The molecular weights of aquatic fulvic acids extracted from five rivers were determined by vapor pressure osmometry with water and tetrahydrofuran as solvents. The values obtained ranged from 500 to 950 dallons, indicating that the molecular weights of aquatic fulvic acids are not as great as has been suggested in some other molecular weight studies. The samples were shown to be relatively monodisperse from radii of gyration measurements determined by small angle x-ray scattering. THF affords greater precision and accuracy than H2O in VPO measurements, and was found to be a suitable solvent for the determination of molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acid because it obviates the dissociation problem. An inverse correlation was observed with these samples between the concentration of Ca++ and Mg++ in the river water and the radii of gyration and molecular weights of the corresponding fulvic acid samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90267-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Aiken, G., and Malcolm, R., 1987, Molecular weight of aquatic fulvic acids by vapor pressure osmometry: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 8, p. 2177-2184, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90267-5.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2177","endPage":"2184","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225495,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5d17e4b0c8380cd70153","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aiken, G. R. 0000-0001-8454-0984","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":14452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":46075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014859,"text":"70014859 - 1987 - Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part II. A hydrologic model and mass-balance arguments for their development.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T01:01:09.307497","indexId":"70014859","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part II. A hydrologic model and mass-balance arguments for their development.","docAbstract":"Hydrologic, geologic, geomorphic, and mass-balance data suggest that most of the ∼30,000 playa lake basins on the Southern High Plains have developed by a combination of dissolution of caliche and piping of surface material into the unsaturated zone rather than by eolian processes as has generally been stated. A conceptual model suggests that particulate organic material, much of which is sorbed on smectite clays, is carried downward from the surface into the unsaturated zone by recharging water. The organic material is oxidized to CO2, which dissolves in the water, forms carbonic acid, and dissolves lithologic carbonates. Because organic material is transported and oxidized deep in the unsaturated zone, CO2 concentrations are much higher at depth than in the soil zone, and recharging water remains thermodynamically subsaturated with respect to carbonates and thus able to dissolve them throughout the unsaturated zone. Dissolution promotes lithologic instability, leading to piping and eluviation of material within the unsaturated zone. Playa basins expand laterally as recharge is concentrated at the edge of the playa floor because of lowered permeability in the center that results from accumulation of clays and other fine sediment.
Mass-balance calculations of gas, liquid, and solid fluxes beneath a playa basin suggest that sufficient mass is transported to account for the volume of the depression. Particulate flux is estimated by relating it to the CO2 flux out of the unsaturated zone. Solute flux is estimated from the difference between input values from the playa lake water and that observed in ground water. Gas flux is measured directly from gas samples at specific depths below the: surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<224:PBOTSH>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Osterkamp, W.R., 1987, Playa-lake basins on the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: Part II. A hydrologic model and mass-balance arguments for their development.: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 99, no. 2, p. 224-230, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)99<224:PBOTSH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"99","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c38e4b0c8380cd79882","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014870,"text":"70014870 - 1987 - Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:36:11","indexId":"70014870","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California","docAbstract":"Acid mine drainage has acidified large volumes of water and added high concentrations of dissolved heavy metals to West Squaw Creek, a California stream draining igneous rocks of low acid-neutralizing capacity. During mixing of the acid sulfate stream waters in the South Fork of West Squaw Creek with an almost equal volume of dilute uncontaminated water, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Al remained in solution rather than precipitating or adsorbing on solid phases. Changes in the concentration of these generally conservative metals could be used to determine relative flow volumes of acid tributaries and the main stream. An amorphous orange precipitate (probably ferric hydroxides or a mixture of ferric hydroxides and jarosite) was ubiquitous in the acid stream beds and was intimately associated with algae at the most acid sites. Relative sorption of cations decreased with decreasing water pH. However, arsenic was almost completely scavenged from solution within a short distance from the sulfide sources.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es00158a009","usgsCitation":"Filipek, L., Nordstrom, D.K., and Ficklin, W.H., 1987, Interaction of acid mine drainage with waters and sediments of West Squaw Creek in the West Shasta Mining District, California: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 21, no. 4, p. 388-396, https://doi.org/10.1021/es00158a009.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"388","endPage":"396","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","otherGeospatial":"West Shasta Mining District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.444856858961764\n ],\n [\n -122.24761962890625,\n 40.444856858961764\n ],\n [\n -122.24761962890625,\n 40.92804010533237\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.92804010533237\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 40.444856858961764\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3caee4b0c8380cd62f46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Filipek, L.H.","contributorId":58392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Filipek","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":369486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ficklin, W. H.","contributorId":89517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ficklin","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014168,"text":"70014168 - 1987 - Transport of reacting solutes subject to a moving dissolution boundary: Numerical methods and solutions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T09:41:14","indexId":"70014168","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of reacting solutes subject to a moving dissolution boundary: Numerical methods and solutions","docAbstract":"A moving boundary problem which arises during transport with precipitation-dissolution reactions is solved by three different numerical methods. Two of these methods (one explicit and one implicit) are based on an integral formulation of mass balance and lead to an approximation of a weak solution. These methods are compared to a front-tracking scheme. Although the two approaches are conceptually different, the numerical solutions showed good agreement. As the ratio of dispersion to convection decreases, the methods based on the integral formulation become computationally more efficient. Specific reactions were modeled to examine the dependence of the system on the physical and chemical parameters. Although the water flow rate does not explicitly appear in the equation for the velocity of the moving boundary, the speed of the boundary depends more on the flux rate than on the dispersion coefficient. The discontinuity in the gradient of the solute concentration profile at the boundary increases with convection and with the initial concentration of the mineral. Our implicit method is extended to allow participation of the solutes in complexation reactions as well as the precipitation-dissolution reaction. This extension is easily made and does not change the basic method.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i008p01561","usgsCitation":"Willis, C., and Rubin, J., 1987, Transport of reacting solutes subject to a moving dissolution boundary: Numerical methods and solutions: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 8, p. 1561-1574, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i008p01561.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1561","endPage":"1574","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba391e4b08c986b31fd6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willis, Catherine","contributorId":42489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"Catherine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, Jacob","contributorId":23918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"Jacob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015127,"text":"70015127 - 1987 - INAA determination of major and trace elements in loess, paleosol and precipitation layers in a pleistocene Loess Section, China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:59","indexId":"70015127","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2440,"text":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"INAA determination of major and trace elements in loess, paleosol and precipitation layers in a pleistocene Loess Section, China","docAbstract":"Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of 31 major and trace elements in 32 samples from the Xinji Loess Section, Shaanxi Province, China. Interferences, including those from uranium fission products, were evaluated and corrections applied where necessary. The 39.7-meter deep section comprises of Lishi Loess of the middle Pleistocene (Q2) and Malan Loess of the late Pleistocene (Q3). The section is characterized by the presence of 5 layers of paleosol, and each paleosol is underlain by a precipitation layer. When the elemental abundances are converted to a carbonate-free basis, there is little compositional difference among the carbonate-free fractions of loess, paleosol and precipitation layers. This indicates that dissolution of carbonate minerals by downward-moving surface water was an important process in paleosol formation while other minerals were not severely weathered and elemental fractionation was minimal. The parent materials of the paleosol and precipitation layers closely resemble the loess layers in their elemental abundances, which suggests that all layers in the section have a compositionally similar source. ?? 1987 Akade??miai Kiado??.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02055029","issn":"02365731","usgsCitation":"Tian, J., Chou, C.L., and Ehmann, W., 1987, INAA determination of major and trace elements in loess, paleosol and precipitation layers in a pleistocene Loess Section, China: Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Articles, v. 110, no. 1, p. 261-274, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02055029.","startPage":"261","endPage":"274","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205471,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055029"},{"id":224350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37cde4b0c8380cd6118d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tian, J.","contributorId":18516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tian","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chou, C. L.","contributorId":32655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chou","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ehmann, W.D.","contributorId":35473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehmann","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015293,"text":"70015293 - 1987 - Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-06T23:13:17.44054","indexId":"70015293","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C","title":"Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C","docAbstract":"A precipitate of nearly pure hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, a spinel-structured analog of hausmannite, Mn3O4, was prepared by an irreversible wprecipitation of zinc with manganese at 25°C. The synthesis technique entailed constant slow addition of a dilute solution of Mn2+ and Zn2+ chlorides having a Mn/Zn ratio of 2:1 to a reaction vessel that initially contained distilled deionized water, maintained at a pH of 8.50 by addition of dilute NaOH by an automated pH stat, with continuous bubbling of CO2-free air. The solid was identified by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy and consisted of bipyramidal crystals generally less than 0.10 μm in diameter. Zn2+ ions are able to substitute extensively for Mn2+ ions that occupy tetrahedral sites in the hausmannite structure.
Hetaerolite appears to be more stable than hausmannite with respect to spontaneous conversion to γMnOOH. The value of the standard free energy of formation of hetaerolite was estimated from the experimental data to be −289.4 ± 0.8 kcal per mole. Solids intermediate in composition between hetaerolite and hausmannite can be prepared by altering the Mn/Zn ratio in the feed solution.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(87)90335-8","usgsCitation":"Hem, J., Roberson, C.E., and Lind, C.J., 1987, Synthesis and stability of hetaerolite, ZnMn2O4, at 25°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 51, no. 6, p. 1539-1547, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90335-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1539","endPage":"1547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba34fe4b08c986b31fc5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hem, J.D.","contributorId":54576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hem","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberson, C. E.","contributorId":40190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lind, Carol J.","contributorId":36110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lind","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70181184,"text":"70181184 - 1987 - Common Murre (Uria aalge) attendance patterns at Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T13:24:50","indexId":"70181184","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Common Murre (Uria aalge) attendance patterns at Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland","docAbstract":"Attendance patterns of common murres (Uria aalge) at Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland, were observed during hatching to post-fledging periods of 1980 to 1984. Six study plots on breeding ledges (ca. 450 birds total) and a \"club\" on the water were monitored for seasonal fluctuations in numbers attending. Attendance on ledges was similar between years, being relatively stable from hatching through to median fledging, and declining steadily thereafter. Attendance at the club usually peaked between median hatching and fledging, then declined rapidly during the fledging period. Numbers of murres attending neighboring study plots were often significantly correlated, but correlations were much weaker between distant plots. There were few significant correlations between attendance and wind speed or tidal oscillations in any year of study. Numbers of murres attending individual study plots varied significantly between years; four declined, one increased, and one showed no significant change. Overall, there was a small decline in total numbers of murres attending all study plots between 1980 and 1984.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z87-236","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., and McLagan, R.L., 1987, Common Murre (Uria aalge) attendance patterns at Cape St. Mary's, Newfoundland: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 65, no. 6, p. 1530-1534, https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-236.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1530","endPage":"1534","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335204,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"Newfoundland","otherGeospatial":"Cape St. Mary's","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -54.27864074707031,\n 46.74550709985597\n ],\n [\n -54.04518127441406,\n 46.74550709985597\n ],\n [\n -54.04518127441406,\n 46.893047013725514\n ],\n [\n -54.27864074707031,\n 46.893047013725514\n ],\n [\n -54.27864074707031,\n 46.74550709985597\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a18228e4b0c825128564ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":664668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLagan, Ruth L.","contributorId":179914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McLagan","given":"Ruth","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":664669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70181220,"text":"70181220 - 1987 - Dehydration of seabird prey during transport to the colony: Effects on wet weight energy densities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T13:28:15","indexId":"70181220","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dehydration of seabird prey during transport to the colony: Effects on wet weight energy densities","docAbstract":"We present evidence to indicate that dehydration of prey transported by seabirds from capture sites at sea to chicks at colonies inflates estimates of wet weight energy densities. These findings and a comparison of wet and dry weight energy densities reported in the literature emphasize the importance of (i) accurate measurement of the fresh weight and water content of prey, (ii) use of dry weight energy densities in comparisons among species, seasons, and regions, and (iii) cautious interpretation and extrapolation of existing data sets.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z87-427","usgsCitation":"Montevecchi, W., and Piatt, J.F., 1987, Dehydration of seabird prey during transport to the colony: Effects on wet weight energy densities: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 65, no. 11, p. 2822-2824, https://doi.org/10.1139/z87-427.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2822","endPage":"2824","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a18228e4b0c825128564b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Montevecchi, W.A.","contributorId":62052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Montevecchi","given":"W.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":664670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":664671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29770,"text":"wri874098 - 1987 - Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T20:28:43.324863","indexId":"wri874098","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4098","title":"Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The effects of human activity on the water resources of a 207-square-mile area of eastern Chester County was evaluated. The most serious consequence of urbanization is the contamination of ground water by volatile organic compounds, which were detected in 39 percent of the 70 wells sampled. As many as nine compounds were found in one water sample, and the concentration of total volatile organic compounds was as high as 17,400 ug/L (micrograms per liter). In the Chester Valley, volatile organic compounds are moving down the hydraulic gradient caused by quarry dewatering. Movement through the quarries reduces concentrations of these compounds and removes most of them. Phenol was detected in 28 percent of 54 wells sampled, with concentrations up to 7 ug/L.\r\n\r\n Metals, except for iron and manganese, and other trace constituents generally are not a water-quality problem. However, ground water in an area in Chester Valley has been contaminated by concentrations of boron as high as 20,000 ug/L and lithium as high as 13,000 ug/L. The ground water discharges to Valley Creek, where concentrations of boron are as high as 130 ug/L and lithium as high as 800 ug/L.\r\n\r\n Concentrations of chloride as high as 2,100 mg/L (milligrams per liter) were found in a well at a former highway salt storage site. Wells completed in carbonate rock downgradient from the Pennsylvania Turnpike had chloride concentrations as high as 350 mg/L. \r\n\r\n The base-neutral organic compounds bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene, and the pesticides alachlor, aldrian, diazanon, DDD, DDT, dieldrin, methyl parathion, picloram, and 2,4-D were detected in a few water samples in low concentrations, However, these organic compounds do not present a widespread water-quality problem. Neither acid organic compounds nor polychlorinated napthalenes (PCN) were detected in ground water. \r\n\r\n The growth of public water and sewer systems has resulted in a significant interbasin transfer of water. Estimates for 1984 range from a net loss of 630 million gallons in the Valley Creek basin to a net gain of 783 million gallons in the Chester Creek basin. The quantity of wastewater discharged from treatment plants generally correlates well with the altitude of the water table and poorly with water use or precipitation, indicating substantial ground-water infiltration. Estimated ground-water infiltration to the West Goshen treatment plant for 1980-84 was 0.8 cubic feet per square mile, or 10 percent of the long-term average flow of Chester Creek. Estimated ground-water infiltration to the Valley Forge sewer system was as high as 4.9 million gallons per day. \r\n\r\n Dewatering operations at two active quarries in Chester Valley have lowered water levels locally and increased the range of the fluctuation of the local water table. The spread of the cones of depression caused by quarry pumping is limited by geologic and hydrologic controls. Pumping of high-capacity wells in Chester Valley has caused small local cones of depression and may have caused some reaches of Valley Creek or its tributaries to lose water. \r\n\r\n One of the greatest effects of human activity on the surface-water system has been the accumulation of organic compounds, particularly PCB and pesticides, on stream-bottom material. PCB, DDE, and dieldrin were found in bottom material from all eight streams sampled. \r\n\r\n Land-use changes in 10 selected subbasins were quantified and related to stream-benthic invertebrate diversity index. from 1970-80, the diversity index increased at all sites. Subbasins that had a greater change in land use had a greater increase in diversity index. The increase may be due to the banning of certain pesticides such as DDT, a decreasing use of pesticides in urbanizing subbasins, or flushing or burial of older pesticide-contaminated sediment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874098","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R., 1987, Effect of urbanization on the water resources of eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4098, Report: viii, 131 p.; 2 Plates: 36.43 x 35.29 inches and 29.23 x 18.83 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874098.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 131 p.; 2 Plates: 36.43 x 35.29 inches and 29.23 x 18.83 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415467,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46767.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58569,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58570,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":58568,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124903,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4098/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.2917,\n 40.243\n ],\n [\n -75.8667,\n 40.243\n ],\n [\n -75.8667,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.2917,\n 39.9\n ],\n [\n -75.2917,\n 40.243\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62542f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001388,"text":"1001388 - 1987 - Fall and winter foods of northern pintails in the Sacramento Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T11:52:36","indexId":"1001388","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fall and winter foods of northern pintails in the Sacramento Valley, California","docAbstract":"Food habits of northern pintails (Anas acuta) were investigated on 3 national wildlife refuges in the western portion of the Sacramento Valley, California, from August to March 1979-82. Pintails consumed 97% (aggregate % dry wt) plant food during diurnal foraging on national wildlife refuge rice, summer-irrigated, and summer-dry habitats from August through January. Invertebrate use increased to 28.9-65.6% of the diet in these habitats during February and March. Rice, swamp timothy (Heleochloa schoenoides), flatsedges (Cyperus spp.), common barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli), southern naiad (Najas guadalupensis), and smartweed (Polygonum spp.) seeds, miscellaneous vegetation, snails (Gastropoda), and midge (Diptera) and water beetle (Coleoptera) larvae were most important. These foods usually were taken proportional to or greater than availability. Rice was the most important food of pintails feeding nocturnally off the refuges in harvested rice fields from October through January (99.7%) and February and March (63%; barnyardgrass formed 31% of the diet). In August and October, some pintails consumed invertebrates or bulrush (Scirpus spp. ) seedlings in marshes soon after feeding in refuge rice (Aug) or harvested commercial rice fields (Oct), thereby increasing dietary protein. In late winter, females and males obtained similar (P > 0.05) percentages of invertebrates from refuge habitats. Important dietary seeds and invertebrates contained high protein or metabolizable energy content. Management should maintain adequate seed production in fall and mid-winter and invertebrate biomass in late winter.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3801027","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., 1987, Fall and winter foods of northern pintails in the Sacramento Valley, California: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 51, no. 2, p. 405-414, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801027.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"405","endPage":"414","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7a48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Michael R.","contributorId":45796,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12709,"text":"Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":310961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015269,"text":"70015269 - 1987 - Geology of the Holocene surficial uranium deposit of the north fork of Flodelle Creek, northeastern Washington (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T00:59:33.456155","indexId":"70015269","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology of the Holocene surficial uranium deposit of the north fork of Flodelle Creek, northeastern Washington (USA)","docAbstract":"The north fork of Flodelle Creek drainage basin in northeastern Washington contains the first surficial uranium deposit to be mined in the United States. The uranium was leached from granitic bedrock and fixed in organic-rich pond sediments. The distribution of these pond sediments and, therefore, the uranium has been strongly influenced by relict glacial topography, slope processes, and beaver activity.
The north fork of Flodelle Creek drainage basin was covered by the Cordilleran ice sheet during the Fraser (late Wisconsin) glaciation. Till and outwash were deposited on the valley slopes and valley floor as ice receded. Outwash incision and melting of stagnant ice led to formation of a terrace and kames. Shortly after deglaciation, a small pond formed in the upper part of the valley when unconsolidated glacial sediment slumped off the valley slopes and restricted drainage. Fluvial processes dominated in the central and downstream parts of the valley for several thousand years after deglaciation, although drainage was partly restricted by kames. Beavers began to occupy and build dams on the wide outwash plains in the valley floor ∼5000 yr B.P. Beaver ponds in the central part of the basin subsequently filled with sediment and were abandoned, whereas downstream ponds remained relatively free of clastic input and are presently occupied by beavers.
Ponds in the drainage basin have been sinks for fine-grained, organic-rich sediments. These organic-rich sediments provide a suitable geochemical environment for precipitation and adsorption of uranium leached from granitic bedrock into ground, spring, and surface waters. Processes of pond formation have thus been important in the development of surficial uranium deposits in the north fork of Flodelle Creek drainage basin and may have similar significance in other areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<77:GOTHSU>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Otton, J.K., and Macke, D., 1987, Geology of the Holocene surficial uranium deposit of the north fork of Flodelle Creek, northeastern Washington (USA): Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 98, no. 1, p. 77-85, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<77:GOTHSU>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223866,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.72486011891769,\n 48.97083233189488\n ],\n [\n -119.72486011891769,\n 47.55205193023431\n ],\n [\n -117.0222234001676,\n 47.55205193023431\n ],\n [\n -117.0222234001676,\n 48.97083233189488\n ],\n [\n -119.72486011891769,\n 48.97083233189488\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"98","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a25bae4b0c8380cd58b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Otton, J. K.","contributorId":52589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Macke, D. L.","contributorId":101643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Macke","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015268,"text":"70015268 - 1987 - Unsaturated flow in a centrifugal field: Measurement of hydraulic conductivity and testing of Darcy's Law","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T10:33:21","indexId":"70015268","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unsaturated flow in a centrifugal field: Measurement of hydraulic conductivity and testing of Darcy's Law","docAbstract":"A method has been developed to establish steady state flow of water in an unsaturated soil sample spinning in a centrifuge. Theoretical analysis predicts moisture conditions in the sample that depend strongly on soil type and certain operating parameters. For Oakley sand, measurements of flux, water content, and matric potential during and after centrifugation verify that steady state flow can be achieved. Experiments have confirmed the theoretical prediction of a nearly uniform moisture distribution for this medium and have demonstrated that the flow can be effectively one-dimensional. The method was used for steady state measurements of hydraulic conductivity K for relatively dry soil, giving values as low as 7.6 × 10−11 m/s with data obtained in a few hours. Darcy's law was tested by measuring K for different centrifugal driving forces but with the same water content. For the sand at a bulk density of 1.82 Mg/m3 and 27% saturation, results were consistent with Darcy's law for K equal to 5.22 × 10−10 m/s and forces ranging from 216 to 1650 times normal gravity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR023i001p00124","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., Rubin, J., and Hammermeister, D., 1987, Unsaturated flow in a centrifugal field: Measurement of hydraulic conductivity and testing of Darcy's Law: Water Resources Research, v. 23, no. 1, p. 124-134, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR023i001p00124.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"134","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":223865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbb3fe4b08c986b3285ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, J.","contributorId":26433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammermeister, D.P.","contributorId":27066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammermeister","given":"D.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":370501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29425,"text":"wri864080 - 1987 - Geochemical evolution of waters within the north coast limestone aquifers of Puerto Rico: A conceptualization based on a flow path in the Barceloneta area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T20:16:16.959877","indexId":"wri864080","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4080","title":"Geochemical evolution of waters within the north coast limestone aquifers of Puerto Rico: A conceptualization based on a flow path in the Barceloneta area","docAbstract":"Water samples along a groundwater flow path in the Barceloneta area, Puerto Rico, were collected from wells screened in the Montebello Limestone Member of the Cibao Formation (artesian aquifer) and in the overlying Aguada and Aymamon Limestones (water table aquifer). The groundwater chemistry changes as water migrates from recharge areas to downgradient zones in the aquifers. Dissolved magnesium, dissolved sulfate, pH, and carbon-13 isotope generally increase down-gradient. Total inorganic carbon and calcium decrease within the freshwater parts of the aquifer. Mass transfer calculations show that the likely reaction model is carbon dioxide incorporation as water infiltrates through the soil zone, followed by calcite dissolution as water recharges the aquifer. As water moves downgradient within the artesian aquifer, carbon dioxide may degas as a result of calcite precipitation while gypsum and dolomite are dissolved. Within the water table aquifer, continuous recharge of waters rich in carbonic acid maintains the dissolution of the carbonate minerals. Near the coast the mixing of fresh groundwater with saltwater is the primary process affecting water chemistry within the water table aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864080","usgsCitation":"Roman-Mas, A., and Lee, R.W., 1987, Geochemical evolution of waters within the north coast limestone aquifers of Puerto Rico: A conceptualization based on a flow path in the Barceloneta area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4080, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864080.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4080/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4080/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":415533,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36534.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Barceloneta area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.367,\n 18.5\n ],\n [\n -66.7,\n 18.5\n ],\n [\n -66.7,\n 18.38\n ],\n [\n -66.367,\n 18.38\n ],\n [\n -66.367,\n 18.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae250","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roman-Mas, A. J.","contributorId":55839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman-Mas","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014152,"text":"70014152 - 1987 - Turbidity as a control on phytoplankton biomass and productivity in estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T01:09:28.8079","indexId":"70014152","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Turbidity as a control on phytoplankton biomass and productivity in estuaries","docAbstract":"In many coastal plain estuaries light attenuation by suspended sediments confines the photic zone to a small fraction of the water column, such that light limitation is a major control on phytoplankon production and turnover rate. For a variety of estuarine systems (e.g. San Francisco Bay, Puget Sound, Delaware Bay, Hudson River plume), photic-zone productivity can be estimated as a function of phytoplankton biomass times mean irradiance of the photic zone. Net water column productivity also varies with light availability, and in San Francisco Bay net productivity is zero (estimated respiratory loss of phytoplankton balances photosynthesis) when the ratio of photic depth (Zp) to mixed depth (Zm) is less than about 0.2. Thus whenever Zp:Zm < 0.2, the water column is a sink for phytoplankton production. Much of the spatial and temporal variability of phytoplankton biomass or productivity in estuaries is explained by variations in the ratio of photic depth to mixed depth. For example, phytoplankton blooms often coincide with stratification events that reduce the depth of the surface mixed layer (increase Zp:Zm). Shallow estuarine embayments (high Zp:Zm) are often characterized by high phytoplankton biomass relative to adjacent channels (low Zp:Zm). Many estuaries have longitudinal gradients in productivity that mirror the distribution of suspended sediments: productivity is low near the riverine source of sediments (low Zp:Zm) and increases toward the estuary mouth where turbidity decreases. Some of these generalizations are qualitative in nature, and detailed understanding of the interaction between turbidity and estuarine phytoplankton dynamics requires improved understanding of vertical mixing rates and phytoplankton respiration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(87)90042-2","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J., 1987, Turbidity as a control on phytoplankton biomass and productivity in estuaries: Continental Shelf Research, v. 7, no. 11-12, p. 1367-1381, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(87)90042-2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1367","endPage":"1381","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226004,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8eee4b08c986b327b26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014106,"text":"70014106 - 1987 - 36Cl: A tracer in groundwater in the aquia formation of Southern Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T19:39:06","indexId":"70014106","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2909,"text":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"36Cl: A tracer in groundwater in the aquia formation of Southern Maryland","docAbstract":"The Aquia Formation (Paleocene) of Southern Maryland, a marine unit consisting predominantly of quartz sands, but containing 20-40% glauconite, represents one of the many productive, heavily pumped aquifers of the Southeastern Coastal Plain. An unusually high 36Cl activity ( ~ 15 ?? modem water) measured in an outcrop sample is interpreted as a result of the bomb pulse input. About 25 km downdip from the recharge area, a minimum in total chloride concentration occurs. This minimum is thought to correlate with the latest low-stand of sea-level, and thus to provide time information which is in general agreement with ages calculated from hydrodynamic data. However, significant increases in the 36Cl concentrations are observed along the flow path which may be due to ion filtration or to leakage of modem, bomb-contaminated water into the Aquia aquifer. ?? 1987.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0168-583X(87)90266-7","issn":"0168583X","usgsCitation":"Purdy, C., Mignerey, A., Helz, G., Drummond, D., Kubik, P., Elmore, D., and Hemmick, T., 1987, 36Cl: A tracer in groundwater in the aquia formation of Southern Maryland: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 29, no. 1-2, p. 372-375, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(87)90266-7.","startPage":"372","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268848,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(87)90266-7"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e25be4b0c8380cd45aeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Purdy, C.B.","contributorId":76075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Purdy","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mignerey, A.C.","contributorId":63177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mignerey","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Helz, G.R.","contributorId":96823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drummond, D.D.","contributorId":45471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drummond","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kubik, P.W.","contributorId":21691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kubik","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Elmore, D.","contributorId":83268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elmore","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hemmick, T.","contributorId":61577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemmick","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70045316,"text":"70045316 - 1987 - Notes on sedimentation activities calendar year 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-23T11:24:42","indexId":"70045316","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Notes on sedimentation activities calendar year 1986","docAbstract":"This report is a digest of information furnished by Federal agencies conducting sedimentation investigations. The decision to publish the report was made in 1946, from a proposal by the Chairman of the Federal Interagency River Basin Committee, Subcommittee on Ground Water. The subcommittee approved the proposal and agreed to issue this report as a means of effecting better coordination of the work of various Federal agencies in the field of\nsedimentation. From 1946 to 1947, the report was issued on a quarterly basis; from 1948 to 1953, reports were issued every 6 months; and from 1954 to the present, the report has been issued annually.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Data Coordination","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation, 1987, Notes on sedimentation activities calendar year 1986, xxiii, 221 p.","productDescription":"xxiii, 221 p.","numberOfPages":"258","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1986-01-01","temporalEnd":"1986-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":270696,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045316/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":272713,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70045316/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51653870e4b077fa94dadfed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation","contributorId":127893,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data- Subcommittee on Sedimentation","id":535472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1017346,"text":"1017346 - 1987 - Follow that bird!","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T15:17:57","indexId":"1017346","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1157,"text":"California Waterfowl","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Follow that bird!","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Waterfowl","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., Takekawa, J.Y., and Fleskes, J., 1987, Follow that bird!: California Waterfowl, v. 13, no. 2.","productDescription":"p. 5","startPage":"5","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de56b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":324747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleskes, J. P.","contributorId":98661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014891,"text":"70014891 - 1987 - Presence and potential significance of aromatic-ketone groups in aquatic humic substances","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T21:23:48.478256","indexId":"70014891","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Presence and potential significance of aromatic-ketone groups in aquatic humic substances","docAbstract":"Aquatic humic- and fulvic-acid standards of the International Humic Substances Society were characterized, with emphasis on carbonyl-group nature and content, by carbon-13 nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy, proton nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. After comparing spectral results of underivatized humic and fulvic acids with spectral results of chemically modified derivatives, that allow improved observation of the carbonyl group, the data clearly indicated that aromatic ketone groups comprised the majority of the carbonyl-group content. About one ketone group per monocyclic aromatic ring was determined for both humic and fulvic acids. Aromatic-ketone groups were hypothesized to form by photolytic rearrangements and oxidation of phenolic ester and hydrocarbon precursors; these groups have potential significance regarding haloform formation in water, reactivity resulting from active hydrogen of the methyl and methylene adjacent to the ketone groups, and formation of hemiketal and lactol structures. Aromatic-ketone groups also may be the point of attachment between aliphatic and aromatic moieties of aquatic humic-substance structure.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(87)90038-6","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Wilson, M.A., and Malcolm, R., 1987, Presence and potential significance of aromatic-ketone groups in aquatic humic substances: Organic Geochemistry, v. 11, no. 4, p. 273-280, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(87)90038-6.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"273","endPage":"280","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226253,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","city":"Fargo","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.55719563644614,\n 30.73718669262388\n ],\n [\n -82.70468259143186,\n 30.595406491784985\n ],\n [\n -82.62660258515855,\n 30.599762786732207\n ],\n [\n -82.52104350470628,\n 30.666323175534032\n ],\n [\n -82.33092442455035,\n 30.827183395185997\n ],\n [\n -82.35189154748764,\n 30.855175569793232\n ],\n [\n -82.55719563644614,\n 30.73718669262388\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"plainLanguageSummary":"An examination of coals, coal tars, a fulvic acid, and soil fractions by solid-state 13C NMR spectrometry has demonstrated widely differing behavior regarding quantitative representation in the spectrum. Spin counting experiments on coal tars and the fulvic acid show that almost all the sample carbon is observed in both solution and solid-state NMR spectra. Similar experiments on two coals (a lignite and a bituminous coal) show that most (70-97%) of the carbon is observed; however, when the lignite is ion exchanged with 3% (w/w) Fe3+, the fraction of carbon observed drops to below 10%. In additional experiments signal intensity from soil samples is enhanced by a simple dithionite treatment. This is illustrated by 13C, 27Al, and 29Si solid-state NMR experiments on soil fractions.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/ac00131a005","usgsCitation":"Vassallo, A.M., Wilson, M.A., Collin, P.J., Oades, J.M., Waters, A.G., and Malcolm, R.L., 1987, Structural analysis of geochemical samples by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Role of paramagnetic material: Analytical Chemistry, v. 59, no. 4, p. 558-562, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00131a005.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"558","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226114,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bbee4b08c986b31d070","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vassallo, A. M.","contributorId":62345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vassallo","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, M. A.","contributorId":107649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collin, P. J.","contributorId":45062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collin","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oades, J. M.","contributorId":71325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oades","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Waters, A. G.","contributorId":54351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waters","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Malcolm, Ronald L.","contributorId":97500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70043717,"text":"70043717 - 1987 - Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-23T10:10:32","indexId":"70043717","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":378,"text":"Publications of the US Geological Survey","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1986","docAbstract":"This catalog is a list of (1) books and mapsl that were published during 1986, and (2) articles by Geological Survey personnel in non-Geological Survey journals and books that came to our attention in 1986; it supplements the permanent catalogs \"Publications of-.the Geological Survey, 1879-1961\", \"Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962-1970\", and \"Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971 through 1981.\"","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70043717","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1986: Publications of the US Geological Survey, v, 407 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70043717.","productDescription":"v, 407 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267697,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70043717/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":272668,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70043717/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5124ad64e4b0b6328103b4fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014500,"text":"70014500 - 1987 - Langrangian model of nitrogen kinetics in the Chattahoochee River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T15:12:19.983383","indexId":"70014500","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Langrangian model of nitrogen kinetics in the Chattahoochee River","docAbstract":"A Lagrangian reference frame is used to solve the convection‐dispersion equation and interpret water‐quality data obtained from the Chattahoochee River. The model was calibrated using unsteady concentrations of organic nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrite plus nitrate obtained during June 1977 and verified using data obtained during August 1976. Reaction kinetics of the cascade type are shown to provide a reasonable description of the nitrogenspecies processes in the Chattahoochee River. The conceptual model is easy to visualize in the physical sense and the output includes information that is not easily determined from an Eulerian approach, but which is very helpful in model calibration and data interpretation. For example, the model output allows one to determine which data are of most value in model calibration or verification.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1987)113:2(223)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H., 1987, Langrangian model of nitrogen kinetics in the Chattahoochee River: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 113, no. 2, p. 223-242, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1987)113:2(223).","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a446ee4b0c8380cd66ad5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014874,"text":"70014874 - 1987 - Examples of transient sounding from groundwater exploration in sedimentary aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:38:47.424001","indexId":"70014874","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Examples of transient sounding from groundwater exploration in sedimentary aquifers","docAbstract":"Examples of the use of transient electromagnetic soundings for three ground-water exploration problems in sedimentary aquifers are given. The examples include: (1) estimating depths to water table and bedrock in an alluvium-filled basin, (2) mapping a confined fresh-water aquifer in bedrock sediments, and (3) locating a freshwater/salt-water interface in a glacial-outwash aquifer. The technique works quite well for these problems within the limitations imposed by the problem of equivalence. For thin conductive targets (S-equivalence) such as a salt-water lens, the ratio of the layer thickness to its resistivity can be determined, but not the individual layer parameters. The thickness of thin resistive zones (H-equivalence) can be resolved, but the resistivity of such layers is not well determined. The problem of H-equivalence is more severe than the S-equivalence. Equivalence imposes restrictions on the transient sounding method for some ground-water exploration problems. Model studies prior to field work can be used to assess the usefulness of the technique for a particular exploration objective.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Uhrich, M., 1987, Variable delay miniservo-control unit: WRD Instrument News.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326837,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc72e4b03fd6b7d94caf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uhrich, M.A.","contributorId":7325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uhrich","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}