In fire-dependent forests, managers are interested in predicting the consequences of prescribed burning on postfire tree mortality. We examined the effects of prescribed fire on tree mortality in Florida Keys pine forests, using a factorial design with understory type, season, and year of burn as factors. We also used logistic regression to model the effects of burn season, fire severity, and tree dimensions on individual tree mortality. Despite limited statistical power due to problems in carrying out the full suite of planned experimental burns, associations with tree and fire variables were observed. Post-fire pine tree mortality was negatively correlated with tree size and positively correlated with char height and percent crown scorch. Unlike post-fire mortality, tree mortality associated with storm surge from Hurricane Wilma was greater in the large size classes. Due to their influence on population structure and fuel dynamics, the size-selective mortality patterns following fire and storm surge have practical importance for using fire as a management tool in Florida Keys pinelands in the future, particularly when the threats to their continued existence from tropical storms and sea level rise are expected to increase.
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Noble gas concentrations in water are modeled for single stage and continuous steam removal. Limitations on boiling using noble gas concentrations are then used to estimate the isotopic effect of boiling on hydrothermal water, allowing the isotopic composition of the parent hydrothermal water to be determined from that measured in spring. In neutral chloride springs of the Norris Geyser Basin, steam loss since the last addition of noble gas charged water is less than 30% of the total hydrothermal discharge, which results in an isotopic shift due to boiling of ?? 2.5% ??D. Noble gas concentrations in water rapidly and predictably change in dual phase systems, making them invaluable tracers of gas-liquid interaction in hydrothermal systems. By combining traditional tracers of hydrothermal flow such as deuterium with dissolved noble gas measurements, more complex hydrothermal processes can be interpreted. ?? 2010 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.09.020","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Gardner, W., Susong, D., Solomon, D.K., and Heasler, H., 2010, Using noble gases measured in spring discharge to trace hydrothermal processes in the Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A.: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 198, no. 3-4, p. 394-404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.09.020.","startPage":"394","endPage":"404","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218036,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.09.020"},{"id":246013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"198","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc082e4b08c986b32a177","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, W.P.","contributorId":93311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Susong, D. 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By using simple statistics, we explore the relations between abiotic and biotic variables that influence animal distributions. However, spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, a key variable in ecological studies, can cause difficulties to any basic model including time evolution. The study was of a landscape scale (three million square kilometers in eastern Australia), mainly over the period of 19982004. We simultaneously considered qualitative spatial (soil and habitat types) and quantitative temporal (rainfall) variables in a Geographical Information System environment. In addition to some techniques commonly used in ecology, we applied a new method, Functional Principal Component Analysis, which proved to be very suitable for this case, as it explained more than 97% of the total variance of the rainfall data, providing us with substitute variables that are easier to manage and are even able to explain rainfall patterns. The main variable came from a habitat classification that showed strong correlations with rainfall values and soil types. ?? 2010 World Scientific Publishing Company.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Biological Systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1142/S0218339010003500","issn":"02183390","usgsCitation":"Szabo, J., Fedriani, E., Segovia-Gonzalez, M.M., Astheimer, L., and Hooper, M., 2010, Dynamics and spatio-temporal variability of environmental factors in Eastern Australia using functional principal component analysis: Journal of Biological Systems, v. 18, no. 4, p. 763-785, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218339010003500.","startPage":"763","endPage":"785","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502618,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Dynamics_and_spatio-temporal_variability_of_environmental_factors_in_Eastern_Australia_using_functional_principal_component_analysis/20926360","text":"External Repository"},{"id":218048,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0218339010003500"},{"id":246028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a042ce4b0c8380cd50826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, J.K.","contributorId":38347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedriani, E.M.","contributorId":80126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedriani","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Segovia-Gonzalez, M. 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Many Indian primates face extinction, but assessments of population status are hindered by lack of reliable distribution data. We estimated the current occurrence and distribution of 15 Indian primates by applying occupancy models to field data from a country-wide survey of local experts. We modeled species occurrence in relation to ecological and social covariates (protected areas, landscape characteristics, and human influences), which we believe are critical to determining species occurrence in India. We found evidence that protected areas positively influence occurrence of seven species and for some species are their only refuge. We found evergreen forests to be more critical for some primates along with temperate and deciduous forests. Elevation negatively influenced occurrence of three species. Lower human population density was positively associated with occurrence of five species, and higher cultural tolerance was positively associated with occurrence of three species. We find that 11 primates occupy less than 15% of the total land area of India. Vulnerable primates with restricted ranges are Golden langur, Arunachal macaque, Pig-tailed macaque, stump-tailed macaque, Phayre's leaf monkey, Nilgiri langur and Lion-tailed macaque. Only Hanuman langur and rhesus macaque are widely distributed. We find occupancy modeling to be useful in determining species ranges, and in agreement with current species ranking and IUCN status. In landscapes where monitoring efforts require optimizing cost, effort and time, we used ecological and social covariates to reliably estimate species occurrence and focus species conservation efforts. ?? Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.011","issn":"00063207","usgsCitation":"Karanth, K., Nichols, J., and Hines, J., 2010, Occurrence and distribution of Indian primates: Biological Conservation, v. 143, no. 12, p. 2891-2899, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.011.","startPage":"2891","endPage":"2899","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218100,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.011"},{"id":246082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6b30e4b0c8380cd7457c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karanth, K.K.","contributorId":65964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karanth","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70158981,"text":"70158981 - 2010 - Passive seismic monitoring of natural and induced earthquakes: Case studies, future directions and socio-economic relevance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-28T15:31:50.773055","indexId":"70158981","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Passive seismic monitoring of natural and induced earthquakes: Case studies, future directions and socio-economic relevance","docAbstract":"An important discovery in crustal mechanics has been that the Earth’s crust is commonly stressed close to failure, even in tectonically quiet areas. As a result, small natural or man-made perturbations to the local stress field may trigger earthquakes. To understand these processes, Passive Seismic Monitoring (PSM) with seismometer arrays is a widely used technique that has been successfully applied to study seismicity at different magnitude levels ranging from acoustic emissions generated in the laboratory under controlled conditions, to seismicity induced by hydraulic stimulations in geological reservoirs, and up to great earthquakes occurring along plate boundaries. In all these environments the appropriate deployment of seismic sensors, i.e., directly on the rock sample, at the earth’s surface or in boreholes close to the seismic sources allows for the detection and location of brittle failure processes at sufficiently low magnitude-detection threshold and with adequate spatial resolution for further analysis. One principal aim is to develop an improved understanding of the physical processes occurring at the seismic source and their relationship to the host geologic environment. In this paper we review selected case studies and future directions of PSM efforts across a wide range of scales and environments. These include induced failure within small rock samples, hydrocarbon reservoirs, and natural seismicity at convergent and transform plate boundaries. Each example represents a milestone with regard to bridging the gap between laboratory-scale experiments under controlled boundary conditions and large-scale field studies. The common motivation for all studies is to refine the understanding of how earthquakes nucleate, how they proceed and how they interact in space and time. This is of special relevance at the larger end of the magnitude scale, i.e., for large devastating earthquakes due to their severe socio-economic impact.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"New frontiers in integrated solid earth sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Dordrecht; New York","doi":"10.1007/978-90-481-2737-5_7","usgsCitation":"Bohnhoff, M., Dresen, G., Ellsworth, W.L., and Ito, H., 2010, Passive seismic monitoring of natural and induced earthquakes: Case studies, future directions and socio-economic relevance, chap. of New frontiers in integrated solid earth sciences, p. 261-285, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2737-5_7.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"285","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010826","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309808,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5618e532e4b0cdb063e3fee0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Cloetingh, Sierd","contributorId":149166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cloetingh","given":"Sierd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577140,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Negendank, Jorg","contributorId":149167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Negendank","given":"Jorg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577141,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Bohnhoff, Marco","contributorId":102718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohnhoff","given":"Marco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dresen, Georg","contributorId":103500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dresen","given":"Georg","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ito, Hisao","contributorId":149168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ito","given":"Hisao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037606,"text":"70037606 - 2010 - The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age in Chesapeake Bay and the North Atlantic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:04","indexId":"70037606","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age in Chesapeake Bay and the North Atlantic Ocean","docAbstract":"A new 2400-year paleoclimate reconstruction from Chesapeake Bay (CB) (eastern US) was compared to other paleoclimate records in the North Atlantic region to evaluate climate variability during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and Little Ice Age (LIA). Using Mg/Ca ratios from ostracodes and oxygen isotopes from benthic foraminifera as proxies for temperature and precipitation-driven estuarine hydrography, results show that warmest temperatures in CB reached 16-17. ??C between 600 and 950. CE (Common Era), centuries before the classic European Medieval Warm Period (950-1100. CE) and peak warming in the Nordic Seas (1000-1400. CE). A series of centennial warm/cool cycles began about 1000. CE with temperature minima of ~. 8 to 9. ??C about 1150, 1350, and 1650-1800. CE, and intervening warm periods (14-15. ??C) centered at 1200, 1400, 1500 and 1600. CE. Precipitation variability in the eastern US included multiple dry intervals from 600 to 1200. CE, which contrasts with wet medieval conditions in the Caribbean. The eastern US experienced a wet LIA between 1650 and 1800. CE when the Caribbean was relatively dry. Comparison of the CB record with other records shows that the MCA and LIA were characterized by regionally asynchronous warming and complex spatial patterns of precipitation, possibly related to ocean-atmosphere processes. ?? 2010.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.009","issn":"00310182","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., Hayo, K., Thunell, R., Dwyer, G.S., Saenger, C., and Willard, D., 2010, The Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age in Chesapeake Bay and the North Atlantic Ocean: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 297, no. 2, p. 299-310, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.009.","startPage":"299","endPage":"310","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475795,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/3960","text":"External Repository"},{"id":218049,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.009"},{"id":246029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"297","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba7dee4b08c986b32185b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, T. M. 0000-0002-2643-0979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":42613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayo, K.","contributorId":24607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayo","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thunell, R.C.","contributorId":51948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thunell","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dwyer, G. S.","contributorId":39951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Saenger, C.","contributorId":19363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saenger","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70037608,"text":"70037608 - 2010 - Simulation and analysis of conjunctive use with MODFLOW's farm process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T10:19:23","indexId":"70037608","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation and analysis of conjunctive use with MODFLOW's farm process","docAbstract":"The extension of MODFLOW onto the landscape with the Farm Process (MF-FMP) facilitates fully coupled simulation of the use and movement of water from precipitation, streamflow and runoff, groundwater flow, and consumption by natural and agricultural vegetation throughout the hydrologic system at all times. This allows for more complete analysis of conjunctive use water-resource systems than previously possible with MODFLOW by combining relevant aspects of the landscape with the groundwater and surface water components. This analysis is accomplished using distributed cell-by-cell supply-constrained and demand-driven components across the landscape within \" water-balance subregions\" comprised of one or more model cells that can represent a single farm, a group of farms, or other hydrologic or geopolitical entities. Simulation of micro-agriculture in the Pajaro Valley and macro-agriculture in the Central Valley are used to demonstrate the utility of MF-FMP. For Pajaro Valley, the simulation of an aquifer storage and recovery system and related coastal water distribution system to supplant coastal pumpage was analyzed subject to climate variations and additional supplemental sources such as local runoff. For the Central Valley, analysis of conjunctive use from different hydrologic settings of northern and southern subregions shows how and when precipitation, surface water, and groundwater are important to conjunctive use. The examples show that through MF-FMP's ability to simulate natural and anthropogenic components of the hydrologic cycle, the distribution and dynamics of supply and demand can be analyzed, understood, and managed. This analysis of conjunctive use would be difficult without embedding them in the simulation and are difficult to estimate a priori. Journal compilation ?? 2010 National Ground Water Association. No claim to original US government works.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00730.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Schmid, W., Faunt, C., and Lockwood, B., 2010, Simulation and analysis of conjunctive use with MODFLOW's farm process: Ground Water, v. 48, no. 5, p. 674-689, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00730.x.","startPage":"674","endPage":"689","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218064,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2010.00730.x"},{"id":246044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fe4e4b08c986b3191d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmid, W.","contributorId":103479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lockwood, B.","contributorId":59660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037609,"text":"70037609 - 2010 - A comparative analysis of double-crested cormorant diets from stomachs and pellets from two Lake Ontario colonies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-25T08:13:49","indexId":"70037609","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparative analysis of double-crested cormorant diets from stomachs and pellets from two Lake Ontario colonies","docAbstract":"Double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) diets were compared with evidence from the stomachs of shot birds and from regurgitated pellets at High Bluff Island and Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario. The highest similarity in diets determined by stomach and pellet analyses occurred when both samples were collected on the same day. Diet overlap dropped substantially between the two methods when collection periods were seven to ten days apart, which suggested differences in prey availability between the two periods. Since the average number of fish recovered in pellets was significantly higher than that in stomachs, use of pellets to determine fish consumption of double-crested cormorants may be more valid than stomach analysis because pellet content represent an integrated sampling of food consumed over approximately 24 hours.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02705060.2010.9664417","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., Ross, R.M., McCullough, R.D., and Mathers, A., 2010, A comparative analysis of double-crested cormorant diets from stomachs and pellets from two Lake Ontario colonies: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 669-672, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2010.9664417.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"669","endPage":"672","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475861,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2010.9664417","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":264762,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2010.9664417"}],"otherGeospatial":"High Bluff Island;Little Galloo Island","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e34de4b0c8380cd45f5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, James H. 0000-0002-5619-3871 jhjohnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5619-3871","contributorId":389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"jhjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, Robert M.","contributorId":62562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCullough, Russell D.","contributorId":98154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCullough","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mathers, Alastair","contributorId":36786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathers","given":"Alastair","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037610,"text":"70037610 - 2010 - A methodology for ecosystem-scale modeling of selenium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T16:52:22","indexId":"70037610","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2006,"text":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A methodology for ecosystem-scale modeling of selenium","docAbstract":"The main route of exposure for selenium (Se) is dietary, yet regulations lack biologically based protocols for evaluations of risk. We propose here an ecosystem-scale model that conceptualizes and quantifies the variables that determinehow Se is processed from water through diet to predators. This approach uses biogeochemical and physiological factors from laboratory and field studies and considers loading, speciation, transformation to particulate material, bioavailability, bioaccumulation in invertebrates, and trophic transfer to predators. Validation of the model is through data sets from 29 historic and recent field case studies of Se-exposed sites. The model links Se concentrations across media (water, particulate, tissue of different food web species). It can be used to forecast toxicity under different management or regulatory proposals or as a methodology for translating a fish-tissue (or other predator tissue) Se concentration guideline to a dissolved Se concentration. The model illustrates some critical aspects of implementing a tissue criterion: 1) the choice of fish species determines the food web through which Se should be modeled, 2) the choice of food web is critical because the particulate material to prey kinetics of bioaccumulation differs widely among invertebrates, 3) the characterization of the type and phase of particulate material is important to quantifying Se exposure to prey through the base of the food web, and 4) the metric describing partitioning between particulate material and dissolved Se concentrations allows determination of a site-specific dissolved Se concentration that would be responsible for that fish body burden in the specific environment. The linked approach illustrates that environmentally safe dissolved Se concentrations will differ among ecosystems depending on the ecological pathways and biogeochemical conditions in that system. Uncertainties and model sensitivities can be directly illustrated by varying exposure scenarios based on site-specific knowledge. The model can also be used to facilitate site-specific regulation and to present generic comparisons to illustrate limitations imposed by ecosystem setting and inhabitants. Used optimally, the model provides a tool for framing a site-specific ecological problem or occurrence of Se exposure, quantify exposure within that ecosystem, and narrow uncertainties abouthowto protect it by understanding the specifics of the underlying system ecology, biogeochemistry, and hydrology.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/ieam.101","issn":"15513793","usgsCitation":"Presser, T.S., and Luoma, S.N., 2010, A methodology for ecosystem-scale modeling of selenium: Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, v. 6, no. 4, p. 685-710, https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.101.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"685","endPage":"710","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":218077,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.101"},{"id":246058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e460e4b0c8380cd46605","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Presser, Theresa S. 0000-0001-5643-0147 tpresser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5643-0147","contributorId":2467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Presser","given":"Theresa","email":"tpresser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70037611,"text":"70037611 - 2010 - The tail of the Storegga Slide: Insights from the geochemistry and sedimentology of the Norwegian Basin deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T12:22:01","indexId":"70037611","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The tail of the Storegga Slide: Insights from the geochemistry and sedimentology of the Norwegian Basin deposits","docAbstract":"Deposits within the floor of the Norwegian Basin were sampled to characterize the deposition from the Storegga Slide, the largest known Holocene-aged continental margin slope failure complex. A 29 to 67 cm thick veneer of variable-coloured, finely layered Holocene sediment caps a homogeneous, extremely well-sorted, poorly consolidated, very fine-grained, grey-coloured sediment section that is >20 m thick on the basin floor. This homogeneous unit is interpreted to represent the uppermost deposits generated by a gravity flow associated with the last major Storegga Slide event. Sediments analogous to the inferred source material of the slide deposits were collected from upslope on the Norwegian Margin. Sediments sampled within the basin are distinguishable from the purported source sediments, suggesting that size sorting has significantly altered this material along its flow path. Moreover, the very fine grain size (3·1 ± 0·3 μm) suggests that the >20 m thick homogeneous unit which was sampled settled from suspension after the turbulent flow was over. Although the turbulent phase of the gravity flow that moved material out into the basin may have been brief (days), significantly more time (years) is required for turbid sediments to settle and dewater and for the new sea floor to be colonized with a normal benthonic fauna. Pore water sulphate concentrations within the uppermost 20 m of the event deposit are higher than those normally found in sea water. Apparently the impact of microbial sulphate reduction over the last ca 8·1 cal ka bp since the re-deposition of these sediments has not been adequate to regenerate a typical sulphate gradient of decreasing concentration with sub-bottom depth. This observation suggests low rates of microbial reactions, which may be attributed to the refractory carbon composition in these re-deposited sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01150.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"Paull, C.K., Ussler, W., Holbrook, W., Hill, T., Haflidason, H., Winters, W., Lorenson, T., Aiello, I., Johnson, J., and Lundsten, E., 2010, The tail of the Storegga Slide: Insights from the geochemistry and sedimentology of the Norwegian Basin deposits: Sedimentology, v. 57, no. 6, p. 1409-1429, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01150.x.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1409","endPage":"1429","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":680,"text":"Woods Hole Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218090,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01150.x"}],"country":"Norway","otherGeospatial":"Storegga Slide","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -4,0.0016666666666666668 ], [ -4,0.0019444444444444444 ], [ 0,0.0019444444444444444 ], [ 0,0.0016666666666666668 ], [ -4,0.0016666666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"57","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-09-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0e4e4b08c986b3250f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paull, C. K.","contributorId":86845,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paull","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ussler, W. 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The restoration process also provides opportunities to study the often-elusive factors that regulate soil processes. Although the precise mechanisms that govern the rate of SOC accrual are unclear, factors such as soil moisture or vegetation type may influence the net accrual rate by affecting the balance between organic matter inputs and decomposition. A resampling approach was used to assess the control that soil moisture and plant community type each exert on SOC and total nitrogen (TN) accumulation in restored grasslands. Five plots that varied in drainage were sampled at least four times over two decades to assess SOC, TN, and C4- and C3-derived C. We found that higher long-term soil moisture, characterized by low soil magnetic susceptibility, promoted SOC and TN accrual, with twice the SOC and three times the TN gain in seasonally saturated prairies compared with mesic prairies. Vegetation also influenced SOC and TN recovery, as accrual was faster in the prairies compared with C3-only grassland, and C4-derived C accrual correlated strongly to total SOC accrual but C3-C did not. High SOC accumulation at the surface (0-10 cm) combined with losses at depth (10-20 cm) suggested these soils are recovering the highly stratified profiles typical of remnant prairies. Our results suggest that local hydrology and plant community are critical drivers of SOC and TN recovery in restored grasslands. Because these factors and the way they affect SOC are susceptible to modification by climate change, we contend that predictions of the C-sequestration performance of restored grasslands must account for projected climatic changes on both soil moisture and the seasonal productivity of C4 and C3 plants. ?? 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02114.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, S.L., Jastrow, J., Grimley, D., and Gonzalez-Meler, M., 2010, Moisture and vegetation controls on decadal-scale accrual of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in restored grasslands: Global Change Biology, v. 16, no. 9, p. 2573-2588, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02114.x.","startPage":"2573","endPage":"2588","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":218115,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02114.x"},{"id":246097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ce8e4b0c8380cd70016","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, S. L.","contributorId":106737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jastrow, J.D.","contributorId":89730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jastrow","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grimley, D.A.","contributorId":18530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimley","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gonzalez-Meler, M. A.","contributorId":93743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez-Meler","given":"M. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70037616,"text":"70037616 - 2010 - Bottom-up factors influencing riparian willow recovery in Yellowstone National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70037616","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bottom-up factors influencing riparian willow recovery in Yellowstone National Park","docAbstract":"After the elimination of wolves (Canis lupis L.) in the 1920s, woody riparian plant communities on the northern range of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) declined an estimated 50%. After the reintroduction of wolves in 19951996, riparian willows (Salix spp.) on YNP's northern range showed significant growth for the first time since the 1920s. However, the pace of willow recovery has not been uniform. Some communities have exceeded 400 cm, while others are still at pre-1995 levels of <80 cm mean height. We took intensive, repeated measurements of abiotic factors, including soil and water-table characteristics, to determine whether these factors might be contributing to the varying pace of willow recovery. Willows at all of our study sites were \"short\" (<250 cm max. height) prior to 1995 and have recovered to varying degrees since. We contrasted \"tall\" (>250 cm max. height) willow sites where willows had escaped elk (Cervus elaphus L.) browsing with \"short\" willow sites that could still be browsed. Unlike studies that manipulated willow height with fences and artificial dams, we examined sites that had natural growth differences in height since the reintroduction of wolves. Tall willow sites had greater water availability, more-rapid net soil nitrogen mineralization, greater snow depth, lower soil respiration rates, and cooler summer soil temperatures than nearby short willow sites. Most of these differences were measured both in herbaceous areas adjacent to the willow patches and in the willow patches themselves, suggesting that they were not effects of varying willow height recovery but were instead preexisting site differences that may have contributed to increased plant productivity. Our results agree with earlier studies in experimental plots which suggest that the varying pace of willow recovery has been influenced by abiotic limiting factors that interact with top-down reductions in willow browsing by elk. ?? 2010 Western North American Naturalist.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western North American Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3398/064.070.0311","issn":"15270904","usgsCitation":"Tercek, M., Stottlemyer, R., and Renkin, R., 2010, Bottom-up factors influencing riparian willow recovery in Yellowstone National Park: Western North American Naturalist, v. 70, no. 3, p. 387-399, https://doi.org/10.3398/064.070.0311.","startPage":"387","endPage":"399","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487876,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol70/iss3/11","text":"External Repository"},{"id":245880,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217907,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.070.0311"}],"volume":"70","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f22ee4b0c8380cd4b059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tercek, M.T.","contributorId":50383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tercek","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stottlemyer, R.","contributorId":44493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stottlemyer","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Renkin, R.","contributorId":45939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renkin","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037618,"text":"70037618 - 2010 - Ground-motion modeling of Hayward fault scenario earthquakes, part I: Construction of the suite of scenarios","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T12:59:42","indexId":"70037618","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-motion modeling of Hayward fault scenario earthquakes, part I: Construction of the suite of scenarios","docAbstract":"We construct kinematic earthquake rupture models for a suite of 39 Mw 6.6-7.2 scenario earthquakes involving the Hayward, Calaveras, and Rodgers Creek faults. We use these rupture models in 3D ground-motion simulations as discussed in Part II (Aagaard et al., 2010) to provide detailed estimates of the shaking for each scenario. We employ both geophysical constraints and empirical relations to provide realistic variation in the rupture dimensions, slip heterogeneity, hypocenters, rupture speeds, and rise times. The five rupture lengths include portions of the Hayward fault as well as combined rupture of the Hayward and Rodgers Creek faults and the Hayward and Calaveras faults. We vary rupture directivity using multiple hypocenters, typically three per rupture length, yielding north-to-south rupture, bilateral rupture, and south-to-north rupture. For each rupture length and hypocenter, we consider multiple random distributions of slip. We use two approaches to account for how aseismic creep might reduce coseismic slip. For one subset of scenarios, we follow the slip-predictable approach and reduce the nominal slip in creeping regions according to the creep rate and time since the most recent earthquake, whereas for another subset of scenarios we apply a vertical gradient to the nominal slip in creeping regions. The rupture models include local variations in rupture speed and use a ray-tracing algorithm to propagate the rupture front. Although we are not attempting to simulate the 1868 Hayward fault earthquake in detail, a few of the scenarios are designed to have source parameters that might be similar to this historical event.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120090324","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Aagaard, B.T., Graves, R.W., Schwartz, D.P., Ponce, D.A., and Graymer, R.W., 2010, Ground-motion modeling of Hayward fault scenario earthquakes, part I: Construction of the suite of scenarios: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 100, no. 6, p. 2927-2944, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090324.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2927","endPage":"2944","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":660,"text":"Western Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217923,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120090324"}],"country":"United States","volume":"100","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2b6ce4b0c8380cd5b978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aagaard, Brad T. 0000-0002-8795-9833 baagaard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-9833","contributorId":192869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aagaard","given":"Brad","email":"baagaard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graves, Robert W. rwgraves@usgs.gov","contributorId":3149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"Robert","email":"rwgraves@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200 dschwartz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":1940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","email":"dschwartz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ponce, David A. 0000-0003-4785-7354 ponce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-7354","contributorId":1049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponce","given":"David","email":"ponce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Graymer, Russell W. 0000-0003-4910-5682 rgraymer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-5682","contributorId":1052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"Russell","email":"rgraymer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037619,"text":"70037619 - 2010 - Temporal changes in stress preceding the 2004-2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:58","indexId":"70037619","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal changes in stress preceding the 2004-2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"The 2004-2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens (MSH), Washington, was preceded by a swarm of shallow volcano-tectonic earthquakes (VTs) that began on September 23, 2004. We calculated locations and fault-plane solutions (FPS) for shallow VTs recorded during a background period (January 1999 to July 2004) and during the early vent-clearing phase (September 23 to 29, 2004) of the 2004-2008 eruption. FPS show normal and strike-slip faulting during the background period and on September 23; strike-slip and reverse faulting on September 24; and a mixture of strike-slip, reverse, and normal faulting on September 25-29. The orientation of ??1 beneath MSH, as estimated from stress tensor inversions, was found to be sub-horizontal for all periods and oriented NE-SW during the background period, NW-SE on September 24, and NE-SW on September 25-29. We suggest that the ephemeral ~90?? change in ??1 orientation was due to intrusion and inflation of a NE-SW-oriented dike in the shallow crust prior to the eruption onset. ?? 2010 Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.08.015","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Lehto, H., Roman, D., and Moran, S., 2010, Temporal changes in stress preceding the 2004-2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Washington: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 198, no. 1-2, p. 129-142, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.08.015.","startPage":"129","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217924,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.08.015"},{"id":245897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"198","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba502e4b08c986b320738","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lehto, H.L.","contributorId":98150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehto","given":"H.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roman, D.C.","contributorId":52372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moran, S.C. 0000-0001-7308-9649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":78896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037621,"text":"70037621 - 2010 - Population dynamics of spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:00","indexId":"70037621","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"The California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is the only spotted owl subspecies not listed as threatened or endangered under the United States Endangered Species Act despite petitions to list it as threatened. We conducted a meta-analysis of population data for 4 populations in the southern Cascades and Sierra Nevada, California, USA, from 1990 to 2005 to assist a listing evaluation by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Our study areas (from N to S) were on the Lassen National Forest (LAS), Eldorado National Forest (ELD), Sierra National Forest (SIE), and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SKC). These study areas represented a broad spectrum of habitat and management conditions in these mountain ranges. We estimated apparent survival probability, reproductive output, and rate of population change for spotted owls on individual study areas and for all study areas combined (meta-analysis) using model selection or model-averaging based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We followed a formal protocol to conduct this analysis that was similar to other spotted owl meta-analyses. Consistency of field and analytical methods among our studies reduced confounding methodological effects when evaluating results. We used 991 marked spotted owls in the analysis of apparent survival. Apparent survival probability was higher for adult than for subadult owls. There was little difference in apparent survival between male and female owls. Model-averaged mean estimates of apparent survival probability of adult owls varied from 0.811 ?? 0.021 for females at LAS to 0.890 ?? 0.016 for males at SKC. Apparent survival increased over time for owls of all age classes at LAS and SIE, for adults at ELD, and for second-year subadults and adults at SKC. The meta-analysis of apparent survival, which included only adult owls, confirmed an increasing trend in survival over time. Survival rates were higher for owls on SKC than on the other study areas. We analyzed data from 1,865 observations of reproductive outcomes for female spotted owls. The proportion of subadult females among all territorial females of known age ranged from 0.00 to 0.25 among study areas and years. The proportion of subadults among female spotted owls was negatively related to reproductive output (no. of young fledged/territorial F owl) for ELD and SIE. Eldorado study area and LAS showed an alternate-year trend in reproductive output, with higher output in even-numbered years. Mean annual reproductive output was 0.988 ?? 0.154 for ELD, 0.624 ?? 0.140 for LAS, 0.478 ?? 0.106 for SIE, and 0.555 ?? 0.110 for SKC. Eldorado Study Area exhibited a declining trend and the greatest variation in reproductive output over time, whereas SIE and SKC, which had the lowest reproductive output, had the lowest temporal variation. Meta-analysis confirmed that reproductive output varied among study areas. Reproductive output was highest for adults, followed by second-year subadults, and then by first-year subadults. We used 842 marked subadult and adult owls to estimate population rate of change. Modeling indicated that ??t (??t is the finite rate of population change estimated using the reparameterized JollySeber estimator Pradel 1996) was either stationary (LAS and SIE) or increasing after an initial decrease (ELD and SKC). Mean estimated ??t for the 4 study areas was 1.007 (95 CI 0.9521.066) for ELD; 0.973 (95 CI 0.9461.001) for LAS; 0.992 (95 CI 0.9661.018) for SIE; and 1.006 (95 CI 0.9471.068) for SKC. The best meta-analysis model of population trend indicated that ?? varied across time but was similar in trend among the study areas. Our estimates of realized population change (??t; Franklin et al. 2004), which we estimated as the product 1 ?? ??3 ?? ??4 ?? .?? ??k -1, were based on estimates of ??t from individual study areas and did not require estimating annual population size for each study area. Trends represented the proportion of the population size in the first ye","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2193/2008-475","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Blakesley, J., Seamans, M., Conner, M., Franklin, A., White, G.C., Gutierrez, R.J., Hines, J., Nichols, J., Munton, T., Shaw, D., Keane, J., Steger, G., and McDonald, T.L., 2010, Population dynamics of spotted owls in the Sierra Nevada, California: Wildlife Monographs, no. 174, p. 1-36, https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-475.","startPage":"1","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217938,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2193/2008-475"},{"id":245911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"174","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d54e4b0c8380cd79ea5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blakesley, J.A.","contributorId":63920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakesley","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seamans, M.E.","contributorId":48662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seamans","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conner, M.M.","contributorId":51136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conner","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Franklin, A.B.","contributorId":105667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gutierrez, R. J.","contributorId":7647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gutierrez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Munton, T.E.","contributorId":18884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munton","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Shaw, D.W.H.","contributorId":57577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"D.W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Keane, J.J.","contributorId":30729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keane","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Steger, G.N.","contributorId":92397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steger","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70037580,"text":"70037580 - 2010 - Finite-difference modeling and dispersion analysis of high-frequency love waves for near-surface applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:06","indexId":"70037580","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Finite-difference modeling and dispersion analysis of high-frequency love waves for near-surface applications","docAbstract":"Love-wave propagation has been a topic of interest to crustal, earthquake, and engineering seismologists for many years because it is independent of Poisson's ratio and more sensitive to shear (S)-wave velocity changes and layer thickness changes than are Rayleigh waves. It is well known that Love-wave generation requires the existence of a low S-wave velocity layer in a multilayered earth model. In order to study numerically the propagation of Love waves in a layered earth model and dispersion characteristics for near-surface applications, we simulate high-frequency (>5 Hz) Love waves by the staggered-grid finite-difference (FD) method. The air-earth boundary (the shear stress above the free surface) is treated using the stress-imaging technique. We use a two-layer model to demonstrate the accuracy of the staggered-grid modeling scheme. We also simulate four-layer models including a low-velocity layer (LVL) or a high-velocity layer (HVL) to analyze dispersive energy characteristics for near-surface applications. Results demonstrate that: (1) the staggered-grid FD code and stress-imaging technique are suitable for treating the free-surface boundary conditions for Love-wave modeling, (2) Love-wave inversion should be treated with extra care when a LVL exists because of a lack of LVL information in dispersions aggravating uncertainties in the inversion procedure, and (3) energy of high modes in a low-frequency range is very weak, so that it is difficult to estimate the cutoff frequency accurately, and \"mode-crossing\" occurs between the second higher and third higher modes when a HVL exists. ?? 2010 Birkh??user / Springer Basel AG.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00024-010-0144-7","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Luo, Y., Xia, J., Xu, Y., Zeng, C., and Liu, J., 2010, Finite-difference modeling and dispersion analysis of high-frequency love waves for near-surface applications: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 167, no. 12, p. 1525-1536, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-010-0144-7.","startPage":"1525","endPage":"1536","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":246081,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218099,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-010-0144-7"}],"volume":"167","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-04-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a102ee4b0c8380cd53b75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luo, Y.","contributorId":28417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luo","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xu, Y.","contributorId":47816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zeng, C.","contributorId":94519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeng","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Liu, J.","contributorId":23672,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70037578,"text":"70037578 - 2010 - Perspectives on animal welfare legislation and study considerations for field-oriented studies of raptors in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:05","indexId":"70037578","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Perspectives on animal welfare legislation and study considerations for field-oriented studies of raptors in the United States","docAbstract":"Concern for the welfare of animals used in research and teaching has increased over the last 50 yr. Animal welfare legislation has resulted in guidelines for the use of animals in research, but the guidelines can be problematic because they focus on animals used in laboratory and agriculture research. Raptor biologists can be constrained by guidelines, restrictions, and oversight that were not intended for field research methods or wild animals in the wild or captivity. Field researchers can be further hampered by not understanding animal welfare legislation, who is subject to oversight, or that oversight is often provided by a committee consisting primarily of scientists who work with laboratory animals. Raptor researchers in particular may experience difficulty obtaining approval due to use of various species-specific trapping and handling methods. We provide a brief review of animal welfare legislation and describe the basic components and responsibilities of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in the United States. We identify topics in raptor research that are especially problematic to obtaining IACUC approval, and we provide insight on how to address these issues. Finally, we suggest that all raptor researchers, regardless of legal requirements, abide by the spirit of the animal welfare principles. Failure to do so may bring about further regulatory and permitting restrictions. ?? 2010 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3356/JRR-09-80.1","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Boal, C.W., Wallace, M., and Strobel, B., 2010, Perspectives on animal welfare legislation and study considerations for field-oriented studies of raptors in the United States: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 44, no. 4, p. 268-276, https://doi.org/10.3356/JRR-09-80.1.","startPage":"268","endPage":"276","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":475872,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3356/jrr-09-80.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":246069,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218088,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3356/JRR-09-80.1"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7702e4b0c8380cd783e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boal, C. W.","contributorId":102614,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boal","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wallace, M.C.","contributorId":59162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strobel, B.","contributorId":38399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strobel","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037577,"text":"70037577 - 2010 - Automated feature extraction and spatial organization of seafloor pockmarks, Belfast Bay, Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T10:56:24","indexId":"70037577","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Automated feature extraction and spatial organization of seafloor pockmarks, Belfast Bay, Maine, USA","docAbstract":"Seafloor pockmarks occur worldwide and may represent millions of m3 of continental shelf erosion, but few numerical analyses of their morphology and spatial distribution of pockmarks exist. We introduce a quantitative definition of pockmark morphology and, based on this definition, propose a three-step geomorphometric method to identify and extract pockmarks from high-resolution swath bathymetry. We apply this GIS-implemented approach to 25 km2 of bathymetry collected in the Belfast Bay, Maine USA pockmark field. Our model extracted 1767 pockmarks and found a linear pockmark depth-to-diameter ratio for pockmarks field-wide. Mean pockmark depth is 7.6 m and mean diameter is 84.8 m. Pockmark distribution is non-random, and nearly half of the field's pockmarks occur in chains. The most prominent chains are oriented semi-normal to the steepest gradient in Holocene sediment thickness. A descriptive model yields field-wide spatial statistics indicating that pockmarks are distributed in non-random clusters. Results enable quantitative comparison of pockmarks in fields worldwide as well as similar concave features, such as impact craters, dolines, or salt pools.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.009","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Andrews, B., Brothers, L.L., and Barnhardt, W., 2010, Automated feature extraction and spatial organization of seafloor pockmarks, Belfast Bay, Maine, USA: Geomorphology, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 55-64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.009.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"64","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-019314","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475860,"rank":10001,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1912/4169","text":"External Repository"},{"id":438840,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P90QQCOR","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"High-resolution marine geophysical data collected by the USGS in the Belfast Bay, Maine pockmark field in 2006, 2008, and 2009."},{"id":246056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":218076,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.08.009"}],"volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eef4e4b0c8380cd4a071","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, Brian D. bandrews@usgs.gov","contributorId":138513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"Brian D.","email":"bandrews@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brothers, Laura L. lbrothers@usgs.gov","contributorId":131142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brothers","given":"Laura","email":"lbrothers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhardt, Walter A. wbarnhardt@usgs.gov","contributorId":2474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhardt","given":"Walter A.","email":"wbarnhardt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":461727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037576,"text":"70037576 - 2010 - Normal-faulting slip maxima and stress-drop variability: A geological perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-05-21T17:11:07.466551","indexId":"70037576","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Normal-faulting slip maxima and stress-drop variability: A geological perspective","docAbstract":"We present an empirical estimate of maximum slip in continental normal-faulting earthquakes and present evidence that stress drop in intraplate extensional environments is dependent on fault maturity. A survey of reported slip in historical earthquakes globally and in latest Quaternary paleoearthquakes in the Western Cordillera of the United States indicates maximum vertical displacements as large as 6–6.5 m. A difference in the ratio of maximum-to-mean displacements between data sets of prehistoric and historical earthquakes, together with constraints on bias in estimates of mean paleodisplacement, suggest that applying a correction factor of 1.4±0.3 to the largest observed displacement along a paleorupture may provide a reasonable estimate of the maximum displacement. Adjusting the largest paleodisplacements in our regional data set (∼6 m) by a factor of 1.4 yields a possible upper-bound vertical displacement for the Western Cordillera of about 8.4 m, although a smaller correction factor may be more appropriate for the longest ruptures. Because maximum slip is highly localized along strike, if such large displacements occur, they are extremely rare.
Static stress drop in surface-rupturing earthquakes in the Western Cordillera, as represented by maximum reported displacement as a fraction of modeled rupture length, appears to be larger on normal faults with low cumulative geologic displacement (<2 km) and larger in regions such as the Rocky Mountains, where immature, low-throw faults are concentrated. This conclusion is consistent with a growing recognition that structural development influences stress drop and indicates that this influence is significant enough to be evident among faults within a single intraplate environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"El Cerrito, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120090356","usgsCitation":"Hecker, S., Dawson, T.E., and Schwartz, D.P., 2010, Normal-faulting slip maxima and stress-drop variability: A geological perspective: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 100, no. 6, p. 3130-3147, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090356.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"3130","endPage":"3147","ipdsId":"IP-011112","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":246055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-12-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67c3e4b0c8380cd7349b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hecker, Suzanne 0000-0002-5054-372X shecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-372X","contributorId":3553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hecker","given":"Suzanne","email":"shecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, T. E.","contributorId":84537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037623,"text":"70037623 - 2010 - Persistence of canine distemper virus in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem's carnivore community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-17T16:40:58","indexId":"70037623","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of canine distemper virus in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem's carnivore community","docAbstract":"Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an acute, highly immunizing pathogen that should require high densities and large populations of hosts for long-term persistence, yet CDV persists among terrestrial carnivores with small, patchily distributed groups. We used CDV in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem's (GYE) wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis latrans) as a case study for exploring how metapopulation structure, host demographics, and multi-host transmission affect the critical community size and spatial scale required for CDV persistence. We illustrate how host spatial connectivity and demographic turnover interact to affect both local epidemic dynamics, such as the length and variation in inter-epidemic periods, and pathogen persistence using stochastic, spatially explicit susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered simulation models. Given the apparent absence of other known persistence mechanisms (e.g., a carrier or environmental state, densely populated host, chronic infection, or a vector), we suggest that CDV requires either large spatial scales or multi-host transmission for persistence. Current GYE wolf populations are probably too small to support endemic CDV. Coyotes are a plausible reservoir host, but CDV would still require 50 000-100 000 individuals for moderate persistence (>50% over 10 years), which would equate to an area of 1-3 times the size of the GYE (60000-200000 km2). Coyotes, and carnivores in general, are not uniformly distributed; therefore, this is probably a gross underestimate of the spatial scale of CDV persistence. However, the presence of a second competent host species can greatly increase the probability of long-term CDV persistence at much smaller spatial scales. Although no management of CDV is currently recommended for the GYE, wolf managers in the region should expect periodic but unpredictable CDV-related population declines as often as every 2-5 years. Awareness and monitoring of such outbreaks will allow corresponding adjustments in management activities such as regulated public harvest, creating a smooth transition to state wolf management and conservation after >30 years of being protected by the Endangered Species Act.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Applications","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/09-1225.1","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Almberg, E.S., Cross, P.C., and Smith, D., 2010, Persistence of canine distemper virus in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem's carnivore community: Ecological Applications, v. 20, no. 7, p. 2058-2074, https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1225.1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"2058","endPage":"2074","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245923,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217950,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/09-1225.1"}],"country":"United States","volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76e5e4b0c8380cd78383","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almberg, Emily S.","contributorId":207014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Almberg","given":"Emily","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37431,"text":"Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":461970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cross, Paul C. 0000-0001-8045-5213 pcross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8045-5213","contributorId":2709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cross","given":"Paul","email":"pcross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":461971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, D.W.","contributorId":24726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70037715,"text":"70037715 - 2010 - Evaluation of Maryland abutment scour equation through selected threshold velocity methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-04-30T16:43:35","indexId":"70037715","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3647,"text":"Transportation Research Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of Maryland abutment scour equation through selected threshold velocity methods","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Maryland State Highway Administration, used field measurements of scour to evaluate the sensitivity of the Maryland abutment scour equation to the critical (or threshold) velocity variable. Four selected methods for estimating threshold velocity were applied to the Maryland abutment scour equation, and the predicted scour to the field measurements were compared. Results indicated that performance of the Maryland abutment scour equation was sensitive to the threshold velocity with some threshold velocity methods producing better estimates of predicted scour than did others. In addition, results indicated that regional stream characteristics can affect the performance of the Maryland abutment scour equation with moderate-gradient streams performing differently from low-gradient streams. On the basis of the findings of the investigation, guidance for selecting threshold velocity methods for application to the Maryland abutment scour equation are provided, and limitations are noted.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transportation Research Record","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.3141/2195-16","issn":"03611981","usgsCitation":"Benedict, S., 2010, Evaluation of Maryland abutment scour equation through selected threshold velocity methods: Transportation Research Record, no. 2195, p. 153-167, https://doi.org/10.3141/2195-16.","startPage":"153","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217929,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2195-16"},{"id":245902,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"2195","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c19e4b0c8380cd52a2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benedict, S.T.","contributorId":97155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benedict","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":462465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70037625,"text":"70037625 - 2010 - Late Hesperian plains formation and degradation in a low sedimentation zone of the northern lowlands of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:22:01","indexId":"70037625","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Hesperian plains formation and degradation in a low sedimentation zone of the northern lowlands of Mars","docAbstract":"The plains materials that form the martian northern lowlands suggest large-scale sedimentation in this part of the planet. The general view is that these sedimentary materials were transported from zones of highland erosion via outflow channels and other fluvial systems. The study region, the northern circum-polar plains south of Gemini Scopuli on Planum Boreum, comprises the only extensive zone in the martian northern lowlands that does not include sub-basin floors nor is downstream from outflow channel systems. Therefore, within this zone, the ponding of fluids and fluidized sediments associated with outflow channel discharges is less likely to have taken place relative to sub-basin areas that form the other northern circum-polar plains surrounding Planum Boreum. Our findings indicate that during the Late Hesperian sedimentary deposits produced by the erosion of an ancient cratered landscape, as well as via sedimentary volcanism, were regionally emplaced to form extensive plains materials within the study region. The distribution and magnitude of surface degradation suggest that groundwater emergence from an aquifer that extended from the Arabia Terra cratered highlands to the northern lowlands took place non-catastrophically and regionally within the study region through faulted upper crustal materials. In our model the margin of the Utopia basin adjacent to the study region may have acted as a boundary to this aquifer. Partial destruction and dehydration of these Late Hesperian plains, perhaps induced by high thermal anomalies resulting from the low thermal conductivity of these materials, led to the formation of extensive knobby fields and pedestal craters. During the Early Amazonian, the rates of regional resurfacing within the study region decreased significantly; perhaps because the knobby ridges forming the eroded impact crater rims and contractional ridges consisted of thermally conductive indurated materials, thereby inducing freezing of the tectonically controlled waterways associated with these features. This hypothesis would explain why these features were not completely destroyed. During the Late Amazonian, high-obliquity conditions may have led to the removal of large volumes of volatiles and sediments being eroded from Planum Boreum, which then may have been re-deposited as thick, circum-polar plains. Transition into low obliquity ~5. myr ago may have led to progressive destabilization of these materials leading to collapse and pedestal crater formation. Our model does not contraindicate possible large-scale ponding of fluids in the northern lowlands, such as for example the formation of water and/or mud oceans. In fact, it provides a complementary mechanism involving large-scale groundwater discharges within the northern lowlands for the emplacement of fluids and sediments, which could have potentially contributed to the formation of these bodies. Nevertheless, our model would spatially restrict to surrounding parts of the northern plain either the distribution of the oceans or the zones within these where significant sedimentary accumulation would have taken place. ?? 2010 Elsevier Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.025","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, J., Tanaka, K.L., Berman, D., and Kargel, J., 2010, Late Hesperian plains formation and degradation in a low sedimentation zone of the northern lowlands of Mars: Icarus, v. 210, no. 1, p. 116-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.025.","startPage":"116","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":217976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.025"},{"id":245949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"210","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44e2e4b0c8380cd66e86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, J.A.P.","contributorId":55948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"J.A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berman, D.C.","contributorId":82557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":461987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}