Historic stream flow data were compiled and record extension techniques were used, when necessary, to develop a monthly stream flow record for 1953-82 at streamflow-gaging stations on the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota. The record extension techniques included both Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1 and Ordinary Least Squares.
In addition to the historic stream flow record, synthesized unregulated streamflow was computed for gaging stations on the James River for 1953-82 by eliminating the effects of Jamestown Reservoir, Pipestem Reservoir, Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, and the consumptive surface-water withdrawals. Maintenance of Variance Extension Type 1, Ordinary Least Squares regression, water-balance procedures, and drainage-area ratio methods were used to compute the unregulated streamflows.
Mean annual historic stream flow of the James River at Jamestown is about 7,000 acre-feet less than the mean annual unregulated streamflow. Mean monthly unregulated streamflow is greater than mean monthly historic streamflow during March, April, and May; during all other months, unregulated stream flow is less than historic streamflow.
The climate during 1953-82 was compared to the climate records, which range in length from 53 to 102 years, in the James River basin to determine if the climate during 1953-82 was similar to the climate that has occurred during the last 90 years. On the basis of the climate analysis, the data-development period (1953-82) does not represent an abnormally wet or dry period. Thus, the streamflow during the data-development period represents a range of streamflows that might be expected to occur during the last 90 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894039","usgsCitation":"Wiche, G.J., Benson, R.D., and Emerson, D.G., 1989, Streamflow at selected gaging stations on the James River in North Dakota and South Dakota, 1953-82, with a section on climatology: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4039, Report: v, 99 p.; Plate: 10.34 x 16.30 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894039.","productDescription":"Report: v, 99 p.; Plate: 10.34 x 16.30 inches","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4039/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59262,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4039/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiche, Gregg J. gjwiche@usgs.gov","contributorId":1675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiche","given":"Gregg","email":"gjwiche@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benson, Rick D.","contributorId":60303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emerson, Douglas G.","contributorId":40579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emerson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":15638,"text":"ofr8932 - 1989 - Geologic and hydrologic data for the Rustler Formation near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:02","indexId":"ofr8932","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-32","title":"Geologic and hydrologic data for the Rustler Formation near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is investigating the geohydrology in the vicinity of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in southeastern New Mexico. Data presented were compiled in support of a regional groundwater flow model. The data include water level measurements obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey 's Groundwater Site-Inventory and OMNIANA data bases and stratigraphic information interpreted from commercial geophysical logs. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8932","usgsCitation":"Richey, S.F., 1989, Geologic and hydrologic data for the Rustler Formation near the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, southeastern New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-32, iii, 72 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8932.","productDescription":"iii, 72 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0032/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":44602,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0032/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a53f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richey, Steven F.","contributorId":50511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richey","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":171476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30523,"text":"wri894040 - 1989 - Selected water-quality characteristics and flow of ground water in the San Luis basin, including the Conejos River subbasin, Colorado and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:54","indexId":"wri894040","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4040","title":"Selected water-quality characteristics and flow of ground water in the San Luis basin, including the Conejos River subbasin, Colorado and New Mexico","docAbstract":"Chemical analyses of water from 99 wells and 19 springs in the San Luis basin in Colorado and New Mexico were evaluated to determine selected water quality characteristics as an aid in understanding the flow of groundwater in the basin. The evaluation shows that the distribution of chemical water types in the basin is consistent with chemical changes to be expected along flow paths in rocks typical of those in the basin. The San Luis basin area is underlain by a surficial (< 100-ft-thick) unconfined aquifer and, in turn, by a confining bed and a deeper confined aquifer. Previous studies have indicated that the groundwater system is recharged around the edges of the basin and that groundwater then moves toward discharge areas in the topographically closed part of the basin and along principal streams. The evaluation of water quality data showed that groundwater at the perimeter of the San Luis basin is primarily a calcium bicarbonate type, which is typical in recharge areas. Groundwater near the center of the basin is primarily a sodium bicarbonate type, which is typical of groundwater in downgradient areas. The change in principal cation from calcium to sodium indicates chemical evolution of the water along the groundwater flow path and supports previously developed concepts of groundwater movement in the basin. The exchange of calcium for sodium along the flow path also is assumed to occur in the Conejos River subbasin. Upgradient wells yield calcium bicarbonate type water, whereas downgradient wells yield sodium bicarbonate type water. However, an exception to this relation is found at McIntire Spring, which yields calcium bicarbonate type water from a downgradient location. The source of water discharging from the spring may be the confined aquifer, with hydraulic connection along the Manassa fault. The concentration of dissolved solids in water from both the unconfined and confined aquifers increases downgradient. The increase is dramatic in the closed basin, ranging from < 500 mg/L to > 30 ,000 mg/L. In this area, the normal increase in concentration by dissolution of minerals along the flow path is exceeded by the increase due to evapotranspiration from the shallow water table. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center,","doi":"10.3133/wri894040","usgsCitation":"Williams, R., and Hammond, S., 1989, Selected water-quality characteristics and flow of ground water in the San Luis basin, including the Conejos River subbasin, Colorado and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4040, iv, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894040.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159547,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4040/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59302,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4040/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59303,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4040/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3d23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R.S. Jr.","contributorId":46102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, S.E.","contributorId":17607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30554,"text":"wri884129 - 1989 - Cost-effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging program in Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:11:57","indexId":"wri884129","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4129","title":"Cost-effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging program in Minnesota","docAbstract":"A three-step analysis of the cost-effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging program in Minnesota is documented in this report.
\nIn the first step of the analysis, the data uses and funding sources were identified for the 96 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations operated in 1985. Nineteen sources of funding and 42 uses were identified for the data collected in this program. Two stations were identified as producing data no longer sufficiently needed to warrant continuing their operation. Three other stations were identified as having uses specific to short-term studies. One station was destroyed in 1985. It is recommended that the remaining 90 station be maintained in the program for the foreseeable future.
\nIn the second step, multiple-linear-regression analysis was investigated as a possible method for providing the data collected at 23 stations. The multiple-linear-regression method was not sufficiently accurate to provide the needed data, and it is recommended that the 23 stations remain in the program. It also is recommended that flow-routing methods be investigated to see if they could provide the needed data for stations on the Red Lake River, the upper Minnesota River, and on the Mississippi River in the Minneapolis-St Paul metropolitan area.
\nIn the third step, the cost-effectiveness of collecting data from 77 of the remaining 90 stations was determined for the open-water period, April 1 through October 30. Data for 13 stations are provided to the U.S. Geological Survey or are collected at fixed intervals and were, therefore, not used in the analysis. The average standard error per station for estimation of the streamflow records is about 24 percent for the statewide network, about 11 percent for the stations operated by the St. Paul field office, about 22 percent for the stations operated by the Grand Rapids field office, and about 37 percent for the stations operated by the Montevideo field office.
\nThe current policy for collecting data from the 77 stations during the open-water period cost $198,000 in 1985. The estimated average standard error per station for the statewide network could be reduced from 24.4 percent to 20.6 percent at the $198,000 budget, if the minimum number of discharge measurements at each station were reduced from five to three during the open-water period and the remaining budget were used to make additional discharge measurements at stations with large standard errors.
\nIt is recommended that, before this data-collection plan is implemented, the effects of the plan on the cost of collecting data be evaluated for (1) possible increased lost record because of the data collection plan, and (2) the possible need for additional trips to visit noncontinuous-record stations. It also is recommended that the data-accuracy needs of the funding agencies be considered before the plan is implemented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri884129","usgsCitation":"Winterstein, T.A., and Arntson, A., 1989, Cost-effectiveness of the streamflow-gaging program in Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4129, v, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884129.","productDescription":"v, 94 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4129/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59321,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4129/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683dfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winterstein, T. A.","contributorId":25156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterstein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arntson, A.D.","contributorId":100026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arntson","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30614,"text":"wri894004 - 1989 - Water quality and supply on Cortina Rancheria, Colusa County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri894004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4004","title":"Water quality and supply on Cortina Rancheria, Colusa County, California","docAbstract":"Cortina Rancheria covers an area of 1 sq mi in Colusa County, California, near the western edge of the Sacramento Valley. Local sources of water for residents of the rancheria are of poor quality or limited availability. Domestic needs are presently met by water from a hand-dug well and from a drilled well with a potential yield of 15 gal/min. Water from both wells fails to meet California State drinking-water standards, primarily because of high concentrations of chloride and dissolved solids. High concentrations of sodium and boron pose additional problems for agricultural use of the water. The dissolved ions originate in Upper Cretaceous marine sediments of the Cortina Formation, which occurs at or near land surface throughout the rancheria. Small quantities of fresh groundwater may occur locally in the Tehama Formation which overlies the Cortina Formation in the eastern part of the rancheria. Canyon Creek, the largest stream on the rancheria, flows only during winter and spring. Water from one of the rancheria 's three springs meet drinking water standards, but it almost stops flowing in summer. The generally poor quality of ground and surface water on the rancheria is typical of areas along the west side of the Sacramento Valley. Additional hydrologic information could indicate more precisely the quantity and quality of surface and groundwater on Cortina Rancheria. Principal features of a possible data-collection program would include monitoring of discharge and water quality in three springs and in Canyon Creek, electromagntic terrain conductivity surveys, and monitoring of water levels and quality in two existing wells and several proposed test wells. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies may be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri894004","usgsCitation":"Yates, E., 1989, Water quality and supply on Cortina Rancheria, Colusa County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4004, iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894004.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59381,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f323d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yates, E.B.","contributorId":77973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"E.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30618,"text":"wri884116 - 1989 - Effects of river discharge and high-tide stage on salinity intrusion in the Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River estuaries, southwest Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-11T19:20:43.62085","indexId":"wri884116","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4116","title":"Effects of river discharge and high-tide stage on salinity intrusion in the Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River estuaries, southwest Florida","docAbstract":"The Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee Rivers are coastal streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico that may be affected by either future surface water or groundwater withdrawals. Reduction of river discharge will affect the upstream extent of saltwater intrusion in the rivers; however, under certain reduced low-flow discharges, the estimated change in upstream extent of saltwater intrusion is on the order of several tenths of a mile and frequently is within the range of predicted error. Data on flow, tides, and salinity describe the physical characteristics of the Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River systems. Vertical and longitudinal salinity profiles indicate that salinity of the rivers increases downstream and varies substantially at any given location. The Weeki Wachee River system is the best mixed of the three. The Crystal River system exhibited the next best mixed system, and the Withlacoochee River system exhibited the most variation in its salinity regime. The daily maximum upstream extent of salinity intrusion is described by multiple linear-regression analysis based on daily mean streamflow of each river and high-tide stage of the gulf. The equations are used to show the effects of discharge on the daily maximum upstream extent of salinity intrusion in the rivers.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri884116","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1989, Effects of river discharge and high-tide stage on salinity intrusion in the Weeki Wachee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River estuaries, southwest Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4116, v, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884116.","productDescription":"v, 63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411726,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47032.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":59383,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4116/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123856,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4116/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Weekee, Crystal, and Withlacoochee River estuaries","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.75,\n 29.1167\n ],\n [\n -82.75,\n 28.4364\n ],\n [\n -82.4217,\n 28.4364\n ],\n [\n -82.4217,\n 29.1167\n ],\n [\n -82.75,\n 29.1167\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae8ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30620,"text":"wri884044 - 1989 - Salinity and flow relations and effects of reduced flow in the Chassahowitzka River and Homosassa River estuaries, southwest Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri884044","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4044","title":"Salinity and flow relations and effects of reduced flow in the Chassahowitzka River and Homosassa River estuaries, southwest Florida","docAbstract":"The Chassahowitzka and Homosassa Rivers Florida, are spring-fed streams flowing into the Gulf of Mexico that may be affected by future development of groundwaters. Reduction of streamflow may cause an upstream movement of saltwater in the rivers. Data on flow, tide, and salinity define the physical characteristics of both estuaries. Vertical and longitudinal salinity profiles indicate that the estuaries are reasonably well mixed for the streamflow and high-tide conditions observed during the study. Estimates of the daily maximum upstream locations of the vertically averaged 3-ppt and 5-ppt salinities in the Chassahowitzka River and the vertically averaged 2-ppt and 5-ppt salinities in the Homosassa River are described by multiple linear regression analysis using daily mean streamflow of each river and high-tide stage of the gulf. For the vertically averaged 3-ppt and 2-ppt salinities, the square of the correlation coefficient for the predictive equations ranged from 0.77 to 0.85. For the vertically averaged 5-ppt salinities, the square of the correlation coefficient for the predictive equations ranged from 0.73 to 0.88. Upstream movement of salt-water due to pumping 40 million gal/day from a well field near the headwater springs of the Chassahowitzka and Homosassa Rivers was determined. Pumping at this rate from the Chassahowitzka River would cause a 15% reduction of average spring flow, resulting in an upstream movement of both the vertically averaged 3-ppt and 5-ppt of about 0.3 mile. In the Homosassa River, pumping would cause a 13% reduction of average spring flow, resulting in an upstream movement of both the vertically averaged 2-ppt and 5-ppt salinities of about 0.1 mile. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri884044","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1989, Salinity and flow relations and effects of reduced flow in the Chassahowitzka River and Homosassa River estuaries, southwest Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4044, iv, 38 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884044.","productDescription":"iv, 38 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159878,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59385,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa4c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27587,"text":"wri884234 - 1989 - Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:40","indexId":"wri884234","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4234","title":"Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This investigation was undertaken to describe the geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits along the North Canadian River between Lake Overholser and Eufaula Lake, an area of about 1,835 square miles, and to determine the maximum annual yield of ground water.\r\nA 1982 water-level map of the alluvial and terrace aquifer was prepared using field data and published records. Data from test holes and other data from the files of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Oklahoma Water Resources Board were used to establish the approximate thickness of the alluvial and terrace deposits.\r\n\r\nThe North Canadian River from Lake Overholser, near Oklahoma City, to Eufaula Lake is paralleled by a 2- to 3-mile wide band of alluvium. Scattered terrace deposits on either side of the alluvium reach an extreme width of 8 miles. Rocks of Permian age bound the alluvial and terrace deposits from the west to the midpoint of the study area; Pennsylvanian rocks bound the alluvial and terrace deposits from that point eastward.\r\n\r\nThree major aquifers are present in the study area: the alluvial and terrace aquifer, consisting of alluvium and terrace deposits of Quaternary age in a narrow band on either side of the North Canadian River; the Garber-Wellington aquifer of Permian age, consisting of an upper unconfined zone and a lower confined zone separated by relatively impermeable shales; and the Ada-Vamoosa aquifer of Pennsylvanian age. At locations were the alluvial and terrace aquifer overlies either of the other aquifers, there is hydraulic continuity between the alluvial and terrace aquifer and the other aquifers, and water levels are the same.\r\n\r\nMost large-scale municipal and industrial pumping from the Garber-Wellington aquifer is from the lower zone and has little discernible effect upon the alluvial and terrace aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe total estimated base flow of the North Canadian River for the studied reach is 264 cubic feet per second. Evapotranspiration from the basin in August is about 60 cubic feet per second for the North Canadian River from Lake Overholser to a measuring station above Eufaula Lake. Estimated recharge rates to the alluvial and terrace aquifer in the basin range from 1.7 inches at the west edge of the study area to 7.0 inches at the east edge.\r\n\r\nTotal permitted withdrawal from the aquifer, according to records of the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, ranged from 2,107 acre-feet per year in 1942 to about 21,415 acre-feet per year in 1982.\r\n\r\nSimulations of the alluvial and terrace aquifer from Lake Overholser to Eufaula Lake were made using a finite-difference model developed by McDonald and Harbaugh (1984). The area of the aquifers was subdivided into a finite-difference grid having 30 rows and 57 columns with cells measuring 1 mile in the north-south direction and 2 miles in the east-west direction. The model was calibrated in two steps: A steady-state calibration simulated head distribution prior to extensive pumping of the aquifer in 1942, and a transient calibration simulated head distribution after extensive pumpage. The final horizontal hydraulic conductivity used for the alluvial and terrace aquifer was 0.0036 feet per second (310 feet per day) at all locations. The recharge rate for the alluvial and terrace aquifer ranged from 1.7 inch per year in the west to 7.0 inches per year in the east, and averaged about 3.3 inches per year. A specific yield of 15 percent was used for the transient simulation.\r\n\r\nPermitted pumpage for 1942 through 1982 was used in the digital model to estimate the annual volume of water in storage in the alluvial and terrace aquifer for the years for this time period. The 1982 permitted pumpage rates were used for projections for 1983 to 2020. The estimated volume of water in storage was 1,940,000 acre-feet in 1982. Because the estimated recharge rate is equal to the allowed pumpage rate in 1982, the projected volume of water in storage in both 1993 and 2020 was 1,890,000 acre-feet.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-file reports, Federal Center,","doi":"10.3133/wri884234","usgsCitation":"Havens, J., 1989, Geohydrology of the alluvial and terrace deposits of the North Canadian River from Oklahoma City to Eufaula Lake, central Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4234, vii, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884234.","productDescription":"vii, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121808,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56439,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56440,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56441,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56442,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56443,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56444,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56445,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56446,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56447,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56448,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56449,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56450,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56451,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4234/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8888","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Havens, J.S.","contributorId":12043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Havens","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":2542,"text":"wsp2298 - 1989 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20561,"text":"ofr86321 - 1986 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in small coal-mined and in undisturbed watersheds in West Virginia","indexId":"ofr86321","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in small coal-mined and in undisturbed watersheds in West Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2542,"text":"wsp2298 - 1989 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia","indexId":"wsp2298","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:30","indexId":"wsp2298","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2298","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia","docAbstract":"Meteorologic and hydrologic data from five small watersheds in the coal areas of West Virginia were used to calibrate and test the U.S. Geological Survey Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System for simulating streamflow under various climatic and land-use conditions. Three of the basins--Horsecamp Run, Gilmer Run, and Collison Creek--are primarily forested and relatively undisturbed. The remaining basins--Drawdy Creek and Brier Creek-are extensively mined, both surface and underground above stream drainage level. \r\n\r\nLow-flow measurements at numerous synoptic sites in the mined basins indicate that coal mining has substantially altered the hydrologic system of each basin. The effects of mining on streamflow that were identified are (1) reduced base flow in stream segments underlain by underground mines, (2) increased base flow in streams that are downdip and stratigraphically below the elevation of the mined coal beds, and (3) interbasin transfer of ground water through underground mines. These changes probably reflect increased permeability of surface rocks caused by subsidence fractures associated with collapsed underground mines in the basin. Such fractures would increase downward percolation of precipitation, surface and subsurface flow, and ground-water flow to deeper rocks or to underground mine workings. \r\n\r\nModel simulations of the water budgets for the unmined basins during the 1972-73 water years indicate that total annual runoff averaged 60 percent of average annual precipitation; annual evapotranspiration losses averaged 40 percent of average annual precipitation. Of the total annual runoff, approximately 91 percent was surface and subsurface runoff and 9 percent was groundwater discharge. Changes in storage in the soil zone and in the subsurface and ground-water reservoirs in the basins were negligible. \r\n\r\nIn contrast, water-budget simulations for the mined basins indicate significant differences in annual recharge and in total annual runoff. Model simulations of the water budget for Drawdy Creek basin indicate that total annual runoff during 1972-73 averaged only 43 percent of average annual precipitation--the lowest of all study basins; annual evapotranspiration losses averaged 49 percent, and interbasin transfer of ground-water losses averaged about 8 percent. Of the total annual runoff, approximately 74 percent was surface and subsurface flow and 26 percent was ground-water discharge. The low total annual runoff at Drawdy Creek probably reflects increased recharge of precipitation and surface and subsurface flow losses to ground water. Most of the increase in ground-water storage is, in turn, lost to a ground-water sink--namely, interbasin transfer of ground water by gravity drainage and (or) mine pumpage from underground mines that extend to adjacent basins. \r\n\r\nHypothetical mining situations were posed for model analysis to determine the effects of increased mining on streamflow in the mined basins. Results of model simulations indicate that streamflow characteristics, the water budget, and the seasonal distribution of streamflow would be significantly modified in response to an increase in mining in the basins. Simulations indicate that (1) total annual runoff in the basins would decrease because of increased surface- and subsurface-flow losses and increased recharge of precipitation to ground water (these losses would tend to reduce medium to high flows mainly during winter and spring when losses would be greatest), (2) extreme high flows in response to intense rainstorms would be negligibly affected, regardless of the magnitude of mining in the basins, (3) ground-water discharge also would decrease during winter and spring, but the amount and duration of low flows during summer and fall would substantially increase in response to increased ground-water storage in rocks and in underground mines, and (4) the increase in ground-water storage in the basins would be depleted, mostly by increased losses to a grou","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2298","usgsCitation":"Puente, C., and Atkins, J.T., 1989, Simulation of rainfall-runoff response in mined and unmined watersheds in coal areas of West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2298, iv, 48 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2298.","productDescription":"iv, 48 p. :ill. (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2298/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28783,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a376","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Puente, Celso","contributorId":36140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puente","given":"Celso","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atkins, John T. jtatkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"John","email":"jtatkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":145373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2418,"text":"wsp2335 - 1989 - Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":15259,"text":"ofr84710 - 1987 - Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983","indexId":"ofr84710","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2418,"text":"wsp2335 - 1989 - Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983","indexId":"wsp2335","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:34","indexId":"wsp2335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2335","title":"Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983","docAbstract":"Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality were monitored for industrial, single-dwelling residential, multiple-dwelling residential, and commercial land-use catchments during the 1981-82 and 1982-83 rain seasons. Storm-composite rainfall and discrete run6ff samples were analyzed for numerous inorganic, biological, physical, and organic constituents. Atmospheric dry-deposition and street-surface particulate samples also were collected and analyzed. \r\n\r\nWith the exception of the industrial catchment, the highest runoff concentrations for most constituents occurred during the initial storm runoff and then decreased throughout the remainder of the storm, independent of hydraulic conditions. Metal concentrations were high during initial runoff, but also increased as flow increased. Constituent concentrations for the industrial catchment fluctuated greatly during storms. \r\n\r\nStatistical tests showed higher ammonia plus organic nitrogen, ammonia, pH, and phenol concentrations in rainfall at the industrial site than at the single-dwelling residential and laboratory sites. Statistical testing of runoff quality data showed higher concentrations for the industrial catchment than for the two residential and commercial catchments for most constituents. Total recoverable lead was one of the few constituents that had lower concentrations for the industrial catchment than for the other three catchments. The two residential catchments showed no significant difference in runoff concentrations for 50 of the 57 constituents used in the statistical analysis. The commercial catchment runoff concentrations for most constituents generally were similar to the residential catchments. \r\n\r\nAlthough constituent concentrations generally were higher for the industrial catchment than for the commercial catchment, constituent storm loads from the commercial catchment were similar to the industrial catchment because of the greater runoff volume from the highly impervious commercial catchment. Between 10 and 50 percent of the constituent runoff loads for the two residential catchments were attributed to the rainfall load, with the percentages generally considerably less for the industrial catchment. \r\n\r\nEvent mean concentrations (EMC) for most constituents for all but the industrial catchment were highest for the first two or three storms of the rain season after which they became almost constant. Constituent event mean concentrations for the industrial catchment generally did not show any pattern throughout a rain season. Multiple-regression predictor equations for event mean concentrations were developed for several constituents for all sites. Average annual constituent unit loads were computed for 18 constituents for each catchment. \r\n\r\nThe organophosphorus compounds, diazinon, malathion, and parathion were the most prevalent pesticides detected in rainfall. Diazinon was detected in all 54 rainfall samples. Parathion and malathion were detected in 49 and 50 samples, respectively. Other pesticides detected in rainfall included chlordane, lindane, methoxychlor, endosulfan, and 2,4-D. Of these, only methoxychlor and endosulfan were not consistently detected in runoff.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2335","usgsCitation":"Oltmann, R.N., and Shulters, M.V., 1989, Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality characteristics of four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2335, vi, 114 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2335.","productDescription":"vi, 114 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28427,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a59e4b07f02db63001d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oltmann, Richard N.","contributorId":63377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oltmann","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shulters, Michael V. shulters@usgs.gov","contributorId":1023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shulters","given":"Michael","email":"shulters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16412,"text":"ofr8963 - 1989 - Water-quality data for selected wells and drains in the Oakes study area, south-central North Dakota, December 1986 through September 1987","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T16:48:59","indexId":"ofr8963","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-63","title":"Water-quality data for selected wells and drains in the Oakes study area, south-central North Dakota, December 1986 through September 1987","docAbstract":"Operation of the Garrison Diversion Unit in North Dakota will divert water from the Missouri River near Lake Audubon into the upper James River basin (fig. 1). The diverted water will augment flows in the James River sufficiently to permit expanded irrigation and to provide additional water supplies for municipal and industrial use. The proposed Garrison Diversion Unit development and associated expanded irrigation has caused environmental concerns regarding potential mobilization, transport, and concentration of potentially toxic trace elements. In order to address'these concerns, a study of trace elements was made cooperatively by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Geological Survey during 1986-88. The traceelement study area consists of approximately 130,000 acres and includes the Turtle Lake, Lincoln Valley, Harvey, New Rockford, LaMoure, and Oakes areas. As part of this study, Severson and others (1988) reported on the baseline geochemistry of soils, with special emphasis on selenium, for an irrigation test area of about 15 square miles near Oakes, N.Dak. This report presents the water-quality data collected during December 1986 through September 1987 from selected wells and drain sites in the Oakes study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8963","usgsCitation":"Wald, J.D., Helgesen, C., and Pokladnik, M., 1989, Water-quality data for selected wells and drains in the Oakes study area, south-central North Dakota, December 1986 through September 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-63, iv, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8963.","productDescription":"iv, 60 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699629","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, James D.","contributorId":64263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helgesen, C.S.","contributorId":29834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pokladnik, M.C.","contributorId":51762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pokladnik","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":16509,"text":"ofr8956 - 1989 - Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":16509,"text":"ofr8956 - 1989 - Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","indexId":"ofr8956","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4726,"text":"twri03B7 - 1992 - Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","indexId":"twri03B7","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4726,"text":"twri03B7 - 1992 - Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","indexId":"twri03B7","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-08T10:17:01","indexId":"ofr8956","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-56","title":"Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow","docAbstract":"Analytical solutions to the advective-dispersive solute-transport equation are useful in predicting the fate of solutes in ground water. Analytical solutions compiled from available literature or derived by the author are presented in this report for a variety of boundary condition types and solute-source configurations in one-, two-, and three-dimensional systems with uniform ground-water flow. A set of user-oriented computer programs was created to evaluate these solutions and to display the results in tabular and computer-graphics format. These programs incorporate many features that enhance their accuracy, ease of use, and versatility. Documentation for the programs describes their operation and required input data, and presents the results of sample problems. Derivations of select solutions, source codes for the computer programs, and samples of program input and output also are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr8956","usgsCitation":"Wexler, E.J., 1989, Analytical solutions for one-, two-, and three-dimensional solute transport in ground-water systems with uniform flow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-56, xii, 250 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8956.","productDescription":"xii, 250 p.","numberOfPages":"267","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359312,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acbe4b07f02db67e388","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wexler, Eliezer J.","contributorId":99963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wexler","given":"Eliezer","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":172969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":16543,"text":"ofr89243 - 1989 - Hydraulic characteristics of the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:17","indexId":"ofr89243","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-243","title":"Hydraulic characteristics of the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia","docAbstract":"Traveltime, dispersion, water-surface and streambed profiles, and cross-section data were collected for use in application of flow and solute-transport models to the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia. Dye clouds subjected to increasing and decreasing flow rates (unsteady flow) showed that increasing flows shorten the cloud and decreasing flows lengthen the cloud. After the flow rate was changed and the flow was again steady, traveltime and dispersion characteristics were determined by the new rate of flow. Seven stage/streamflow relations identified the general changes of stream geometry throughout the study reach. Channel cross sections were estimated for model input. Low water and streambed profiles were developed from surveyed water surface elevations and water depths. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCopies can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports,","doi":"10.3133/ofr89243","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., and Appel, D.H., 1989, Hydraulic characteristics of the New River in the New River Gorge National River, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-243, iv, 34 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89243.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0243/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45529,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0243/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a2ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Appel, David H.","contributorId":45290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appel","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16695,"text":"ofr8961 - 1989 - Construction data and retrieval procedures for selected wells drilled from 1985 through 1987 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-21T20:26:02.80111","indexId":"ofr8961","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-61","title":"Construction data and retrieval procedures for selected wells drilled from 1985 through 1987 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Twenty-eight wells were constructed by the U. S. Geological Survey for use in describing the groundwater flow system in Melton Valley, at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in eastern Tennessee. The wells were installed at 18 locations in Melton Valley and along the Clinch River during the period 1985 through 1987. During the same period, 19 wells were constructed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory at 7 locations in or near radioactive-waste burial grounds in Melton Valley. Construction data for all 47 wells are in the U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Site Inventory data system, where information is also stored for 450 wells that were completed at the laboratory in earlier years. The data can be electronically retrieved by personnel who have access to the U.S. Geological Survey Prime computer located in Nashville, Tennessee, and retrieval procedures are given in the report. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr8961","usgsCitation":"Zehner, H., 1989, Construction data and retrieval procedures for selected wells drilled from 1985 through 1987 at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-61, iii, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8961.","productDescription":"iii, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382437,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0061/report.pdf"},{"id":148771,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0061/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.5233154296875,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -84.0069580078125,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -84.0069580078125,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -84.5233154296875,\n 36.10237644873644\n ],\n [\n -84.5233154296875,\n 35.96022296929667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2f25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zehner, H.H.","contributorId":105322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zehner","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":173306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26233,"text":"wri884236 - 1989 - Flood of January 1982 in the San Francisco Bay area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri884236","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4236","title":"Flood of January 1982 in the San Francisco Bay area, California","docAbstract":"A major winter storm originating over the Pacific Ocean moved through central California in early January 1982. As much as 16 inches of rain fell in Marin County and 25 inches in the mountains bordering Santa Cruz County. The storm of January 3-5, 1982 had a stable atmospheric structure, and the layer of moist maritime air was confined to altitudes between 50 and 700 ft; this phenomenon caused the rain to fall most heavily along the lower slopes of the coastal mountains. As a result of antecedent rainfall, streamflow in the San Francisco Bay area exceeded normal from the end of October to the end of December 1981. For most streams, the January 1982 flood was the largest since the flood of December 1955, but it was not significantly large in comparison with historic peak-flow data. Damages associated with the storm were substantial, but flooding from stream runoff was not the major problem. Greater than normal antecedent rainfall, together with the prolonged heavy rain, liquified the supersaturated soil cover and caused numerous slope failures and debris flows on steep, unstable slopes. The median recurrence interval of the 1982 peak for 66 streamflow-gaging stations in the San Francisco Bay area is 10 years; for the 1955 flood, the median recurrence interval for 16 stations is 11 years. Streams with highest unit peak runoff were in the Santa Cruz Mountains and North Bay subareas. Median recurrence intervals of flood volumes for durations of 1, 3, and 8 consecutive days during the January 1982 flood are 18, 11, and 8; these recurrence intervals are comparable to those of the December 1955 flood, which are 13 , 16, and 14 years. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884236","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., and Chin, E., 1989, Flood of January 1982 in the San Francisco Bay area, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4236, v, 46 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884236.","productDescription":"v, 46 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4236/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55032,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4236/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55033,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4236/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, J. C.","contributorId":32154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chin, E.H.","contributorId":48212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chin","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26251,"text":"wri884184 - 1989 - Ground-water inflow to the Deschutes River near the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon, August 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:22:16","indexId":"wri884184","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4184","title":"Ground-water inflow to the Deschutes River near the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon, August 1985","docAbstract":"Groundwater inflow to the Deschutes River near the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Oregon was estimated for August 1985 by: (1) measuring streamflow at various sites along the river; (2) determining the part of the streamflow that is groundwater inflow; and (3) analyzing the hydraulic gradients of the groundwater flow system to estimate the amount of groundwater discharge to the Deschutes River from both sides of the river. Results of the streamflow analysis indicated that the Deschutes River gained 415 cu ft/sec between Round Butte Dam and Dant in August 1985. Results of the analysis on hydraulic gradients of the groundwater flow system showed that the amount of groundwater inflow from the west side ranged from about 207 to 216 cu ft/sec, and groundwater inflow from the east side ranged from about 199 to 207 cu ft/sec. Streamflow measurements in September 1985 along the Metolius River from the site above Jefferson creek to the site below Camp Creek indicated a gain of 70 cu ft/sec. From the site below Camp Creek to the gage above Lake Billy Chinook the results of discharge measurements showed a loss of 112 cu ft/sec. Because of lack of groundwater hydraulic-head and lithologic data, no analysis of the groundwater flow system near the Metolius River was attempted. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri884184","usgsCitation":"Bolke, E., and Laenen, A., 1989, Ground-water inflow to the Deschutes River near the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Oregon, August 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4184, iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884184.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55050,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4184/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4184/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123382,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4184/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolke, E.L.","contributorId":52151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolke","given":"E.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laenen, Antonius","contributorId":107673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laenen","given":"Antonius","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27553,"text":"wri884130 - 1989 - The hydrogeologic framework and a reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina, with a design for future study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T09:01:37","indexId":"wri884130","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-4130","title":"The hydrogeologic framework and a reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina, with a design for future study","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is investigating the relation of ground- water quality and land use in the regolith and fractured rock ground-water system of the North Carolina Piedmont. The initial phase of this study provides a description of the ground-water flow system and a review of available ground-water data and formulates hypotheses that guide the design of a water-quality monitoring network for study of selected areas. \r\n\r\nIn the Piedmont, the solid igneous and metamorphic bedrock grades upward into unweathered fractured rock that is covered by a transition zone of highly-fractured, partially weathered rock, clay-rich saprolite, and the soil. The fractured bedrock, transition zone, saprolite, and soil make up a complex flow system. \r\n\r\nA review of available ground-water quality data shows a lack of information about organic compounds and trace metals and changes in ground- water quality with depth. Land use, soils, and geology significantly influence ground-water quality. \r\n\r\nThe hypotheses that need to be tested in the next study phase are: (1) that ground-water contamination can be related to land use, and (2) that the transition zone between bedrock and regolith serves as a primary transmitter of contaminants. \r\n\r\nMonitoring of basins containing industrial, urban, residential, and agricultural land uses in future studies will help define the relation of ground-water quality to land use. Water quality at different depths in the flow system and in streams during base flow needs to be identified.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri884130","usgsCitation":"Harned, D., 1989, The hydrogeologic framework and a reconnaissance of ground-water quality in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina, with a design for future study: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4130, vi, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri884130.","productDescription":"vi, 55 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56411,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1988/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db62930b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harned, Douglas","contributorId":11195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harned","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17502,"text":"ofr88492 - 1989 - Preliminary analysis of the shallow ground-water system in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-06T16:33:20.898321","indexId":"ofr88492","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-492","title":"Preliminary analysis of the shallow ground-water system in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana","docAbstract":"The shallow groundwater system in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor Canal, Indiana was analyzed from June 1985 to May 1986. This analysis was done to obtain detailed information about the physical characteristics of the Calumet aquifer and the shallow groundwater flow system. 36 shallow wells were installed and sediment samples were collected at 26 sites. Water level measurements were made in 45 wells. Data indicate that the aquifer consists of fine-grained to medium-grained sand, locally overlain by slag fill. Aquifer thickness is 0 to 65 ft. This aquifer is underlain by about 100 ft of glacial till and lacustrine clay that overlies carbonate bedrock of Silurian age. Broad, low-relief water table mounds occur between the major surface water drains. The crests of these mounds form major east-west-trending water table divides. Northwest of the Indiana Harbor Canal (IHC), a narrow water table ridge parallels the Lake Michigan shoreline and connects to a somewhat circular, low mound northwest of the IHC. Shallow groundwater generally flows from these water table mounds to the major streams or to Lake Michigan. Groundwater also flows to small ditches, wetlands, and sewer lines. Stream/aquifer relations along the Grand Calumet River/IHC were quite complex. Digital model simulations of a conceptual north-south section near the middle of the study area indicate that discharge of groundwater to small ditches and leaky sewer lines has lowered the water table by several ft from predevelopment levels. Simulations also indicate that downward leakage to the bedrock may have contributed to the decline in the water table.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr88492","usgsCitation":"Watson, L.R., Shedlock, R.J., Banaszak, K., Arihood, L.D., and Doss, P.K., 1989, Preliminary analysis of the shallow ground-water system in the vicinity of the Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal, northwestern Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-492, iv, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88492.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":408041,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_17455.htm"},{"id":46653,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0492/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149361,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0492/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Grand Calumet River/Indiana Harbor Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.41615295410155,\n 41.59310776407768\n ],\n [\n -87.30697631835936,\n 41.59310776407768\n ],\n [\n -87.30697631835936,\n 41.65470159090441\n ],\n [\n -87.41615295410155,\n 41.65470159090441\n ],\n [\n -87.41615295410155,\n 41.59310776407768\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67cac0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, Lee R.","contributorId":83545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shedlock, R. J.","contributorId":91510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Banaszak, K. J.","contributorId":34935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banaszak","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doss, P. K.","contributorId":22788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doss","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":27470,"text":"wri894212 - 1989 - Effects of the 1986 drought on streamflow in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-22T20:31:29.970668","indexId":"wri894212","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-4212","title":"Effects of the 1986 drought on streamflow in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia","docAbstract":"A severe drought in the Southeastern United States during 1986 resulted in the lowest flows of record for many streams. Minimum flows in many streams occurred in mid-summer, several months earlier in the year than the minimums that occurred during notable regional droughts of 1954 and 1981. Streamflow data for 370 continuous-record gaging stations in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and southern Virginia were analyzed to determine the severity and areal extent of this drought. Minimum average streamflows for periods of 1, 7, 30, 60, and 90 consecutive days were evaluated to estimate the frequency of recurrence of the 1986 drought and generalized areas of similar recurrence intervals were delineated for the 7-day and 30-day minimum average flows. Flows in parts of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee receded to rates estimated to occur on the average of once in 50 to 100 years. A much larger area that extended from central Alabama to central North Carolina experienced flows with estimated recurrence intervals of 20 to 50 years.
In addition to the continuous-record station data, discharge measurements and observations of zero flow were made at 694 non-recording stream sites in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and eastern Tennessee during the 1986 drought. These measurements were used in conjunction with the continuous-record station flow data to estimate minimum 1986 drought flows at the non-recording sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri894212","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Charleston District, Mobile District, Savannah District and Wilmington District; and the Tennessee Valley Authority","usgsCitation":"Hale, T.W., Hopkins, E.H., and Carter, R.F., 1989, Effects of the 1986 drought on streamflow in Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4212, Report: iv, 102 p.; 2 Plates: 30.60 x 28.00 inches and 18.88 x 28.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri894212.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 102 p.; 2 Plates: 30.60 x 28.00 inches and 18.88 x 28.90 inches","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422851,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4212/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":422850,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4212/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":422849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4212/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157975,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1989/4212/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.867044,36.550754],[-75.533012,35.787377],[-75.960069,36.495025],[-75.791637,36.082267],[-76.132005,36.287773],[-76.191715,36.107197],[-76.447812,36.192514],[-76.298733,36.1012],[-76.575936,36.006167],[-76.721445,36.147838],[-76.675462,36.266882],[-76.722996,36.066585],[-76.608052,35.936668],[-76.014685,35.960361],[-76.046813,35.717935],[-75.86042,35.978262],[-75.747225,35.610248],[-76.165392,35.328659],[-76.499251,35.381492],[-76.586349,35.508957],[-76.476706,35.511707],[-76.634468,35.510332],[-76.580187,35.387113],[-77.023912,35.514802],[-76.472273,35.294936],[-76.801426,34.964369],[-76.958465,35.047647],[-76.762931,34.920374],[-76.463468,35.076411],[-76.332044,34.970917],[-76.524712,34.681964],[-76.673619,34.71491],[-76.523303,34.652271],[-76.093349,35.048705],[-76.524199,34.615416],[-76.726969,34.69669],[-77.209161,34.605032],[-77.713322,34.294879],[-77.956881,33.87779],[-78.383964,33.901946],[-78.862931,33.705654],[-79.359961,33.006672],[-79.55756,33.021269],[-80.905378,32.051943],[-80.841913,32.002643],[-81.065255,31.877095],[-81.254218,31.55594],[-81.17831,31.52241],[-81.276862,31.254734],[-81.490586,30.984952],[-81.408484,30.977718],[-81.461065,30.753684],[-82.004973,30.791744],[-82.116385,30.367335],[-82.227254,30.561041],[-84.836324,30.710709],[-84.997628,30.971186],[-85.145835,31.000695],[-87.598928,30.997457],[-87.615367,30.837031],[-87.39643,30.617734],[-87.558097,30.274437],[-88.014572,30.222366],[-87.766626,30.262353],[-88.008396,30.684956],[-88.115432,30.35657],[-88.341345,30.38947],[-88.468879,31.930262],[-88.097888,34.892202],[-88.253825,34.995553],[-90.309297,34.995694],[-90.09061,35.118287],[-90.166594,35.274588],[-89.992975,35.560774],[-89.923161,35.514428],[-89.915491,35.754917],[-89.68182,35.88999],[-89.699677,36.230821],[-89.534507,36.261802],[-89.5391,36.498201],[-88.045304,36.504081],[-88.068208,36.659747],[-87.872062,36.665089],[-83.690714,36.582581],[-83.156696,36.742187],[-81.968297,37.537798],[-81.695113,37.21357],[-81.367052,37.334504],[-81.225104,37.234874],[-80.947896,37.295872],[-80.865174,37.416996],[-80.332038,37.493744],[-79.649075,38.591515],[-79.291813,38.419627],[-79.023053,38.798613],[-78.869276,38.762991],[-78.439429,39.132146],[-78.346718,39.427618],[-77.828157,39.132329],[-77.6059,39.303688],[-77.46021,39.228359],[-77.47701,39.100331],[-77.058254,38.880069],[-77.286202,38.347025],[-77.024866,38.386791],[-76.910832,38.197073],[-76.251358,37.833072],[-76.443254,37.652347],[-76.722156,37.83668],[-76.252415,37.447274],[-76.475927,37.250543],[-76.300352,37.00885],[-76.780532,37.209336],[-76.482407,36.917364],[-76.058154,36.916947],[-75.867044,36.550754]]],[[[-75.753765,35.199612],[-75.523952,35.318198],[-75.533512,35.773577],[-75.52592,35.233839],[-75.982812,35.081513],[-75.753765,35.199612]]],[[[-75.242266,38.027209],[-75.962596,37.117535],[-75.981624,37.434116],[-75.712065,37.936082],[-75.242266,38.027209]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alabama\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db6107d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hale, Timothy W.","contributorId":81947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hale","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkins, Evelyn H.","contributorId":59025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Evelyn","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Robert F.","contributorId":82724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":17633,"text":"ofr88318 - 1989 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17633,"text":"ofr88318 - 1989 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","indexId":"ofr88318","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2635,"text":"wsp2367 - 1991 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","indexId":"wsp2367","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2635,"text":"wsp2367 - 1991 - Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","indexId":"wsp2367","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-05T19:30:36.120435","indexId":"ofr88318","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-318","title":"Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois","docAbstract":"Ten years of hydrologic research have been conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey at a commercial low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois. Research included studies of microclimate, evapotranspiration, and tritium release by plants; runoff and land modification; water movement through a trench cover; water and tritium movement in the unsaturated zone; gases in the unsaturated zone; water and tritium movement in the saturated zone; and water chemistry. Implications specific to each research topic and those based on overlapping research topics are summarized as to their potential effect on the selection, characterization, design, operation, and decommissioning processes of future low-level radioactive-waste disposal sites.
Unconsolidated deposits at the site are diverse in lithologic character and are spatially and stratigraphically complex. Thickness of these Quaternary deposits ranges from 3 to 27 meters and averages 17 meters. The unconsolidated deposits overlay 140 meters of Pennsylvanian shale, mudstone, siltstone, and coal.
Approximately 90,500 cubic meters of waste were buried from August 1967 through August 1978, in 21 trenches that were constructed in glacial materials by using a cut-and-fill process. Trenches generally were constructed below grade and ranged from 11 to 180 meters long, 2.4 to 21 meters wide, and 2.4 to about 7.9 meters deep.
Research on microclimate and evapotranspiration at the site was conducted from July 1982 through June 1984. Continuous measurements were made of precipitation, incoming and reflected solar (shortwave) radiation, incoming and emitted terrestrial (longwave) radiation, horizontal windspeed and direction, wet- and dry-bulb air temperature, barometric pressure, soil-heat fluxes, and soil temperature. Soil-moisture content, for this research phase, was measured approximately biweekly. Evapotranspiration rates were estimated by using three techniques--energy budget, aerodynamic profile, and water budget. Although monthly totals for each method differed, estimated annual evapotranspiration averages ranged from 630 to 693 millimeters or about 70 percent of precipitation.
Tritium concentrations in leaf water from on-site plants were determined for 125 vegetation samples collected during the summers of 1982 through 1986. Concentrations varied significantly among some locations and plant types. Tritium concentrations ranged from the detection limit of 0 .2 to 1,330 nanocuries per liter, with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) having the highest concentrations, followed by brome grass (Bromus inermis), and then red clover (Trifoleum pratense); these variations in concentration are most likely a result of root depth.
Runoff and sediment transport were measured from July 1982 through December 1985 in four basins--three comprising almost two-thirds of the 8.1-hectare site and one comprising a 1.4-hectare undisturbed area. Volumes and equivalent weights of collapses were estimated from records of site surficial conditions from October 1978 through December 1985. Runoff showed a direct relation to degree of land modification; lowest mean yields were measured at the undisturbed area, and highest mean yields were measured from the basin composed wholly of trench and intertrench areas. Sediment yield measured onsite averaged 3.4 megagrams per hectare. A total of 315 collapse cavities, corresponding to a cumulative volume of about 500 cubic meters, were documented. Most collapses were recorded after periods of rainfall or snowmelt when soil moisture was near maximum. Almost two-thirds of the collapses, corresponding to 63 percent of the cumulative cavity volume, occurred during February through April.
Data for the study of water movement through a trench cover were collected from July 1982 through June 1934. Pressure-head data were collected at four different clusters at depths ranging from 50 to 1,850 millimeters within a selected trench cover. Soil-moisture content for this research phase was measured weekly with a gamma-attenuation moisture probe. The amount of water stored within the trench cover fluctuated in an annual cycle. Moisture contents were greatest in late March or early April, decreased steadily from late spring through the summer, reached a minimum in late August or early September, and then increased gradually from midfall through the winter. Depths of wetting-front movements were a function of initial soil-moisture content and total storm precipitation. Seepage to the trench was estimated by use of four different methods: the Darcy method, the zero-flux phase method, the surface-based water-budget method, and the ground-water based water-budget method. Estimates by the different methods differed considerably.
Investigation of the unsaturated zone at the site began in 1981 and is ongoing (1987). Water movement was measured along a generalized vertical section through four trenches. A 120-meter-long, 2-meter-diameter horizontal tunnel provided access below the trenches. The timing of water movement varied temporally and spatially. Vertical flow was inhibited at interfaces between lithologic units of contrasting hydraulic conductivities. Data also indicate that water movement through the sand of the Toulon Member of the Glasford Formation occurs along localized partially saturated to saturated flow paths. Average velocities of water movement through the extent of the unsaturated zone, as estimated by a saturation-tracking method, ranged from 0.04 to 0.34 meter per day.
Tritium concentrations in the unsaturated zone varied spatially reflecting the heterogeneity of wastes in the overlying trenches and local hydrogeologic conditions. Tritium concentrations at all lysimeter locations increased with time; however, the increases usually were of small magnitude. Tritium concentrations increased abruptly, from five to nine times previous concentrations, at only 3 of 14 locations.
Gas samples were collected from a network of soil-gas piezometers located in the undisturbed unsaturated zone near a waste trench at approximately 70-day intervals during 1984-86. Relative proportions of nitrogen, oxygen plus argon, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, butane, tritiated water vapor, carbon dioxide, and 222radon were converted to partial pressures, based on a mean atmospheric pressure of 98.6 kilopascals. Methane and 14 carbon dioxide were identified as originating in the waste and having mean partial pressures that generally decreased with horizontal distance from the trench and with vertical distance to the land surface. Partial-pressure gradients for other radioactive gases were not detected in the gas sampling network; definable gradients may occur much nearer to the waste source.
Ground-water flow has been studied at the site since 1976. The spatial, stratigraphic, and lithologic complexity of the unconsolidated deposits that compose the shallow aquifer result in the free water surface intersecting nine different lithologic units at the site. Saturated hydraulic conductivities of these units range from about 4x10-12 to 8x10-6 centimeters per second. Three ground-water basins were defined within the shallow aquifer, with flow generally from west to east. Ground-water velocities are highly variable. A tracer test conducted in a pebbly-sand unit resulted in velocities in the range of 640 to 770 meters per year. Estimated velocities for the other units ranged from 2 to 490 meters per year.
Tritium was detected in observation wells on-site in 1976 and off-site in 1982. Concentrations ranged from the analytical detection limit of 0.2 to over 300 nanocuries per liter. Seasonal variations in tritium concentrations were observed in most wells, and dilution caused by infiltrating rainfall was observed.
Water-chemistry research included the collection and analysis of precipitation, geologic materials, and unsaturated- and saturated-zone water, both on-site and off-site, and in all geologic units, during 1978 to 1984. Precipitation was a calcium-zinc-sulfate type water. Calcium and bicarbonate were the most abundant cation and anion, respectively, in the geologic materials. Mean dissolved organic carbon and tritium concentrations (45 milligrams per liter and 290 nanocuries per liter, respectively) were greater in samples from six lysimeters located directly below waste trenches and one located within a trench, than in samples from all other lysimeters (8.4 milligrams per liter and 17 nanocuries per liter, respectively). Water in the saturated zone was generally a magnesium-bicarbonate type. Tritium was the only radionuclide detected in the saturated zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr88318","usgsCitation":"1989, Results of hydrologic research at a low-level radioactive-waste disposal site near Sheffield, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-318, x, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88318.","productDescription":"x, 114 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0318/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":384153,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0318/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","city":"Sheffield","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.76242065429688,\n 41.33660710626423\n ],\n [\n -89.67727661132811,\n 41.33660710626423\n ],\n [\n -89.67727661132811,\n 41.3675335097313\n ],\n [\n -89.76242065429688,\n 41.3675335097313\n ],\n [\n -89.76242065429688,\n 41.33660710626423\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673fe8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ryan, Barbara J.","contributorId":53397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Barbara J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749494,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1271,"text":"wsp2345 - 1989 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13302,"text":"ofr8746 - 1987 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","indexId":"ofr8746","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1271,"text":"wsp2345 - 1989 - Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","indexId":"wsp2345","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T10:40:13","indexId":"wsp2345","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2345","title":"Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Four unsaturated-zone monitoring sites and a meteorologic station were installed at the low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, S.C., to investigate the geohydrologic and climatologic factors affecting water movement in the unsaturated zone. The study site is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The unsaturated zone consists of a few centimeters to more than 1 meter of surface sand, underlain by up to 15 meters of clayey sand. Two monitoring sites were installed in experimental trenches, and two were installed in radioactive-waste trenches. Two different trench designs were evaluated at the monitoring sites. \r\n\r\nA meteorologic station was used to measure precipitation and to calculate actual evapotranspiration using the Bowen ratio method. Soil-moisture tensiometers, soil-moisture conductance probes, and temperature sensors were used to monitor soil-water movement in and adjacent to the trenches. Tracer tests using sodium chloride were conducted at each monitoring site. Hydrologic properties of unsaturated-zone materials were also determined. Data collection at the monitoring sites began in January 1982 and continued until early May 1984. \r\n\r\nTensiometer data show that the unsaturated materials had their highest percent saturations in winter and spring. Saturations in the backfill sand varied from 20 to 100 percent, and in the adjacent undisturbed and overlying compacted clayey sand, from about 75 to 100 percent. The same pattern generally was observed at all four monitoring sites. The tracer-test data indicate that water movement occurred mainly during the recharge period, winter and spring. The tracer-test results enabled computation of rates of unsaturated flow in the compacted clayey-sand cap, the compacted clayey-sand barrier, and the backfill sand. \r\n\r\nA micro-scale hydrologic budget was determined for an undisturbed part of the site from July 1983 through June 1984.Total precipitation was 144 centimeters, and actual evapotranspiration was 101 centimeters. Additionally, because tensiometer data indicate negligible water-storage changes in the unsaturated zone, it is estimated that approximately 43 centimeters of recharge reached the water table. \r\n\r\nDuring 1984, the rise and fall of ponded water in an experimental trench was continuously monitored with a digital recorder. This water-level record was used to compute the rate of leakage of ponded water from that trench--1 x 10 -5 centimeter per second. A cross-sectional finite-element model of variably saturated flow was used to test the conceptual model of water movement in the unsaturated zone and to illustrate the effect of trench design on water movement into the experimental trenches. \r\n\r\nMonitoring and model results show that precipitation on trenches infiltrated the trench cap and moved vertically into the trench backfill material. Precipitation on the undisturbed material adjacent to the trenches moved vertically through the surface sand and continued either downward into undisturbed clayey sand or laterally along the sand/clayey-sand interface into the backfill sand, depending on trench design. The trench construction practice of placing a compacted clayey-sand barrier around the trench greatly inhibits soil water from entering the trench.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2345","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K.F., and McMahon, P.B., 1989, Water movement in the unsaturated zone at a low-level radioactive-waste burial site near Barnwell, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2345, v, 40 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2345.","productDescription":"v, 40 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":26225,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2345/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137503,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2345/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Barnwell","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.5350341796875,\n 33.13065128220441\n ],\n [\n -81.199951171875,\n 33.13065128220441\n ],\n [\n -81.199951171875,\n 33.348884792201694\n ],\n [\n -81.5350341796875,\n 33.348884792201694\n ],\n [\n -81.5350341796875,\n 33.13065128220441\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db69970a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, Kevin F. kdennehy@usgs.gov","contributorId":1128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"Kevin","email":"kdennehy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":509,"text":"Office of the Associate Director for Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McMahon, Peter B. 0000-0001-7452-2379 pmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Peter","email":"pmcmahon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":143475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20555,"text":"ofr88729 - 1989 - Documentation of a computer program to simulate stream-aquifer relations using a modular, finite-difference, ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:22:41","indexId":"ofr88729","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"88-729","title":"Documentation of a computer program to simulate stream-aquifer relations using a modular, finite-difference, ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"Computer models are widely used to simulate groundwater flow for evaluating and managing the groundwater resource of many aquifers, but few are designed to also account for surface flow in streams. A computer program was written for use in the US Geological Survey modular finite difference groundwater flow model to account for the amount of flow in streams and to simulate the interaction between surface streams and groundwater. The new program is called the Streamflow-Routing Package. The Streamflow-Routing Package is not a true surface water flow model, but rather is an accounting program that tracks the flow in one or more streams which interact with groundwater. The program limits the amount of groundwater recharge to the available streamflow. It permits two or more streams to merge into one with flow in the merged stream equal to the sum of the tributary flows. The program also permits diversions from streams. The groundwater flow model with the Streamflow-Routing Package has an advantage over the analytical solution in simulating the interaction between aquifer and stream because it can be used to simulate complex systems that cannot be readily solved analytically. The Streamflow-Routing Package does not include a time function for streamflow but rather streamflow entering the modeled area is assumed to be instantly available to downstream reaches during each time period. This assumption is generally reasonable because of the relatively slow rate of groundwater flow. Another assumption is that leakage between streams and aquifers is instantaneous. This assumption may not be reasonable if the streams and aquifers are separated by a thick unsaturated zone. Documentation of the Streamflow-Routing Package includes data input instructions; flow charts, narratives, and listings of the computer program for each of four modules; and input data sets and printed results for two test problems, and one example problem. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr88729","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., 1989, Documentation of a computer program to simulate stream-aquifer relations using a modular, finite-difference, ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-729, vi, 113 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88729.","productDescription":"vi, 113 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":50074,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0729/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1988/0729/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629742","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18026,"text":"ofr89272 - 1989 - Ground-water levels and flow near the industrial excess landfill, Uniontown, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:26","indexId":"ofr89272","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-272","title":"Ground-water levels and flow near the industrial excess landfill, Uniontown, Ohio","docAbstract":"Under an interagency contractual agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registration, the U.S. Geological Survey evaluated geologic and hydrogeologic data available for the Industrial Excess Landfill (IEL) site in Uniontown, Ohio. During previous studies, ground-water contaminations was detected in observation wells installed at the site and in residential wells near the site.\r\n\r\nWater levels recorded on drillers' logs from 279 wells were used to characterize the regional ground-water flow system in the area of the IEL site. On the basis of the gross lithologic differences between the unconsolidated glacial-drift material and the indurated bedrock, and the inferred differences in their hydraulic properties, the flow system in the area of the IEL site was divided into two regional aquifers: a shallow, unconfined glacial-drift aquifer and a deeper, semiconfined bedrock aquifer. About 33 percent of the drillers' logs were from wells completed in the glacial-drift aquifer, whereas 67 percent were from wells completed in the bedrock aquifer.\r\n\r\nA composite potentiometric-surface map of the glacial drift aquifer shows that the IEL site appears to straddle a prominent ground-water ridge that trends northeast-southwest. Ground water flows radially away from this ridge, primarily to the northwest and to the southeast; as a result flow in the glacial-drift aquifer as the IEL site moves in a radial pattern away from the site in all directions. A composite, regional potentiometric-surface map of the bedrock aquifer shows a similar shows a similar elongated ground-water ridge trending northeast-southwest across the north-western corner of the IEL site; however, it does not appear that the IEL site straddles the ground-water ridge in the bedrock potentiometric surface.\r\n\r\nAs a consequence of the radial-type of flow pattern in the glacial-drift aquifer at the IEL site, the direction of potential off-site movement of a contaminant at the IEL site, This radial type of flow pattern may explain the nonuniform distribution of some of the contaminants detected in observation wells and residential wells, particularly if specific contaminants were not disposed of uniformly across the site.\r\n\r\nAvailable data also indicate a downward flow component within the glacial-drift aquifer, as manifested by a reduction of hydraulic heads with increasing depth of wells near the site. Such downward flow is consistent with the presence of the ground-water ridge, which would serve as a local recharge area within the regional flow system. Consequently, contaminants present at the site will flow both laterally within the local flow patterns and vertically downward within the flow system.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr89272","usgsCitation":"Bair, E., and Norris, S., 1989, Ground-water levels and flow near the industrial excess landfill, Uniontown, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-272, iii, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89272.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0272/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0272/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69858c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Norris, S.E.","contributorId":43771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norris","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19708,"text":"ofr89404 - 1989 - Streamflow and water-quality data for Meadow Run basin, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, December 1987 - November 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T10:51:43","indexId":"ofr89404","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-404","title":"Streamflow and water-quality data for Meadow Run basin, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, December 1987 - November 1988","docAbstract":"Streamflow and water-quality data were collected throughout the Meadow Run basin, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, from December 7, 1987 through November 15, 1988, to determine the prevailing quality of surface water over a range of hydrologic conditions. This data will assist the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources during its review of coal-mine permit applications. A water-quality station near the mouth of Meadow Run provided continuous-record of stream stage, pH, specific conductance, and water temperature. Monthly water-quality samples collected at this station were analyzed for total and dissolved metals, nutrients, major cations and anions, and suspended-sediment concentrations. Fourteen partial-record sites, located throughout the basin, were similarly sampled four times during the study. Streamflow and water-quality data obtained at these sites during a winter base flow, a spring rainfall event, a summer rainfall event, and a low summer base flow also are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89404","usgsCitation":"Kostelnik, K.M., and Witt, E., 1989, Streamflow and water-quality data for Meadow Run basin, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, December 1987 - November 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-404, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89404.","productDescription":"29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":49186,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0404/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0404/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kostelnik, K. M.","contributorId":34951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostelnik","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Witt, E.C.","contributorId":83556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19707,"text":"ofr89577 - 1989 - Streamflow and water-quality data for Little Scrubgrass Creek basin, Venango and Butler counties, Pennsylvania, December 1987 - November 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T10:52:57","indexId":"ofr89577","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1989","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"89-577","title":"Streamflow and water-quality data for Little Scrubgrass Creek basin, Venango and Butler counties, Pennsylvania, December 1987 - November 1988","docAbstract":"Streamflow and water-quality data were collected throughout the Little Scrubgrass Creek basin, Venango and Butler Counties, Pennsylvania, from December 1987 to November 1988, to determine the prevailing quality of surface water throughout the basin. This data will assist the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources during its review of coal mine permit applications. A water-quality station on Little Scrubgrass Creek near Lisbon, provided continuous-record of stream stage, pH, specific conductance, and water temperature. Monthly water-quality samples collected at this station were analyzed for total and dissolved metals, nutrients, major cations and anions, and suspended sediment concentrations. Fourteen partial-record sites, located throughout the basin, were similarly sampled four times during the period of study. Streamflow and water-quality data obtained at these sites during various base flow periods are also presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr89577","usgsCitation":"Kostelnik, K.M., and Durlin, R., 1989, Streamflow and water-quality data for Little Scrubgrass Creek basin, Venango and Butler counties, Pennsylvania, December 1987 - November 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-577, vi, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr89577.","productDescription":"vi, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153891,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0577/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49185,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1989/0577/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4e8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kostelnik, K. M.","contributorId":34951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostelnik","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Durlin, R.R.","contributorId":67116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durlin","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}