I used captive young and adult American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) during October-February 1984-1985 to test whether body weight and age affected time of pair-bond formation. Eighty ducks were marked individually, and 10 ducks (6 males and 4 females, half of each age class) were assigned to each of 8 experimental pens. Ducks in 4 pens received an ad libitum diet of commercial duck food, and ducks in the other 4 pens received a restricted ration of the same food. During early winter ducks in both groups gained weight, but ducks on the restricted diet gained less than birds on the ad libitum diet; peak winter weight of ducks on the ad libitum diet averaged 22% greater than initial body weight compared with 6.5% for ducks on the restricted diet. In late winter ducks on the restricted diet lost 28.7% of peak winter weight, and ducks on the ad libitum diet lost 19.3%. Weight loss of ducks on the ad libitum diet began before weather conditions became severe and coincided with a reduction in food consumption. This result supports the idea that weight loss of waterfowl in late winter is controlled endogenously. Individuals on the ad libitum diet paired earlier than those on the restricted diet, and pair bonds were stronger. Adults of both sexes paired earlier than young ducks, but differences for females were not significant statistically. Age and energy constraints are factors that can affect intraspecific variation in pairing chronology.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Hepp, G.R., 1986, Effects of body weight and age on the time and pairing of American black ducks: The Auk, v. 103, no. 3, p. 477-484.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"477","endPage":"484","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17717,"rank":300,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4087118 "},{"id":198074,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"103","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e907","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hepp, Gary R.","contributorId":8191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hepp","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222132,"text":"5222132 - 1986 - Potential impacts of agricultural chemicals on waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting prairie wetlands: An evaluation of research needs and approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-19T15:18:01.639115","indexId":"5222132","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3638,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential impacts of agricultural chemicals on waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting prairie wetlands: An evaluation of research needs and approaches","docAbstract":"The potential for agricultural chemicals to enter prairie-pothole wetlands and impact wildlife dependent on these wetlands for survival and reproduction appears to be great. However, the actual risk to wetland wildlife from the inputs of these chemicals cannot be adequately assessed at this time, because of insufficient data. Available data on the use of pesticides in the prairie-pothole region and the toxicity of these pesticides suggest that insecticides pose the greatest hazard to wetland wildlife, particularly birds. The majority of the most widely used insecticides within the region are very toxic to aquatic invertebrates and birds. Of particular concern are the impacts of agricultural chemicals on the quality of the remaining wetlands in the region and whether or not these impacts have contributed to observed declines in waterfowl populations. Although existing data suggest that adult and juvenile waterfowl may not be more sensitive to these chemicals than are other wetland wildlife, their food habits and feeding behaviors may make them more vulnerable to direct toxic effects or chemical-induced changes in the abundance of aquatic invertebrates. Laboratory and field studies in the United States and Canada are critically needed to assess these potential impacts.","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","usgsCitation":"Grue, C., DeWeese, L., Mineau, P., Swanson, G., Foster, J., Arnold, P., Huckins, J., Sheenan, P., Marshall, W., and Ludden, A., 1986, Potential impacts of agricultural chemicals on waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting prairie wetlands: An evaluation of research needs and approaches: Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, v. 51, p. 357-383.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"383","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196320,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grue, C.E.","contributorId":86446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grue","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeWeese, L.R.","contributorId":65116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeese","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mineau, P.","contributorId":86067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mineau","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swanson, G.A.","contributorId":49299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Foster, J.R.","contributorId":53912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Arnold, P.M.","contributorId":63750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arnold","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Sheenan, P.J.","contributorId":36250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheenan","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Marshall, W.K.","contributorId":67182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ludden, A.P.","contributorId":25530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludden","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":5222123,"text":"5222123 - 1986 - Mercury, cadmium, lead, and selenium in three waterbird species nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:12:23.244553","indexId":"5222123","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury, cadmium, lead, and selenium in three waterbird species nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"Heavy metal and selenium concentrations were determined in Olivaceous Cormorants (Phalacrocorax olivaceus ), Laughing gulls (Larus atricilla ), and Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger ) nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas, during 1980-81. Lead was detected at low levels in a small proportion of the liver samples. Mercury was present in all livers sampled, the highest levels being found in cormorants (7.8 ppm) and skimmers (16 ppm). Concentrations were considerably lower than those reported in birds from mercury-contaminated lakes in northern United States and Canada. Cadmium and selenium were detected in 93 and 95% of the kidneys. Cadmium was highest in gulls and skimmers with a maximum value of 16 ppm. Selenium levels were similar among species except for higher concentrations in gulls collected in 1981.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521147","usgsCitation":"King, K.A., and Cromartie, E., 1986, Mercury, cadmium, lead, and selenium in three waterbird species nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 9, no. 1, p. 90-94, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521147.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198034,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Galveston Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.45415282330248,\n 30.003217088007062\n ],\n [\n -95.45415282330248,\n 28.93195455732524\n ],\n [\n -94.26762938580276,\n 28.93195455732524\n ],\n [\n -94.26762938580276,\n 30.003217088007062\n ],\n [\n -95.45415282330248,\n 30.003217088007062\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624dd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Kirk A.","contributorId":9203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirk","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cromartie, E.","contributorId":13926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cromartie","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222109,"text":"5222109 - 1986 - Hatching success of Caspian terns nesting in the lower Laguna Madre, Texas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:14:58.100424","indexId":"5222109","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hatching success of Caspian terns nesting in the lower Laguna Madre, Texas, USA","docAbstract":"The average clutch size of Caspian Terns nesting in a colony in the Lower Laguna Madre near Laguna Vista, Texas, USA in 1984 was 1.9 eggs per nest. Using the Mayfield method for calculating success, one egg hatched in 84.1% of the nests and 69.8% of the eggs laid hatched. These hatching estimates are as high or higher than estimates from colonies in other areas.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521146","usgsCitation":"Mitchell, C.A., and Custer, T., 1986, Hatching success of Caspian terns nesting in the lower Laguna Madre, Texas, USA: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 9, no. 1, p. 86-89, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521146.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"86","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lower Laguna Madre","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.65558446254087,\n 27.0435473780191\n ],\n [\n -97.65558446254087,\n 26.011450978173045\n ],\n [\n -97.0485898336349,\n 26.011450978173045\n ],\n [\n -97.0485898336349,\n 27.0435473780191\n ],\n [\n -97.65558446254087,\n 27.0435473780191\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a56e4b07f02db62daf3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mitchell, C. A.","contributorId":54543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222140,"text":"5222140 - 1986 - Waterfowl and wetlands management in the coastal zone of the Atlantic Flyway: Meeting and summary comments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:36","indexId":"5222140","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waterfowl and wetlands management in the coastal zone of the Atlantic Flyway: Meeting and summary comments","docAbstract":"A conference on waterfowl and wetlands along the Atlantic coast of North America was held in Wilmington, Delaware in September 1986. Discussions centered around coastal impoundments and Open Marsh Water Management as methods of mosquito control and waterfowl enhancement. Single purpose management of coastal marshes, whether for mosquito control or waterfowl, may not be the most beneficial approach. Where management options are available, the management for habitat heterogeneity may be indicated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Colonial Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 1986, Waterfowl and wetlands management in the coastal zone of the Atlantic Flyway: Meeting and summary comments: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 9, no. 2, p. 243-245.","productDescription":"243-245","startPage":"243","endPage":"245","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":17706,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1521219","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":201712,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4bb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5223557,"text":"5223557 - 1986 - A summary of alcid records from Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T12:22:56.933549","indexId":"5223557","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A summary of alcid records from Hawaii","docAbstract":"Abstract.-Four species of alcids have now been recorded frorn Hawaii. Two of them, the Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata and the Cassin's Auklet (Ptychoramchus aleuticus) have been found only once; the occurrence of the latter is reported here for the first time. two other alcids, the Horned Puffin (Fratercula arctica) and the Parakeet .Auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittacula) have been recorded frorn Hawaii in greater numbers; the latter may be of regular occurrence in subtropical waters near the northwestern portion of the Hawaiian archipelago. Occurrence in Hawaii does not appear to be strongly related to size of populations to the north but instead to the extent to which the species are known to disperse.","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.2307/1521149","usgsCitation":"Clapp, R.B., 1986, A summary of alcid records from Hawaii: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 9, no. 1, p. 104-107, https://doi.org/10.2307/1521149.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a60ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clapp, R. B.","contributorId":9371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clapp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222161,"text":"5222161 - 1986 - Demography, environmental uncertainty, and the evolution of mate desertion in the snail kite","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T17:03:30.339162","indexId":"5222161","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography, environmental uncertainty, and the evolution of mate desertion in the snail kite","docAbstract":"The Snail Kite (Rostrhamus sociabilis), an endangered hawk, has a unique mating system in Florida (Beissinger and Snyder 1987): when food is abundant, males or females desert their mates at nearly equal frequency (ambisexual mate desertion) in the midst of a nesting cycle. I examined the demographic and environmental constraints selecting for a clutch size that permits one parent to desert, yet optimizes the number of offspring produced by each parent. Demographic studies, conducted from 1979—1983, indicated that kites have (1) a very high nest failure rate (° = 68%) due most often to unstable nest sites and predation, (2) a variable nesting season (5—10 mo/yr), (3) an early age of first reproduction for a bird this size (10 mo), (4) a high degree of iteroparity (double and potentially triple clutching within a season), and (5) unstable populations. Both nesting success and population size were directly related to Everglades water levels and resultant snail densities. Kites responded to large annual changes in food abundance, not by adjusting clutch size but by deserting their mates and presumably attempting to renest. Kite demographic traits appear to be adaptations to or results of an uncertain environment. Based on 67 yr of Everglades water levels, environmental predictability, measured by spectral analysis and Colwell's (1974) index, was low and influenced by water management regimes: (1) water levels were lowered, (2) annual variation in levels increased and annual cycles became stronger, (3) the period length of long—term drought—flood cycles shifted from 10 or more yr toward 5 yr, and (4) levels became a less predictive cue for favorable nesting conditions. A potential evolutionary pathway from biparental care to mate desertion in Snail Kites is proposed. It is unlikely that mate desertion evolved solely from a context of conflict between the sexes, because kite nesting success is so low that it is probably maladaptive for a parent to desert and jeopardize the survival of any of its first brood. Instead, mate desertion behavior probably evolved in response to a smaller average clutch size; this would allow females to be highly iteroparous and avoid the costs of overinvestment, and should be strongly favored in a highly uncertain environment. Analysis of clutches in museum collections suggests that an apparent decline in clutch size may have occurred in Florida during the past century. The potential for ambisexual mate desertion to occur in other vertebrates is during the past century. The potential for ambisexual mate desertion to occur in other vertebrates is examined.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/1939076","usgsCitation":"Beissinger, S., 1986, Demography, environmental uncertainty, and the evolution of mate desertion in the snail kite: Ecology, v. 67, no. 6, p. 1445-1459, https://doi.org/10.2307/1939076.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1445","endPage":"1459","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196257,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab2e4b07f02db66ec89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beissinger, Steven","contributorId":176118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beissinger","given":"Steven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5222150,"text":"5222150 - 1986 - Mid-winter food use and body weights of mallards and wood ducks in Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-21T13:30:19","indexId":"5222150","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mid-winter food use and body weights of mallards and wood ducks in Mississippi","docAbstract":"We obtained esophageal food samples from 311 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and 94 wood ducks (Aix sponsa) and body weights from 2,118 mallards and 315 wood ducks in western Mississippi during December and January 1979-83. On average, mallards ingested 3.0% animal food, principally aquatic invertebrates, and 97.0% plant food. Rice, soybeans, and seeds of 'moist soil' plants provided 41.3, 41.6, and 10-11% of the total food intake. Wood ducks ingested nearly 100% plant food, of which 23.4% was soybeans and 74.3% was acorns from Nuttall (Quercus nuttallii), water (Q. nigra), and willow oaks (Q. phellos). Mallard food use varied with water conditions; the use of rice decreased and soybeans increased during 1980-81 when cumulative November-January precipitation was < 50% of normal. Wood duck food use varied with habitat; the diet included more acorns at sites having larger acreages of intact bottomland hardwood forest. Mallard and wood duck body weights varied within and among winters. Mallard weights decreased by about 2% from December to January each year. We considered this a regulated loss, whereas we attributed increases and decreases of 4-5% in average weights during wet and dry winters to changes in feeding opportunities associated with winter precipitation. Wood duck weights followed similar trends. We concluded that continued drainage in the Mississippi Delta will adversely affect waterfowl foraging opportunities, and that research on winter feeding ecology will progress more rapidly if we develop an understanding of the foraging efficiencies associated with alternate food resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wildlife Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2307/3801486","usgsCitation":"Delnicki, D., and Reinecke, K.J., 1986, Mid-winter food use and body weights of mallards and wood ducks in Mississippi: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 50, no. 1, p. 43-51, https://doi.org/10.2307/3801486.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":195911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":17704,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3801486","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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No turtles were observed or caught in the Meadowlands at two trapping sites that were the most heavily contaminated by metals. Snapping turtles from the brackish-water area had an unusually low lipid content of body fat and reduced growth compared to turtles from the fresh-water areas in New Jersey and Maryland. Despite the serious metal contamination of the Hackensack Meadowlands, the metal content of kidneys and livers from New Jersey turtles was low and not greatly different from that of the Maryland turtles. Organochlorine pesticide concentrations in body fat were generally low at all three study areas. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) concentrations in fat were highest in male turtles from the New Jersey brackish-water area. Analysis of blood for amino-levulinic acid dehydratase, albumin, glucose, hemoglobin, osmolality, packed cell volume, total protein, triglycerides, and uric acid failed to reveal any differences among groups that would indicate physiological impairment related to contaminants.
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Of 347 nests studied to late incubation or to hatching, 40.6% had at least one dead embryo and 19.6% had at least one embryo or chick with an obvious external anomaly. The deformities were often multiple and included missing or abnormal eyes, beaks, wings, legs and feet. Brain, heart, liver and skeletal anomalies were also present. Mean selenium concentrations in plants, invertebrates, and fish from the ponds were 22–175 ppm (dry weight), about 12 to 130 times those found at a nearby control area. Bird eggs (2.2–110 ppm) and livers (19–130 ppm) also contained elevated levels of selenium. Aquatic birds may experience similar problems in other areas where selenium occurs at elevated levels.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(86)90104-X","collaboration":"","usgsCitation":"Ohlendorf, H.M., Hoffman, D.J., Saiki, M.K., and Aldrich, T.W., 1986, Embryonic mortality and abnormalities of aquatic birds: Apparent impacts of selenium from irrigation drainwater: Science of the Total Environment, v. 52, no. 1-2, p. 49-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90104-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge, San Joaquin Valley, Volta Wildlife Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.11671447753908,\n 36.99158465967016\n ],\n [\n -120.58456420898436,\n 36.99158465967016\n ],\n [\n -120.58456420898436,\n 37.41761791871185\n ],\n [\n -121.11671447753908,\n 37.41761791871185\n ],\n [\n -121.11671447753908,\n 36.99158465967016\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"52","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606ce5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ohlendorf, H. M.","contributorId":28194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Saiki, M. K.","contributorId":28917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Aldrich, Thomas W.","contributorId":88311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aldrich","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222126,"text":"5222126 - 1986 - Association between PCBs and lower embryonic weight in black-crowned night herons in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-16T15:24:19","indexId":"5222126","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2480,"text":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Association between PCBs and lower embryonic weight in black-crowned night herons in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Reproductive problems, including congenital malformations, reduced hatching success, and decreased survival of hatchlings, have been observed in colonial-nesting water birds at the San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (SFBNWR). Twenty-four black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) eggs were collected from SFBNWR in 1983. Twelve of these were collected from separate nests when late-stage embryos were pipping, and an additional egg was randomly collected from each nest for organochlorine analysis. Overt anomalies and skeletal defects were not apparent. Embryonic weights (with partially absorbed yolk sacs removed) were 15% lower (p lt 0.05) in SFBNWR embryos compared to control embryos from the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC). Crown-rump length and femur length were shorter for SFBNWR embryos. The geometric mean polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration in SFBNWR eggs was 4.1 ppm wet weight, with a range of 0.8-52.0 ppm. A negative correlation (r = - 0.61; p lt 0.05) existed between embryonic weight and log-transformed PCB residues in whole eggs collected from the same nest at SFBNWR, suggesting a possible impact of PCBs on embryonic growth. A correlation with embryonic weight did not occur for DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene) residues. Liver microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was neither significantly elevated nor correlated with PCB, DDE, or PCB plus DDE log-transformed residues. It is unknown whether the apparent association between PCBs and lower weight is persistent through hatching.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/15287398609530936","usgsCitation":"Hoffman, D.J., Rattner, B., Bunck, C., Krynitsky, A.J., Ohlendorf, H.M., and Lowe, R.W., 1986, Association between PCBs and lower embryonic weight in black-crowned night herons in San Francisco Bay: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v. 19, no. 3, p. 383-391, https://doi.org/10.1080/15287398609530936.","productDescription":"383-391","startPage":"383","endPage":"391","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269453,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287398609530936"}],"volume":"19","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d0ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":335575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krynitsky, A. J.","contributorId":73954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krynitsky","given":"A.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ohlendorf, H. M.","contributorId":28194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohlendorf","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lowe, Roy W.","contributorId":50847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5230189,"text":"5230189 - 1986 - The Breeding Bird Survey: Its first fifteen years, 1965-1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-16T13:44:53","indexId":"5230189","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"157","title":"The Breeding Bird Survey: Its first fifteen years, 1965-1979","docAbstract":"The Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) is an ongoing cooperative program sponsored jointly by the U.S. Fish and Wildife Service and the Canadian Wildlife Service. Its main purpose is to estimate population trends of the many species of birds that nest in North America north of Mexico and that migrate across international boundaries. This survey provides information, both locally by ecological or political regions and on a continental scale, on (1) short-term population changes that can be correlated with specific weather incidents, (2) recovery periods following catastrophic declines, (3) normal year-to-year variations, (4) long-term population trends, and (5) invasions of exotics. The BBS also permits detailed computer mapping of relative abundance of each species, either year by year to show changes in distribution and relative abundance, or the average over a period of years. It provides base-line data with which more intensive local studies can be compared. For biogeographic studies it provides uniform sampling of bird populations by major physiographic regions across the continent. In conjunction with the Audubon Christmas Bird Count, it permits comparison of summer and winter distribution of species that winter in the United States. Most species of North American birds migrate across international boundaries, especially those shared with Canada, Mexico, and the Soviet Union. As part of our responsibility under treaties with these nations, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has developed the BBS to monitor avian population changes so that any adverse trends can be detected early. This provides the opportunity to determine the reasons for any increase or decrease, to define geographic areas in which changes are greatest, to study correlations between avian population changes and land-use changes, and to make recommendations for controlling undesirable bird population trends. For example, the BBS can be used to detect and estimate the extent of losses resulting from widespread use of pesticides, and to reveal whether major population changes of a given species (e.g., Dickcissel) in certain States are related to a continental decline or are merely a result of population shifts within the breeding range. Effects of urban and suburban expansion are often reflected in the loss of forest interior birds. Population trends for 230 species as well as several avian genera and families are discussed and graphed in this report. For most of these species, regional and well as continental trends are shown. The three major regions discussed are the Eastern, Central, and Western, bounded by the Mississippi River and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. Additional graphs for certain States or physiographic regions are included for selected species of special interest. The following paragraphs summarize general trends in the major bird families. The native herons in general are maintaining their populations, whereas the exotic Cattle Egret continues its geographic spread and its steady increase. Waterfowl as a group are stable or increasing. Although most widespread species of hawks are on the increase, the rarer species show evidence of decline. Among the gallinaceous birds, the greatest change was a sharp drop in Northern Bobwhite as a result of the exceptionally cold winters of 1976-77 and 1977-78 in the Ohio Valley and the Middle Atlantic States. Killdeer populations, except for a minor decline during these two winters, showed strong increases except in the West. American Woodcock were poorly sampled by the BBS because they were relatively inactive during daylight. Common Snipe and the other common shorebirds that nest in the United States and southern Canada exhibited stable or increasing populations, especially in the Eastern and Central regions. Herring Gull counts varied dramatically and irregularly from year to year. Laughing Gulls increased along the Atlantic coast and Franklin's Gulls declined in the interior of the continen","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., Bystrak, D., and Geissler, P., 1986, The Breeding Bird Survey: Its first fifteen years, 1965-1979: Resource Publication 157, iii, 196 p.","productDescription":"iii, 196 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284991,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/5230189/report.pdf"},{"id":202759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/5230189/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad2e4b07f02db681c16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bystrak, D.","contributorId":58220,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bystrak","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geissler, P.H.","contributorId":24038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5230235,"text":"5230235 - 1986 - Forested wetlands of the Southeast: Review of major characteristics and role in maintaining water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-16T14:59:21","indexId":"5230235","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":79,"text":"Resource Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"163","title":"Forested wetlands of the Southeast: Review of major characteristics and role in maintaining water quality","docAbstract":"Forested wetlands occupying floodplains of major rivers in the Southeast are highly productive and diverse ecological systems. The wetlands are produced and maintained by fluvial processes and unique hydrologic regimes consisting of periodic flooding and subsequent drydown. Fluctuations in soil chemistry and biology resulting from this flooding and drydown provide a broad range of environmental conditions that are important in determining the role of forested wetlands in maintaining and improving water quality. The periodic shift between aerobic and anaerobic conditions in floodplain soils in response to flooding facilitates the assimilation of nutrients and organic matter, hastens the degradation of persistent pesticides, and decreases the bioavailability of heavy metals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Winger, P.V., 1986, Forested wetlands of the Southeast: Review of major characteristics and role in maintaining water quality: Resource Publication 163, ii, 16 p.","productDescription":"ii, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290105,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/5230248/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de330","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winger, Parley V.","contributorId":27983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winger","given":"Parley","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":512649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210380,"text":"5210380 - 1986 - Blood protoporphyrin for detecting lead exposure in canvasbacks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-25T16:39:49.318374","indexId":"5210380","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Blood protoporphyrin for detecting lead exposure in canvasbacks","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Lead Poisoning in Wild Waterfowl--A Workshop.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Wildlife Federation","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Haramis, G., Perry, M., and Moore, J.F., 1986, Blood protoporphyrin for detecting lead exposure in canvasbacks, in Lead Poisoning in Wild Waterfowl--A Workshop., p. 32-37.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db6076a1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Feierabend, J.Scott","contributorId":112374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feierabend","given":"J.Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506378,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell, A.Brooke","contributorId":112599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"A.Brooke","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506379,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":177499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haramis, G. Michael mharamis@usgs.gov","contributorId":4001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haramis","given":"G. Michael","email":"mharamis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":91601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moore, John F.","contributorId":30185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210223,"text":"5210223 - 1986 - Immunosuppressive effects of lead","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-09T18:11:44.392997","indexId":"5210223","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Immunosuppressive effects of lead","docAbstract":"Immunosuppressive effects of lead were reported as early as 1966, when it was noted that lead increased the sensitivity of rats to bacterial endotoxins (Selye et al. 1966). Since then a substantial body of literature has demonstrated adverse effects of lead on the immune system in a variety of laboratory animals, but very little has been done in this area with avian species. Such immunosuppressive effects could be of significance to waterfowl populations, considering the potential for lead ingestion by waterfowl and subsequent exposure of these birds to disease agents.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Lead poisoning in wild waterfowl - A workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Wildlife Federation","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Franson, J., 1986, Immunosuppressive effects of lead, chap. of Lead poisoning in wild waterfowl - A workshop, p. 106-109.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9be9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Feierabend, J.Scott","contributorId":112374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feierabend","given":"J.Scott","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506131,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell, A.Brooke","contributorId":112599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"A.Brooke","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506132,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. Christian 0000-0002-0251-4238 jfranson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":2157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J. Christian","email":"jfranson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70039228,"text":"70039228 - 1986 - Wisconsin, a summary of water-resources activities of the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-04T01:01:57","indexId":"70039228","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-07T13:07:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Wisconsin, a summary of water-resources activities of the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey 1986","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/70039228","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Wisconsin, a summary of water-resources activities of the United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey 1986: General Information Product, iv, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039228.","productDescription":"iv, 75 p.","numberOfPages":"81","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261408,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039228/report.pdf"},{"id":261409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039228/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.9,42.5 ], [ -92.9,47.05 ], [ -86.81666666666666,47.05 ], [ -86.81666666666666,42.5 ], [ -92.9,42.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd16ee4b08c986b32f417","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015724,"text":"70015724 - 1986 - Carbonate apron models: Alternatives to the submarine fan model for paleoenvironmental analysis and hydrocarbon exploration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T15:02:10.799323","indexId":"70015724","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbonate apron models: Alternatives to the submarine fan model for paleoenvironmental analysis and hydrocarbon exploration","docAbstract":"Sediment gravity flow deposition along the deep-water flanks of carbonate platforms typically does not produce submarine fans. Rather, wedge-shaped carbonate aprons develop parallel to the adjacent shelf/slope break. The major difference between submarine fans and carbonate aprons is a point source with channelized sedimentation on fans, versus a line source with sheet-flow sedimentation on aprons.
Two types of carbonate aprons may develop. Along relatively gentle (< 4°) platform-margin slopes, aprons form immediately adjacent to the shallow-water platform and are referred to as carbonate slope aprons. Along relatively steep (4–15°) platform margin slopes, redeposited limestones accumulate in a base-of-slope setting, by-passing an upper slope via a multitude of small submarine canyons, and are referred to as carbonate base-of-slope aprons. Both apron types are further subdivided into inner and outer facies belts. Inner apron sediments consist of thick, mud-supported conglomerates and megabreccias (Facies F) as well as thick, coarse-grained turbidites (Facies A) interbedded with subordinate amounts of fine-grained, peri-platform ooze (Facies G). Outer apron sediments consist of thinner, grain-supported conglomerates and turbidites (Facies A) as well as classical turbidites (Facies C) with recognizable Bouma divisions, interbedded with approximately equal proportions of peri-platform ooze (Facies G). Seaward, aprons grade laterally into basinal facies of thin, base-cut-out carbonate turbidites (Facies D) that are subordinate to peri-platform oozes (Facies G). Carbonate base-of-slope aprons grade shelfward into an upper slope facies of fine-grained peri-platform ooze (Facies G) cut by numerous small canyons that are filled with coarse debris, as well as intraformational truncation surfaces which result from submarine sliding. In contrast, slope aprons grade shelfward immediately into shoal-water, platform-margin facies without an intervening by-pass slope. The two carbonate apron models presented here offer alternatives to the submarine-fan model for paleoenvironmental analysis and hydrocarbon exploration for mass-transported carbonate facies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(86)90080-1","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Mullins, H., and Cook, H.E., 1986, Carbonate apron models: Alternatives to the submarine fan model for paleoenvironmental analysis and hydrocarbon exploration: Sedimentary Geology, v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 37-79, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(86)90080-1.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"79","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223735,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f36de4b0c8380cd4b7de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mullins, H.T.","contributorId":76881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"H.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, H. E.","contributorId":18782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015037,"text":"70015037 - 1986 - Trace metal seasonal variations in Texas marine sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-09T16:32:40.778053","indexId":"70015037","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace metal seasonal variations in Texas marine sediments","docAbstract":"Trace elements in coastal environments are derived from three major sources: (1) the bordering watershed; (2) the offshore marine environment; and (3) industrial and/or urban effluent. The site of deposition, however, is controlled by physical and chemical processes in the coastal zone. In many cases, these processes are controlled by climate and can vary seasonally. In the harbor at Corpus Christi, Texas, the summer climate creates an oxygen-poor environment in the water column near the sediment-water interface. This causes chalcophilic metals to precipitate from the water, resulting in high concentrations in the sediments near the source. During the winter, turbulence created by strong winds causes the entire water mass to become aerated and oxidizing, and remobilization of some metals results. In addition, this turbulence accelerates circulation which transports the metal-enriched waters from the harbor. On the outer continental shelf of south Texas, the infaunal activity varies seasonally with bottom water temperatures. As this infaunal activity has an effect on the chemical environment within the sediment near the sediment-water interface, the observed trace metal content at the interface also appears to change with the seasons.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-4203(86)90063-0","issn":"03044203","usgsCitation":"Holmes, C.W., 1986, Trace metal seasonal variations in Texas marine sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 20, no. 1, p. 13-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(86)90063-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223851,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Corpus Christi Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.53799859591571,\n 27.92200518343587\n ],\n [\n -97.53799859591571,\n 27.674539435968114\n ],\n [\n -97.06820568034911,\n 27.674539435968114\n ],\n [\n -97.06820568034911,\n 27.92200518343587\n ],\n [\n -97.53799859591571,\n 27.92200518343587\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb66fe4b08c986b326c7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, C. W.","contributorId":36076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015693,"text":"70015693 - 1986 - Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:44:57.77595","indexId":"70015693","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent ground water","docAbstract":"Limnological characteristics of Crane, Hackberry, Island and Roundup Lakes, and chemical characteristics of shallow ground water, within the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge, western Nebraska, were determined during a preliminary investigation of the interaction between lakes and ground water in this study area between 1980 and 1984. When ice cover was absent, the lakes were well-mixed vertically, regardless of season. Depth to which 1% of surface illumination penetrated was commonly less than 1m. Variability in light penetration, as measured by Secchidisk transparency, appeared to be unrelated to changes in algal biomass, even though algal biomass, measured as chlorophyll a, varied seasonally within a two-order-of-magnitude range. Blue-green algae were the most abundant phytoplankton; this condition occurred most often when the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus in the lakes' water was less than 29. Although rotifers and copepod naupli commonly were the most abundant zooplankton in the lakes, cladocerans were dominant occasionally.
Either sodium or calcium was the most abundant cation, and bicarbonate was the most abundant anion, in water from water-table wells and lakes sampled during the study. The second most abundant cation in the ground water was related to the location of the sampled well within the ground-water system. The lakes were a source of dissolved organic carbon seeping to ground water. Chemical and hydrologic data indicate there is interaction between lakes and ground water in the study area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90168-X","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"La Baugh, J., 1986, Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent ground water: Journal of Hydrology, v. 86, no. 3-4, p. 279-298, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90168-X.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"279","endPage":"298","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.61257459658773,\n 41.85817501335205\n ],\n [\n -102.61257459658773,\n 41.644374217183724\n ],\n [\n -102.14500338642002,\n 41.644374217183724\n ],\n [\n -102.14500338642002,\n 41.85817501335205\n ],\n [\n -102.61257459658773,\n 41.85817501335205\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a479de4b0c8380cd678f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Baugh, J.W.","contributorId":46226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Baugh","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015650,"text":"70015650 - 1986 - A comparison of the coupled fresh water-salt water flow and the Ghyben-Herzberg sharp interface approaches to modeling of transient behavior in coastal aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:30:13.223878","indexId":"70015650","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of the coupled fresh water-salt water flow and the Ghyben-Herzberg sharp interface approaches to modeling of transient behavior in coastal aquifer systems","docAbstract":"A quasi-three dimensional finite difference model which simulates coupled, fresh water and salt water flow, separated by a sharp interface, is used to investigate the effects of storage characteristics, transmissivity, boundary conditions and anisotropy on the transient responses of such flow systems. The magnitude and duration of the departure of aquifer response from the behavior predicted using the Ghyben-Herzberg, one-fluid approach is a function of the ease with which flow can be induced in the salt water region. In many common hydrogeologic settings short-term fresh water head responses, and transitional responses between short-term and long-term, can only be realistically reproduced by including the effects of salt water flow on the dynamics of coastal flow systems. The coupled fresh water-salt water flow modeling approach is able to reproduce the observed annual fresh water head response of the Waialae aquifer of southeastern Oahu, Hawaii.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90012-0","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H., 1986, A comparison of the coupled fresh water-salt water flow and the Ghyben-Herzberg sharp interface approaches to modeling of transient behavior in coastal aquifer systems: Journal of Hydrology, v. 86, no. 1-2, p. 169-193, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90012-0.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"193","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224165,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -158.2928500311901,\n 21.77866910239088\n ],\n [\n -158.2928500311901,\n 21.230143945209946\n ],\n [\n -157.626889717843,\n 21.230143945209946\n ],\n [\n -157.626889717843,\n 21.77866910239088\n ],\n [\n -158.2928500311901,\n 21.77866910239088\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e377e4b0c8380cd46047","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, H.I.","contributorId":22342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"H.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015068,"text":"70015068 - 1986 - Use of the chloride ion in determining hydrologic-basin water budgets - A 3-year case study in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:16:38.103513","indexId":"70015068","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of the chloride ion in determining hydrologic-basin water budgets - A 3-year case study in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Measurement of chloride concentration and water equivalent in precipitation and recharge at a site can be extrapolated to determine available moisture in a nearby basin. This method also may be extrapolated to a basin with similar climatic characteristics if precipitation, vegetation, and topographic data are available. The average accuracy of the total of evaporation, recharge, and runoff (assuming no storage) was about 10% of total precipitation. Soil-moisture measurements indicate the entire 10% error in moisture balance can be attributed to annual changes in storage. Data requirements for the method are considerably less than data requirements for energy-budget methods to determine available moisture.
Potential applications of the method to hydrologic problem-solving are:
1. (1) Estimating total available moisture from chloride concentrations in groundwater or surface water or both.
2. (2) Modeling paleoclimate scenarios and evaluating their correctness by comparison with paleo-groundwater chloride concentrations.
3. (3) Providing an independent comparison for water budgets obtained by energy-budget methods. Obviously the method cannot be applied readily to systems with a lithologic source of chloride. Most systems primarily consisting of tuff, intrusive volcanic rock, nonmarine sediments, quartzite, and other metamorphic rocks will be suitable for application of the model.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90076-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Claassen, H., Reddy, M., and Halm, D., 1986, Use of the chloride ion in determining hydrologic-basin water budgets - A 3-year case study in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 85, no. 1-2, p. 49-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90076-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"71","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"San Juan Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.26236941271583,\n 37.973786790349635\n ],\n [\n -108.26236941271583,\n 37.32252264711801\n ],\n [\n -106.96577592186041,\n 37.32252264711801\n ],\n [\n -106.96577592186041,\n 37.973786790349635\n ],\n [\n -108.26236941271583,\n 37.973786790349635\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf9de4b08c986b329c71","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Claassen, H.C.","contributorId":74028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claassen","given":"H.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Halm, D.R.","contributorId":54352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halm","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70015667,"text":"70015667 - 1986 - Groundwater model of the Blue River basin, Nebraska-Twenty years later","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:25:32.00409","indexId":"70015667","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater model of the Blue River basin, Nebraska-Twenty years later","docAbstract":"Groundwater flow models have become almost a routine tool of the practicing hydrologist. Yet, surprisingly little attention has been given to true verification analysis of studies using these models. This paper examines predictions for 1982 of water-level declines and streamflow depletions that were made in 1965 using an electric analog groundwater model of the Blue River basin in southeastern Nebraska. Analysis of the model's predictions suggests that the analog model used too low an estimate of net groundwater withdrawals, yet overestimated water-level declines. The model predicted that almost all of the net groundwater pumpage would come from storage in the Pleistocene aquifer within the Blue River basin. It appears likely that the model underestimated the contributions of other sources of water to the pumpage, and that the aquifer storage coefficients used in the model were too low. There is some evidence that groundwater pumpage has had a greater than predicted effect on streamflow. Considerable uncertainty about the basic conceptualization of the hydrology of the Blue River basin greatly limits the reliability of groundwater models developed for the basin. The paper concludes with general perspectives on groundwater modeling gained from this post-audit analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90058-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Alley, W., and Emery, P.A., 1986, Groundwater model of the Blue River basin, Nebraska-Twenty years later: Journal of Hydrology, v. 85, no. 3-4, p. 225-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90058-2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Blue River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 41.428729545197314\n ],\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 40.049780894036104\n ],\n [\n -97.22563000651064,\n 40.049780894036104\n ],\n [\n -97.22563000651064,\n 41.428729545197314\n ],\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 41.428729545197314\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2daae4b0c8380cd5bf94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, W.M.","contributorId":6853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emery, P. A.","contributorId":49392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}