{"pageNumber":"1978","pageRowStart":"49425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68919,"records":[{"id":57445,"text":"wdrMS841 - 1986 - Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-28T13:43:22.200534","indexId":"wdrMS841","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MS-84-1","title":"Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1984","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1987 water year for Mississippi consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report contains records of water discharge at 78 gaging stations; stage records for 18 of these gaging stations; stage only at 5 gaging stations; water quality for 11 stations, 3 precipitation quality stations, and 120 wells; and water levels for 498 observation wells. Also included are peak-discharge data for 56 crest-stage partial record stations, discharge data at 263 low-flow partial-record stations, and water quality data at 2 partial-record or miscellaneous sites. Locations of these sites are shown on Figures 4-6. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Mississippi. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMS841","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Mississippi and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Tharpe, E., Morris, F., and Oakley, W.T., 1986, Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MS-84-1, vii, 340 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMS841.","productDescription":"vii, 340 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494989,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1984/ms-84-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1984/ms-84-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":12093,"text":"ofr86237 - 1986 - Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":12093,"text":"ofr86237 - 1986 - Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells","indexId":"ofr86237","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70043733,"text":"70043733 - 1987 - Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells","indexId":"70043733","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70043733,"text":"70043733 - 1987 - Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells","indexId":"70043733","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"title":"Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-30T15:58:11.205019","indexId":"ofr86237","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-237","title":"Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells","docAbstract":"<p>This report was prepared in cooperation with several organizations in the Salt Lake Valley and with the Central Utah Water Conservancy District to present results of a study to determine changes in the ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, from 1969 to 1983, and to predict the aquifer response to projected withdrawals. The average annual recharge and discharge from the ground-water reservoir in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, during 1969-82 were estimated to be about 352,000 and 353,000 acre-feet per year. Withdrawals from wells increased from 107,000 acre-feet per year during 1964-68 to 117,000 acre-feet per year during 1969-82. The greatest increase in use was for public supply and institutions which increased from 35,000 acre-feet per year during 1964-68 to 46,700 acre-feet per year during 1969-82.</p><p>From 1969 to 1983 water levels declined from 5 to 15 feet in the southeast part of the valley where pumpage from large public supply wells was greater during 1969-82 than during previous years. From February-March 1969 to February-March 1983 the quantity of ground water in storage in Salt Lake Valley increased by about 33,000 acre-feet.</p><p>A digital-computer model was calibrated to simulate, in three-dimensions, the ground-water flow in the principal and shallow-unconfined aquifers in Salt Lake Valley. Simulations were made to project the response to continuing withdrawals through 2020. Alternative pumping rates used were (1) the 1982 rate of pumpage and (2) increasing the 1982 rate of pumpage by 65,000 acre-feet. The simulation at the increased rate of pumpage indicated that drawdowns would reach 40-60 feet in the area east of Sandy. About 75 percent of the increased withdrawal was salvaged from water that otherwise would have been discharged to the Jordan River and its tributaries.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86237","usgsCitation":"Waddell, K., Seiler, R.L., Santini, M., and Solomon, D.K., 1986, Ground-water conditions in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, 1969-83, and predicted effects of increased withdrawals from wells: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-237, vi, 60 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86237.","productDescription":"vi, 60 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":144739,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":496110,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Salt Lake 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,{"id":41953,"text":"ofr86422W - 1986 - Annual summary of ground-water conditions in Arizona, spring 1984 to spring 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-27T17:24:48.417817","indexId":"ofr86422W","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-422","chapter":"W","title":"Annual summary of ground-water conditions in Arizona, spring 1984 to spring 1985","docAbstract":"In arid and semiarid regions such as Arizona, the availability of adequate water supplies has a significant influence on the type and extent of economic development. About two-thirds of the water used in the State is groundwater. The nature and extent of the groundwater reservoirs must be known for proper management of this valuable resource. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State of Arizona, has conducted a program of groundwater studies in Arizona since 1939. The primary purposes of these studies are to define the amount, location, and quality of the groundwater resources of Arizona and to monitor the effects of large-scale development of the groundwater supplies. The program includes the collection, compilation, and analysis of the geologic and hydrologic data necessary to evaluate the groundwater resources of the State. The basic hydrologic data are in computer storage and are available to the public. Since 1974, a major thrust of the program has been to inventory the groundwater conditions in the 68 groundwater areas of the State. Several selected groundwater areas are studied each year; water levels are measured annually in a statewide observation well network, many groundwater samples are collected and analyzed annually, and groundwater pumpage is computed for most of the areas. As of July 1985, reports had been published for 56 of the 68 groundwater areas. Data collected in the groundwater areas include information on selected wells, water level measurements, and water samples for chemical analysis. The data for each of the selected groundwater areas are analyzed, and the results are published in map form. Typically, the maps show depth to water; change in water levels; altitude of the water level; and quality of water data, such as specific conductance, dissolved solids, and fluoride. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr86422W","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Annual summary of ground-water conditions in Arizona, spring 1984 to spring 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-422, 4 maps on 1 sheet, both sides :1 col. ;63 x 55 cm. and smaller, sheet 97 x 64 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 23 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86422W.","productDescription":"2 Sheets: 25.21 x 37.95 inches and 25.01 x 38.01 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":501735,"rank":3,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0422-w/sheet-2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":501734,"rank":2,"type":{"id":26,"text":"Sheet"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0422-w/sheet-1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0422-w/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":\"4\",\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Arizona\",\"nation\":\"USA  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,{"id":55628,"text":"wdrMARI841 - 1986 - Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-24T20:41:36.168854","indexId":"wdrMARI841","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MA-RI-84-1","title":"Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1984","docAbstract":"<p>Water-resources data for the 1984 water year for Massachusetts and Rhode Island consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; contents of lakes and reservoirs; and ground-water levels. This report contains discharge records for 91 gaging stations, monthend contents for 30 lakes and reservoirs, water quality for 9 gaging stations, and water levels for 106 observation wells. Also included are data for 1 crest-stage partial-record station. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data-collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. A few pertinent stations (not included above) in bordering States are also included in this report. These data represent that portion of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMARI841","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the States of Massachusetts and Rhode Island and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Gadoury, R.A., Girouard, G., Ries, K., and White, H.L., 1986, Water resources data, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, water year 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MA-RI-84-1, vii, 212 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMARI841.","productDescription":"vii, 212 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174385,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1984/mari-84-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":496057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1984/mari-84-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts, Rhode Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.50297488831188,\n              42.97016577848564\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.50297488831188,\n              41.11994266161375\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.8918541821574,\n              41.11994266161375\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.8918541821574,\n              42.97016577848564\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.50297488831188,\n              42.97016577848564\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f042a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gadoury, R. A.","contributorId":26334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gadoury","given":"R.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Girouard, G.G.","contributorId":88017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girouard","given":"G.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ries, Kernell G. III kries@usgs.gov","contributorId":1913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ries","given":"Kernell G.","suffix":"III","email":"kries@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":253854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"White, H. L.","contributorId":50211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"H.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":55182,"text":"wdrHI851 - 1986 - Water resources data for Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1985: Volume 1. Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-06T16:27:33.513392","indexId":"wdrHI851","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"HI-85-1","title":"Water resources data for Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1985: Volume 1. Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1985 water year for Hawaii and other Pacific Areas consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and springs; and water levels and water quality in wells. This report, volume 1, contains discharge records for 98 gaging stations; water quality for 13 gaging stations, 100 partial-record flow stations, and 154 wells; and water levels for 39 observation wells. Also included are 108 crest-stage partial-record stations and 20 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, Federal, and other agencies in Hawaii.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrHI851","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Water and Land Development and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, Water resources data for Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1985, volume 1, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report HI-85-1, 302 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrHI851.","productDescription":"x, 302 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chinn, Salwyn S.W.","contributorId":91082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chinn","given":"Salwyn","email":"","middleInitial":"S.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":956476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tateishi, Grace A.","contributorId":362753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tateishi","given":"Grace","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":956477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yee, Johnson J.S.","contributorId":54232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"Johnson","email":"","middleInitial":"J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":956478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":64591,"text":"i1420(NH17) - 1986 - Quaternary geologic map of the Jacksonville 4 degrees x 6 degrees quadrangle, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T18:06:11","indexId":"i1420(NH17)","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1420(NH-17)","subseriesTitle":"GAUS","title":"Quaternary geologic map of the Jacksonville 4 degrees x 6 degrees quadrangle, United States","docAbstract":"This map is part of the Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States (I-1420). It was first published as a printed edition in 1986. The geologic data have now been captured digitally and are presented here along with images of the printed map sheet and component parts as PDF files.\r\n\r\nThe Quaternary Geologic Map of the Jacksonville 4 degrees x 6 degrees Quadrangle was mapped as part of the Quaternary Geologic Atlas of the United States. The atlas was begun as an effort to depict the areal distribution of surficial geologic deposits and other materials that accumulated or formed during the past 2+ million years, the period that includes all activities of the human species. These materials are at the surface of the Earth. They make up the ground on which we walk, the dirt in which we dig foundations, and the soil in which we grow crops. Most of our human activity is related in one way or another to these surface materials that are referred to collectively by many geologists as regolith, the mantle of fragmental and generally unconsolidated material that overlies the bedrock foundation of the continent. The maps were compiled at 1:1,000,000 scale.\r\n\r\nIn recent years, surficial deposits and materials have become the focus of much interest by scientists, environmentalists, governmental agencies, and the general public. They are the foundations of ecosystems, the materials that support plant growth and animal habitat, and the materials through which travels much of the water required for our agriculture, our industry, and our general well being. They also are materials that easily can become contaminated by pesticides, fertilizers, and toxic wastes. In this context, the value of the surficial geologic map is evident.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1420(NH17)","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Georgia Geological Survey and the Florida Bureau of Geology","usgsCitation":"Knapp, M., Friddell, M., Weide, D.L., and Fullerton, D.S., 1986, Quaternary geologic map of the Jacksonville 4 degrees x 6 degrees quadrangle, United States: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1420(NH-17), 1 map :col. ;45 x 59 cm., on sheet 76 x 132 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm; Map PDF:49.98 inches x 28.48 inches; Map Text; Downloads Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1420(NH17).","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;45 x 59 cm., on sheet 76 x 132 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm; Map PDF:49.98 inches x 28.48 inches; Map Text; Downloads Directory","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14401,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-1420/nh-17/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":106729,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_9205.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"9205"}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84,28 ], [ -84,32 ], [ -78,32 ], [ -78,28 ], [ -84,28 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db63522b","contributors":{"compilers":[{"text":"Scott, Thomas M.","contributorId":45683,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749862,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1}],"editors":[{"text":"Richmond, Gerald M.","contributorId":87165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Gerald M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749861,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Knapp, M.S.","contributorId":46148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friddell, M. S.","contributorId":45395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friddell","given":"M. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weide, David L.","contributorId":48537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weide","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":271607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fullerton, David S. fullerton@usgs.gov","contributorId":448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fullerton","given":"David","email":"fullerton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":271603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":55124,"text":"wdrWY851 - 1986 - Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-27T16:54:09.247619","indexId":"wdrWY851","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"WY-85-1","title":"Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1985","docAbstract":"<p>Water resources data for the 1985 water year for Wyoming consists of records of stage, discharge and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 187 gaging stations; stage and contents for 15 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 78 gaging stations, and 73 ungaged stations; and water levels for 5 observation wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Wyoming. <br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrWY851","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Wyoming and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Druse, S.A., and Rucker, S.J., 1986, Water resources data, Wyoming, water year 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report WY-85-1, x, 499 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrWY851.","productDescription":"x, 499 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":494954,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1985/wy-85-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":174024,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1985/wy-85-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.0466,41.360692],[-111.046264,41.377731],[-111.045789,41.565571],[-111.045818,41.579845],[-111.046689,42.001567],[-111.047109,42.142497],[-111.047107,42.148971],[-111.047058,42.182672],[-111.047097,42.194773],[-111.047074,42.280787],[-111.04708,42.34942],[-111.046801,42.504946],[-111.046719,42.513118],[-111.046017,42.582723],[-111.043564,42.722624],[-111.044135,42.874924],[-111.043959,42.96445],[-111.043957,42.969482],[-111.043924,42.975063],[-111.044129,43.018702],[-111.044156,43.020052],[-111.044206,43.022614],[-111.044034,43.024581],[-111.044034,43.024844],[-111.044033,43.026411],[-111.044094,43.02927],[-111.043997,43.041415],[-111.044058,43.04464],[-111.044063,43.046302],[-111.044086,43.054819],[-111.044117,43.060309],[-111.04415,43.066172],[-111.044162,43.068222],[-111.044143,43.072364],[-111.044235,43.177121],[-111.044266,43.177236],[-111.044232,43.18444],[-111.044168,43.189244],[-111.044229,43.195579],[-111.044617,43.31572],[-111.045205,43.501136],[-111.045706,43.659112],[-111.04588,43.681033],[-111.046118,43.684902],[-111.046051,43.685812],[-111.04611,43.687848],[-111.046421,43.722059],[-111.046435,43.726545],[-111.04634,43.726957],[-111.046715,43.815832],[-111.046515,43.908376],[-111.046917,43.974978],[-111.047064,43.983467],[-111.047349,43.999921],[-111.049077,44.020072],[-111.048751,44.060403],[-111.048751,44.060838],[-111.048633,44.062903],[-111.048452,44.114831],[-111.049119,44.124923],[-111.049695,44.353626],[-111.049148,44.374925],[-111.049216,44.435811],[-111.049194,44.438058],[-111.048974,44.474072],[-111.055208,44.624927],[-111.055333,44.666263],[-111.055511,44.725343],[-111.056416,44.749928],[-111.056888,44.866658],[-111.055629,44.933578],[-111.056207,44.935901],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-111.044275,45.001345],[-110.785008,45.002952],[-110.761554,44.999934],[-110.750767,44.997948],[-110.705272,44.992324],[-110.552433,44.992237],[-110.547165,44.992459],[-110.48807,44.992361],[-110.402927,44.99381],[-110.362698,45.000593],[-110.342131,44.999053],[-110.324441,44.999156],[-110.28677,44.99685],[-110.199503,44.996188],[-110.110103,45.003905],[-110.026347,45.003665],[-110.025544,45.003602],[-109.99505,45.003174],[-109.875735,45.003275],[-109.798687,45.002188],[-109.75073,45.001605],[-109.663673,45.002536],[-109.574321,45.002631],[-109.386432,45.004887],[-109.375713,45.00461],[-109.269294,45.005283],[-109.263431,45.005345],[-109.103445,45.005904],[-109.08301,44.99961],[-109.062262,44.999623],[-108.621313,45.000408],[-108.578484,45.000484],[-108.565921,45.000578],[-108.500679,44.999691],[-108.271201,45.000251],[-108.249345,44.999458],[-108.238139,45.000206],[-108.218479,45.000541],[-108.14939,45.001062],[-108.000663,45.001223],[-107.997353,45.001565],[-107.911743,45.001292],[-107.750654,45.000778],[-107.608854,45.00086],[-107.607824,45.000929],[-107.49205,45.00148],[-107.351441,45.001407],[-107.13418,45.000109],[-107.125633,44.999388],[-107.105685,44.998734],[-107.084939,44.996599],[-107.074996,44.997004],[-107.050801,44.996424],[-106.892875,44.995947],[-106.888773,44.995885],[-106.263586,44.993788],[-106.024814,44.993688],[-105.928184,44.993647],[-105.914258,44.999986],[-105.913382,45.000941],[-105.848065,45.000396],[-105.076607,45.000347],[-105.038405,45.000345],[-105.025266,45.00029],[-105.019284,45.000329],[-105.01824,45.000437],[-104.765063,44.999183],[-104.759855,44.999066],[-104.72637,44.999518],[-104.665171,44.998618],[-104.663882,44.998869],[-104.470422,44.998453],[-104.470117,44.998453],[-104.250145,44.99822],[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.055914,44.874986],[-104.056496,44.867034],[-104.055963,44.768236],[-104.055963,44.767962],[-104.055934,44.72372],[-104.05587,44.723422],[-104.055777,44.700466],[-104.055938,44.693881],[-104.05581,44.691343],[-104.055877,44.571016],[-104.055892,44.543341],[-104.055927,44.51773],[-104.055389,44.249983],[-104.054487,44.180381],[-104.054562,44.141081],[-104.05495,43.93809],[-104.055077,43.936535],[-104.055488,43.853477],[-104.055488,43.853476],[-104.055138,43.750421],[-104.055133,43.747105],[-104.054902,43.583852],[-104.054885,43.583512],[-104.05484,43.579368],[-104.055032,43.558603],[-104.054787,43.503328],[-104.054786,43.503072],[-104.054779,43.477815],[-104.054766,43.428914],[-104.054614,43.390949],[-104.054403,43.325914],[-104.054218,43.30437],[-104.053884,43.297047],[-104.053876,43.289801],[-104.053127,43.000585],[-104.052863,42.754569],[-104.052809,42.749966],[-104.052583,42.650062],[-104.052741,42.633982],[-104.052586,42.630917],[-104.052773,42.611766],[-104.052775,42.61159],[-104.052775,42.610813],[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A.","contributorId":89934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Druse","given":"S.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rucker, Samuel J. IV","contributorId":37717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rucker","given":"Samuel","suffix":"IV","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70114861,"text":"70114861 - 1986 - Landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-24T11:51:21","indexId":"70114861","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T10:03:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Landslides","docAbstract":"The slopes above streams and rivers are subjected to a variety of processes that cause them\nto recede and retreat from the river or stream channel. These processes, collectively called\nmass wasting, can be classified according to rapidity of movement and according to the type\nof materials that are transported. Gravity is the force behind all such downslope movement.\nFactors that enable the force of gravity to overcome the resistance of inertia and friction\nto move more material downslope include: saturation by water which acts as a lubricant,\nsteepening of slopes by streams, waves, or road construction, alternate freezing and\nthawing, and earthquake vibrations. Mass wasting of surface material is widespread process\nthat can be found in high mountains, desert hillsides, deep ocean shelves, steep ocean shores\nand even on the moon and other rocky planets.","language":"English","publisher":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","usgsCitation":"National Geophysical Data Center, 1986, Landslides, 26 p.","productDescription":"26 p.","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290176,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290175,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70114861/report.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b7b195e4b0388651d917e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"National Geophysical Data Center","contributorId":128205,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"National Geophysical Data Center","id":535663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70164425,"text":"70164425 - 1986 - On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 1. Lagrangian residual current","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:22:42","indexId":"70164425","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T04:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 1. Lagrangian residual current","docAbstract":"<p><span>Residual currents in tidal estuaries and coastal embayments have been recognized as fundamental factors which affect the long-term transport processes. It has been pointed out by previous studies that it is more relevant to use a Lagrangian mean velocity than an Eulerian mean velocity to determine the movements of water masses. Under weakly nonlinear approximation, the parameter&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><span>, which is the ratio of the net displacement of a labeled water mass in one tidal cycle to the tidal excursion, is assumed to be small. Solutions for tides, tidal current, and residual current have been considered for two-dimensional, barotropic estuaries and coastal seas. Particular attention has been paid to the distinction between the Lagrangian and Eulerian residual currents. When<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i>k</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>is small, the first-order Lagrangian residual is shown to be the sum of the Eulerian residual current and the Stokes drift. The Lagrangian residual drift velocity or the second-order Lagrangian residual current has been shown to be dependent on the phase of tidal current. The Lagrangian drift velocity is induced by nonlinear interactions between tides, tidal currents, and the first-order residual currents, and it takes the form of an ellipse on a hodograph plane. Several examples are given to further demonstrate the unique properties of the Lagrangian residual current.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i012p01623","usgsCitation":"Feng, S., Cheng, R.T., and Pangen, X., 1986, On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 1. Lagrangian residual current: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 12, p. 1623-1634, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i012p01623.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1623","endPage":"1634","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b332fbe4b0cc79997f33dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feng, Shizuo","contributorId":156286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feng","given":"Shizuo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pangen, Xi","contributorId":156287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pangen","given":"Xi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70164424,"text":"70164424 - 1986 - On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 2. Residual transport with application in south San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:21:56","indexId":"70164424","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 2. Residual transport with application in south San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The transports of solutes and other tracers are fundamental to estuarine processes. The apparent transport mechanisms are convection by tidal current and current-induced shear effect dispersion for processes which take place in a time period of the order of a tidal cycle. However, as emphasis is shifted toward the effects of intertidal processes, the net transport is mainly determined by tide-induced residual circulation and by residual circulation due to other processes. The commonly used intertidal conservation equation takes the form of a convection-dispersion equation in which the convective velocity is the Eulerian residual current, and the dispersion terms are often referred to as the phase effect dispersion or, sometimes, as the &ldquo;tidal dispersion.&rdquo; The presence of these dispersion terms is merely the result of a Fickian type hypothesis. Since the actual processes are not Fickian, thus a Fickian hypothesis obscures the physical significance of this equation. Recent research results on residual circulation have suggested that long-term transport phenomena are closely related to the Lagrangian residual current or the Lagrangian residual transport. In this paper a new formulation of an intertidal conservation equation is presented and examined in detail. In a weakly nonlinear tidal estuary the resultant intertidal transport equation also takes the form of a convection-dispersion equation without the ad hoc introduction of phase effect dispersion in a form of dispersion tensor. The convective velocity in the resultant equation is the first-order Lagrangian residual current (the sum of the Eulerian residual current and the Stokes drift). The remaining dispersion terms are important only in higher-order solutions; they are due to shear effect dispersion and turbulent mixing. There exists a dispersion boundary layer adjacent to shoreline boundaries. An order of magnitude estimate of the properties in the dispersion boundary layer is given. The present treatment of intertidal transport processes is illustrated by an analytical solution for an amphidromic system and by a numerical application in South San Francisco Bay, California. The present formulation reveals that the mechanism for long-term transport of solutes is mainly convection due to the Lagrangian residual current in the interior of a tidal estuary. This result also points out the weakness in the tidal dispersion formulation, and explains the large variability of the observed values for tidal dispersion coefficients. Further research on properties of the dispersion boundary layer is needed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i012p01635","usgsCitation":"Feng, S., Cheng, R.T., and Pangen, X., 1986, On tide-induced Lagrangian residual current and residual transport: 2. Residual transport with application in south San Francisco Bay, California: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 12, p. 1635-1646, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i012p01635.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1635","endPage":"1646","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316555,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              37.22595454983972\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26708984374999,\n              37.22595454983972\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.26708984374999,\n              38.34596449365382\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              38.34596449365382\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.04687499999999,\n              37.22595454983972\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b332fbe4b0cc79997f33d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feng, Shizuo","contributorId":156286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feng","given":"Shizuo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cheng, Ralph T.","contributorId":69134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"Ralph","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pangen, Xi","contributorId":156287,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pangen","given":"Xi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70189676,"text":"70189676 - 1986 - Evaluation of Alaskan wetlands for waterfowl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-08T12:35:11","indexId":"70189676","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Evaluation of Alaskan wetlands for waterfowl","docAbstract":"<p>Few studies have focused specifically on use of Alaskan wetlands by waterfowl. However, substantial information on the values of wetlands is available from studies on individual species or that were conducted for other purposes. Most investigators have found it most effective to classify habitat use on the basis of observed distribution patterns of waterfowl in relation to local physiographic features and vegetation types. Major variations in habitat among regions result from differences in precipitation, summer temperature, length of frost free period, and presence of permafrost. Large areas of intertidal habitat, usually associated with river deltas, are of key importance wherever they occur. Lakes subject to extensive periods of draw-down or that fluctuate with river systems are more productive than those with more stable water levels.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska: Regional wetland functions: Proceedings of a workshop held at Anchorage, Alaska, May 28-29, 1986","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Alaska: Regional wetland functions","conferenceDate":"May 28-29, 1986","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"National Wetlands Technical Council","usgsCitation":"Lensink, C.J., and Derksen, D.V., 1986, Evaluation of Alaskan wetlands for waterfowl, <i>in</i> Alaska: Regional wetland functions: Proceedings of a workshop held at Anchorage, Alaska, May 28-29, 1986, Anchorage, AK, May 28-29, 1986, p. 45-84.","productDescription":"40 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344086,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publicComments":"Publication no. 90-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fe0e4b0d1f9f065ab29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lensink, Calvin J.","contributorId":99612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lensink","given":"Calvin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":33810,"text":"National Wildlife Refuge Association","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":705745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70174099,"text":"70174099 - 1986 - Hydrology of carbonate aquifers in southwestern Linn County and adjacent parts of Benton, Iowa, and Johnson Counties, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T14:37:03.487347","indexId":"70174099","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":148,"text":"Water Supply Bulletin","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"15","title":"Hydrology of carbonate aquifers in southwestern Linn County and adjacent parts of Benton, Iowa, and Johnson Counties, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater is the major source of water in Linn County and the surrounding area. Approximately 90 percent of the groundwater production is from Silurian, Devonian, and Quaternary aquifers.</p>\n<p>The Silurian and Devonian aquifers consist of limestone and dolomite with minor shale beds, which have a regional dip to the southwest of approximately 20 feet per mile. The Silurian aquifer in east-central Iowa is confined from below by Upper Ordovician, Maquoketa Formation shales, and from above by the Kenwood Member of the Wapsipinicon Formation and the Otis and Bertram formations. The Quaternary aquifer consists of unconsolidated sand and gravel beds in the glacial drift, and in the alluvium which is associated with modern streams. The alluvium consists of lenticular beds of poorly-to well-sorted silt, sand, and gravel. The sand and gravel beds are interlayered with relatively-impermeable beds of till, silt, and clay.</p>\n<p>Water moves through the Silurian aquifer in part due to a complex distribution of porous and dense carbonate facies. Horizons containing skeletal molds in the Silurian dolomite have porosities as much as 39 percent, and are laterally equivalent to dolomites with porosities as little as less than one percent. Because of subsequent fracturing and solutional enlargement of these porous horizons, hydrologic correlation of the primary water-yielding zones is not always possible. One horizon, however, does occur approximately 70 to 105 feet above the base of the Silurian, and is the most consistently productive water-yielding unit in the area. This horizon is Informally referred to as the Farmers Creek aquifer.</p>\n<p>The potentiometric surface of the Silurian aquifer has a gradient towards the Cedar River, indicating discharge from the aquifer through the alluvium into the river. By comparison, the potentiometric surface of the overlying Devonian aquifer is equal to that of the Silurian and may range to more than 40 feet higher. Yields to individual wells completed in the Silurian and Devonian carbonate aquifers vary from less than 10 to about 500 gallons per minute. Individual wells completed in the Quaternary aquifer yield as much as 2,000 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Water analyses from the Devonian and Silurian aquifers indicate that they are of similar chemical quality at most locations in the study area. However, they may commonly contain concentrations of sulfate that exceed 1,000 mil grams per liter. Dissolved-solids concentrations as much as 2,350 milligrams per liter occur in the Silurian aquifer in the western and southwestern part of the study area. Water from the Quaternary aquifer generally is suitable for most uses and dissolved-solids concentrations generally are less than 750 milligrams per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"State of Iowa","publisherLocation":"Des Moines, IA","usgsCitation":"Wahl, K., and Bunker, B.J., 1986, Hydrology of carbonate aquifers in southwestern Linn County and adjacent parts of Benton, Iowa, and Johnson Counties, Iowa: Water Supply Bulletin 15, ix, 56 p.","productDescription":"ix, 56 p.","numberOfPages":"63","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":493181,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70174099/IGS_wsb_15.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":324479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.9281005859375,\n              41.79384042311992\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.9281005859375,\n              42.25088477477569\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.45294189453125,\n              42.25088477477569\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.45294189453125,\n              41.79384042311992\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.9281005859375,\n              41.79384042311992\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57724e31e4b07657d1a8199b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, Kenneth","contributorId":172488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wahl","given":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunker, Bill J.","contributorId":172487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bunker","given":"Bill","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206952,"text":"70206952 - 1986 - Geology and geochemistry of the Deer Trail Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu manto deposits, Marysvale District, west-central Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T06:40:45","indexId":"70206952","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T16:20:47","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and geochemistry of the Deer Trail Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu manto deposits, Marysvale District, west-central Utah","docAbstract":"<p><span>Strata-bound sulphide replacement bodies in the Deer Trail mine are sinuous pipes in carbonate beds, approximately localized by an anticlinal axis, and radiate from a fault across the lower part of the Permian Toroweap formation. Indistinct sericitic envelopes provide a K/Ar age of 14 m.y., correlative with barren, altered volcanic rocks above a hypothesized intrusion, 1 km to the west. Lead and sulphur isotope data imply an igneous source. Inclusion data and deuterium and oxygen isotopes imply a magmatic fluid progressively diluted with meteoric waters. The deposits are the outer zone of a volcanic hydrothermal system. -G.J.N.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1932","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Beaty, D., Cunningham, C.G., Rye, R., Steven, T.A., and Gonzalez- Urien, E., 1986, Geology and geochemistry of the Deer Trail Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu manto deposits, Marysvale District, west-central Utah: Economic Geology, v. 81, no. 8, p. 1932-1952, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.8.1932.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1932","endPage":"1952","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":369778,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-111.046551,41.251716],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-110.750727,40.996847],[-110.715026,40.996347],[-110.539819,40.996346],[-110.500718,40.994746],[-110.375714,40.994947],[-110.250709,40.996089],[-110.237848,40.995427],[-110.125709,40.99655],[-110.121639,40.997101],[-110.048476,40.997555],[-110.006495,40.997815],[-110.000708,40.997352],[-109.999838,40.99733],[-109.97553,40.997912],[-109.855299,40.997614],[-109.854302,40.997661],[-109.715409,40.998191],[-109.713877,40.998266],[-109.676421,40.998395],[-109.534926,40.998143],[-109.500694,40.999127],[-109.250735,41.001009],[-109.231985,41.002059],[-109.173682,41.000859],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-109.048455,40.826081],[-109.049088,40.714562],[-109.048373,40.662602],[-109.048249,40.653601],[-109.048044,40.619231],[-109.050074,40.540358],[-109.049955,40.539901],[-109.050698,40.499963],[-109.050314,40.495092],[-109.050946,40.444368],[-109.050969,40.222662],[-109.050973,40.180849],[-109.050944,40.180712],[-109.050813,40.059579],[-109.050873,40.058915],[-109.050615,39.87497],[-109.05104,39.660472],[-109.051363,39.497674],[-109.050765,39.366677],[-109.051512,39.126095],[-109.052436,38.999985],[-109.053292,38.942878],[-109.053233,38.942467],[-109.053797,38.905284],[-109.053943,38.904414],[-109.054189,38.874984],[-109.057388,38.795456],[-109.059541,38.719888],[-109.060253,38.599328],[-109.059962,38.499987],[-109.060062,38.275489],[-109.054648,38.244921],[-109.041762,38.16469],[-109.041837,38.153022],[-109.04282,37.999301],[-109.042819,37.997068],[-109.043121,37.97426],[-109.041058,37.907236],[-109.041653,37.88117],[-109.041844,37.872788],[-109.041723,37.842051],[-109.041754,37.835826],[-109.041461,37.800105],[-109.042098,37.74999],[-109.041636,37.74021],[-109.04176,37.713182],[-109.041732,37.711214],[-109.042269,37.666067],[-109.042089,37.623795],[-109.042131,37.617662],[-109.041806,37.604171],[-109.041865,37.530726],[-109.041915,37.530653],[-109.043137,37.499992],[-109.043464,37.484711],[-109.04581,37.374993],[-109.046039,37.249993],[-109.045584,37.249351],[-109.045487,37.210844],[-109.045978,37.201831],[-109.045995,37.177279],[-109.045156,37.112064],[-109.045203,37.111958],[-109.045173,37.109464],[-109.045189,37.096271],[-109.044995,37.086429],[-109.045058,37.074661],[-109.045166,37.072742],[-109.045223,36.999084],[-109.181196,36.999271],[-109.233848,36.999266],[-109.246917,36.999346],[-109.26339,36.999263],[-109.268213,36.999242],[-109.270097,36.999266],[-109.378039,36.999135],[-109.381226,36.999148],[-109.495338,36.999105],[-109.625668,36.998308],[-109.875673,36.998504],[-110.000677,36.997968],[-110.000876,36.998502],[-110.021778,36.998602],[-110.47019,36.997997],[-110.490908,37.003566],[-110.50069,37.00426],[-110.599512,37.003448],[-110.625605,37.003416],[-110.62569,37.003721],[-110.75069,37.003197],[-111.066496,37.002389],[-111.133718,37.000779],[-111.254853,37.001077],[-111.278286,37.000465],[-111.405517,37.001497],[-111.405869,37.001481],[-111.412784,37.001478],[-112.35769,37.001025],[-112.368946,37.001125],[-112.534545,37.000684],[-112.538593,37.000674],[-112.540368,37.000669],[-112.545094,37.000734],[-112.558974,37.000692],[-112.609787,37.000753],[-112.899366,37.000319],[-112.966471,37.000219],[-113.965907,36.999976],[-113.965907,37.000025],[-114.0506,37.000396],[-114.051749,37.088434],[-114.051822,37.090976],[-114.052827,37.103961],[-114.051867,37.134292],[-114.052179,37.14711],[-114.051673,37.172368],[-114.051405,37.233854],[-114.051974,37.283848],[-114.051974,37.284511],[-114.0518,37.293044],[-114.0518,37.293548],[-114.051927,37.370459],[-114.051927,37.370734],[-114.051765,37.418083],[-114.052448,37.43144],[-114.052701,37.492014],[-114.052685,37.502513],[-114.052718,37.517264],[-114.052689,37.517859],[-114.052962,37.592783],[-114.052472,37.604776],[-114.051728,37.745997],[-114.051785,37.746249],[-114.05167,37.746958],[-114.051109,37.756276],[-114.049919,37.765586],[-114.048473,37.809861],[-114.049677,37.823645],[-114.049928,37.852508],[-114.049658,37.881368],[-114.050423,37.999961],[-114.049903,38.148601],[-114.050138,38.24996],[-114.049417,38.2647],[-114.05012,38.404536],[-114.050091,38.404673],[-114.050485,38.499955],[-114.049834,38.543784],[-114.049862,38.547764],[-114.050154,38.57292],[-114.049883,38.677365],[-114.049749,38.72921],[-114.049168,38.749951],[-114.049465,38.874949],[-114.048521,38.876197],[-114.048054,38.878693],[-114.049104,39.005509],[-114.047079,39.499943],[-114.047728,39.542742],[-114.047273,39.759413],[-114.047783,39.79416],[-114.047214,39.821024],[-114.047134,39.906037],[-114.046555,39.996899],[-114.046835,40.030131],[-114.046386,40.097896],[-114.046741,40.104231],[-114.046683,40.116931],[-114.046153,40.231971],[-114.046178,40.398313],[-114.045826,40.424823],[-114.045218,40.430282],[-114.045518,40.494474],[-114.045577,40.495801],[-114.045281,40.506586],[-114.043505,40.726292]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 \"}}]}","volume":"81","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaty, D.W.","contributorId":106283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaty","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cunningham, C. G.","contributorId":76741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"C.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rye, R.O.","contributorId":189158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rye","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Steven, T. A.","contributorId":42575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"T.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gonzalez- Urien, E.","contributorId":220961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez- Urien","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70205265,"text":"70205265 - 1986 - Influence of particle-size separation technique on concentrations of sediment-associated trace metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-12T07:06:05","indexId":"70205265","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T15:39:09","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Influence of particle-size separation technique on concentrations of sediment-associated trace metals","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of Meetings of American Geophysical Union","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","usgsCitation":"Koltun, G.F., and Helsel, D., 1986, Influence of particle-size separation technique on concentrations of sediment-associated trace metals, <i>in</i> Proceedings of Meetings of American Geophysical Union, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367329,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960 gfkoltun@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":140048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G.","email":"gfkoltun@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":770607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":770608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70216462,"text":"70216462 - 1986 - A two-water model of aluminum mobilization and immobilization in a natural soil system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-19T20:52:21.12712","indexId":"70216462","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T14:51:49","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"A two-water model of aluminum mobilization and immobilization in a natural soil system","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Virginia","usgsCitation":"Cozzarelli, I.M., 1986, A two-water model of aluminum mobilization and immobilization in a natural soil system, 162 p.","productDescription":"162 p.","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206245,"text":"70206245 - 1986 - The use of electromagnetic methods to delineate vertical and lateral lithologic changes in glacial aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T13:46:30","indexId":"70206245","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T13:41:22","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The use of electromagnetic methods to delineate vertical and lateral lithologic changes in glacial aquifers","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Surface and Borehole Geophysical Methods and Ground Water Instrumentation Conference and Exposition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"National Water Well Association Conference on Surface and Borehole Geophysical Methods and Ground Water Instrumentation","conferenceDate":"October 15-17, 1986","conferenceLocation":"Denver CO","language":"English","publisher":"National Water Well Association","usgsCitation":"Haeni, F., 1986, The use of electromagnetic methods to delineate vertical and lateral lithologic changes in glacial aquifers, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Surface and Borehole Geophysical Methods and Ground Water Instrumentation Conference and Exposition, Denver CO, October 15-17, 1986, p. 259-282.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"282","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368619,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207634,"text":"70207634 - 1986 - Rock-water interaction in ash-flow tuffs (Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA)- The record from uranium studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T14:34:09.362526","indexId":"70207634","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T12:20:42","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3668,"text":"Uranium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock-water interaction in ash-flow tuffs (Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA)- The record from uranium studies","docAbstract":"<p><span>Forty-eight core samples of ash-flow tuffs from Yucca Mountain, NV, were selected for comparative analysis by uranium-based methods to estimate past interaction with oxidizing water. Results aid in the selection of hydrologically isolated host rocks for radioactive waste disposal. U abundances were consistently more variable than thorium in whole rocks, suggesting some selective redistribution of U. Dissolved U correlates most strongly with dissolved manganese, indicating a predominant association of U with manganese oxides.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"Zielinski, R.A., Bush, C.A., Spengler, R., and Szabo, B.J., 1986, Rock-water interaction in ash-flow tuffs (Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA)- The record from uranium studies: Uranium, v. 2, no. 4, p. 361-386.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"361","endPage":"386","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370902,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.51550292968749,\n              35.98689628443789\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.7469482421875,\n              35.98689628443789\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.7469482421875,\n              37.36579146999664\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.51550292968749,\n              37.36579146999664\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.51550292968749,\n              35.98689628443789\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, Charles A. cbush@usgs.gov","contributorId":1258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"cbush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spengler, R.W.","contributorId":7281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spengler","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207338,"text":"70207338 - 1986 - Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the Central Pacific","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T12:19:46","indexId":"70207338","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T12:12:58","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the Central Pacific","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ferromanganese crusts coat most hard substrates on seamounts, ridges, and plateaus in the centralPacific basin. Crusts from less than 2500 m water depth are rich in Mn, Co, Ni, Pb, and Pt. Samples we collected from the EEl of the Hawaiian, Johnston, Palmyra, and Marshall Islands are discussed. Necker Ridge in the Hawaiian EEl has the greatest average crust thickness of 4 em. The dominant mineral in all crusts is o-Mn02' Substrate rocks are dominantly volcanic breccia. Slumping and turbidity currents on the flanks of the submarine edifices partly control crust thicknesses by burial and dissolution or erosion. Regional variations in crust chemistry and mineralogy can be related to various oceanographic and geologic conditions. Of the areas examined in Some detail, the EEl of Johnston, Palmyra, and the Marshall Islands hold the greatest economic potential.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Offshore Technology Conference","conferenceDate":"May 5-8, 1986","conferenceLocation":"Houston, TX","language":"English","publisher":"Offshore Technology Conference","doi":"10.4043/5234-MS","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., Manheim, F.T., and Schwab, W.C., 1986, Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts from the Central Pacific, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, May 5-8, 1986, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.4043/5234-MS.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-04-08","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manheim, Frank T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":20770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwab, William C. 0000-0001-9274-5154 bschwab@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-5154","contributorId":417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"William","email":"bschwab@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70217595,"text":"70217595 - 1986 - Sedimentology and clast orientations of the 18 May 1980 southwest- flank lahars, Mount St. Helens, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T15:03:12.941889","indexId":"70217595","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T09:01:06","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentology and clast orientations of the 18 May 1980 southwest- flank lahars, Mount St. Helens, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Three&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">lahars</span><span>&nbsp;that resulted from the flow transformation of an inflated pyroclastic surge caused by ejected lithic debris and hydrothermal water during the cataclysmic&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">Mount</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">St</span><span>.&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">Helens</span><span>&nbsp;eruption of&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">18</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">May</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">1980</span><span>&nbsp;deposited about 1 x 10</span><sup>6</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;of massive, poorly sorted, poorly graded volcaniclastic sediment on the SW&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">flank</span><span>&nbsp;(SWF). Downflow changes in mean grain size and sorting occur only in the coarse fraction of the deposits larger than a critical diameter of about 4mm, and occur only in the basal portion of the deposits; both mean grain size and sorting coefficient increase slightly with distance. The deposits show weak inverse grading with respect to mean grain size and exhibit a weak trend of upwardly poorer sorting, but&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">lahar</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">clast</span><span>&nbsp;fabric&nbsp;</span><span class=\"ScopusTermHighlight\">may</span><span>&nbsp;be more complex and variable than previously suggested.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/212F8A1C-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Major, J.J., and Voight, B., 1986, Sedimentology and clast orientations of the 18 May 1980 southwest- flank lahars, Mount St. Helens, Washington: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 691, no. 705, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8A1C-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382493,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United  States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount St. Helens","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.25860595703122,\n              46.1560536971598\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14736938476561,\n              46.1560536971598\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.14736938476561,\n              46.21119992863992\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25860595703122,\n              46.21119992863992\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.25860595703122,\n              46.1560536971598\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"691","issue":"705","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voight, B.","contributorId":16575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voight","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":808784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70193877,"text":"70193877 - 1986 - Organochlorine chemical residues in bluegills and common carp from the irrigated San Joaquin Valley floor, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-25T11:55:19","indexId":"70193877","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine chemical residues in bluegills and common carp from the irrigated San Joaquin Valley floor, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Samples of bluegills (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Lepomis macrochirus</i><span>) and common carp (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Cyprinus carpio</i><span>) collected from the San Joaquin River and two tributaries (Merced River and Salt Slough) in California were analyzed for 21 organochlorine chemical residues by gas chromatography to determine if pesticide contamination was confined to downstream sites exposed to irrigated agriculture, or if nonirrigated upstream sites were also contaminated. Residues of</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p,p′</i><span>-DDE were detected in all samples of both species. Six other contaminants were also present in both species at one or more of the collection sites: chlordane (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">cis</i><span>-chlordane +</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">trans</i><span>-nonachlor);</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p,p′</i><span>-DDD;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">o,p′</i><span>-DDT;</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p,p′</i><span>-DDT; DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate); and dieldrin. Concentrations of most of these residues were generally higher in carp than in bluegills; residues of other compounds were found only in carp: α-BHC (α-benzenehexachloride), Aroclor</span><sup>®</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>1260, and toxaphene. Concentrations of most organochlorines in fish increased from upstream to downstream. Water quality variables that are influenced by irrigation return flows (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">e.g.</i><span>, conductivity, turbidity, and total alkalinity) also increased from upstream to downstream and were significantly correlated (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">P</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>&lt; 0.05) with organochlorine residue levels in the fish. In carp, concentrations of two residues-⌆DDT (</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p,p′</i><span>-DDD +</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p,p′</i><span>-DDE + +</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p,p′</i><span>-DDT; 1.43 to 2.21 mg/kg wet weight) and toxaphene (3.12 mg/kg wet weight)-approached the highest levels reported by the National Pesticide Monitoring Program for fish from other intensively farmed watersheds of the United States in 1980 to 1981, and surpassed criteria for whole-body residue concentrations recomended by the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineers for the protection of piscivorous wildlife.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01066402","usgsCitation":"Saiki, M.K., and Schmitt, C.J., 1986, Organochlorine chemical residues in bluegills and common carp from the irrigated San Joaquin Valley floor, California: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 15, no. 4, p. 357-366, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01066402.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"366","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348349,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley floor","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.95373535156249,\n              38.14751758025121\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.75622558593749,\n              36.47872381162464\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.0643310546875,\n              36.50963615733049\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.6683349609375,\n              38.14319750166766\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.95373535156249,\n              38.14751758025121\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a082899e4b09af898c8e662","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Saiki, Michael K.","contributorId":54671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saiki","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":720861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, Christopher J. 0000-0001-6804-2360 cjschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Christopher","email":"cjschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70121257,"text":"70121257 - 1986 - Use of the instream flow incremental methodology: a tool for negotiation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:37:07","indexId":"70121257","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-01T13:34:23","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1544,"text":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of the instream flow incremental methodology: a tool for negotiation","docAbstract":"The resolution of conflicts arising from differing values and water uses requires technical information and negotiating skills. This article outlines the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM), developed by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and demonstrates that its use to quantify flows necessary to protect desired instream values aids negotiation by illustrating areas of agreement and possible compromises between conflicting water interests. Pursuant to a Section 404 permit application to the US Army Corps of Engineers made by City Utilities of Springfield, Missouri, in 1978, IFIM provided the means by which City Utilities, concerned with a secure water supply for a growing population, and those advocating instream values were satisfied that their requirements were met. In tracing the 15-month process, the authors conclude that the application of IFIM, as well as the cooperative stance adopted by the parties involved, were the key ingredients of the successful permit application.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science Inc.","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/0195-9255(86)90027-2","usgsCitation":"Cavendish, M., and Duncan, M.I., 1986, Use of the instream flow incremental methodology: a tool for negotiation: Environmental Impact Assessment Review, v. 6, no. 4, p. 347-363, https://doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(86)90027-2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"347","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292655,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292654,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-9255(86)90027-2"}],"volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b65ae4b09d12e0e8e711","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cavendish, Mary G.","contributorId":37263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cavendish","given":"Mary G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duncan, Margaret I.","contributorId":54896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncan","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70014635,"text":"70014635 - 1986 - Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi: Geohydrologic data compilation for flow model simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-21T16:50:23.525662","indexId":"70014635","displayToPublicDate":"1986-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi: Geohydrologic data compilation for flow model simulation","docAbstract":"<p>As part of the Gulf Coast Regional Aquifer System Analysis (GC RASA) study, data from 184 geophysical well logs were used to define the geohydrologic framework of the Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi for flow model simulation. Five major aquifers of Eocene and Paleocene age were defined within this aquifer system in Mississippi.</p><p>A computer data storage system was established to assimilate the information obtained from the geophysical logs. Computer programs were developed to manipulate the data to construct geologic sections and structure maps. Data from the storage system will be input to a five-layer, three-dimensional, finite-difference digital computer model that is used to simulate the flow dynamics in the five major aquifers of the Mississippi embayment aquifer system.</p><p><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00773.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Arthur, J.K., and Taylor, R., 1986, Mississippi embayment aquifer system in Mississippi: Geohydrologic data compilation for flow model simulation: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 22, no. 6, p. 1021-1029, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00773.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1021","endPage":"1029","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225328,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4acee4b0c8380cd69074","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, J. K.","contributorId":56223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, R.E.","contributorId":29836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1013729,"text":"1013729 - 1986 - Environmental regulation and influence of the eyes and pineal gland on the gonadal cycle and spawning in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-23T16:26:51.751302","indexId":"1013729","displayToPublicDate":"1986-11-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":17824,"text":"Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental regulation and influence of the eyes and pineal gland on the gonadal cycle and spawning in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)","docAbstract":"<p><span>Blinded, pinealectomized, or blinded and pinealectomized female channel catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>) were placed with normal (unoperated on) control fish in outdoor tanks at constant temperature (21 ± 2 C) or earthen ponds (ambient conditions) in February or August, when they were 21 or 27 mo old. Fish were sampled through the following reproductive season. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) and plasma estrogen concentration changed seasonally in 3-yr-old fish, but the changes were less marked or lacking in 2-yr-olds. The GSI levels of sexually mature (≥3 years old) fish peaked about a month earlier in the tanks than in the ponds; the estrogen peak for fish in the tanks was lower than that for pond fish. All experimental fish (both ages) in ponds delayed ovarian resorption for about 1 mo, compared with normal control fish. Exposure to constant 21 C water allowed earlier gonadal recrudescence. All groups of sexually mature fish that were surgically altered in August spawned during the following spring. Fish with eyes spawned earlier and had higher spawning percentages (control 68%, pinealectomized 75%) than did fish without eyes (blinded 50%, blinded and pinealectomized 56%). Neither the eyes nor the pineal is essential for spring gonadal maturation or for spawning in channel catfish, but one or both may have a role in timing these events. An annual internal oscillator that may be modified by environmental temperature is suggested as the primary control of reproductive cycling in the species. Light information obtained through the pineal, eyes, or both appears to affect the time of gonadal resorption.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158617","usgsCitation":"Davis, K.B., Goudie, C.A., Simco, B., MacGregor, R., and Parker, N., 1986, Environmental regulation and influence of the eyes and pineal gland on the gonadal cycle and spawning in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Ecological and Evolutionary Physiology, v. 59, no. 6, p. 717-724, https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.59.6.30158617.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"717","endPage":"724","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db60227d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, K. B.","contributorId":83869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goudie, C. A.","contributorId":97851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goudie","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simco, B.A.","contributorId":101216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simco","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"MacGregor, R. III","contributorId":56178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacGregor","given":"R.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parker, N. C.","contributorId":101209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"N. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70015522,"text":"70015522 - 1986 - Holocene depositional history of a large glaciated estuary, Penobscot Bay, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-18T16:28:40.658909","indexId":"70015522","displayToPublicDate":"1986-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene depositional history of a large glaciated estuary, Penobscot Bay, Maine","docAbstract":"<p><span>Data from seismic-reflection profiles, sidescan sonar images, and sediment samples reveal the Holocene depositional history of the large (1100 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) glaciated Penobscot Bay estuary of coastal Maine. Previous work has shown that the late Wisconsinan ice sheet retreated from the three main passages of the bay between 12,700 and 13,500 years ago and was accompanied by a marine transgression during which ice and sea were in contact. Isostatic recovery of the crust caused the bay to emerge during the immediate postglacial period, and relative sea level fell to at least −40 m sometime between 9000 and 11,500 years ago.</span></p><p><span>During lowered sea level, the ancestral Penobscot River flowed across the subaerially exposed head of the bay and debouched into Middle Passage. Organic-matter-rich mud from the river was deposited rapidly in remnant, glacially scoured depressions in the lower reaches of Middle and West Passages behind a shallow (⩽20 m water depth) bedrock sill across the bay mouth. East Passage was isolated from the rest of the bay system and received only small amounts of locally derived fine-grained sediments.</span></p><p><span>During the Holocene transgression that accompanied the eustatic rise of sea level, the locus of sedimentation shifted to the head of the bay. Here, heterogeneous fluvial deposits filled the ancestral valley of the Penobscot River as base level rose, and the migrating surf zone created a gently dipping erosional unconformity, marked by a thin (&lt;2 m) lag deposit of coarse sand and gravel. As sea level continued to rise, a thin (⩽9 m) layer of acoustically transparent muddy sediments accumulated over a shallow platform in the eastern half of the bay head. Graded sediments within this stratum began to accumulate early in the transgression, and they record both the decrease in energy conditions and the waning influence of the Penobscot River at the head of the bay. In contrast, relatively thick (up to 25 m) silty clays accumulated within a subbottom trough in the western half of the bay head. This deposit apparently developed late in the transgression after sea level had reached −20 m and after the westward transport of fine-grained sediments from the Penobscot River had been established.</span></p><p><span>During and since the late Holocene transgression of sea level, waves and currents have eroded, reworked, and redistributed Holocene sediments: (1) atop the shallow margins; (2) within constricted channels; (3) around topographic highs; and (4) over the shallow bedrock sill at the bay mouth.</span></p><p><span>The variable distribution, characteristics, and thickness (0 to more than 30 m) of Holocene deposits in Penobscot Bay primarily reflect: (1) the irregular glacially eroded bedrock topography beneath the bay; (2) the paleogeography of the bay during the sea-level lowstand; (3) the postglacial location of the ancestral Penobscot River; and (4) the wave and current regime during and since the Holocene sea-level transgression.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(86)90016-2","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H.J., 1986, Holocene depositional history of a large glaciated estuary, Penobscot Bay, Maine: Marine Geology, v. 73, no. 3-4, p. 215-236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(86)90016-2.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223667,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Penobscot Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -69.03999551126985,\n              44.34162199068783\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.03999551126985,\n              44.101920406934624\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.75420601797863,\n              44.101920406934624\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.75420601797863,\n              44.34162199068783\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.03999551126985,\n              44.34162199068783\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31dee4b0c8380cd5e2d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70206243,"text":"70206243 - 1986 - Field comparison of shallow seismic sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T13:22:01","indexId":"70206243","displayToPublicDate":"1986-11-01T13:11:57","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1808,"text":"Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field comparison of shallow seismic sources","docAbstract":"<p><span>Choosing a seismic source for a shallow reflection survey can be the most pivotal decision for the engineering geophysicist. The intent of this paper is to present data that will assist in selection of a shallow seismic source best meeting the goals within the constraints of specific projects, particularly in areas where the water table is near the surface. The data were collected (and displayed as seismograms and amplitude spectra) for 15 different shallow seismic sources in October, 1985, at a single site in New Jersey; they show the different characteristics of each source. Considering the almost three orders of magnitude difference in total source energy between the largest and smallest source, we chose a display format that presented the data as objectively as possible, while still allowing direct source‐to‐source comparisons. Two strong reflections at about 100 and 130 ms probably mark the top and bottom of a clay unit 80 m below the surface at this site. Our previous work and that of our colleagues suggests that, given a specific set of site characteristics, any source could dominate the comparison categories addressed here.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Exploration Geophysicists","doi":"10.1190/1.1442061","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.D., Pullan, S.E., Waldner, J., and Haeni, F., 1986, Field comparison of shallow seismic sources: Geophysics, v. 51, no. 11, p. 2067-2092, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442061.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"2067","endPage":"2092","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368617,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Brigantine National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.49417114257812,\n              39.375445057297966\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.31324005126953,\n              39.375445057297966\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.31324005126953,\n              39.55647128357006\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.49417114257812,\n              39.55647128357006\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.49417114257812,\n              39.375445057297966\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. D.","contributorId":55517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pullan, S. E.","contributorId":87329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pullan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waldner, J.S.","contributorId":69726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldner","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}