{"pageNumber":"1979","pageRowStart":"49450","pageSize":"25","recordCount":68919,"records":[{"id":70217594,"text":"70217594 - 1986 - Groundwater Seepage Vectors and the Potential for Hillslope Failure and Debris Flow Mobilization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-22T14:54:40.443296","indexId":"70217594","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-31T08:51:51","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater Seepage Vectors and the Potential for Hillslope Failure and Debris Flow Mobilization","docAbstract":"

Insight for understanding the effect of groundwater flow on the potential for hillslope failure and liquefaction is provided by a novel limit‐equilibrium analysis of infinite slopes with steady, uniform Darcian seepage of arbitrary magnitude and direction. Normalization of the limit‐equilibrium solution shows that three dimensionless parameters govern completely the Coulomb failure potential of saturated, cohesionless, infinite homogeneous hillslopes: (1) the ratio of seepage force magnitude to gravitational body force magnitude; (2) the angle θ − Φ, where θ is the surface slope angle and Φ is the angle of internal friction of the soil; and (3) the angle λ + Φ, where λ is the angle of the seepage vector measured with respect to an outward‐directed surface‐normal vector. An additional dimensionless parameter affects the solution if soil cohesion is included in the analysis. Representation of the normalized solution as a single family of curves shows that minimum slope stability universally occurs when the seepage direction is given by λ = 90° − Φ. It also shows that for some upward seepage conditions, slope stability is limited by static liquefaction rather than by Coulomb failure. Close association between these liquefaction conditions and certain Coulomb failure conditions indicates that slope failure in such instances could be responsible for nearly spontaneous mobilization of destructive flowing soil masses on hillslopes.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i011p01543","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., and Major, J.J., 1986, Groundwater Seepage Vectors and the Potential for Hillslope Failure and Debris Flow Mobilization: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 11, p. 1543-1548, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i011p01543.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1543","endPage":"1548","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Major, Jon J. 0000-0003-2449-4466 jjmajor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2449-4466","contributorId":439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Major","given":"Jon","email":"jjmajor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":808782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25176,"text":"25176 - 1986 - The cross section","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-24T11:58:34","indexId":"25176","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-10T16:59:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"The cross section","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/25176","issn":"0271-1656","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1986, The cross section, https://doi.org/10.3133/25176.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":290014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53c4fc84e4b0b58d96eeb643","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":529195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70128351,"text":"70128351 - 1986 - Landform modifications at a nuclear-waste burial site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T14:34:31","indexId":"70128351","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-07T15:02:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landform modifications at a nuclear-waste burial site","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference: Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Las Vegas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., 1986, Landform modifications at a nuclear-waste burial site, in Proceedings, Fourth Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference: Interagency Advisory Committee on Water Data, Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Las Vegas, v. 1, p. 3-93-3-102.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"3-93","endPage":"3-102","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295069,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500aee4b0a4f4b46a23a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":46025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121260,"text":"70121260 - 1986 - Meeting the challenge of policy-relevant science: lessons from a water resource project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:42:39","indexId":"70121260","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T13:41:35","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Meeting the challenge of policy-relevant science: lessons from a water resource project","docAbstract":"Water resource scientists face complex tasks in evaluating aspects of water projects, but relatively few assessment procedures have been applied and accepted as standard applications. Decision-makers often rely on environmental assessments to evaluate the value and operation of projects. There is often confusion about scientists' role in policy decisions. The scientist can affect policy-making as an expert withess, an advocate or a surrogate. By understanding the policy process, scientists can make their work more “policy relevant.” Using the Terror Lake hydro project in Alaska as a guide, three lessons are discussed: (1) not all problems are able to be solved with technology; (2) policy-relevant technology is rarely imposed on a problem; and (3) the scientist need not just react to the policy process, but can have an impact on how that process unfolds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00755.x","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B., 1986, Meeting the challenge of policy-relevant science: lessons from a water resource project: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 22, no. 5, p. 811-815, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00755.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"811","endPage":"815","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292658,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00755.x"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b656e4b09d12e0e8e6fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, Berton L.","contributorId":24009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"Berton L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185548,"text":"70185548 - 1986 - Chemical qualities of water that contribute to human health in a positive way","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:43:21","indexId":"70185548","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5331,"text":"Science of Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical qualities of water that contribute to human health in a positive way","docAbstract":"

The emphasis on harmful substances that may occur in potable waters has almost obscured the fact that important beneficial constituents are commonly present.

The chemical substances in water that make positive contributions to human health act mainly in two ways: (i) nutritionally, by supplying essential macro and micro elements that the diet (excluding water) may not provide in adequate amounts (for example, Mg, I and Zn); and (ii) by providing macro and micro elements that inhibit the absorption and/or effects of toxic elements such as Hg, Pb and Cd. Specific examples of these beneficial effects will be given, also examples of harmful effects on health that may result from excessive intake of these ordinarily beneficial elements.

Because concentrations of the essential macro and micro elements that occur in natural, potable waters vary greatly, depending upon their source, geographic considerations are very important in any studies attempting to relate water quality to health. In this context, the inverse relationship between hard water and cardiovascular disease will be discussed. Specific data relating hardness and Mg and Ca content of potable waters to specific geographic regions of the U.S.A. will be presented. These data show a strong positive correlation between low Mg content and decreased longevity, and between high Ca and Mg content and increased longevity. In the regions considered, increased longevity correlates strongly with decreased cardiovascular mortality, and the decreased longevity with increased cardiovascular mortality.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(86)90266-4","usgsCitation":"Hopps, H.C., 1986, Chemical qualities of water that contribute to human health in a positive way: Science of Total Environment, v. 54, p. 207-216, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(86)90266-4.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"207","endPage":"216","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338197,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d1fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopps, Howard C.","contributorId":189752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopps","given":"Howard","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185549,"text":"70185549 - 1986 - A new formula for the analytical solution of the radial dispersion problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T12:05:34","indexId":"70185549","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new formula for the analytical solution of the radial dispersion problem","docAbstract":"

A new formula is presented for the analytical solution of the radial dispersion problem, which analyzes the dispersive transport of a tracer in radial flow from a recharge well. This formula is simpler than a solution presented by previous investigators, but the two solutions are shown to be equivalent. Because the analytical solution consists of an integral of an oscillatory function, it is evaluated as an alternating series, the terms of which are the integrals over successive half cycles of the integrand. An efficient algorithm is used to accelerate convergence of the series. The accuracies of previous solutions obtained by finite difference, numerical Laplace transform, and perturbation methods are examined by comparison with the analytical solution. Numerical values of the solution are tabulated for readers interested in checking the accuracies of solute transport codes.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i011p01597","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., 1986, A new formula for the analytical solution of the radial dispersion problem: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 11, p. 1597-1605, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i011p01597.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"1597","endPage":"1605","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338198,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d1fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015642,"text":"70015642 - 1986 - Quantification of instream flow needs of a wild and scenic river for water rights litigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-21T16:57:23.427658","indexId":"70015642","displayToPublicDate":"1986-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantification of instream flow needs of a wild and scenic river for water rights litigation","docAbstract":"

The lower 4 miles of the Red River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico, was designated as one of the “instant” components of the National Wild and Scenic River System in 1968. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), as the managing agency of the wild and scenic river, was a participant in a general water rights adjudication of the Red River stream system. The BLM sought a federal reserved water right and asserted a claim to the instream flows necessary to protect and maintain the values of the river. Instream flows are not recognized under New Mexico water law.

Instream flow requirements were determined by several methods to quantify the claims made by the United States for a federal reserved water right under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The scenic (aesthetic), recreational, and fish and wildlife values are the purposes for which instream flow requirements were claimed. Since water quality is related to these values, instream flows for waste transport and protection of water quality were also included in the claim. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Instream Flow Incremental Methodology was used to quantify the relationship between various flow regimes and fish habitat.

Experience in this litigation indicates the importance of using state-of-the-art methodologies in quantifying instream flow claims. The incremental methodology held up well under technical and legal scrutiny and is an example of the latest methodology that was applied successfully in an adjudication. On February 23, 1984, the parties involved in the adjudication entered a precedential stipulation recognizing a federal reserved right to instream flows for the Red River component of the National Wild and Scenic River System.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00747.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Garn, H.S., 1986, Quantification of instream flow needs of a wild and scenic river for water rights litigation: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 22, no. 5, p. 745-751, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00747.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"745","endPage":"751","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224051,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Taos County","otherGeospatial":"Red River, Rio Grande","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.01535714964673,\n 36.9816380607963\n ],\n [\n -106.01535714964673,\n 36.33100470140752\n ],\n [\n -105.14297958132214,\n 36.33100470140752\n ],\n [\n -105.14297958132214,\n 36.9816380607963\n ],\n [\n -106.01535714964673,\n 36.9816380607963\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9070e4b0c8380cd7fd30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garn, Herbert S. hsgarn@usgs.gov","contributorId":2592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garn","given":"Herbert","email":"hsgarn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121265,"text":"70121265 - 1986 - Development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria for use in the instream flow incremental methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T13:57:55","indexId":"70121265","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T13:51:51","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"FWS/OBS-86/7","title":"Development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria for use in the instream flow incremental methodology","docAbstract":"

The Instream Flow Incremental Methodology (IFIM) is a habitat-based tool used to evaluate the environmental consequences of various water and land use practices. As such, knowledge about the conditions that provide favorable habitat for a species, and those that do not, is necessary for successful implementation of the methodology. In the context of IFIM, this knowledge is defined as habitat suitability criteria: characteristic behavioral traits of a species that are established as standards for comparison in the decision-making process.

\n
\n

Habitat suitability criteria may be expressed in a variety of types and formats. The type, or category, refers to the procedure used to develop the criteria. Category I criteria are based on professional judgment, with little or no empirical data. Category II criteria have as their source, microhabitat data collected at locations where target organisms are observed or collected. These are called “utilization” functions because they are based on observed locations that were used by the target organism. These functions tend to be biased by the environmental conditions that were available to the fish or invertebrates at the time they were observed. Correction of the utilization function for environmental availability creates category III, or “preference” criteria, which tend to be much less site specific than category II criteria.

\n
\n

There are also several ways to express habitat suitability in graphical form. The binary format establishes a suitable range for each variable as it pertains to a life stage of interest, and is presented graphically as a step function. The quality rating for a variable is 1.0 if it falls within the range of the criteria, and 0.0 if it falls outside the range. The univariate curve format established both the usable range and the optimum range for each variable, with conditions of intermediate usability expressed along the portion between the tails and the peak of the curve. Multivariate probability density functions, which can be used to compute suitability for several variables simultaneously, are conveyed as three dimensional figures with suitability on the z-axis, and two independent variables on the x-y plane. These functions are useful for incorporating interactive terms between two or more variable. Such interactions can also be demonstrated using conditional criteria, which are stratified by cover type or substrate size. Conditional criteria may be of any category or format, but are distinguishable by two or more sets of functional relationships for each life stage.

","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Instream Flow Information Paper #21","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"USDI Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bovee, K.D., 1986, Development and evaluation of habitat suitability criteria for use in the instream flow incremental methodology, 235 p.","productDescription":"235 p.","numberOfPages":"235","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292666,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5b64de4b09d12e0e8e68b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bovee, Ken D.","contributorId":100447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bovee","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70121359,"text":"70121359 - 1986 - Introduction to stream network habitat analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T10:06:08","indexId":"70121359","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T09:52:46","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Biological Report 86(8)","title":"Introduction to stream network habitat analysis","docAbstract":"

Increasing demands on stream resources by a variety of users have resulted in an increased emphasis on studies that evaluate the cumulative effects of basinwide water management programs. Network habitat analysis refers to the evaluation of an entire river basin (or network) by predicting its habitat response to alternative management regimes. The analysis principally focuses on the biological and hydrological components of the riv er basin, which include both micro- and macrohabitat. (The terms micro- and macrohabitat are further defined and discussed later in this document.) Both conceptual and analytic models are frequently used for simplifying and integrating the various components of the basin. The model predictions can be used in developing management recommendations to preserve, restore, or enhance instream fish habitat.

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\n

A network habitat analysis should begin with a clear and concise statement of the study objectives and a thorough understanding of the institutional setting in which the study results will be applied. This includes the legal, social, and political considerations inherent in any water management setting. The institutional environment may dictate the focus and level of detail required of the study to a far greater extent than the technical considerations. After the study objectives, including species on interest, and institutional setting are collectively defined, the technical aspects should be scoped to determine the spatial and temporal requirements of the analysis. A macro level approach should be taken first to identify critical biological elements and requirements. Next, habitat availability is quantified much as in a \"standard\" river segment analysis, with the likely incorporation of some macrohabitat components, such as stream temperature. Individual river segments may be aggregated to represent the networkwide habitat response of alternative water management schemes. Things learned about problems caused or opportunities generated may be fed back to the design of new alternatives, which themselves may be similarly tested. One may get as sophisticated an analysis as the decisionmaking process demands.

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Figure 1 shows a decision point that asks whether the results from the micro- or macrohabitat models display cumulative or synergistic effects. If they do, then network habitat analysis is the appropriate tool. We are left, however, in a difficult bind. We may not know a priori whether the effects are cumulative or synergistic unless some network-type questions are investigated as part of the scoping process. The next several sections raise issues designed to alert the modeler to relevant questions necessary to address this paradox.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Ecology Center","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J.M., and Waddle, T.J., 1986, Introduction to stream network habitat analysis, ix, 242 p.","productDescription":"ix, 242 p.","numberOfPages":"251","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":292742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f707dee4b05ec1f2431bef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John M.","contributorId":77598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, Terry J.","contributorId":43430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014607,"text":"70014607 - 1986 - Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T11:56:45.009597","indexId":"70014607","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10067,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers","docAbstract":"

The tensiometer, introduced by Richards and Gardner (1936) has been a tool often ignored in unsaturated zone investigations. Hazardous waste disposal studies that require values of unsaturated zone matric potentials will expand tensiometer use. Familiarity with operation and installation principles is necessary to ensure quality data collection.

The essential elements of a tensiometer are a porous cup connected with tubing to a vacuum gauge; all are filled with water. When the porous cup is buried in unsaturated soil, the soil draws water through the cup wall, until the water tension inside the cup equals the surrounding soil-water tension. The tension is transmitted through the water filled tube to an accessible vacuum gauge (manometer or transducer) and is recorded manually or automatically.

Although specialized tensiometers exist, the tensiometer presented here in detail is suited to diverse on-site applications. Constructed from readily available, inexpensive parts, it can measure as much as 0.85 bar of tension. Design features include a flushing system for removal of entrapped air or mercury, and an easily maintained modular network of nylon manometers and water-supply tubes.

Good hydraulic connection between porous cup and soil and meticulous backfill procedures are necessary for accurate measurement of representative matric potentials. Proper and consistent use of tensiometers should yield reliable values of matric potentials, and lead to a better understanding of unsaturated zone processes.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb00952.x","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.I., 1986, Theory, construction and operation of simple tensiometers: Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation, v. 6, no. 3, p. 70-78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb00952.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"70","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225968,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb204e4b08c986b325551","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014576,"text":"70014576 - 1986 - The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-31T15:48:12.387972","indexId":"70014576","displayToPublicDate":"1986-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils","docAbstract":"

A method has been developed for rapid, transient measurement of hysteretic soil-moisture characteristics as a function of temperature. While a varying soil-water pressure was imposed on a thin sample by means of flexible membranes held in firm contact with the soil, water content was measured by gamma-ray attenuation, and matric potential was measured with tensiometers. The applied pressure was cycled through a program designed to obtain hysteretic θ(ψ) main and scanning curves. Isothermal characteristics were measured for 181-µm glass beads, Plainfield (Typic Udipsamments) sand, and an undisturbed core of Plano (Typic Argiudolls) silt loam at several temperatures in the 4° to 50°C range. At each temperature the measurements included main drying and wetting curves covering the θ range from 0.30 to 0.05 m3 water/m3 for glass beads, 0.30 to 0.17 for sand, and 0.45 to 0.37 for silt loam. A model has been developed to quantify the temperature dependence as a function of θ. Combined with an isothermal hysteresis model of Mualem, this model requires only three characteristic functions to represent all hysteretic θ(ψ) curves for a given medium at all temperatures. Model calculations for the sand and silt loam data indicate that except near saturation, the temperature effect is greater than can be accounted for by the temperature dependence of the surface tension of pure water. The results rule out several possible explanations but they support the hypothesis that the concentration and effectiveness of dissolved surfactants increases with temperature.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050004x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J., and Miller, E., 1986, The temperature dependence of isothermal moisture vs. potential characteristics of soils: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 50, no. 5, p. 1105-1113, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050004x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1105","endPage":"1113","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb0ebe4b08c986b325123","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, J. R. 0000-0001-8191-1727","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":58304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, E.E.","contributorId":50299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175435,"text":"70175435 - 1986 - Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in the Red River Valley, Minnesota fiscal year 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:10:36","indexId":"70175435","displayToPublicDate":"1986-08-21T11:15:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in the Red River Valley, Minnesota fiscal year 1986","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/70175435","usgsCitation":"Winterstein, T.A., 1986, Water-resources activities of the U.S. Geological Survey in the Red River Valley, Minnesota fiscal year 1986, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70175435.","productDescription":"32 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Red River Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57ada21ee4b0f412a62dfb2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winterstein, T. A.","contributorId":25156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterstein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":645191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015541,"text":"70015541 - 1986 - Correlations between stream sulphate and regional SO2 emissions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-03T23:05:56.570711","indexId":"70015541","displayToPublicDate":"1986-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlations between stream sulphate and regional SO2 emissions","docAbstract":"

The relationship between atmospheric SO2 emissions and stream and lake acidification has been difficult to quantify, largely because of the limitations of sulphur deposition measurements. Precipitation sulphate (SO4) records are mostly <5 yr in length1 and do not account for dry sulphur deposition2. Moreover, a variable fraction of wet- and dry-deposited sulphur is retained in soils and vegetation and does not contribute to the acidity of aquatic systems3,4. We have compared annual SO2 emissions for the eastern United States from 1967 to 1980 with stream SO4 measurements from fifteen predominantly undeveloped watersheds (Figs 1,2). We find that the two forms of sulphur are strongly correlated on a regional basis and that streams in the southeastern United States (SE) receive a smaller fraction (on average, 16%, compared with 24% of regional sulphur emissions than do streams in the northeastern United States (NE). In addition to providing direct empirical evidence of a relationship between sulphur emissions and aquatic chemistry, these results suggest that there are significant regional differences in the fraction of deposited sulphur retained in basin soils and vegetation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/322722a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.A., and Alexander, R.B., 1986, Correlations between stream sulphate and regional SO2 emissions: Nature, v. 322, no. 6081, p. 722-724, https://doi.org/10.1038/322722a0.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"722","endPage":"724","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224045,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"322","issue":"6081","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc4de4b0c8380cd4e204","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, R. A.","contributorId":60584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175836,"text":"70175836 - 1986 - Continuous measurement of suspended-sediment concentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:51:05","indexId":"70175836","displayToPublicDate":"1986-08-15T12:30:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Continuous measurement of suspended-sediment concentration","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","conferenceTitle":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 4th","conferenceDate":"March 24-27, 1986","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","publisherLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., and Beverage, J., 1986, Continuous measurement of suspended-sediment concentration, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 4th, Las Vegas, Nevada, March 24-27, 1986, p. 1.29-1.39.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1.29","endPage":"1.39","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327006,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82db1e4b03fd6b7da365e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beverage, J.P.","contributorId":44120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beverage","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175816,"text":"70175816 - 1986 - Effects of nozzle orientation on sediment sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T12:13:37","indexId":"70175816","displayToPublicDate":"1986-08-15T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of nozzle orientation on sediment sampling","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","conferenceTitle":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 4th","conferenceDate":"Las Vegas, Nevada","conferenceLocation":"March 24-27, 1986","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project","usgsCitation":"Winterstein, T.A., and Stefan, H., 1986, Effects of nozzle orientation on sediment sampling, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Conference, 4th, March 24-27, 1986, Las Vegas, Nevada, p. 20-28.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"28","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326940,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82db4e4b03fd6b7da3695","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winterstein, T. A.","contributorId":25156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterstein","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stefan, H.G.","contributorId":29960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefan","given":"H.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70171485,"text":"70171485 - 1986 - Use of borehole neutron logs to estimate moisture content in the unsaturated zone of an alluvial aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T14:24:52","indexId":"70171485","displayToPublicDate":"1986-08-15T11:45:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of borehole neutron logs to estimate moisture content in the unsaturated zone of an alluvial aquifer","docAbstract":"

he neutron borehole logging tool was calibrated for the determination of moisture content in theunsaturated zone of an alluvial aquifer. A continuous core sample was collected to a depth of 15 ft from the unsaturated zone.Moisture content and other soil properties were determined by standard soil-laboratory techniques. The neutron logs profile was correlated to moisture content. The first correlation included all the data points within the unsaturated zone. A correlation coefficient of 0.72 was obtained. An inspection of the plotted data showed that points at the upper extreme of the fitted line departed significantly. A second correlation was tried eliminating data points 1, 3, and 5 which fell too low in the first trial. An almost perfect correlation coefficient of 0.99 was obtained for the data points that were included in the second trial. The criteria used to select the data points for the second correlation trial was that all these points also fell on the left most limit of the neutronprofile. The neutron logs profile, which is like a type of harmonic curve seems to be affected by an undefined factor. Analyzing the shape of the neutron profile it is inferred that hysteresis is the most probable phenomena that is affecting this moisture content profile. Although correlating neutron logs to moisture content is not a straight forward procedure, with an appropriate analysis, calibrated neutron logging tools can be used to determine the moisture content within the unsaturated zone of aquifers. Moisture content should be determined for calibration purposes at least at every foot of depth. Measurements of other elements or factors which may produce the harmonic curve effect might be included in further studies. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"July 22-25, 1986","conferenceLocation":"U.S. Virgin Islands","language":"English","publisher":"Puerto Rico Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"San Juan, P.R","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., and Carrasquillo, R., 1986, Use of borehole neutron logs to estimate moisture content in the unsaturated zone of an alluvial aquifer, in Proceedings of the Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress, U.S. Virgin Islands, July 22-25, 1986, p. 57-60.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322029,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500782e4b0ee97d51bb810","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Quinones, Ferdinand","contributorId":44138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones","given":"Ferdinand","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631279,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanchez, A.V.","contributorId":94731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631280,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, H.","contributorId":48583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631281,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carrasquillo, Ramon A.","contributorId":100815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasquillo","given":"Ramon A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70175769,"text":"70175769 - 1986 - Sampling suspended sediment in ice-covered rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:45:34","indexId":"70175769","displayToPublicDate":"1986-08-14T10:15:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Sampling suspended sediment in ice-covered rivers","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","conferenceTitle":"International Northern Research Basins Symposium, 6th","conferenceDate":"January 26-30, 1986","conferenceLocation":"Michigan Technology University","language":"English","publisher":"Michigan Technology University","usgsCitation":"Skinner, J.V., 1986, Sampling suspended sediment in ice-covered rivers, International Northern Research Basins Symposium, 6th, Michigan Technology University, January 26-30, 1986, p. 105-108.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"108","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326894,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82de4e4b03fd6b7da39a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Skinner, J. V.","contributorId":32504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171504,"text":"70171504 - 1986 - Role of blanket deposits on the hydrology and water chemistry of the limestone water-table aquifer within the north coast of Puerto Rico through interpretation of geochemical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T16:41:03","indexId":"70171504","displayToPublicDate":"1986-08-01T07:45:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Role of blanket deposits on the hydrology and water chemistry of the limestone water-table aquifer within the north coast of Puerto Rico through interpretation of geochemical data","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"22-23 July 1986","conferenceLocation":"St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands","language":"English","publisher":"Puerto Rico Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"San Juan, P.R.","usgsCitation":"Roman-Mas, A., 1986, Role of blanket deposits on the hydrology and water chemistry of the limestone water-table aquifer within the north coast of Puerto Rico through interpretation of geochemical data, in Proceedings of the Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress, St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, 22-23 July 1986.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"33","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322063,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500772e4b0ee97d51bb728","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Quinones, Ferdinand","contributorId":44138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones","given":"Ferdinand","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631354,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanchez, A.V.","contributorId":94731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631355,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, H.","contributorId":48583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631356,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Roman-Mas, Angel","contributorId":59816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman-Mas","given":"Angel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70171280,"text":"70171280 - 1986 - Estimating ground-water influx to a portion of the Rio Grande de Manati River basin in Puerto Rico through the measurement of 222Rn","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T09:19:11","indexId":"70171280","displayToPublicDate":"1986-07-23T18:30:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Estimating ground-water influx to a portion of the Rio Grande de Manati River basin in Puerto Rico through the measurement of 222Rn","docAbstract":"

Water has become a critical commodity in the Caribbean Region. In spite of a relative abundance of rainfall even on the smaller islands, the region is faced with severe seasonal shortages as well as increasing water quality problems. The supply of thewater needs in the area will become even more critical as economic development accelerates and the population continues to increase. The development of the necessary infrastructure to supply the water needs of the next 30 years will require large capital investments. Perhaps even more important, it will require training of scientists and technicians in the investigation and management of the limited waterresources. The lack of trained personnel could be the most important factor in the solution of the water resources problems in the region. The principal objectives of this ' Third Caribbean Islands Water Resources Congress ', were to provide a focus for the transfer of technology on hydrology and water resources investigations in the region. The severe quality problems that affect water supplies in the U.S. Virgin Islands are the subject of two papers. The importance of a reliable data base on water use in small islands is considered in a paper on water use in St. Croix. Advanced techniques are discussed on how to measure groundwater contributions to runoff, use of geochemical techniques for interpretation of water quality characteristics, use of dye tracers in karst areas, simulation of small island 's aquifers, and use of borehole geophysical tools to estimate moisture. The contamination of groundwater resources is discussed in several papers focusing on monitoring, sludge management, and environmental assessment. (See W89-04666 thru W89-04682) (Lantz-PTT) 

","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress","conferenceDate":"July 22-25, 1986","conferenceLocation":"U.S. Virgin Islands","language":"English","publisher":"Puerto Rico Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"San Juan, P.R","usgsCitation":"Ellins, K.K., Roman-Mas, A., and Lee, R.W., 1986, Estimating ground-water influx to a portion of the Rio Grande de Manati River basin in Puerto Rico through the measurement of 222Rn, in Proceedings of the Third Caribbean Islands Water-Resources Congress, U.S. Virgin Islands, July 22-25, 1986.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"27","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e30e4b07e28b664dba2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Quinones, Ferdinand","contributorId":44138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones","given":"Ferdinand","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631638,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanchez, A.V.","contributorId":94731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanchez","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631639,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, H.","contributorId":48583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631640,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Ellins, K. Kelly","contributorId":32681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellins","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kelly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roman-Mas, Angel","contributorId":59816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roman-Mas","given":"Angel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, Roger W.","contributorId":105273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5222113,"text":"5222113 - 1986 - Population trends, reproductive success, and organochlorine chemical contaminants in waterbirds nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-12T15:53:47.099136","indexId":"5222113","displayToPublicDate":"1986-07-01T12:19:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population trends, reproductive success, and organochlorine chemical contaminants in waterbirds nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas","docAbstract":"

The effects of environmental contaminants on the reproductive success of olivaceous cormorants (Phalacrocorax olivaceus), laughing gulls (Larus atricilla), and black skimmers (Rhynchops niger) nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas were investigated from 1980 through 1982. Populations of cormorants and gulls have remained stable in recent years, but skimmer numbers may have declined. Cormorants produced 1.9 to 2.8 young per pair in nests that remained active throughout the season. Gull and skimmer reproduction was seriously limited by storms and predation. DDE and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) residues in carcasses and eggs generally were below levels associated with chronic poisoning and reproductive problems in most species of birds. Possible exceptions were four black skimmer carcasses with DDE concentrations that ranged from 20 to 92Μg/g and one olivaceous cormorant carcass with 20Μg/g DDE. The generally low levels of dieldrin, chlordane, HCB, toxaphene, and heptachlor epoxide were below those know to affect avian reproduction and survival. Mean DDE residues in cormorant and gull eggs were less than 1.8Μg/g. The mean DDE residue in skimmer eggs was less than 3.3Μg/g; 12% of the skimmer eggs contained at least 12Μg/g DDE, a level known to cause reproductive problems in some avian species. DDE in the eggs of all species declined from 1.5- to 7-fold over the past decade. Polychlorinated biphenyl was detected in all gull and skimmer eggs and in 90% of the cormorant eggs. Residues of PCB in cormorant and skimmer eggs in 1980–82 were lower than in 1970, but the frequency of occurrence in gull eggs increased. Polychlorinated styrenes were recovered in 45% of the cormorant carcasses at levels below 1Μg/g. Eggshell thicknesses in all three species were similar to those of eggshells collected before the widespread use of DDT.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01066403","usgsCitation":"King, K.A., and Krynitsky, A.J., 1986, Population trends, reproductive success, and organochlorine chemical contaminants in waterbirds nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 15, no. 4, p. 367-376, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01066403.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"376","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Galveston Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.02724958266313,\n 29.679538230799906\n ],\n [\n -95.02278591098704,\n 29.526248041903656\n ],\n [\n -94.92542207255765,\n 29.486806789489957\n ],\n [\n -94.89794259380346,\n 29.399072787767658\n ],\n [\n -94.90317345904859,\n 29.343539397034448\n ],\n [\n -94.89054963759038,\n 29.28411499891957\n ],\n [\n -94.78397947633034,\n 29.35617409530252\n ],\n [\n -94.47710204861652,\n 29.539833965542783\n ],\n [\n -94.54977620308881,\n 29.573761550427687\n ],\n [\n -94.75189683615997,\n 29.53585615485749\n ],\n [\n -94.68731308660004,\n 29.660973754728264\n ],\n [\n -94.70307542720565,\n 29.793848926246582\n ],\n [\n -95.02724958266313,\n 29.679538230799906\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e3bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Kirke A.","contributorId":17727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Kirke","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krynitsky, Alexander J.","contributorId":81542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krynitsky","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":335547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226791,"text":"70226791 - 1986 - Hydrogeochemistry of sulfide and arsenic-rich tailings and alluvium along Whitewood Creek, South Dakota (Part 1 of 3 parts)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T17:55:09.273661","indexId":"70226791","displayToPublicDate":"1986-07-01T11:43:59","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9948,"text":"Mineral & Energy Resources","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeochemistry of sulfide and arsenic-rich tailings and alluvium along Whitewood Creek, South Dakota (Part 1 of 3 parts)","docAbstract":"

During 100 years prior to 1977, Whitewood Creek, SD, received about 1 billion tons of arsenic-rich and sulfide-mineral rich tailings from gold mining operations. A hydrogeochemical investigation conducted in 1983-84 focused on four local study areas on the flood plain where tailings deposits exist on top of moderately permeable alluvium. Piezometers in the alluvium beneath the tailings commonly show As at concentrations near or above the Primary Drinking Water Limit of 0.05 mg/l. Water supply wells on the flood plain are situated in alluvium in areas away from tailings where As levels in groundwater are below this limit. In these wells, selenium levels are generally above the limit of 0.01 mg/l. Suggested remedial measures and the likely persistence of these contaminants are discussed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Morel, F.M., Rouse, J., Schnoor, J., Wolman, M., and Cherry, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeochemistry of sulfide and arsenic-rich tailings and alluvium along Whitewood Creek, South Dakota (Part 1 of 3 parts): Mineral & Energy Resources, v. 29, no. 4, 12 p.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392793,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Whitwood Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.76449584960936,\n 44.32090063316461\n ],\n [\n -103.63540649414062,\n 44.42936692430193\n ],\n [\n -103.54133605957031,\n 44.5435052132082\n ],\n [\n -103.45756530761719,\n 44.642276976185016\n ],\n [\n -103.5406494140625,\n 44.66474608911831\n ],\n [\n -103.68827819824219,\n 44.492097148347945\n ],\n [\n -103.77548217773438,\n 44.35822392333254\n ],\n [\n -103.77822875976562,\n 44.33416294407879\n ],\n [\n -103.76449584960936,\n 44.32090063316461\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morel, F. M. M.","contributorId":270011,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morel","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"M. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rouse, J.","contributorId":99398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rouse","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schnoor, J. L.","contributorId":92095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schnoor","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolman, M. G.","contributorId":39789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolman","given":"M. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cherry, J. A.","contributorId":24880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cherry","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70073660,"text":"70073660 - 1986 - Recent developments in hydrologic instrumentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-21T10:19:51","indexId":"70073660","displayToPublicDate":"1986-07-01T10:14:03","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"seriesTitle":{"id":427,"text":"American Water Resources Association Technical Publication Series","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":12}},"seriesNumber":"86-1","title":"Recent developments in hydrologic instrumentation","docAbstract":"The programs of the U.S. Geological Survey require instrumentation for collecting and monitoring hydrologic data in cold regions. The availability of space-age materials and implementation of modern electronics and mechanics is making possible the recent developments of hydrologic instrumentation, especially in the area of measuring streamflow under ice cover. Material developments include: synthetic-fiber sounding and tag lines; polymer (plastic) sheaves, pulleys, and sampler components; and polymer (plastic) current-meter bucket wheels. Electronic and mechanical developments include: a current-meter digitizer; a fiber-optic closure system for current-meters; non-contact water-level sensors; an adaptable hydrologic data acquisition system; a minimum data recorder; an ice rod; an ice foot; a handled sediment sampler; a light weight ice auger with improved cutter head and blades; and an ice chisel.","largerWorkTitle":"Symposium: Cold Regions Hydrology","conferenceTitle":"Cold Regions Hydrology","conferenceDate":"1986-07-22T00:00:00","conferenceLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Latkovich, V.J., and Futrell, J.C., 1986, Recent developments in hydrologic instrumentation: American Water Resources Association Technical Publication Series 86-1, 4 p.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":281308,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6f4ee4b0b29085106552","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kane, Douglas L.","contributorId":112099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kane","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":509745,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Latkovich, Vito J.","contributorId":84833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latkovich","given":"Vito","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Futrell, James C. II","contributorId":94971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futrell","given":"James","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185553,"text":"70185553 - 1986 - Transient electromagnetic soundings in the Michigan Basin for ground water evaluation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T23:06:54","indexId":"70185553","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Transient electromagnetic soundings in the Michigan Basin for ground water evaluation","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Surface and Borehole Geophysical Methods and Ground Water Instrumentation Conference and Exposition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Surface and Borehole Geophysical Methods and Ground Water Instrumentation Conference and Exposition","conferenceDate":"October 15-17, 1986","conferenceLocation":"Denver, CO","language":"English","publisher":"National Water Well Association","publisherLocation":"Dublin, OH","usgsCitation":"Fitterman, D., 1986, Transient electromagnetic soundings in the Michigan Basin for ground water evaluation, in Proceedings of the Surface and Borehole Geophysical Methods and Ground Water Instrumentation Conference and Exposition, Denver, CO, October 15-17, 1986, p. 334-353.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"334","endPage":"353","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Michigan Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d4df18e4b05ec79911d1ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitterman, D.V. 0000-0001-5600-3401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-3401","contributorId":70386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitterman","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014553,"text":"70014553 - 1986 - Marine cobalt resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-26T16:06:05.842652","indexId":"70014553","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Marine cobalt resources","docAbstract":"Ferromanganese oxides in the open oceans are more enriched in cobalt than any other widely distributed sediments or rocks. Concentrations of cobalt exceed 1 percent in ferromanganese crusts on seamounts, ocean ridges, and other raised areas of the ocean. The cobalt-rich crusts may be the slowest growing of any earth material, accumulating one molecular layer every 1 to 3 months. Attention has been drawn to crusts as potential resources because they contain cobalt, manganese, and platinum, three of the four priority strategic metals for the United States. Moreover, unlike abyssal nodules, whose recovery is complicated by their dominant location in international waters, some of the most cobalt-rich crusts occur within the exclusive economic zone of the United States and other nations. Environmental impact statements for crust exploitation are under current development by the Department of the Interior.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.232.4750.600","usgsCitation":"Manheim, F., 1986, Marine cobalt resources: Science, v. 232, no. 4750, p. 600-608, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.232.4750.600.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"600","endPage":"608","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226164,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"232","issue":"4750","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a51d1e4b0c8380cd6bf69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manheim, F.T. 0000-0003-4005-4524","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4005-4524","contributorId":55421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manheim","given":"F.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226908,"text":"70226908 - 1986 - Unsteady, nonuniform landslide motion: 2. Linearized theory and the kinematics of transient response","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-20T21:18:36.605108","indexId":"70226908","displayToPublicDate":"1986-05-01T15:12:47","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unsteady, nonuniform landslide motion: 2. Linearized theory and the kinematics of transient response","docAbstract":"

Unsteady, nonuniform landslide motion is caused by temporal and spatial variations in driving and resisting forces. Common sources of these variations include stream undercutting of landslide toes, episodic headscarp slumping, and ground-water potentiometric fluctuations. A linear theory for the kinematics of unsteady, nonuniform landslide motion is developed here by analyzing the behavior of small perturbations about a datum state of steady landslide shear flow. The analysis indicates that local perturbations in landslide sediment flux exhibit advective-diffusive behavior that is controlled largely by a single dimensionless parameter, here called the landslide Peclet number. Explication of the physical meaning of this parameter shows that motion of landslide sediment-flux perturbations is dominated by slow advection if the landslide material behavior is primarily viscous and by rapid diffusion if the behavior is more rigidly plastic. Landslides that deform along thin plastic slip zones are thus inferred to respond relatively rapidly and globally to transient perturbations. Landslides that deform in thick zones of creeping flow, in contrast, are inferred to respond over periods as long as many tens of years, with zones of perturbed sediment flux that translate downslope as weakly diffusive kinematic waves. Many landslides probably fall between these two extremes in their style of response. The measured response of a large California landslide to transient toe undercutting by an adjacent stream helps corroborate the theoretical results.

","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629034","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., 1986, Unsteady, nonuniform landslide motion: 2. Linearized theory and the kinematics of transient response: Journal of Geology, v. 94, no. 3, p. 349-364, https://doi.org/10.1086/629034.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"349","endPage":"364","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393129,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Minor Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.84316921234131,\n 40.95941904108161\n ],\n [\n -123.80119800567626,\n 40.95941904108161\n ],\n [\n -123.80119800567626,\n 40.96693739752686\n ],\n [\n -123.84316921234131,\n 40.96693739752686\n ],\n [\n -123.84316921234131,\n 40.95941904108161\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}