geological Survey, with critical contributions from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and from university researchers.\r\n\r\nThe document synthesizes the state of the science and key research needs on the following topics related to management of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) in the Western United States: their distribution and abundance (extent); the potential for water savings associated with controlling these species; considerations related to wildlife use of saltcedar and Russian olive habitat and restored habitats; methods of control and removal; possible utilization of dead biomass following control and removal; and approaches and challenges associated with site revegetation or restoration. A concluding chapter discusses possible long-term management strategies, potentially useful field-demonstration projects, and a planning process for on-the-ground projects involving removal of saltcedar and Russian olive.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093110","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the USDA Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P., 2010, Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) in the Western United States-A Report on the State of the Science: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3110, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093110.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3110.jpg"},{"id":13601,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3110/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdeb5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick","contributorId":36251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98353,"text":"sir20095247 - 2010 - Saltcedar and Russian Olive Control Demonstration Act Science Assessment","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180886,"text":"70180886 - 2010 - Background and introduction: Chapter 1","indexId":"70180886","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Background and introduction: Chapter 1"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98353,"text":"sir20095247 - 2010 - Saltcedar and Russian Olive Control Demonstration Act Science Assessment","indexId":"sir20095247","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Saltcedar and Russian Olive Control Demonstration Act Science Assessment"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":70180887,"text":"70180887 - 2010 - Distribution and abundance of Saltcedar and Russian Olive in the western United States: Chapter 2","indexId":"70180887","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Distribution and abundance of Saltcedar and Russian Olive in the western United States: Chapter 2"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98353,"text":"sir20095247 - 2010 - 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A secondary purpose is to provide a common background for applicants for prospective demonstration projects, should funds be appropriated for this second phase of the Act. This document synthesizes the state-of-the-science on the following topics: the distribution and abundance (extent) of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) in the Western United States, potential for water savings associated with controlling saltcedar and Russian olive and the associated restoration of occupied sites, considerations related to wildlife use of saltcedar and Russian olive habitat or restored habitats, methods to control saltcedar and Russian olive, possible utilization of dead biomass following removal of saltcedar and Russian olive, and approaches and challenges associated with revegetation or restoration following control efforts. A concluding chapter discusses possible long-term management strategies, needs for additional study, potentially useful field demonstration projects, and a planning process for on-the-ground projects involving removal of saltcedar and Russian olive.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095247","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the USDA Forest Service","usgsCitation":"Shafroth, P.B., Brown, C.A., and Merritt, D.M., 2010, Saltcedar and Russian Olive Control Demonstration Act Science Assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5247, xviii, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095247.","productDescription":"xviii, 143 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5247.jpg"},{"id":13602,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5247/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6034","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shafroth, Patrick B. 0000-0002-6064-871X shafrothp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6064-871X","contributorId":2000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"Patrick","email":"shafrothp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Curtis A.","contributorId":90415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Curtis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merritt, David M.","contributorId":95976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}