Groundwater flow models have become almost a routine tool of the practicing hydrologist. Yet, surprisingly little attention has been given to true verification analysis of studies using these models. This paper examines predictions for 1982 of water-level declines and streamflow depletions that were made in 1965 using an electric analog groundwater model of the Blue River basin in southeastern Nebraska. Analysis of the model's predictions suggests that the analog model used too low an estimate of net groundwater withdrawals, yet overestimated water-level declines. The model predicted that almost all of the net groundwater pumpage would come from storage in the Pleistocene aquifer within the Blue River basin. It appears likely that the model underestimated the contributions of other sources of water to the pumpage, and that the aquifer storage coefficients used in the model were too low. There is some evidence that groundwater pumpage has had a greater than predicted effect on streamflow. Considerable uncertainty about the basic conceptualization of the hydrology of the Blue River basin greatly limits the reliability of groundwater models developed for the basin. The paper concludes with general perspectives on groundwater modeling gained from this post-audit analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(86)90058-2","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Alley, W., and Emery, P.A., 1986, Groundwater model of the Blue River basin, Nebraska-Twenty years later: Journal of Hydrology, v. 85, no. 3-4, p. 225-249, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(86)90058-2.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"249","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224384,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Blue River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 41.428729545197314\n ],\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 40.049780894036104\n ],\n [\n -97.22563000651064,\n 40.049780894036104\n ],\n [\n -97.22563000651064,\n 41.428729545197314\n ],\n [\n -98.95009987605386,\n 41.428729545197314\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2daae4b0c8380cd5bf94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alley, W.M.","contributorId":6853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alley","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Emery, P. A.","contributorId":49392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emery","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015693,"text":"70015693 - 1986 - Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-18T16:44:57.77595","indexId":"70015693","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent ground water","docAbstract":"Limnological characteristics of Crane, Hackberry, Island and Roundup Lakes, and chemical characteristics of shallow ground water, within the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge, western Nebraska, were determined during a preliminary investigation of the interaction between lakes and ground water in this study area between 1980 and 1984. When ice cover was absent, the lakes were well-mixed vertically, regardless of season. Depth to which 1% of surface illumination penetrated was commonly less than 1m. Variability in light penetration, as measured by Secchidisk transparency, appeared to be unrelated to changes in algal biomass, even though algal biomass, measured as chlorophyll a, varied seasonally within a two-order-of-magnitude range. Blue-green algae were the most abundant phytoplankton; this condition occurred most often when the ratio of total nitrogen to total phosphorus in the lakes' water was less than 29. Although rotifers and copepod naupli commonly were the most abundant zooplankton in the lakes, cladocerans were dominant occasionally.
Either sodium or calcium was the most abundant cation, and bicarbonate was the most abundant anion, in water from water-table wells and lakes sampled during the study. The second most abundant cation in the ground water was related to the location of the sampled well within the ground-water system. The lakes were a source of dissolved organic carbon seeping to ground water. Chemical and hydrologic data indicate there is interaction between lakes and ground water in the study area.
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","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0039-9140(86)80086-8","issn":"00399140","usgsCitation":"McHugh, J.B., 1986, Determining gold in water by anion-exchange batch extraction: Talanta, v. 33, no. 4, p. 349-351, https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(86)80086-8.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"351","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226255,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ffefe4b0c8380cd4f4ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McHugh, J. B.","contributorId":79462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McHugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70198461,"text":"70198461 - 1986 - West Virginia gazetteer of physical and cultural place names","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-03T12:39:38","indexId":"70198461","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-03T12:38:23","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"West Virginia gazetteer of physical and cultural place names","largerWorkTitle":"West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey","publisher":"The Survey","publisherLocation":"Morgantown, WV","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R.B., 1986, West Virginia gazetteer of physical and cultural place names, v. V-24.","costCenters":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356137,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"state":"West Virginia","volume":"V-24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, Robert B.","contributorId":33165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":133,"text":"wsp2300 - 1986 - National water summary 1985: Hydrologic events and surface-water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T20:54:00.879651","indexId":"wsp2300","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2300","title":"National water summary 1985: Hydrologic events and surface-water resources","docAbstract":"The surface-water resources of the United States, the focal point for this National Water Summary, are extensively developed and managed to provide water supplies, hydroelectric power, navigation, recreational opportunities, and sufficient instream flows to maintain fish and wildlife habitats and adequate water quality. Surface water represents 77 percent of the Nation's total freshwater withdrawals, 65 percent of public supplies, 74 percent of self- supplied industries, excluding thermoelectric power generation, and 60 percent of irrigation. In only 10 States does surface water provide less than half of the total withdrawals.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a481c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harsh, John F.","contributorId":81905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harsh","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laczniak, Randell J.","contributorId":90687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"Randell","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43558,"text":"ofr8614 - 1986 - Land use and land cover and associated maps for Helena, Arkansas; Mississippi; Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:00","indexId":"ofr8614","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-14","title":"Land use and land cover and associated maps for Helena, Arkansas; Mississippi; Tennessee","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr8614","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Land use and land cover and associated maps for Helena, Arkansas; Mississippi; Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-14, maps :photocopy ;56 x 92 cm., on sheet 76 x 107 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8614.","productDescription":"maps :photocopy ;56 x 92 cm., on sheet 76 x 107 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169005,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b10e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29576,"text":"wri844321 - 1986 - Design, operation, and monitoring capability of an experimental artificial-recharge facility at East Meadow, Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri844321","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4321","title":"Design, operation, and monitoring capability of an experimental artificial-recharge facility at East Meadow, Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Artificial recharge with tertiary-treated sewage is being tested at East Meadow to evaluate the physical and chemical effects on the groundwater system. The recharge facility contains 11 recharge basins and 5 injection wells and is designed to accept 4 million gallons of reclaimed water per day. Of the 11 basins, 7 are recently constructed and will accept 0.5 million gallons per day each. An observation manhole (12-foot inside diameter and extending 16 feet below the basin floor) was installed in each of two basins to enable monitoring and sampling of percolating reclaimed water in the unsaturated zone with instruments such as tensiometers, gravity lysimeters, thermocouples, and soil-gas samplers. Five shallow (100-feet deep) injection wells will each return 0.5 million gallons per day to the groundwater reservoir. Three types of injection-well design are being tested; the differences are in the type of gravel pack around the well screen. When clogging at the well screen occurs, redevelopment should restore the injection capability. Flow to the basins and wells is regulated by automatic flow controllers in which a desired flow rate is maintained by electronic sensors. Basins can also operate in a constant-head mode in which a specified head is maintained in the basin automatically. An observation-well network consisting of 2-inch- and 6-inch-diameter wells was installed within a 1-square-mile area at the recharge facility to monitor aquifer response and recharge. During 48 days of operation within a 17-week period (October 1982 through January 1983), 88.5 million gallons of reclaimed water was applied to the shallow water table aquifer through the recharge basins. A 4.29-foot-high groundwater mound developed during a 14-day test; some water level increase associated with the mound was detected 1,000 ft from the basins. Preliminary water quality data from wells affected by reclaimed water show evidence that mechanisms of mixing, dilution, and dispersion are affecting chemical concentrations of certain constituents, such as nitrogen and trichloroethane, in the shallow aquifer beneath the recharge area. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844321","usgsCitation":"Schneider, B., and Oaksford, E., 1986, Design, operation, and monitoring capability of an experimental artificial-recharge facility at East Meadow, Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4321, vi, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844321.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4321/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58404,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4321/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667daf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schneider, B.J.","contributorId":93539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oaksford, E. T.","contributorId":64284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":45860,"text":"ofr86404W - 1986 - Map showing the number of Giardia cysts in water samples from 69 stream sites in the Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:00","indexId":"ofr86404W","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-404","chapter":"W","title":"Map showing the number of Giardia cysts in water samples from 69 stream sites in the Sierra Nevada, California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr86404W","usgsCitation":"Suk, T.J., Sorenson, S.K., and Dileanis, P.D., 1986, Map showing the number of Giardia cysts in water samples from 69 stream sites in the Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-404, 7 maps on 1 sheet ;28 x 24 cm., sheet 80 x 83 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86404W.","productDescription":"7 maps on 1 sheet ;28 x 24 cm., sheet 80 x 83 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":82837,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0404w/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a25e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Suk, Thomas J.","contributorId":34578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suk","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorenson, Stephen K.","contributorId":90314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":232177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":47701,"text":"wri854242 - 1986 - Hydrology of Hunters Lake, Hernando County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:23","indexId":"wri854242","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4242","title":"Hydrology of Hunters Lake, Hernando County, Florida","docAbstract":"The size and shape of Hunters Lake, Florida has been significantly altered by development of the surrounding Spring Hill residential community. The lake is the largest in Hernando County, enlarged by lakeshore excavation and connection to nearby ponds to an area of 360 acres at an average stage of 17.2 ft above sea level. Hunters Lake is naturally a closed lake, but development of Spring Hill has resulted in a surface water outflow from the lake in its southwest corner. Inflow to the lake could occur on the east side during extreme high-water periods. The karst terrain of the Hunters Lake area is internally drained through permeable soils, depressions, and sinkholes, and natural surface drainage is absent. The underlying Floridan aquifer system is unconfined except locally near coastal springs. Flow in the groundwater system is to the west regionally and to the southwest in the immediate area of Hunters Lake. Water level gradients in the groundwater system increase from 1.4 ft/mi east of the lake to about 8 ft/mi southwest of the lake. Hunters Lake is hydraulically connected to the groundwater system, receiving groundwater on the northeast side and losing water to the groundwater system on the southwest side. This close relationship with the groundwater system is demonstrated by graphical and numerical comparison of Hunters Lake stage with water levels in nearby groundwater sites. During 1965-84, the stage of Hunters Lake fluctuated between 12.48 and 20.7 ft above sea level. Because area lakes are all directly affected by groundwater levels, they also show a close relationship with water levels in Hunters Lake. Analysis of water quality data for Hunters Lake indicates that the water of the lake is a soft calcium bicarbonate type with ionic concentrations higher than in water from nearby shallow wells and lower than in water from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Samples collected in 1981-1983 indicate slightly higher levels of ionic concentration than in 1965-66. Distribution of specific conductance readings throughout the lake and water samples and specific conductance from upgradient sites indicates an inflow of more mineralized water into the northern part of the lake. Concentrations of nutrients, carbon, and phytoplankton in Hunters Lake are typical of lakes in this area of west-central Florida. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri854242","usgsCitation":"Henderson, S., 1986, Hydrology of Hunters Lake, Hernando County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4242, 1 map : col. ; 34 x 59 cm., on sheet 79 x 118 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854242.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 34 x 59 cm., on sheet 79 x 118 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":260400,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4242/report.pdf"},{"id":260401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4242/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258734,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4242/plate-1.pdf","size":"15172","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604985","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henderson, S.E.","contributorId":70806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":236039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48956,"text":"ofr86400DE - 1986 - New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, April-May 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr86400DE","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-400","chapter":"D-E","title":"New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, April-May 1986","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr86400DE","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, April-May 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-400, 177 p. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86400DE.","productDescription":"177 p. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162589,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0400d-e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":85848,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0400d-e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697714","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":48957,"text":"ofr86400FG - 1986 - New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, June 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:07","indexId":"ofr86400FG","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-400","chapter":"F-G","title":"New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, June 1986","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr86400FG","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, June 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-400, 171 p. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86400FG.","productDescription":"171 p. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0400f-g/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":85849,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0400f-g/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6976c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":40935,"text":"ofr86603 - 1986 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, September 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:52","indexId":"ofr86603","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-603","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, September 1986","docAbstract":"A September 1986 potentiometric surface map of the Upper Floridan aquifer in west-central Florida depicts water levels for the annual high water level period. Water levels in most wells measured in September 1986 were higher than in May 1986. September levels averaged about 1 foot higher than May levels in latitudes north of the Hillsborough-Pasco County line and about 9 feet higher in southern areas. The average water-level change between September 1985 and September 1986 in individual wells was less than 1 foot. Average water levels in most wells measured in September 1986 were less than 1 foot lower than September 1985 levels in the north and less than 1 foot higher in the south. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr86603","usgsCitation":"Lewelling, B., and Belles, R.G., 1986, Potentiometric surface of the upper Floridan Aquifer, west-central Florida, September 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-603, 1 map :photocopy ;79 x 56 cm., on sheet 92 x 68 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86603.","productDescription":"1 map :photocopy ;79 x 56 cm., on sheet 92 x 68 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":78825,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0603/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b08e4b07f02db69b9d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewelling, B. R.","contributorId":17969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewelling","given":"B. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belles, Roger G.","contributorId":6423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belles","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44424,"text":"wri864118 - 1986 - Potentiometric surface, ground-water withdrawals, and recharge area for the Providence-Ripley aquifer in Alabama, fall 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:31","indexId":"wri864118","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4118","title":"Potentiometric surface, ground-water withdrawals, and recharge area for the Providence-Ripley aquifer in Alabama, fall 1982","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri864118","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.S., Planert, M., and DeJarnette, S.S., 1986, Potentiometric surface, ground-water withdrawals, and recharge area for the Providence-Ripley aquifer in Alabama, fall 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4118, map : col. ; 53 x 34 cm., on sheet 59 x 97 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864118.","productDescription":" map : col. ; 53 x 34 cm., on sheet 59 x 97 cm., folded in envelope 31 x 23 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":173198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":81723,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4118/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db68278a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, John S. johnw@usgs.gov","contributorId":329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"johnw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":229739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Planert, Michael","contributorId":56659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Planert","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeJarnette, Sydney S.","contributorId":13947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeJarnette","given":"Sydney","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":48960,"text":"ofr86400J - 1986 - New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, November 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:06","indexId":"ofr86400J","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-400","chapter":"J","title":"New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, November 1986","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr86400J","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, New information resources of the U.S. Geological Survey Library System, November 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-400, 73 p. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86400J.","productDescription":"73 p. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0400j/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":85852,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0400j/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57500,"text":"wdrMN841 - 1986 - Water Resources Data for Minnesota, Water Year 1984. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:50","indexId":"wdrMN841","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MN-84-1","title":"Water Resources Data for Minnesota, Water Year 1984. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMN841","usgsCitation":"Gunard, K., Hess, J., Zirbel, J., and Cornelius, C., 1986, Water Resources Data for Minnesota, Water Year 1984. Volume 1. Great Lakes and Souris-Red-Rainy River Basins: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MN-84-1, 181 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMN841.","productDescription":"181 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1984/mn-84-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":88269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1984/mn-84-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcdea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunard, K.T.","contributorId":103733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunard","given":"K.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, J.H.","contributorId":100465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zirbel, J.L.","contributorId":70837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zirbel","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cornelius, C.E.","contributorId":106190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornelius","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":17131,"text":"ofr86410 - 1986 - Geochemistry of altered and mineralized rocks from the Morey and Fandango Wilderness Study Areas, northern Hot Creek Range, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:19","indexId":"ofr86410","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-410","title":"Geochemistry of altered and mineralized rocks from the Morey and Fandango Wilderness Study Areas, northern Hot Creek Range, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the St. Johns River Water Management District are investigating the hydrogeology of the Floridan aquifer system. An essential element of this investigation is the design and construction of a monitor well network in the lower saline water-bearing zone which occurs at about 2,000 ft below land surface. During 1985, a well near Ponte Vedra in northeast St. Johns County was completed into the lower saline water-bearing zone at a depth of 1,980 to 2,035 ft below land surface. This well and other wells drilled under this or other programs will be used to monitor water levels and water chemistry of the lower saline zone. Chloride concentrations in water above the lower saline zone ranged from 14 to 270 mg/L and specific conductance ranged from 450 to 1,440 micromhos/cm c. In the lower zone, chloride concentrations were as much as 16,210 mg/L and specific conductance as much as 46,000 micromhos per centimeter. Aquifer head and artesian flow from the well generally increased with depth. Water temperatures also increased from 23 C in the upper part of the aquifer to more than 28 C in the lower saline zone. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86410","usgsCitation":"Nash, J., John, D., Malcolm, M., Briggs, P., and Crock, J., 1986, Geochemistry of altered and mineralized rocks from the Morey and Fandango Wilderness Study Areas, northern Hot Creek Range, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-410, 52 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86410.","productDescription":"52 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46253,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0410/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":46254,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab5f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nash, J. T.","contributorId":31751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nash","given":"J. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"John, D. A.","contributorId":43748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"John","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malcolm, M.J.","contributorId":95064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malcolm","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Crock, J.G.","contributorId":58236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crock","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":175081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":13950,"text":"ofr84746 - 1986 - Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":13950,"text":"ofr84746 - 1986 - Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies","indexId":"ofr84746","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":4687,"text":"twri02D2 - 1988 - Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies","indexId":"twri02D2","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":4687,"text":"twri02D2 - 1988 - Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies","indexId":"twri02D2","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"title":"Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-14T12:23:41","indexId":"ofr84746","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-746","title":"Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies","docAbstract":"During the past 30 years, seismic-refraction methods have been used extensively in petroleum, mineral, and engineering investigations, and to some extent for hydrologic applications. Recent advances in equipment, sound sources, and computer interpretation techniques make seismic refraction a highly effective and economical means of obtaining subsurface data in hydrologic studies. Aquifers that can be defined by one or more high seismic-velocity surfaces, such as (1) alluvial or glacial deposits in consolidated rock valleys, (2) limestone or sandstone underlain by metamorphic or igneous rock, or (3) saturated unconsolidated deposits overlain by unsaturated unconsolidated deposits,
are ideally suited for applying seismic-refraction methods. These methods allow the economical collection of subsurface data, provide the basis for more efficient collection of data by test drilling or aquifer tests, and result in improved hydrologic studies.
This manual briefly reviews the basics of seismic-refraction theory and principles. It emphasizes the use of this technique in hydrologic investigations and describes the planning, equipment, field procedures, and intrepretation techniques needed for this type of study.
Examples of the use of seismic-refraction techniques in a wide variety of hydrologic studies are presented.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr84746","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., 1986, Application of seismic-refraction techniques to hydrologic studies: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-746, x, 144 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84746.","productDescription":"x, 144 p.","numberOfPages":"158","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":147107,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0746/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359242,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1984/0746/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a892","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18400,"text":"ofr86303 - 1986 - Water resources scientific information center","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-25T14:27:55","indexId":"ofr86303","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-303","title":"Water resources scientific information center","docAbstract":"The Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) acquires, abstracts and indexes the major water resources related literature of the world, and makes information available to the water resources community and the public. A component of the Water Resources Division of the US Geological Survey, the Center maintains a searchable computerized bibliographic data base, and publishers a monthly journal of abstracts. Through its services, the Center is able to provide reliable scientific and technical information about the most recent water resources developments, as well as long-term trends and changes. WRSIC was established in 1966 by the Secretary of the Interior to further the objectives of the Water Resources Research Act of 1964--legislation that encouraged research in water resources and the prevention of needless duplication of research efforts. It was determined the WRSIC should be the national center for information on water resources, covering research reports, scientific journals, and other water resources literature of the world. WRSIC would evaluate all water resources literature, catalog selected articles, and make the information available in publications or by computer access. In this way WRSIC would increase the availability and awareness of water related scientific and technical information. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr86303","usgsCitation":"Cardin, C., and Campbell, J., 1986, Water resources scientific information center: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-303, 2 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86303.","productDescription":"2 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0303/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":369567,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0303/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47c8e4b07f02db4ab4f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cardin, C. William","contributorId":107681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cardin","given":"C. William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, J.T.","contributorId":6467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":12076,"text":"ofr86338 - 1986 - Geological and geochemical data for seamounts and associated ferromanganese crusts in the Ratak Chain, Marshall Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T12:39:03","indexId":"ofr86338","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-338","title":"Geological and geochemical data for seamounts and associated ferromanganese crusts in the Ratak Chain, Marshall Islands","docAbstract":"In 1984, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a reconnaissance cruise L9-84-CP aboard the R/V S.P. LEE along the northern Ratak Ridge, Marshall Islands (Fig. 1). Preliminary geochemical results from the cruise show that ferromanganese crusts (Mn crusts) on the submarine slopes of seamounts, and islands may have potential for commercial exploitation (Schwab and others, 1985). In this report we present shipboard data and laboratory analyses for rock samples collected on cruise L9-84-CP. This report should supplement the reports of Schwab and Bailey (1985) and Schwab and others (1985).
A total of 5410 km of 12-kHz and 3.5-kHz seismic-reflection data, and q O 730 km of 80-in3 and 148-in3 airgun seismic-reflection data were collected on cruise L9-84-CP (Schwab and Bailey, 1985). Eighteen sample stations were occupied; 13 dredge hauls and 3 box cores were collected (Table 1). These samples are available at the USGS Branch of Pacific Marine Geology offices in Menlo Park, California. Data presented in this report should encourage a more extensive field investigation and serious economic and technical evaluation of Mn crusts within the Marshall Islands area.
Ferromanganese-oxide precipitates that encrust hard substrate on the submarine flanks of seamounts, guyots, atolls, islands, and linear volcanic ridges, have been known for several decades (Cronan, 1977; Frazer and Fisk, 1980) but were not studied in a systematic way until the West German MIDPAC expedition of 1981 (Halbach and others, 1982). Unlike abyssal ferromanganese nodules, Mn crusts contain higher concentrations of the economically attractive metals, cobalt and platinum (Toth, 1980; Craig and others, 1982; Halbach and others, 1984; Hein and others, 1985). Mn crusts are predominantly hydrogenous in origin, in contrast to abyssal ferromanganese nodules which also have a substantial diagenetic input (Halbach and others, 1981).
In order for a Mn crust deposit to be economically attractive, it must be of high grade in recoverable metals, thick, and aerially extensive. During a 1984 workshop in Honolulu, East-West Center, engineers and geologists determined that Mn crusts must have an average thickness of 4 cm and a cobalt content greater than 0.8 percent of the dry weight (8000 ppm) to be considered for exploitation. The metals other than cobalt that are likely to be recovered from such a deposit include nickel, manganese, zinc, lead, phosphorous, and platinum. Preliminary chemical analyses of the Mn crusts collected during cruise L9-84-CP (Schwab and others, 1985) show that the average concentrations of metals within them are comparable with the mean metal contents of Mn crusts from the eastern Mid-Pacific Mountains and northern Line Islands Ridge, areas of high economic potential (Halbach and Manheim, 1984; Hein and others, 1985). Based on the extent of sea floor above 2400 m water depth and the age of the substrate, resource experts at the East- West Center in Honolulu placed the Marshall Islands as second in economic potential for Mn crusts as compared to the Mn crust resources within all other U.S. Pacific states, trust territories, and possessions (A.L. Clark, personal communication). Based on these and other geologic and oceanographic criteria, Hein and others (1986a) placed the Marshall Islands first with respect to U.S. interests.
For convenience, several previously unnamed seamounts have been named (see Hein and others, 1986b), including Erikub Seamount, Utirik Seamount, Bikar Guyot, and Ratak Guyot. We use these names informally in this report.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86338","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Hein, J., Davis, A.S., Morgenson, L., Daniel, C., and Haggerty, J., 1986, Geological and geochemical data for seamounts and associated ferromanganese crusts in the Ratak Chain, Marshall Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-338, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86338.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":143195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0338/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":40106,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0338/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 166,\n 4\n ],\n [\n 166,\n 16\n ],\n [\n 173,\n 16\n ],\n [\n 173,\n 4\n ],\n [\n 166,\n 4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adee4b07f02db6876b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, A. S.","contributorId":41424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Morgenson, L.A.","contributorId":104065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgenson","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Daniel, C.L.","contributorId":87547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"C.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Haggerty, J.A.","contributorId":43766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haggerty","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":164946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":14510,"text":"ofr86424W - 1986 - Sediment transport characteristics of selected streams in the Susitna River Basin, Alaska, October 1983 to September 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:54","indexId":"ofr86424W","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-424","chapter":"W","title":"Sediment transport characteristics of selected streams in the Susitna River Basin, Alaska, October 1983 to September 1984","docAbstract":"The upper reaches of the Susitna River have been considered for development of a large power generation system for south-central Alaska. This report presents a summary and discussion of sediment and hydraulic data obtained from October 1983 to September 1984 at ten sites on the Susitna, Chulitna, Talkeetna, and Yentna Rivers. Sediment data include measurements of suspended sediment and bedload discharge and analyses of particle size distribution of suspended sediment, bed-load, and bed material; hydraulic data include measurements of width, average depth and velocity, and water surface slope. Relations between water and sediment discharge are developed for selected sites. Sediment loads for the 1984 water year were estimated for the Yentna, Chulitna, and Talkeetna Rivers and for four sites on the Susitna River. About 25 million tons of sediment was transported by the Susitna River at Susitna Station during the 1984 water year. The Yentna and Chulitna Rivers contributed more than 20 million tons of sediment to the susitna River. About 90% of suspended material (silt, clay, and sand) transported past upstream sites reached Susitna Station during the same period. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86424W","usgsCitation":"Knott, J.M., Lipscomb, S.W., and Lewis, T.W., 1986, Sediment transport characteristics of selected streams in the Susitna River Basin, Alaska, October 1983 to September 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-424, vi, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86424W.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":147192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0424w/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43201,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0424w/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbfe7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knott, J. M.","contributorId":77909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lipscomb, Stephen W.","contributorId":84753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lipscomb","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, Terry W.","contributorId":107296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":69706,"text":"i1787 - 1986 - Controlled photomosaic of part of the Kasei Valles region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:13:51","indexId":"i1787","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1787","title":"Controlled photomosaic of part of the Kasei Valles region of Mars","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1787","isbn":"0607789204","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Controlled photomosaic of part of the Kasei Valles region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1787, p. (1 sheet); Sheet 26 by 38 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1787.","productDescription":"p. (1 sheet); Sheet 26 by 38 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":191348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":101497,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/1787/plate-1.pdf","size":"9388","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a7c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":14591,"text":"ofr86534 - 1986 - Aquifer-nomenclature guidelines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:59","indexId":"ofr86534","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-534","title":"Aquifer-nomenclature guidelines","docAbstract":"Guidelines and recommendations for naming aquifers are presented to assist authors of geohydrological reports in the United States Geological Survey, Water Resources Division. The hierarchy of terms that is used for water- yielding rocks from largest to smallest is aquifer system, aquifer, and zone. If aquifers are named, the names should be derived from lithologic terms, rock-stratigraphic units, or geographic names. The following items are not recommended as sources of aquifer names: time-stratigraphic names, relative position, alphanumeric designations, depositional environment, depth of occurrence, acronyms, and hydrologic conditions. Confining units should not be named unless doing so clearly promotes understanding of a particular aquifer system. Sources of names for confining units are similar to those for aquifer names, i.e. lithologic terms, rock-stratigraphic units or geographic names. Examples of comparison charts and tables that are used to define the geohydrologic framework are included. Aquifers are defined in 11 hypothetical examples that characterize geohydrologic settings throughout the country. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr86534","usgsCitation":"Laney, R., and Davidson, C., 1986, Aquifer-nomenclature guidelines: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-534, vi, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86534.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":148209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0534/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0534/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679ef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laney, R. L.","contributorId":83889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laney","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davidson, C.B.","contributorId":54215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":13989,"text":"ofr85649 - 1986 - Distributed information system (water fact sheet)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:50","indexId":"ofr85649","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-649","title":"Distributed information system (water fact sheet)","docAbstract":"During 1982-85, the Water Resources Division (WRD) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) installed over 70 large minicomputers in offices across the country to support its mission in the science of hydrology. These computers are connected by a communications network that allows information to be shared among computers in each office. The computers and network together are known as the Distributed Information System (DIS). The computers are accessed through the use of more than 1500 terminals and minicomputers. The WRD has three fundamentally different needs for computing: data management; hydrologic analysis; and administration. Data management accounts for 50% of the computational workload of WRD because hydrologic data are collected in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific trust territories. Hydrologic analysis consists of 40% of the computational workload of WRD. Cost accounting, payroll, personnel records, and planning for WRD programs occupies an estimated 10% of the computer workload. The DIS communications network is shown on a map. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85649","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, A., 1986, Distributed information system (water fact sheet): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-649, 2 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85649.","productDescription":"2 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":145989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0649/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":42631,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0649/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae759","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":168746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}