Research on the ecology and status of polar bear populations in Alaska has continued since 1967. Research was a joint U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/Alaska Department of Fish and Game effort until passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972, and has been largely a Federal effort since then. In 1985, Alaskan polar beer research continues to be carried out by the Research Division of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (DOI). A recent reorganization removed authority for ecological research in Alaska from the Denver Wildlife Research Center, and vested it with the newly created Alaska Office of Fish and Wildlife Research. This new research office is the center for Federal fish and Wildlife related research throughout the state of Alaska and in its coastal waters.
Although the responsibility for polar bear research lies with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, numerous other organizations and agencies deserve mention for their cooperation and support of the ongoing research. These include: the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (DOC), The U.S. Minerals Management Service (DOI), The Canadian Wildlife Service, The Northwest Territories Wildlife Service, the Yukon Wildlife Service, Dome Petroleum Ltd, Gulf Canada, and the Alaska Department of Fish and game.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polar bears: Proceedings of the ninth working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group","conferenceDate":"August 9-11, 1985","conferenceLocation":"Edmonton, AB","language":"English","publisher":"IUCN","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, UK","isbn":"2-88032-308-8","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., 1986, Research on polar bears in Alaska, 1983-1985, in Polar bears: Proceedings of the ninth working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Edmonton, AB, August 9-11, 1985, p. 85-115.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"115","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339617,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/5857"},{"id":339618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ef3dade4b0eed1ab8e3bee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":690769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015665,"text":"70015665 - 1986 - A soil catena on schist in northwestern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T20:22:13.111456","indexId":"70015665","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A soil catena on schist in northwestern California","docAbstract":"Soil characteristics in a small steepland watershed underlain by schist in a rainy, tectonically active area in northwestern California show close associations with drainage-basin position and slope characteristics. Five soil-topography units based on these associations are defined in the study watershed. Spatial relationships of soil series, and patterns of soil development as indicated by B-horizon clay content and redness, reflect interactions between pedogenesis and erosion. General soil-topography patterns include: (1) decreases in soil-development moving from low-order to higher-order stream vallyes; and (2) more developed soils on north-facing as opposed to south-facing slopes. Decreases in soil-profile development moving from slopes near low-order streams to slopes near higher-order streams approximately correlate with increases in gradient, vertical relief, and drainage density, and reflect a more vigorous stripping of regolith by erosion on the slopes near the higher-order streams. The larger percentage of area covered by the more developed soils on north-facing as opposed to south-facing slopes appears to reflect a contrast in the way dominant erosional processes interact with pedogenic processes.
Roadcuts on middle and upper slopes show soil discontinuities indicative of disturbance by block slides or slumps or both. Roadcuts on lower slopes show disrupted soils in small bedrock hollows that could have been created by rapid, shallow landslides or by the pulled-up root wads of toppled trees. Soil-profile characteristics and soil-topography patterns in the study area demonstrate that both erosional and pedogenic processes need to be considered when interpreting characteristics of hillslope soils.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7061(86)90032-7","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Marron, D., and Popenoe, J., 1986, A soil catena on schist in northwestern California: Geoderma, v. 37, no. 4, p. 307-324, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(86)90032-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"324","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224382,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.37772718842501,\n 41.622450655428366\n ],\n [\n -124.37772718842501,\n 40.910176622566496\n ],\n [\n -123.22859344022442,\n 40.910176622566496\n ],\n [\n -123.22859344022442,\n 41.622450655428366\n ],\n [\n -124.37772718842501,\n 41.622450655428366\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e59ce4b0c8380cd46e81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marron, D. C.","contributorId":16031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marron","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Popenoe, J.H.","contributorId":51468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015672,"text":"70015672 - 1986 - Effects of the 1906 Earthquake on the Bald Hill Outlet System, San Mateo County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-03T00:44:22.006388","indexId":"70015672","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1115,"text":"Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of the 1906 Earthquake on the Bald Hill Outlet System, San Mateo County, California","docAbstract":"Following the earthquake of April 18, 1906, it was discovered that a brick forebay and other parts of the reservoir outlet system were in the slip zone of the San Andreas fault. The original outlet through which water was directed to San Francisco consisted of two tunnels joined at the brick forebay; one tunnel extends 2,820 ft to the east under Bald Hill on Buri Buri Ridge, and the other tunnel intersects the lake bottom about 250 ft west of the forebay. In 1897 a second intake was added to the system, also joining the original forebay. During the present study the accessible parts of this original outlet system were examined with the hope of learning how the system had been affected by fault slip in 1906.","language":"English","publisher":"Association of Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.xxiii.2.197","issn":"00045691","usgsCitation":"Pampeyan, E.H., 1986, Effects of the 1906 Earthquake on the Bald Hill Outlet System, San Mateo County, California: Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists, v. 23, no. 2, p. 197-208, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxiii.2.197.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223618,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Mateo County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"GeometryCollection\",\"geometries\":[{\"type\":\"LineString\",\"coordinates\":[[-122.495,37.6389],[-122.495,37.6392]]},{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-122.392,37.7042],[-122.392,37.7006],[-122.392,37.7003],[-122.391,37.6956],[-122.391,37.6953],[-122.389,37.6875],[-122.389,37.6842],[-122.388,37.6839],[-122.388,37.6803],[-122.383,37.6778],[-122.383,37.6775],[-122.38,37.6778],[-122.38,37.6775],[-122.379,37.6722],[-122.379,37.6714],[-122.384,37.6714],[-122.385,37.6717],[-122.386,37.6717],[-122.386,37.6714],[-122.389,37.6681],[-122.39,37.6681],[-122.392,37.6673],[-122.392,37.6666],[-122.39,37.6661],[-122.38,37.665],[-122.375,37.6642],[-122.374,37.6611],[-122.378,37.6611],[-122.379,37.6594],[-122.377,37.6578],[-122.378,37.651],[-122.379,37.6508],[-122.38,37.6483],[-122.381,37.6478],[-122.383,37.6475],[-122.385,37.6475],[-122.385,37.6472],[-122.391,37.6442],[-122.389,37.6396],[-122.383,37.6394],[-122.382,37.6351],[-122.384,37.6349],[-122.389,37.6328],[-122.389,37.6319],[-122.389,37.6314],[-122.387,37.6297],[-122.377,37.6294],[-122.369,37.6277],[-122.368,37.628],[-122.368,37.6211],[-122.367,37.6206],[-122.366,37.6207],[-122.363,37.6186],[-122.355,37.6142],[-122.356,37.6119],[-122.357,37.6114],[-122.358,37.6103],[-122.36,37.6095],[-122.362,37.6099],[-122.364,37.6108],[-122.376,37.6058],[-122.375,37.6047],[-122.368,37.6011],[-122.365,37.599],[-122.361,37.5929],[-122.358,37.5923],[-122.34,37.5922],[-122.339,37.5923],[-122.334,37.5913],[-122.334,37.5906],[-122.334,37.5889],[-122.334,37.5883],[-122.331,37.5878],[-122.331,37.5881],[-122.327,37.5897],[-122.326,37.5897],[-122.32,37.5915],[-122.312,37.5808],[-122.311,37.5794],[-122.307,37.5761],[-122.306,37.5761],[-122.3,37.5756],[-122.299,37.5755],[-122.296,37.5717],[-122.288,37.5713],[-122.285,37.5755],[-122.281,37.5742],[-122.278,37.5717],[-122.277,37.5715],[-122.257,37.5708],[-122.254,37.5686],[-122.251,37.5662],[-122.245,37.5573],[-122.244,37.5525],[-122.241,37.5528],[-122.241,37.5525],[-122.237,37.5522],[-122.234,37.5528],[-122.232,37.5528],[-122.232,37.5525],[-122.23,37.5519],[-122.229,37.5511],[-122.229,37.5394],[-122.233,37.5344],[-122.245,37.5269],[-122.246,37.5253],[-122.246,37.5239],[-122.247,37.5236],[-122.248,37.5092],[-122.245,37.5094],[-122.244,37.5106],[-122.245,37.5111],[-122.245,37.5231],[-122.228,37.5389],[-122.226,37.5422],[-122.214,37.5398],[-122.214,37.5406],[-122.212,37.5404],[-122.211,37.5406],[-122.207,37.5397],[-122.206,37.5397],[-122.204,37.54],[-122.201,37.5393],[-122.195,37.5347],[-122.194,37.5331],[-122.195,37.5328],[-122.196,37.5308],[-122.2,37.5269],[-122.206,37.5236],[-122.208,37.5202],[-122.214,37.5102],[-122.217,37.5056],[-122.213,37.5058],[-122.212,37.5068],[-122.212,37.5078],[-122.212,37.511],[-122.206,37.5164],[-122.204,37.5178],[-122.202,37.5161],[-122.201,37.5161],[-122.2,37.5156],[-122.2,37.5094],[-122.2,37.5081],[-122.194,37.5067],[-122.194,37.5058],[-122.195,37.5058],[-122.196,37.5036],[-122.196,37.5022],[-122.196,37.5019],[-122.197,37.5008],[-122.198,37.4978],[-122.199,37.4986],[-122.199,37.4989],[-122.202,37.5031],[-122.202,37.5033],[-122.201,37.5064],[-122.203,37.5078],[-122.203,37.5075],[-122.205,37.5081],[-122.206,37.5089],[-122.207,37.5097],[-122.209,37.5061],[-122.205,37.5],[-122.207,37.5],[-122.208,37.5],[-122.211,37.4986],[-122.211,37.4982],[-122.212,37.4933],[-122.211,37.4919],[-122.205,37.4903],[-122.205,37.49],[-122.203,37.4897],[-122.203,37.4894],[-122.199,37.4903],[-122.196,37.4889],[-122.196,37.4892],[-122.192,37.4908],[-122.19,37.4892],[-122.189,37.4892],[-122.185,37.4886],[-122.185,37.4889],[-122.183,37.4889],[-122.183,37.4886],[-122.181,37.4975],[-122.179,37.4994],[-122.179,37.4997],[-122.179,37.5019],[-122.178,37.5036],[-122.177,37.5039],[-122.181,37.5053],[-122.181,37.5056],[-122.183,37.5056],[-122.191,37.5031],[-122.192,37.5042],[-122.193,37.5058],[-122.188,37.5106],[-122.188,37.5125],[-122.188,37.5128],[-122.194,37.5164],[-122.196,37.5165],[-122.198,37.5164],[-122.198,37.5167],[-122.201,37.5172],[-122.202,37.5186],[-122.203,37.5186],[-122.203,37.5219],[-122.199,37.5233],[-122.199,37.5236],[-122.196,37.5237],[-122.194,37.5222],[-122.191,37.5203],[-122.188,37.5181],[-122.184,37.5196],[-122.177,37.51],[-122.173,37.5072],[-122.17,37.5058],[-122.169,37.5053],[-122.166,37.5019],[-122.168,37.4958],[-122.168,37.4903],[-122.169,37.4897],[-122.173,37.4894],[-122.173,37.4889],[-122.171,37.485],[-122.154,37.4825],[-122.154,37.4828],[-122.152,37.4856],[-122.152,37.4858],[-122.151,37.4872],[-122.149,37.4875],[-122.148,37.4872],[-122.144,37.4875],[-122.144,37.4878],[-122.146,37.4906],[-122.152,37.4894],[-122.155,37.4919],[-122.153,37.4975],[-122.144,37.4922],[-122.144,37.4919],[-122.139,37.4917],[-122.14,37.493],[-122.14,37.4939],[-122.136,37.4917],[-122.139,37.4894],[-122.141,37.4861],[-122.132,37.4872],[-122.127,37.49],[-122.125,37.4885],[-122.124,37.486],[-122.124,37.4836],[-122.123,37.4771],[-122.122,37.4775],[-122.121,37.4772],[-122.122,37.4752],[-122.123,37.4746],[-122.123,37.4733],[-122.123,37.4726],[-122.117,37.4653],[-122.116,37.4653],[-122.114,37.4647],[-122.113,37.4642],[-122.108,37.4622],[-122.107,37.4622],[-122.101,37.4613],[-122.101,37.4603],[-122.103,37.4564],[-122.11,37.458],[-122.111,37.4535],[-122.119,37.4524],[-122.127,37.4527],[-122.131,37.4526],[-122.135,37.4543],[-122.137,37.4543],[-122.139,37.4547],[-122.144,37.4564],[-122.146,37.4573],[-122.149,37.4567],[-122.152,37.4571],[-122.154,37.4566],[-122.157,37.4552],[-122.159,37.4551],[-122.162,37.4546],[-122.166,37.4532],[-122.17,37.4481],[-122.177,37.4425],[-122.18,37.4411],[-122.182,37.4392],[-122.185,37.4351],[-122.189,37.4314],[-122.19,37.4295],[-122.19,37.4282],[-122.189,37.4259],[-122.189,37.425],[-122.189,37.4227],[-122.191,37.42],[-122.19,37.4187],[-122.189,37.4155],[-122.192,37.4086],[-122.189,37.4023],[-122.189,37.3973],[-122.186,37.3888],[-122.193,37.3778],[-122.199,37.3726],[-122.202,37.3658],[-122.2,37.3586],[-122.192,37.3442],[-122.181,37.334],[-122.176,37.3283],[-122.183,37.3245],[-122.189,37.3193],[-122.186,37.3099],[-122.168,37.3135],[-122.161,37.3077],[-122.162,37.3036],[-122.167,37.2953],[-122.155,37.292],[-122.152,37.2862],[-122.152,37.2281],[-122.154,37.2163],[-122.245,37.217],[-122.246,37.1911],[-122.263,37.1912],[-122.281,37.188],[-122.321,37.1876],[-122.313,37.1496],[-122.291,37.1148],[-122.295,37.1084],[-122.295,37.1083],[-122.299,37.1108],[-122.3,37.1119],[-122.301,37.1119],[-122.301,37.1125],[-122.303,37.1139],[-122.305,37.1147],[-122.311,37.1175],[-122.312,37.1175],[-122.314,37.118],[-122.315,37.1176],[-122.314,37.1169],[-122.316,37.1161],[-122.317,37.1169],[-122.321,37.1158],[-122.322,37.1158],[-122.323,37.1153],[-122.326,37.1131],[-122.327,37.1131],[-122.33,37.1133],[-122.335,37.1178],[-122.335,37.1175],[-122.337,37.1289],[-122.338,37.1339],[-122.338,37.1342],[-122.339,37.1367],[-122.34,37.1378],[-122.342,37.14],[-122.343,37.14],[-122.344,37.1431],[-122.344,37.1433],[-122.347,37.145],[-122.348,37.1456],[-122.351,37.1453],[-122.352,37.1461],[-122.356,37.1486],[-122.36,37.1492],[-122.36,37.1505],[-122.36,37.1519],[-122.359,37.1544],[-122.364,37.1667],[-122.365,37.1686],[-122.366,37.1697],[-122.366,37.1703],[-122.367,37.1717],[-122.37,37.1731],[-122.372,37.175],[-122.372,37.1753],[-122.377,37.1797],[-122.378,37.1797],[-122.381,37.1814],[-122.383,37.1822],[-122.384,37.1822],[-122.386,37.1828],[-122.389,37.1832],[-122.395,37.1808],[-122.397,37.1861],[-122.398,37.1906],[-122.398,37.1911],[-122.404,37.195],[-122.404,37.1953],[-122.405,37.2],[-122.405,37.2003],[-122.405,37.2022],[-122.406,37.2047],[-122.406,37.205],[-122.407,37.2061],[-122.408,37.2108],[-122.408,37.2114],[-122.408,37.2128],[-122.409,37.2139],[-122.408,37.2167],[-122.408,37.2172],[-122.408,37.2192],[-122.41,37.2216],[-122.41,37.2228],[-122.411,37.2236],[-122.411,37.2247],[-122.41,37.2256],[-122.414,37.2317],[-122.415,37.2322],[-122.417,37.2367],[-122.419,37.2397],[-122.419,37.2447],[-122.419,37.245],[-122.419,37.2478],[-122.419,37.2481],[-122.419,37.2494],[-122.417,37.2536],[-122.416,37.2542],[-122.415,37.2569],[-122.414,37.2602],[-122.414,37.2606],[-122.414,37.2619],[-122.414,37.2632],[-122.414,37.265],[-122.413,37.2672],[-122.413,37.2675],[-122.411,37.2725],[-122.409,37.2831],[-122.409,37.2833],[-122.409,37.2856],[-122.408,37.2858],[-122.408,37.2897],[-122.408,37.29],[-122.408,37.2958],[-122.407,37.2961],[-122.406,37.2981],[-122.406,37.2989],[-122.406,37.2994],[-122.406,37.3003],[-122.406,37.3058],[-122.406,37.3061],[-122.405,37.3119],[-122.405,37.3122],[-122.405,37.3156],[-122.404,37.3158],[-122.404,37.3181],[-122.404,37.3183],[-122.403,37.3214],[-122.403,37.3217],[-122.404,37.3231],[-122.404,37.3247],[-122.404,37.325],[-122.403,37.328],[-122.403,37.3322],[-122.402,37.3325],[-122.402,37.3344],[-122.402,37.3347],[-122.401,37.3372],[-122.401,37.3397],[-122.401,37.34],[-122.401,37.3442],[-122.402,37.3444],[-122.402,37.3469],[-122.402,37.3474],[-122.401,37.3506],[-122.407,37.3624],[-122.407,37.363],[-122.409,37.3675],[-122.409,37.3761],[-122.41,37.3786],[-122.411,37.3792],[-122.413,37.3789],[-122.415,37.3794],[-122.415,37.38],[-122.417,37.3856],[-122.418,37.3856],[-122.419,37.3881],[-122.42,37.3889],[-122.422,37.3903],[-122.422,37.3942],[-122.423,37.3982],[-122.423,37.3989],[-122.427,37.4039],[-122.427,37.4056],[-122.428,37.4058],[-122.433,37.415],[-122.434,37.415],[-122.434,37.4161],[-122.435,37.4189],[-122.436,37.4203],[-122.437,37.4228],[-122.437,37.4233],[-122.438,37.4269],[-122.439,37.4278],[-122.439,37.4286],[-122.444,37.4439],[-122.444,37.4442],[-122.445,37.4458],[-122.445,37.4536],[-122.445,37.4539],[-122.445,37.4575],[-122.445,37.4578],[-122.445,37.46],[-122.446,37.4603],[-122.447,37.4672],[-122.447,37.4678],[-122.447,37.4686],[-122.454,37.4864],[-122.455,37.4867],[-122.459,37.4914],[-122.463,37.495],[-122.464,37.4958],[-122.466,37.4981],[-122.469,37.4994],[-122.471,37.5008],[-122.478,37.4969],[-122.481,37.4958],[-122.476,37.5019],[-122.48,37.5025],[-122.48,37.5019],[-122.486,37.5019],[-122.487,37.5028],[-122.492,37.4939],[-122.486,37.4944],[-122.485,37.4944],[-122.492,37.4928],[-122.496,37.495],[-122.498,37.495],[-122.499,37.4947],[-122.499,37.5008],[-122.501,37.5039],[-122.518,37.5275],[-122.518,37.5286],[-122.519,37.5336],[-122.514,37.55],[-122.514,37.5519],[-122.514,37.5556],[-122.516,37.5575],[-122.516,37.5578],[-122.514,37.5639],[-122.515,37.5669],[-122.516,37.5669],[-122.519,37.5675],[-122.517,37.5692],[-122.518,37.5717],[-122.519,37.5764],[-122.518,37.5836],[-122.518,37.5839],[-122.52,37.5925],[-122.515,37.5961],[-122.515,37.5968],[-122.51,37.5967],[-122.505,37.5964],[-122.505,37.5972],[-122.504,37.5972],[-122.502,37.5986],[-122.5,37.6014],[-122.5,37.6036],[-122.5,37.6042],[-122.502,37.6056],[-122.501,37.6083],[-122.498,37.6083],[-122.497,37.6106],[-122.499,37.6136],[-122.499,37.6139],[-122.497,37.6172],[-122.499,37.6197],[-122.499,37.62],[-122.496,37.6217],[-122.495,37.6267],[-122.495,37.6269],[-122.494,37.6317],[-122.494,37.6358],[-122.495,37.6378],[-122.495,37.6389],[-122.494,37.6461],[-122.494,37.6514],[-122.494,37.6517],[-122.494,37.6539],[-122.494,37.6589],[-122.494,37.6592],[-122.495,37.6642],[-122.497,37.6689],[-122.496,37.6692],[-122.496,37.6708],[-122.497,37.6711],[-122.496,37.6781],[-122.496,37.6783],[-122.496,37.6833],[-122.497,37.6836],[-122.497,37.6878],[-122.498,37.6881],[-122.498,37.6917],[-122.498,37.6919],[-122.5,37.7011],[-122.501,37.7014],[-122.501,37.7031],[-122.393,37.7079],[-122.393,37.7074],[-122.393,37.7069],[-122.392,37.7042]]]},{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-122.3368,37.1088],[-122.3366,37.1086],[-122.3358,37.1086],[-122.3354,37.1084],[-122.3353,37.108],[-122.3352,37.1078],[-122.3351,37.1075],[-122.3351,37.1074],[-122.3352,37.1072],[-122.3357,37.1072],[-122.3358,37.1073],[-122.3361,37.1074],[-122.3365,37.1075],[-122.3366,37.1075],[-122.3371,37.1074],[-122.3374,37.1076],[-122.3374,37.108],[-122.3374,37.1083],[-122.3376,37.1085],[-122.3378,37.1086],[-122.3382,37.1086],[-122.3384,37.1087],[-122.3386,37.1087],[-122.3388,37.1089],[-122.3387,37.1092],[-122.3383,37.1093],[-122.338,37.1094],[-122.3374,37.1092],[-122.3372,37.1091],[-122.337,37.1089],[-122.3368,37.1088]]]}]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"San Mateo\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a045be4b0c8380cd50928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pampeyan, Earl H.","contributorId":54698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pampeyan","given":"Earl","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015689,"text":"70015689 - 1986 - Manganese biogeochemistry in a small Adirondack forested lake watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:18:30","indexId":"70015689","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Manganese biogeochemistry in a small Adirondack forested lake watershed","docAbstract":"In September and October 1981, manganese (Mn) concentrations and pH were intensively monitored in a small forested lake watershed in the west-central Adirondack Mountains, New York, during two large acidic storms (each ∼5 cm rainfall, pH 4.61 and 4.15). The data were evaluated to identify biogeochemical pathways of Mn and to assess how these pathways are altered by acidic atmospheric inputs. Concentrations of Mn averaged 1.1 μg/L in precipitation and increased to 107 μg/L in canopy throughfall, the enrichment reflecting active biological cycling of Mn. Rain pH and throughfall Mn were negatively correlated, suggesting that foliar leaching of Mn was enhanced by rainfall acidity. The pulselike input of Mn to the forest floor in the high initial concentrations in throughfall (∼1000 μg/L) did not affect Mn concentrations in soil water (< 20 μg/L) or groundwater (usually < 40 μg/L), which varied little with time. In the inlet stream, Mn concentrations remained constant at 48 μg/L as discharge varied from 1.1 to 96 L/s. Manganese was retained in the vegetative cycle and regulated in the stream by adsorption in the soil organic horizon. The higher Mn levels in the stream may be linked to its high acidity (pH 4.2–4.3). Mixing of Mn-rich stream water with neutral lake water (pH 7.0) caused precipitation of Mn and deposition in lake sediment.
At Cerro Cobachi, 90 km east of Hermosillo, Sonora, an Ordovician to Permian miogeoclinal assemblage and an Ordovician to Permian siliceous deep-water assemblage were juxtaposed by thrust faulting between mid-Permian and latest Cretaceous time. Both assemblages resemble counterparts in the Great Basin. One formation, an ultramature quartzite unit in the miogeoclinal assemblage, closely resembles the Middle Ordovician Eureka Quartzite. In the southern Great Basin, isopach lines of the Eureka trend south-southwestward. From a maximum thickness of 134 m near Owens Lake, California, the Eureka thins and splays northward in the southern Inyo Mountains and thins southeastward in the Nopah Range. But south-southwestward, parallel with the isopach lines, it apparently ends abruptly as if faulted. Because the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the western Great Basin and that of west Texas have elements in common, it is quite possible that the southwest-trending facies belts of the Great Basin originally wrapped around the southern border of the continent through northern Mexico and joined corresponding belts in Texas. Two hypotheses are suggested: (1) the Cerro Cobachi terrane, of which the quartzite is a part, is indigenous to northern Mexico, and (2) the Cerro Cobachi terrane is indigenous to California and was displaced tectonically to northern Mexico. The second hypothesis is favored by the apparently abrupt termination of the Eureka Quartzite near Owens Lake, the nearly identical thickness of the two quartzites, and their nearly identical lithic composition and texture.
A nonlinear regression groundwater flow model, based on a Galerkin finite-element discretization, was used to analyze steady state two-dimensional groundwater flow in the areally extensive Madison aquifer in a 75,000 mi2 area of the Northern Great Plains. Regression parameters estimated include intrinsic permeabilities of the main aquifer and separate lineament zones, discharges from eight major springs surrounding the Black Hills, and specified heads on the model boundaries. Aquifer thickness and temperature variations were included as specified functions. The regression model was applied using sequential F testing so that the fewest number and simplest zonation of intrinsic permeabilities, combined with the simplest overall model, were evaluated initially; additional complexities (such as subdivisions of zones and variations in temperature and thickness) were added in stages to evaluate the subsequent degree of improvement in the model results. It was found that only the eight major springs, a single main aquifer intrinsic permeability, two separate lineament intrinsic permeabilities of much smaller values, and temperature variations are warranted by the observed data (hydraulic heads and prior information on some parameters) for inclusion in a model that attempts to explain significant controls on groundwater flow. Addition of thickness variations did not significantly improve model results; however, thickness variations were included in the final model because they are fairly well defined. Effects on the observed head distribution from other features, such as vertical leakage and regional variations in intrinsic permeability, apparently were overshadowed by measurement errors in the observed heads. Estimates of the parameters correspond well to estimates obtained from other independent sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i013p01759","usgsCitation":"Cooley, R.L., Konikow, L.F., and Naff, R.L., 1986, Nonlinear-regression groundwater flow modeling of a deep regional aquifer system: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 13, p. 1759-1778, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i013p01759.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1759","endPage":"1778","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains, Madison aquifer","volume":"22","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a616ae4b0c8380cd71950","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooley, Richard L.","contributorId":8831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konikow, Leonard F. 0000-0002-0940-3856 lkonikow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-3856","contributorId":158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konikow","given":"Leonard","email":"lkonikow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":371418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Naff, Richard L.","contributorId":79867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naff","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014523,"text":"70014523 - 1986 - An experimental study of subaqueous slipface deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T11:13:38.637578","indexId":"70014523","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental study of subaqueous slipface deposition","docAbstract":"A flume study indicates that grainflow on slipfaces accounts for most cross-strata formed in unidirectional, shallow-water flows. The slipfaces studied were on small megaripples and delta-like steps (0.06-0.28 m high). During intermittent avalanching, at relatively low flow velocities, periods between avalanches were marked by grainfall onto the slipface, the intensity of which was greatest near the brink of the slipface and increased with current velocity. Nearly all grainfall deposits, however, were incorporated into subsequent grainflows. Grain flow cross-strata were made up of relatively distinct layers, at least near the base of the slipface. Continuous avalanching at high flow velocity was marked by a steady stream of grains forming more poorly defined cross-strata. Although the fundamental cause of grain flow is the gradual buildup of sediment on the upper slipface to the angle of initial yield, four other processes were recognized as promoting avalanching: 1) migration of superimposed bedforms to the brink, 2) generation of turbulent pulses upstream of the brink, 3) lee-eddy impingement on the lower slipface, and 4) extension of the lee eddy above the brink. The lee eddy proved very significant in slipface processes by redistributing grainfall sediments and both promoting and impeding grainflow. Regression analyses showed that the slipface advance per avalanche, S a , is strongly correlated with the slipface height, H, expressed approximately by S a = 0.060H. In addition, S a is a direct function of the rate of slipface advance, V b . The relationship among S a , H, and V b can be expressed as S a /H = 0.0385[1 - 0.134 (min/cm) V b ] (super -1) . Cross-strata dip angles between 28 degrees and 34 degrees show no systematic relation to H and V b , but dip angles greater than 34 degrees occurred only when both H and V b were small, and dip angles less than 28 degrees occurred only when both H and V b were large.
The feasibility of using the transient electromagnetic sounding (TS or TDEM) method for groundwater exploration can be studied by means of numerical models. As examples of its applicability to groundwater exploration, we study four groundwater exploration problems: (1) mapping of alluvial fill and gravel zones over bedrock; (2) mapping of sand and gravel lenses in till; (3) detection of salt or brackish water interfaces in freshwater aquifers; and (4) determination of hydrostratigraphy. These groundwater problems require determination of the depth to bedrock; location of resistive, high‐porosity zones associated with fresh water; determination of formation resistivity to assess water quality; and determination of lithology and geometry, respectively. The TS method is best suited for locating conductive targets, and has very good vertical resolution. Unlike other sounding techniques where the receiver‐transmitter array must be expanded to sound more deeply, the depth of investigation for the TS method is a function of the length of time the transient is recorded. Present equipment limitations require that exploration targets with resistivities of 50 Ω ⋅ m or more be at least 50 m deep to determine their resistivity. The maximum depth of exploration is controlled by the geoelectrical section and background electromagnetic (EM) noise. For a particular exploration problem, numerical studies are recommended to determine if the target is detectable.
A water‐sampling apparatus used for the isolation and detection of Giardiacysts in water has been designed and tested. The sampling apparatus uses one of a variety of pumps or waterline pressure to move water through a filter. Two of the optional pumps are lightweight enough to make the apparatus portable and thus suitable for sampling in remote areas. This technique of sample processing produces good cyst recovery in much less time than is required with previously established methods. Giardia cysts are identified using direct immunofluorescence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00759.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Sorenson, S.K., Riggs, J.L., Dileanis, P.D., and Suk, T.J., 1986, Isolation and detection of Giardia cysts from water using direct immunofluorescence: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 22, no. 5, p. 843-845, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1986.tb00759.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"843","endPage":"845","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37d8e4b0c8380cd61203","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorenson, Stephen K.","contributorId":90314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorenson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riggs, John L.","contributorId":28378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riggs","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dileanis, Peter D. dileanis@usgs.gov","contributorId":71541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dileanis","given":"Peter","email":"dileanis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":371433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suk, Thomas J.","contributorId":34578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suk","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":371432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014908,"text":"70014908 - 1986 - Adaptation of the Carter-Tracy water influx calculation to groundwater flow simulation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:41:16","indexId":"70014908","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptation of the Carter-Tracy water influx calculation to groundwater flow simulation","docAbstract":"The Carter-Tracy calculation for water influx is adapted to groundwater flow simulation with additional clarifying explanation not present in the original papers. The Van Everdingen and Hurst aquifer-influence functions for radial flow from an outer aquifer region are employed. This technique, based on convolution of unit-step response functions, offers a simple but approximate method for embedding an inner region of groundwater flow simulation within a much larger aquifer region where flow can be treated in an approximate fashion. The use of aquifer-influence functions in groundwater flow modeling reduces the size of the computational grid with a corresponding reduction in computer storage and execution time. The Carter-Tracy approximation to the convolution integral enables the aquifer influence function calculation to be made with an additional storage requirement of only two times the number of boundary nodes more than that required for the inner region simulation. It is a good approximation for constant flow rates but is poor for time-varying flow rates where the variation is large relative to the mean. A variety of outer aquifer region geometries, exterior boundary conditions, and flow rate versus potentiometric head relations can be used. The radial, transient-flow case presented is representative. An analytical approximation to the functions of Van Everdingen and Hurst for the dimensionless potentiometric head versus dimensionless time is given.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i003p00423","usgsCitation":"Kipp, K.L., 1986, Adaptation of the Carter-Tracy water influx calculation to groundwater flow simulation: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 423-428, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i003p00423.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"428","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e625e4b0c8380cd471b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. klkipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","email":"klkipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":369584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014911,"text":"70014911 - 1986 - Characteristics of faults and shear zones in deep mines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:35","indexId":"70014911","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3209,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of faults and shear zones in deep mines","docAbstract":"The characteristics of fault and shear zones to depths of 2.5 km are well documented in deep mines in North America. The characteristics may be summarized as follows. (a) Fault zones usually are irregular, branched, anastomosed, and curved rather than simple and planar. (b) Faults are generally composed of one or more clay or clay-like gouge zones in a matrix of sheared and foliated rock bordered by highly fractured rock. (c) The widths of fault zones appear to be greater when faults have greater displacement, probably as a result of a long history of repeated minor movements. Fault zones with kilometers of displacement tend to be 100 m or more wide, whereas those with only a few hundred meters of displacement commonly are only 1 m or less wide. (d) Some zones represent shear distributed across hundreds of meters without local concentration in a narrow gouge zone. (e) Many fault zones are wet even above the water table, and water moves along them at various rates, but some also serve as subsurface dams, ponding ground water as much as several hundred meters higher on one side than on the other. No striking differences in the characteristics of faults over the vertical range of 2.5 km are documented. ?? 1986 Birkha??user Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Birkha??user-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF00875721","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Wallace, R.E., and Morris, H.T., 1986, Characteristics of faults and shear zones in deep mines: Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH, v. 124, no. 1-2, p. 107-125, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00875721.","startPage":"107","endPage":"125","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205636,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875721"},{"id":225539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"124","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f497e4b0c8380cd4bdde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, R. E.","contributorId":6823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, H. T.","contributorId":15585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014994,"text":"70014994 - 1986 - Estimation of distributional parameters for censored trace level water quality data: 2. Verification and applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T08:38:55","indexId":"70014994","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of distributional parameters for censored trace level water quality data: 2. Verification and applications","docAbstract":"Estimates of distributional parameters (mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range) are often desired for data sets containing censored observations. Eight methods for estimating these parameters have been evaluated by R. J. Gilliom and D. R. Helsel (this issue) using Monte Carlo simulations. To verify those findings, the same methods are now applied to actual water quality data. The best method (lowest root-mean-squared error (rmse)) over all parameters, sample sizes, and censoring levels is log probability regression (LR), the method found best in the Monte Carlo simulations. Best methods for estimating moment or percentile parameters separately are also identical to the simulations. Reliability of these estimates can be expressed as confidence intervals using rmse and bias values taken from the simulation results. Finally, a new simulation study shows that best methods for estimating uncensored sample statistics from censored data sets are identical to those for estimating population parameters. Thus this study and the companion study by Gilliom and Helsel form the basis for making the best possible estimates of either population parameters or sample statistics from censored water quality data, and for assessments of their reliability.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i002p00147","usgsCitation":"Helsel, D., and Gilliom, R.J., 1986, Estimation of distributional parameters for censored trace level water quality data: 2. Verification and applications: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 2, p. 147-155, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i002p00147.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"155","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b84e4b0c8380cd52764","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helsel, Dennis R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70015054,"text":"70015054 - 1986 - Ground-water flow in low permeability environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-18T11:08:29","indexId":"70015054","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water flow in low permeability environments","docAbstract":"Certain geologic media are known to have small permeability; subsurface environments composed of these media and lacking well developed secondary permeability have groundwater flow sytems with many distinctive characteristics. Moreover, groundwater flow in these environments appears to influence the evolution of certain hydrologic, geologic, and geochemical systems, may affect the accumulation of pertroleum and ores, and probably has a role in the structural evolution of parts of the crust. Such environments are also important in the context of waste disposal. This review attempts to synthesize the diverse contributions of various disciplines to the problem of flow in low-permeability environments. Problems hindering analysis are enumerated together with suggested approaches to overcoming them. A common thread running through the discussion is the significance of size- and time-scale limitations of the ability to directly observe flow behavior and make measurements of parameters. These limitations have resulted in rather distinct small- and large-scale approaches to the problem. The first part of the review considers experimental investigations of low-permeability flow, including in situ testing; these are generally conducted on temporal and spatial scales which are relatively small compared with those of interest. Results from this work have provided increasingly detailed information about many aspects of the flow but leave certain questions unanswered. Recent advances in laboratory and in situ testing techniques have permitted measurements of permeability and storage properties in progressively “tighter” media and investigation of transient flow under these conditions. However, very large hydraulic gradients are still required for the tests; an observational gap exists for typical in situ gradients. The applicability of Darcy's law in this range is therefore untested, although claims of observed non-Darcian behavior appear flawed. Two important nonhydraulic flow phenomena, osmosis and ultrafiltration, are experimentally well established in prepared clays but have been incompletely investigated, particularly in undisturbed geologic media. Small-scale experimental results form much of the basis for analyses of flow in low-permeability environments which occurs on scales of time and size too large to permit direct observation. Such large-scale flow behavior is the focus of the second part of the review. Extrapolation of small-scale experimental experience becomes an important and sometimes controversial problem in this context. In large flow systems under steady state conditions the regional permeability can sometimes be determined, but systems with transient flow are more difficult to analyze. The complexity of the problem is enhanced by the sensitivity of large-scale flow to the effects of slow geologic processes. One-dimensional studies have begun to elucidate how simple burial or exhumation can generate transient flow conditions by changing the state of stress and temperature and by burial metamorphism. Investigation of the more complex problem of the interaction of geologic processes and flow in two and three dimensions is just beginning. Because these transient flow analyses have largely been based on flow in experimental scale systems or in relatively permeable systems, deformation in response to effective stress changes is generally treated as linearly elastic; however, this treatment creates difficulties for the long periods of interest because viscoelastic deformation is probably significant. Also, large-scale flow simulations in argillaceous environments generally have neglected osmosis and ultrafiltration, in part because extrapolation of laboratory experience with coupled flow to large scales under in situ conditions is controversial. Nevertheless, the effects are potentially quite important because the coupled flow might cause ultra long lived transient conditions. The difficulties associated with analysis are matched by those of characterizing hydrologic conditions in tight environments; measurements of hydraulic head and sampling of pore fluids have been done only rarely because of the practical difficulties involved. These problems are also discussed in the second part of this paper.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i008p01163","usgsCitation":"Neuzil, C.E., 1986, Ground-water flow in low permeability environments: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 8, p. 1163-1195, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i008p01163.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"1163","endPage":"1195","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":224071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1484e4b0c8380cd54a86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neuzil, Christopher E. 0000-0003-2022-4055 ceneuzil@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2022-4055","contributorId":2322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neuzil","given":"Christopher","email":"ceneuzil@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015055,"text":"70015055 - 1986 - Geochemical investigations of selected Eastern United States watersheds affected by acid deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-20T06:42:20","indexId":"70015055","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2545,"text":"Journal of the Geological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical investigations of selected Eastern United States watersheds affected by acid deposition","docAbstract":"The effects of acid deposition on surface waters in eastern United States watersheds having similar size, physiography, climate and land use are related to the composition of the underlying bedrock. Watersheds developed on greenstone, calcareous shale, sandstone, granite, and schist differ in their ability to neutralize acid deposition. Surface waters in watersheds developed on greenstone and calcareous shale are not discernably affected by acidification. Wastersheds developed on sand-stone have little capacity to neutralize acid rain; consequently, stream acidity is similar to that of precipitation. Watersheds developed on granite and schist are intermediate in their capacity to neutralize acid deposition. Bedrock composition appears to be the major property controlling surface-water chemistry in these systems; hydrologic flow paths and the nature of surficial materials and vegetation also influence chemical responses to acid deposition in watersheds.
Carbon and sulfur abundance and δ34S of pyrite sulfur were studied in cores of selected Cretaceous marine shales from the western interior of North America. Sulfur/carbon ratios average 0.67, a value greater than that observed in recent marine sediments and much higher than global values calculated for the Cretaceous. Increased S/C ratios probably result from generally low levels of bioturbation and enhanced efficiency of sulfate reduction due to low oxygen levels in the Cretaceous seaway. Isotopic compositions of pyrite sulfur vary systematically with the level of oxygenation of the depositional environment and therefore with organic carbon abundance and type of organic matter. Samples with organic carbon in excess of 4 wt% contain disseminated pyrite that is extremely depleted in 34S (mean δ34S = −31‰); these samples are laminated clay shales that contain hydrogen-rich (type II) organic matter. Samples containing less than 1.5% organic carbon display relatively “heavy” but wide ranging δ34S values (δ34S = −34.6‰ to +16.8‰; mean δ34S = −12.4‰); these samples are highly bioturbated and contain only type III, hydrogen-poor organic matter. Samples containing intermediate amounts of organic carbon contain pyrite with δ34S values averaging −25.9‰ and contain mixed type II and type III organic matter. The higher organic carbon content and the preservation of hydrogen-rich organic matter generally correlate with slow sedimentation. Samples rich in organic carbon and containing isotopically “light” sulfide sulfur accumulated beneath anoxic and perhaps sulfidic bottom waters. Samples with intermediate organic matter content and intermediate sulfur isotopic compositions accumulated under mainly dysaerobic bottom waters. Samples with relatively low amounts of organic carbon and wide-ranging but less negative sulfur isotopic values were deposited beneath oxygenated bottom waters. Sulfur-isotope data are apparently a sensitive indicator of diagenetic or depositional facies of fine-grained Cretaceous rocks in the western interior.
The basin floor of Crater Lake (10-km diameter, 600-m water depth) is covered by up to 75 m of sediment–gravity-flow deposits interbedded with mud. In the upper units (8 m (thick), sand and gravel layers with numerous wedging, strong seismic reflectors characterize the base-of-slope aprons at the basin margin. These layers evolve to turbidites of mainly thin, fine-grained, basin-plain type, characterized by numerous flat and weak seismic reflectors in the central basin floor. Many individual debris-chute sources funnel sediment to base-of-slope aprons: there, coarse-grained parts of the sediment–gravity flows deposit nonchannelized beds attributed to the F, A, B turbidite facies. While traversing the base-of-slope aprons, flows evolve to sheet-flow turbidity currents that deposit D-facies beds over the central basin floor. These processes and patterns of deposition characterize small siliciclastic basins without channelized submarine fans and are common in carbonate basins of all sizes.
The 5-22 mu m size accounted for 40-50% of annual production in each embayment, but production by phytoplanton >22 mu m ranged from 26% in the S reach to 54% of total phytoplankton production in the landward embayment of the N reach. A productivity index is derived that predicts daily productivity for each size class as a function of ambient irradiance and integrated chlorophyll a in the photic zone. For the whole phytoplankton community and for each size class, this index was constant at approx= 0.76 g C m-2 (g chlorophyll a Einstein)-1. The annual means of maximum carbon assimilation numbers were usually similar for the three size classes. Spatial and temporal variations in size-fractionated productivity are primarily due to differences in biomass rather than size-dependent carbon assimilation rates. -from Authors
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1351944","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Cole, B., Cloern, J., and Alpine, A., 1986, Biomass and productivity of three phytoplankton size classes in San Francisco Bay: Estuaries, v. 9, no. 2, p. 117-126, https://doi.org/10.2307/1351944.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f18be4b0c8380cd4acbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alpine, A.E.","contributorId":6063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpine","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014858,"text":"70014858 - 1986 - Danburite in evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T11:09:12.65241","indexId":"70014858","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Danburite in evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah.","docAbstract":"Danburite (CaB 2 Si 2 O 8 ) has been found as nodules in Pennsylvanian age marine evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah. Originally danburite had been known as a high-temperature mineral that occurs at numerous localities in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Since its discovery in water-insoluble residues from a Louisiana salt dome in 1937, it has been found in several other evaporites. The occurrence of danburite and its relation to the host rock in the Paradox basin evaporites indicates that it most likely formed by diagenetic reaction of boron-rich, high-salinity brines with constituents in the anhydrite host rock.