The compositions of the saturated vapor and liquid phases are measured for the system NaCl-H2O at 380°C, which is close to the critical point of pure water. The shape of the phase equilibrium curve is classical, which confirms a conclusion reached earlier on the basis of less accurate data. This implies that the long-range forces introduced by the NaCl suppress the non-classical effects present in pure H2O. An empirical equation of a classical type fits these data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2614(87)80014-3","usgsCitation":"Pitzer, K.S., Bischoff, J.L., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1987, Critical behavior of dilute NaCl in H2O: Chemical Physics Letters, v. 134, no. 1, p. 60-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(87)80014-3.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223697,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"134","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcb2e4b0c8380cd4e3b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitzer, Kenneth S.","contributorId":94435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitzer","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":370186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":370187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014749,"text":"70014749 - 1987 - Reflections from midcrustal rocks within the Mesozoic subduction complex near the eastern Aleutian Trench","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-24T17:00:02.167465","indexId":"70014749","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reflections from midcrustal rocks within the Mesozoic subduction complex near the eastern Aleutian Trench","docAbstract":"Seismic reflection data collected in 1973 by Western Geophysical Company show that highly reflective rocks make up the midcrust of the convergent margin adjacent to the eastern Aleutian Trench. These rocks form an arch that strikes obliquely across the strongly expressed northeast-southwest structural grain of exposed Mesozoic rocks. In an earlier report we proposed that the deep events mark the location of either the presently subducting plate or the top of underplated rocks. However, the short radius of curvature of this arch precludes the possibility that the deep events indicate the igneous oceanic crust. Instead, the deep reflections could be from underplated rocks that have been arched by the imbrication or underplating of strata below the reflective rocks. High-amplitude water layer and interbed multiples prevent precise connection of shallow and deep geology. For example, the Border Ranges fault, a suture between major tectonostratigraphic terranes, is not revealed on any of our seismic sections. We speculate, however, that one band of reflections that rises toward but does not reach the surface is from the Eagle River thrust fault, which separates Late Cretaceous melange from deformed turbidite sequences of the same age.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB08p07907","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fisher, M.A., von Huene, R.E., and Smith, G., 1987, Reflections from midcrustal rocks within the Mesozoic subduction complex near the eastern Aleutian Trench: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B8, p. 7907-7915, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB08p07907.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7907","endPage":"7915","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225272,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a43ee4b0e8fec6cdbae4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, G.L.","contributorId":25569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014584,"text":"70014584 - 1987 - Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 8. A sulfur isotopic budget balanced by differential diffusion across the sediment-water interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:41:36.653581","indexId":"70014584","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 8. A sulfur isotopic budget balanced by differential diffusion across the sediment-water interface","docAbstract":"The sulfur isotopic composition of the sulfur fluxes occurring in the anoxic marine sediments of Cape Lookout Bight, N.C., U.S.A., was determined, and the result of isotopic mass balance was obtained via the differential diffusion model. Seasonal pore water sulfate δ34S measurements yielded a calculated sulfate input of 0.6%.. Sulfate transported into the sediments via diffusion appeared to be enriched in the lighter isotope because its concentration gradient was steeper, due to the increase in the measured isotopic composition of sulfate with depth. Similarly, the back diffusion of dissolved sulfide towards the sediment-water interface appeared enriched in the heavier isotope. The isotopic composition of this flux was calculated from measurements of the δ34S of dissolved sulfide and was determined to be 15.9%.. The isotopic composition of buried sulfide was determined to be −5.2%. and the detrital sulfur input was estimated to be −6.2%.. An isotope mass balance equation based upon the fluxes at the sediment-water interface successfully predicted the isotopic composition of the buried sulfur flux within 0.5%., thus confirming that isotopes diffuse in response to their individual concentration gradients.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90212-2","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Chanton, J., Martens, C., and Goldhaber, M., 1987, Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 8. A sulfur isotopic budget balanced by differential diffusion across the sediment-water interface: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 5, p. 1201-1208, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90212-2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1201","endPage":"1208","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225648,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f151e4b0c8380cd4abae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chanton, J. P.","contributorId":7429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chanton","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martens, C.S.","contributorId":42718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martens","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014583,"text":"70014583 - 1987 - Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 7. Sulfur mass balance, oxygen uptake and sulfide retention","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-03T15:40:12.640827","indexId":"70014583","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 7. Sulfur mass balance, oxygen uptake and sulfide retention","docAbstract":"Sulfur and oxygen fluxes were quantified in the seasonally varying anoxic marine sedimentary system of Cape Lookout Bight, N.C., U.S.A. Over the three year study period, 1981–1983, the mean annual sulfate reduction rate was determined to be 18.2 ± 1.6 moles · m−2 · y−1. This value, added to the estimate of the detrital sulfur input of 1.2 ± 4.4 gave a total sulfur input of 19.4 ± 4.7 moles · m−2 · y−1. The sulfide flux to the sediment-water interface, measured in anaerobic benthic chambers was 4.6 ± 0.5 moles · m−2 · y−1, and represented 37% of the annual oxygen uptake rate of 25.2 ± 2.8 moles · m−2 · y−1. The sulfide burial rate, determined to be 15.5 ± 3.1 moles · m−2 · y−1, was within 5% of the value predicted by summing the fluxes at the sediment-water interface. The
The sulfide retention rate in these rapidly accumulating sediments (10 cm/yr) was 77 ± 19%. Comparison of this result with previous studies shows that rapid sediment accumulation and the lack of bioturbation control this unusually high degree of sulfide retention.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90211-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Chanton, J., Martens, C., and Goldhaber, M., 1987, Biogeochemical cycling in an organic-rich coastal marine basin. 7. Sulfur mass balance, oxygen uptake and sulfide retention: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 5, p. 1187-1199, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90211-0.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1187","endPage":"1199","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225585,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f151e4b0c8380cd4abab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chanton, J. P.","contributorId":7429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chanton","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martens, C.S.","contributorId":42718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martens","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014264,"text":"70014264 - 1987 - Gravity anomaly at a Pleistocene lake bed in NW Alaska interpreted by analogy with Greenland's Lake Taserssauq and its floating ice tongue","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-24T16:51:53.366308","indexId":"70014264","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gravity anomaly at a Pleistocene lake bed in NW Alaska interpreted by analogy with Greenland's Lake Taserssauq and its floating ice tongue","docAbstract":"A possible example of a very deep glacial excavation is provided by a distinctive gravity low located at the front of a valley glacier that once flowed into glacial Lake Aniuk (formerly Lake Noatak) in the western Brooks Range. Geologic and geophysical data suggest that sediments or ice filling a glacially excavated valley are the most probable cause of the 30–50 mGal anomaly. Reasonable choices of geometric models and density contrasts indicate that the former excavation is now filled with a buried-ice thickness of 700 m or sediment thicknesses greater than 1 km; comparable anomalies are not known for other glaciated lacustrine valleys. However, many fiords do exceed 1 km in depth, and Crary found one nearly 2 km deep in Antarctica. In studying this fiord, he suggested the probable increased efficiency of excavation directly behind the point where an outlet glacier becomes afloat to form the Ross Ice Shelf and where it thus has a vertical component of motion and a mechanism for debris removal. Floating glacier ice tongues are now rare in the Arctic, but they exist in maritime parts of northern Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Studies of ice movement, environment, and morphology of another large floating glacier tongue in a perennially frozen lake in the Angiussaq Mountains of northern Greenland suggest that Pleistocene Lake Aniuk could have had a similar environment, water temperature, and near-stable water level and that it could have maintained both a floating polar glacier tongue and a perennial ice cover. No direct evidence of efficient excavation was observed in Greenland, but efficient glacial erosion behind a floating polar ice tongue could explain the excavation that caused the Alaskan gravity anomaly.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB09p08976","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Barnes, D., 1987, Gravity anomaly at a Pleistocene lake bed in NW Alaska interpreted by analogy with Greenland's Lake Taserssauq and its floating ice tongue: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B9, p. 8976-8984, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB09p08976.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"8976","endPage":"8984","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225630,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2a0ee4b0c8380cd5ae5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, D.F.","contributorId":48960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"D.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014263,"text":"70014263 - 1987 - Characterization of fracture permeability with high-resolution vertical flow measurements during borehole pumping.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:22:23","indexId":"70014263","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of fracture permeability with high-resolution vertical flow measurements during borehole pumping.","docAbstract":"The distribution of fracture permeability in granitic rocks was investigated by measuring the distribution of vertical flow in boreholes during periods of steady pumping. Pumping tests were conducted at two sites chosen to provide examples of moderately fractured rocks near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire and intensely fractured rocks near Oracle, Arizona. A sensitive heat-pulse flowmeter was used for accurate measurements of vertical flow as low as 0.2 liter per minute. Results indicate zones of fracture permeability in crystalline rocks are composed of irregular conduits that cannot be approximated by planar fractures of uniform aperture, and that the orientation of permeability zones may be unrelated to the orientation of individual fractures within those zones.-Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02113.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., Hess, A., Cheng, C., and Hardin, E., 1987, Characterization of fracture permeability with high-resolution vertical flow measurements during borehole pumping.: Ground Water, v. 25, no. 1, p. 28-40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1987.tb02113.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4c8e4b0c8380cd4befa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, A.E.","contributorId":71979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cheng, C.H.","contributorId":94443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hardin, E.","contributorId":68045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardin","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014262,"text":"70014262 - 1987 - The vertical attenuation of light in Charlotte Harbor, a shallow, subtropical estuary, south-western Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T15:34:11.943353","indexId":"70014262","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The vertical attenuation of light in Charlotte Harbor, a shallow, subtropical estuary, south-western Florida","docAbstract":"The relative contribution of different components to the attenuation of photosynthetically active radiation was determined in the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system based on laboratory and in situ measurements. Agreement between laboratory and in situ measurements of the attenuation coefficient (kt) was good (r2 = 0·92). For all in situ measurements (n = 100), suspended, non-chlorophyll matter accounted for an average of 72% of kt, dissolved matter accounted for 21%, suspended chlorophyll for 4%, and water for the remaining 3%.
For individual determinations, suspended non-chlorophyll matter, dissolved matter, suspended chlorophyll, and water, each accounted for as much as 99%, 79%, 21%, and 18% of kt. Attenuation by suspended matter was greatest near the mouth of the northern tidal rivers and was variable over the rest of the estuarine system. Attenuation by dissolved matter was greatest in the brackish tidal rivers and decreased with increasing salinity. Attenuation due to dissolved matter was positively correlated with water color. The source of the color was basin runoff. Wavelength transmittance changed along the salinity gradient. Maximum transmittance shifted from 500 to 600 nm in gulf waters to 650 to 700 nm in colored, brackish waters. Dissolved matter was primarily responsible for the large attenuation at short wavelengths (400–500 nm).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(87)90018-7","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"McPherson, B.F., and Miller, R.L., 1987, The vertical attenuation of light in Charlotte Harbor, a shallow, subtropical estuary, south-western Florida: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 25, no. 6, p. 721-737, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90018-7.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"737","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Charlotte Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.04007255485227,\n 26.4496550268223\n ],\n [\n -82.01784993280799,\n 26.4496550268223\n ],\n [\n -81.98769066003393,\n 26.48375824865549\n ],\n [\n -82.00197663134834,\n 26.51501065387326\n ],\n [\n -82.03372323426765,\n 26.534894121615466\n ],\n [\n -82.05356486109258,\n 26.564712863360683\n ],\n [\n -82.04007255485227,\n 26.590975328118788\n ],\n [\n -82.04483454529017,\n 26.61510309248503\n ],\n [\n -82.07023182762558,\n 26.66759886199503\n ],\n [\n -82.06943816255298,\n 26.7193615710587\n ],\n [\n -82.05039020080065,\n 26.778231744524334\n ],\n [\n -82.03610422948697,\n 26.801611489345362\n ],\n [\n -82.04562821036275,\n 26.831360559011287\n ],\n [\n -82.04642187543614,\n 26.871013833687513\n ],\n [\n -82.02261192324589,\n 26.872429765065675\n ],\n [\n -82.02261192324589,\n 26.898621296696902\n ],\n [\n -82.05197753094659,\n 26.93046767799825\n ],\n [\n -82.02658024861118,\n 26.93825098196632\n ],\n [\n -81.99880197105566,\n 26.94957119227378\n ],\n [\n -81.9757856839388,\n 26.969378824191168\n ],\n [\n -81.99324631554516,\n 27.006155182159844\n ],\n [\n -82.04324721514419,\n 27.01888265836091\n ],\n [\n -82.06308884196912,\n 27.03231565264923\n ],\n [\n -82.08689879415857,\n 27.05140188047416\n ],\n [\n -82.30198202894097,\n 27.049988197124236\n ],\n [\n -82.28531506240796,\n 27.013933255553397\n ],\n [\n -82.27420375138621,\n 26.99625503766825\n ],\n [\n -82.25912411499917,\n 26.991304638575627\n ],\n [\n -82.24960013412338,\n 26.979281333820182\n ],\n [\n -82.25118746426934,\n 26.96654937574398\n ],\n [\n -82.22896484222508,\n 26.94957119227378\n ],\n [\n -82.21309154076543,\n 26.946741246277995\n ],\n [\n -82.20436122496224,\n 26.935420751770693\n ],\n [\n -82.30674401937887,\n 26.849064630481195\n ],\n [\n -82.27102909109428,\n 26.785317024343144\n ],\n [\n -82.265473435583,\n 26.713735386981824\n ],\n [\n -82.26150511021997,\n 26.67745950086156\n ],\n [\n -82.243250813541,\n 26.647670139809932\n ],\n [\n -82.22420285178866,\n 26.61503477709539\n ],\n [\n -82.22102819149673,\n 26.58664862685066\n ],\n [\n -82.20912321540162,\n 26.574582380871064\n ],\n [\n -82.18451959813879,\n 26.481558698447174\n ],\n [\n -82.1456300095623,\n 26.46024496155016\n ],\n [\n -82.08293046879554,\n 26.43466326753544\n ],\n [\n -82.04007255485227,\n 26.4496550268223\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb1b8e4b08c986b3253be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McPherson, B. F.","contributorId":62983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014254,"text":"70014254 - 1987 - Geology and origin of the Death Valley uranium deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-03T23:04:45","indexId":"70014254","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and origin of the Death Valley uranium deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska","docAbstract":"A uranium deposit discovered in 1977 in western Alaska, by means of airborne radiometric data, is the largest known in Alaska on the basis of industry reserve estimates. At about latitude 65 degrees N, it is the most northerly known sandstone-type uranium deposit in the world. The deposit lies in Eocene continental sandstone near the eastern end of the Seward Peninsula, in the southern end of a graben that extends northward into the Death Valley depositional basin.The deposit is apparently of epigenetic and supergene origin. The uranium was derived from the Cretaceous granite of the Darby pluton that forms part of the western side of Death Valley. Uranium from primary mineralization is in the subsurface in a marginal facies of the Tertiary sedimentary basin where nearshore coarse clastic rocks are interbedded with coal and lacustrine clay. Primary mineralization occurred when uranium-bearing oxidizing ground water moved downdip from the pluton eastward through transmissive clastic beds or on the surface. Uranium was deposited where the coal or other carbonaceous material produced a reducing environment in arkosic host rocks. The supergene enrichment is related to a soil horizon at the present ground surface. The most common uranium mineral is meta-autunite, but cofflnite has been identified in the primary deposits. The host rocks for the primary deposits were partly covered by basalt flows that issued from nearby vents. Some of the basalt is highly altered, and some basalt float from the supergene zone has alteration rinds that are enriched in uranium.Extensive exploratory drilling took place from 1979 to 1981. The average grade of the potential ore is 0.27 percent U 3 O 8 and the average thickness is 3 m. The calculated reserves are 1,000,000 lbs U 3 O 8 ; additional drilling would probably add to this figure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.82.6.1558","issn":"00130109","usgsCitation":"Dickinson, K.A., Cunningham, K.D., and Ager, T.A., 1987, Geology and origin of the Death Valley uranium deposit, Seward Peninsula, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 82, no. 6, p. 1558-1574, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.82.6.1558.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1558","endPage":"1574","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Seward Peninsula","volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1987-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1451e4b0c8380cd549d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dickinson, Kendell A.","contributorId":55430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Kendell","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, Kenneth D.","contributorId":99707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ager, Thomas A. 0000-0002-5029-7581 tager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5029-7581","contributorId":736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"Thomas","email":"tager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014238,"text":"70014238 - 1987 - Suspended sediment and metals removal from urban runoff by a small lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T20:57:03","indexId":"70014238","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Suspended sediment and metals removal from urban runoff by a small lake","docAbstract":"A small lake in the Chicago Metropolitan Area was from 91 to 95 percent efficient in removing suspended sediment and from 76 to 94 percent efficient in removing copper, iron, lead, and zinc from urban runoff. Sediments accumulated in the lake in the form of an organic-rich mud at an average rate of 20 millimeters per year; this reduced lake storage and covered potential habitat for aquatic organisms. Copper, lead, and zinc concentrations were closely associated with suspended-sediment concentrations and with silt- and clay-sized fractions of lake sediment. Although concentrations of mercury and cadmium were near detection limits in runoff, measurable concentrations of these metals accumulated in the lake sediments.A small lake in the Chicago Metropolitan Area was from 91 to 95 percent efficient in removing suspended sediment and from 76 to 94 percent efficient in removing copper, iron, lead, and zinc from urban runoff. Sediments accumulated in the lake in the form of an organic-rich mud at an average rate of 20 millimeters per year; this reduced lake storage and covered potential habitat for aquatic organisms. Copper, lead, and zinc concentrations were closely associated with suspended sediment concentrations and with silt- and clay-sized fractions of lake sediment. Although concentrations of mercury and cadmium were near detection limits in runoff, measurable concentrations of these metals accumulated in the lake sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00848.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Striegl, R.G., 1987, Suspended sediment and metals removal from urban runoff by a small lake: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, no. 6, p. 985-996, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00848.x.","startPage":"985","endPage":"996","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267766,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00848.x"}],"volume":"23","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba300e4b08c986b31faf4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":367918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014233,"text":"70014233 - 1987 - Cretaceous gastropods: contrasts between tethys and the temperate provinces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-21T00:20:39.590569","indexId":"70014233","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2412,"text":"Journal of Paleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cretaceous gastropods: contrasts between tethys and the temperate provinces","docAbstract":"During the Cretaceous Period, gastropod faunas show considerable differences in their evolution between the Tethyan Realm (tropical) and the Temperate Realms to the north and south. Like Holocene faunas, prosobranch gastropods constitute the dominant part of Cretaceous marine snail faunas. Entomotaeneata and opisthobranchs usually form all of the remainder. In Tethyan faunas the Archaeogastropoda form a consistent high proportion of total taxa but less than the Mesogastropoda throughout the period. In contrast, the Temperate faunas beginning in Albian times show a decline in percentages of archaeogastropod taxa and a significant increase in the Neogastropoda, until they constitute over 50 percent of the taxa in some faunas. The neogastropods never attain high diversity in the Cretaceous of the Tethyan Realm and are judged to be of Temperate Realm origin.
Cretaceous Tethyan gastropod faunas are closely allied to those of the “corallien fades” of the Jurassic and begin the period evolutionarily mature and well diversified. Greatest diversity in Tethys occurs in the lagoonal shales associated with the rudist or coral framework environments of the Cretaceous carbonate platforms. Their distribution was pan-tropical, extending in instances across the vast reaches of the Pacific. Three categories of Tethyan gastropods are analyzed. The first group consists of those of Jurassic ancestry. Except for the Nerineacea, these taxa are long ranging but evolutionarily conservative, showing only moderate diversification during the Cretaceous, and becoming extinct with the close of the era. The second group originates mainly during the Barremian and Aptian, reaches a climax in diversification during middle Cretaceous time, and usually declines during the latest Cretaceous, with most not lasting through the terminal event. The third group originates late in the Cretaceous and consists of taxa that manage to either survive the Cretaceous-Tertiary crisis or give rise to forms of prominence among Tertiary warm water faunas.
There is a trend among the Tethyan gastropod assemblages for increased provincialism with time. Early and middle Cretaceous taxa are especially widely distributed, but the latest Cretaceous is a time of restricted occurrence for many forms.
Temperate Realm gastropod faunas are less diverse than those of Tethys during the Early Cretaceous. Their source is among long lived, extra-Tethys groups, but is increased, especially during major phases of transgression, by immigrants from Tethys. They show a steady increase in diversity, primarily among the Mesogastropoda and Neogastropoda. This trend culminates in latest Cretaceous times when the gastropod assemblages of the clastic provinces of the inner shelf contain an abundance of taxa outstripping that of any other part of the Cretaceous of either realm.
Extinction at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is much less pronounced in the Temperate Realm than in the Tethys. Among the Temperate Realm assemblages loss is of generic and species level taxa, unlike the extinction of the family Actaeonellidae or the superfamily Nerineacea and a host of less prominent groups in Tethys. In essence, by the late Maastrichtian, gastropod faunas of the Temperate Realm had attained a modern faunal aspect.
Incorporating a flow pump into a conventional triaxial laboratory system allows fluid to be supplied to or withdrawn from the base of a sediment sample at small and constant rates. An initial transient record of hydraulic head versus time is observed which eventually stabilizes to a constant steady state gradient across the sample; values of hydraulic conductivity can subsequently be determined from Darcy's law. In this paper, analytical methods are presented for determining values of specific storage and hydraulic conductivity from the initial transient phase of such a constant flow rate test. These methods are based on a diffusion equation involving pore pressure and are analogous to those used to describe the soil consolidation process and also to interpret aquifer properties from pumping tests. Examination of the effective stress distributions within the test specimen induced during this type of measurement shows that values of specific storage corresponding to both compression and rebound conditions can be deduced and differentiated simply by reversing the direction of fluid flow. Applicability and limitations of the methods are illustrated with analyses of recently reported flow pump test measurements conducted on a silty-clay specimen.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i008p01461","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Olsen, H.W., 1987, Theoretical analysis of the transient pressure response from a constant flow rate hydraulic conductivity test: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1461-1470, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i008p01461.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1461","endPage":"1470","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba385e4b08c986b31fd32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, Harold W.","contributorId":28985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"Harold","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014130,"text":"70014130 - 1987 - Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T09:43:07","indexId":"70014130","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models","docAbstract":"Recent literature concerning the modeling of chemical reactions during transport in ground water is examined with emphasis on sorption reactions. The theory of transport and reactions in porous media has been well documented. Numerous equations have been developed from this theory, to provide both continuous and sequential or multistep models, with the water phase considered for both mobile and immobile phases. Chemical reactions can be either equilibrium or non-equilibrium, and can be quantified in linear or non-linear mathematical forms. Non-equilibrium reactions can be separated into kinetic and diffusional rate-limiting mechanisms. Solutions to the equations are available by either analytical expressions or numerical techniques. Saturated and unsaturated batch, column, and field studies are discussed with one-dimensional, laboratory-column experiments predominating. A summary table is presented that references the various kinds of models studied and their applications in predicting chemical concentrations in ground waters.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00835.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Grove, D.B., and Stollenwerk, K.G., 1987, Chemical reactions simulated by ground-water-quality models: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, no. 4, p. 601-615, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1987.tb00835.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"615","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2cde4b0c8380cd4b3aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grove, David B.","contributorId":74750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stollenwerk, Kenneth G. kgstolle@usgs.gov","contributorId":578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"Kenneth","email":"kgstolle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014124,"text":"70014124 - 1987 - Coastal lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes, Kona, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-26T21:46:31.04614","indexId":"70014124","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes, Kona, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A major carbonate reef which drowned 13 ka is now submerged 150 m below sea level on the west coast of the island of Hawaii. A 25-km span of this reef was investigated using the submersible Makali'i. The reef occurs on the flanks of two active volcanoes, Mauna Loa and Hualalai, and the lavas from both volcanoes both underlie and overlie the submerged reef. Most of the basaltic lava flows that crossed the reef did so when the water was much shallower, and when they had to flow a shorter distance from shoreline to reef face. Lava flows on top of the reef have protected it from erosion and solution and now occur at seaward-projecting salients on the reef face. These relations suggest that the reef has retreated shoreward as much as 50 m since it formed. A 7-km-wide \"shadow zone\" occurs where no Hualalai lava flows cross the reef south of Kailua. These lava flows were probably diverted around a large summit cone complex. A similar \"shadow zone\" on the flank of Mauna Loa volcano in the Kealakekua Bay region is downslope from the present Mauna Loa caldera, which ponds Mauna Loa lava and prevents it from reaching the coastline. South of the Mauna Loa \"shadow zone\" the - 150 m reef has been totally covered and obscured by Mauna Loa lava. The boundary between Hualalai and Mauna Loa lava on land occurs over a 6-km-wide zone, whereas flows crossing the - 150 m reef show a sharper boundary offshore from the north side of the subaerial transition zone. This indicates that since the formation of the reef, Hualalai lava has migrated south, mantling Mauna Loa lava. More recently, Mauna Loa lava is again encroaching north on Hualalai lava.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01079826","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Clague, D., 1987, Coastal lava flows from Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes, Kona, Hawaii: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 49, no. 6, p. 752-764, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079826.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"752","endPage":"764","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.11297607421875,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.84930419921875,\n 19.44328437042322\n ],\n [\n -155.84930419921875,\n 19.796425363822532\n ],\n [\n -156.11297607421875,\n 19.796425363822532\n ],\n [\n -156.11297607421875,\n 19.44328437042322\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f785e4b0c8380cd4cb71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clague, D.","contributorId":9398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014118,"text":"70014118 - 1987 - Role of pressure in smectite dehydration: Effects on geopressure and smectite-to-illite transformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-16T16:32:13.027872","indexId":"70014118","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Role of pressure in smectite dehydration: Effects on geopressure and smectite-to-illite transformation","docAbstract":"Evaluation of the effect of pressure on the temperature of interlayer water loss (dehydration) by smectites under diagenetic conditions indicates that smectites are stable as hydrated phases in the deep subsurface. Hydraulic and differential pressure conditions affect dehydration differently. Smectites under hydraulic pressure conditions, such as in the pores of a sandstone, will retain at least two water layers (basal spacing, d001 = 15A). Smectites under differential pressure for vertical effective stress conditions, such as in compacting shales, are stable as two-water-layer complexes to temperatures of 67°-81°C (153°-178°F), at which one water layer will be expelled. Loss of the remaining water layer requires temperatures of 172°-19 °C (342°-377°F).
The temperatures of dehydration increase with pore fluid pressure and interlayer water density. The stability of hydrated smectite under hydraulic-pressure conditions indicates that simple thermal dehydration of smectite is not important in the development of abnormally high subsurface fluid pressures. Loss of water by smectite in a shale of low permeability may cause overpressuring; however, the resulting increase in fluid pressure will inhibit further dehydration.
The temperatures of dehydration under differential-pressure conditions are inversely related to pressure and interlayer water density. The temperature range for interlayer water loss by smectite under differential-pressure conditions is approximately coincident with the beginning of the smectite-to-illite transformation and hydrocarbon generation. The model presented assumes the effects of pore fluid composition and 2:1 layer reactivity to be negligible. Agreement between theoretical and experimental results validate this assumption. However, changes in the chemical stability of the 2:1 layer with decreasing interlayer water content, increasing pressure and temperature, and changing pore-fluid chemistry may be important in initiating clay and organic matter transformations. Changes in clay stability with interlayer water loss may also be responsible for the different rates of smectite-to-illite transformation observed in interbedded sandstones and shales.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/703C8092-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Colten-Bradley, V., 1987, Role of pressure in smectite dehydration: Effects on geopressure and smectite-to-illite transformation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 71, no. 11, p. 1414-1427, https://doi.org/10.1306/703C8092-1707-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1414","endPage":"1427","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9369e4b0c8380cd80dc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Colten-Bradley, Virginia","contributorId":103418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colten-Bradley","given":"Virginia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014105,"text":"70014105 - 1987 - Columbia Glacier, Alaska: Changes in velocity 1977-1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-25T14:11:36.183913","indexId":"70014105","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Columbia Glacier, Alaska: Changes in velocity 1977-1986","docAbstract":"The Columbia Glacier, a grounded, iceberg-calving tidewater glacier near Valdez, Alaska, began to retreat about 1977. Drastic retreat occurred in 1984, and by early 1986, retreat amounted to 2 km. The glacier has thinned more than 100 m since 1974 at a point 4 km behind the 1974 terminus position. Between 1977 and 1985 the lower glacier ice velocity increased from 3–8 m/d to 10–15 m/d. Ice velocity in the region 0.5 km above the terminus was highest near the time the glacier was most receded (late fall), and lowest near the time of maximum length (early summer), for years 1977–1982. Velocity in the region 52–57 from the head of the glacier was highest in mid-spring, and lowest in early fall from 1977 to 1985. Through the years 1983–1985, the dates of maximum and minimum velocities within 0.5 km of the receding terminus tended toward the dates of the 52–57 km maximum and minimums. This occurred because as the terminus receded, it was no longer strongly influenced by the reverse slope of the terminal moraine shoal. Velocities near the terminus fluctuated by 2–3 m/d during summer and fall, when liquid water input was variable, and were relatively constant during winter. Hourly variations in ice velocities are controlled by liquid water input to the glacier hydraulic system and tide stage. Velocity increases near periods of high surface water input and decreases during periods of high tide as a result of hydrostatic back pressure.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/JB092iB09p08961","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Krimmel, R.M., and Vaughn, B.H., 1987, Columbia Glacier, Alaska: Changes in velocity 1977-1986: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 92, no. B9, p. 8961-8968, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB09p08961.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"8961","endPage":"8968","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226131,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7cce4b0c8380cd4cce9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krimmel, R. M.","contributorId":81093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krimmel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaughn, B. H.","contributorId":63806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015293,"text":"70015293 - 1987 - Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-06T23:13:17.44054","indexId":"70015293","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C","title":"Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C","docAbstract":"A precipitate of nearly pure hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, a spinel-structured analog of hausmannite, Mn3O4, was prepared by an irreversible wprecipitation of zinc with manganese at 25°C. The synthesis technique entailed constant slow addition of a dilute solution of Mn2+ and Zn2+ chlorides having a Mn/Zn ratio of 2:1 to a reaction vessel that initially contained distilled deionized water, maintained at a pH of 8.50 by addition of dilute NaOH by an automated pH stat, with continuous bubbling of CO2-free air. The solid was identified by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and consisted of bipyramidal crystals generally less than 0.10 μm in diameter. Zn2+ ions are able to substitute extensively for Mn2+ ions that occupy tetrahedral sites in the hausmannite structure.
Hetaerolite appears to be more stable than hausmannite with respect to spontaneous conversion to γMnOOH. The value of the standard free energy of formation of hetaerolite was estimated from the experimental data to be −289.4 ± 0.8 kcal per mole. Solids intermediate in composition between hetaerolite and hausmannite can be prepared by altering the Mn/Zn ratio in the feed solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90335-8","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., Roberson, C.E., and Lind, C.J., 1987, Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1539-1547, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90335-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1539","endPage":"1547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba34fe4b08c986b31fc5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberson, C. E.","contributorId":40190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lind, Carol J.","contributorId":36110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015250,"text":"70015250 - 1987 - The distribution of nitrogen species and adsorption of ammonium in sediments from the tidal Potomac River and estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T00:27:14.872218","indexId":"70015250","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1587,"text":"Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution of nitrogen species and adsorption of ammonium in sediments from the tidal Potomac River and estuary","docAbstract":"The distribution of dissolved ammonium, adsorbed ammonium and residual, organic and total nitrogen was measured in Potomac River tidal, transition zone and lower estuary sediments to a depth of 66 cm. For these sediments, exchangeable ammonium, and thereby adsorbed ammonium concentrations, were determined directly using an ammonia electrode in alkaline sediment suspensions. Ammonia electrode data were comparable to data obtained by KCl extraction of fresh sediment. The conventional unitless ammonium adsorption coefficient, calculated as the slope of the regression line drawn when sediment-adsorbed ammonium (μmol g−1 dry wt of sediment) is plotted against interstitial water ammonium (μmol g−1 dry wt sediment), is 1·5 for this system. When a modified ammonium adsorption coefficient is calculated from sediment-adsorbed ammonium concentrations and a ratio of interstitial water ammonium and potassium concentrations, the regression equation through the data has a zero intercept and is more nearly linear than the regression equation of data based on conventional calculations. The use of a ratio including ammonium and potassium concentrations in the interstitial water term takes into account ionic strength variations in the estuary and competition between ammonium and potassium for adsorption sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0272-7714(87)90022-9","issn":"02727714","usgsCitation":"Simon, N., and Kennedy, M., 1987, The distribution of nitrogen species and adsorption of ammonium in sediments from the tidal Potomac River and estuary: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 25, no. 1, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7714(87)90022-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223592,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Potomac River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.34207852684263,\n 38.06886994683887\n ],\n [\n -76.40551007139837,\n 38.17781945022364\n ],\n [\n -76.42876830440225,\n 38.20606984048669\n ],\n 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N.S.","contributorId":103272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, M.M.","contributorId":10817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015237,"text":"70015237 - 1987 - Stable isotope compositions and water contents of boninite series volcanic rocks from Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-10T21:28:00.671934","indexId":"70015237","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope compositions and water contents of boninite series volcanic rocks from Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan","docAbstract":"Measurements of stable isotope compositions and water contents of boninite series volcanic rocks from the island of Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan, confirm that a large amount (1.6–2.4 wt.%) of primary water was present in these unusual magmas. An enrichment of 0.6‰ in18O during differentiation is explained by crystallization of18O-depleted mafic phases. Silicic glasses have elevated δ18O values and relatively low δD values indicating that they were modified by low-temperature alteration and hydration processes. Mafic glasses, on the other hand, have for the most part retained their primary isotopic signatures since Eocene time. Primary δD values of −53 for boninite glasses are higher than those of MORB and suggest that the water was derived from subducted oceanic lithosphere.
As a consequence of the 1969–1970 flooding of normally dry Owens Lake, a 2.4-m-deep lake formed and 20% of the 2-m-thick salt bed dissolved in it. Its desiccation began August 1969, and salts started crystallizing September 1970, ending August 1971. Mineralogic, brine-composition, and stable-isotope data plus field observations showed that while the evolving brine composition established the general crystallization timetable and range of primary and secondary mineral assemblages, it was the daily, monthly, and seasonal temperature changes that controlled the details of timing and mineralogy during this depositional process. Deuterium analyses of lake brine, interstitial brine, and hydrated saline phases helped confirm the sequence of mineral crystallizations and transformations, and they documented the sources and temperatures of waters involved in the reactions.
Salts first crystallized as floating rafts on the lake surface. Natron and mirabilite, salts whose solubilities decrease greatly with lowering temperatures, crystallized late at night in winter, when surface-water temperatures reached their minima; trona, nahcolite, burkeite, and halite, salts with solubilities less sensitive to temperature, crystallized during the afternoon in summer, when surface salinities reached their maxima. However, different temperatures were generally associated with crystallization (at the surface) and accumulation (on the lake floor) because short-term temperature changes were transmitted to surface and bottom waters at different rates. Consequently, even when solubilities were exceeded at the surface, salts were preserved or not as a function of bottom-water temperatures. Halite, a nearly temperature-insensitive salt, was always preserved.
Monitoring the lake-brine chemistry and mineralogy of the accumulating salts shows: (1) An estimated 0.9 × 106 tons of CO2 was released to the atmosphere or consumed by the lake's biomass prior to most salt crystallization. (2) After deposition, some salts reacted in situ to form other minerals in less than one month, and all salts (except halite) decomposed or recrystallized at least once in response to seasons. (3) Warming in early 1971 caused solution of all the mirabilite and some of the natron deposited a few months earlier, a deepening of the lake (though the lake-surface lowered), and an increase in dissolved solids. (4) Phase and solubility-index data suggest that at the close of desiccation, Na2CO3·7H2O, never reported as a mineral, could have been the next phase to crystallize.
Ground-water recharge by injection of reclaimed water is a feasible method of improving ground-water quality in the shallow aquifer system in the Palo Alto Baylands along the San Francisco Bay. Ground water was initially more saline than sea water. Reclaimed water was injected at a rate of 10 gallons per minute from June 5, 1980, to July 1, 1980. At the completion of injection, water from an observation well 31 feet from the injection well was 98 percent injected water-in essence, fresh water.
An abrupt rise in the water level in the injection well of about 1.5 feet during the initial injection test was the result of a 3.5 percent density difference between injected fresh water and saline ground water. The arrival of injected water at observation wells showed the same effect, allowing monitoring of chemical and hydraulic changes entirely through water-level data.
The initially sodic clays in the confining layer were expected to swell as the saline ground water (sodium source) was diluted by recharge water. The sodium ion causes excessive coordination with the hydronium ion (H3O+) in the clay lattice, resulting in expansion as the saline water is diluted. X-ray diffraction analysis of clay samples soaked first in native and then in injected water showed this effect. Calcium replaces sodium and limits expansion.
Prior to injection the saline ground water was supersaturated with calcite. Dilution, as injection proceeded, eventually produced an undersaturation of calcite. An increase in well specific capacity indicates that calcite dissolved from the aquifer matrix, improving hydraulic conductivity.
The transformation of plant biopolymers to humic substances in peats during early diagenesis is a critical but poorly understood step in the formation of coal. This paper presents results concerning the structural interrelationships among various fractions of the organic matter in peat and the dissolved organic matter in the pore water from a site in The Everglades, relying primarily on elemental analysis and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance for structural elucidation. Our goal was to obtaine some insight into the sequence of steps involved in the formation of humic substances
Results show that the major change occurring in the whole peat during diagenesis is loss of carbohydrates. The components of the peat which are more resistant to microbial degradation become concentrated in the humin fraction. This resistant fraction of the organic matter includes aliphatic and aromatic components. The aromatic components are thought to be derived from lignin while the aliphatic moieties may represent decomposed algal remains. The carbohydrates lost from the whole peat appear to be concentrated in the fulvic acids and the dissolved organic matter in the pore water. The humic acids consist predominantly of aromatic and aliphatic structures, and may represent partially degraded lignin-like structures and aliphatic compounds from algae. The data presented here suggest that humic and fulvic acids are the partially degraded fractions of the peat while the humin contains the resistant or preserved portion of the organic matter. The proposition that humic substances are formed by the condensation of amino acids and sugars is not supported by the results of this study.
Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the Baird Mountains quadrangle form a relatively thin, chiefly shallow-water succession that has been thrust-faulted and metamorphosed to blueschist and greenschist facies. Although this succession was thought to be mostly Devonian until recently, a large part of it is in fact pre-Silurian in age.
Middle and Upper Cambrian rocks - the first confirmed in the western Brooks Range - occur in the northeastern quarter of the quadrangle, south of Mt. Angayukaqsraq. These rocks consist of massive marble that grades upward into thin-bedded metalimestone/dolostone couplets and contain pelagiellid mollusks, acrotretid brachiopods, and agnostids. Sedimentologic features and the Pefagiellas indicate a shallow-water depositional environment. Overlying these Cambrian rocks is a thin sequence of Lower arid Middle Ordovician metalimestone and phyllite containing graptolites and cool-water, mid-shelf to basinal conodonts. Upper Ordovician rocks in the Mt. Angayukaqsraq area are bioturbated to laminated dolostone containing conodonts of warm-, shallow-water biofacies.
In the Omar and Squirrel Rivers area to the west, the Lower Ordovician carbonate rocks are thicker and quite different in lithofacies and biofacies. These rocks are mainly dolostone with locally well-developed fenestral fabric and evaporite molds, and bioturbated to laminated orange- and gray-weathering dolomitic marble and metalimestone. Conodonts and sedimentary structures indicate deposition in restricted to normal marine, shallow to very shallow water platform environments.
Exposures of Upper Silurian rocks occur near Mi. Angayukaqsraq and on the middle fork of the Squirrel River, and consist mostly of thinly laminated dolomitic mudstones. Conodonts in these rocks indicate deposition in a somewhat restricted, shallow-water environment.
Devonian carbonate rocks are widely distributed in the western Baird Mountains quadrangle; at least two distinct sequences have been identified. In the Omar and Squirrel Rivers area, Lower and Middle Devonian dolostone, metalimestone and marble are locally cherty and rich in megafossils. To the north, in the Nakolik River area, Middle and Upper Devonian marble and metalimestone are interlayered with planar- to cross-laminated quartz-carbonate metasandstone and phyllite.
Baird Mountains carbonate rocks show some striking similarities in biofacies and lithofacies to lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks of the Seward Peninsula to the southwest and the central Brooks Range to the east.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaskan North Slope Geology, Volumes I and II (SEPM Book 50)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Pacific Section of the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists and The Alaska geological Society","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 1987, Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks of the Baird Mountains quadrangle, western Brooks Range, Alaska, chap. of Alaskan North Slope Geology, Volumes I and II (SEPM Book 50), v. II, p. 311-336.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"311","endPage":"336","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341365,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://archives.datapages.com/data/pac_sepm/066/066001/pdfs/311.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Baird Mountains quadrangle, Brooks Rainge","volume":"II","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591c0fcfe4b0a7fdb43ddf1a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tailleur, Irvin L.","contributorId":105304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tailleur","given":"Irvin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695375,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weimer, Paul","contributorId":107650,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weimer","given":"Paul","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12430,"text":"University of Texas at Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":695376,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}