Estimates of distributional parameters (mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range) are often desired for data sets containing censored observations. Eight methods for estimating these parameters have been evaluated by R. J. Gilliom and D. R. Helsel (this issue) using Monte Carlo simulations. To verify those findings, the same methods are now applied to actual water quality data. The best method (lowest root-mean-squared error (rmse)) over all parameters, sample sizes, and censoring levels is log probability regression (LR), the method found best in the Monte Carlo simulations. Best methods for estimating moment or percentile parameters separately are also identical to the simulations. Reliability of these estimates can be expressed as confidence intervals using rmse and bias values taken from the simulation results. Finally, a new simulation study shows that best methods for estimating uncensored sample statistics from censored data sets are identical to those for estimating population parameters. Thus this study and the companion study by Gilliom and Helsel form the basis for making the best possible estimates of either population parameters or sample statistics from censored water quality data, and for assessments of their reliability.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/WR022i002p00147","usgsCitation":"Helsel, D., and Gilliom, R.J., 1986, Estimation of distributional parameters for censored trace level water quality data: 2. Verification and applications: Water Resources Research, v. 22, no. 2, p. 147-155, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR022i002p00147.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"155","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b84e4b0c8380cd52764","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helsel, Dennis R.","contributorId":85569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helsel","given":"Dennis R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":369795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014867,"text":"70014867 - 1986 - The Schwarzwalder uranium deposit, III: Alteration, vein mineralization, light stable isotopes, and genesis of the deposit","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-05T17:53:56.035825","indexId":"70014867","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Schwarzwalder uranium deposit, III: Alteration, vein mineralization, light stable isotopes, and genesis of the deposit","docAbstract":"The Schwartzwalder uranium deposit formed at 69.3 + or - 1.1 m.y. in a complex fracture system during the inception of Laramide uplift of the Front Range in Colorado. Geologic and isotopic evidence demonstrates that the ore-forming fluids were in chemical equilibrium with the Proterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary host-rock terrane at depth and that the metals, sulfur, and carbonate deposited in the fractures were derived from the metamorphic rocks. The data are not consistent with chemical contributions from an unrecognized magma or from the overlying Phanerozoic sedimentary rocks. The protoliths for the metamorphic rocks were submarine volcanic rocks and related volcanogenic exhalative iron-formations and chert. Water trapped along the basement faults and in the regolith between the basement and the overlying Paleozoic sedimentary rocks interacted with the metavolcanic rocks to produce isotopically heavy fluids containing high concentrations of dissolved metals and carbonate. Calculated delta 18 O values for this fluid range from 4.3 to 8.2 per mil, indicating a low water/rock ratio in the source terrane.Two stages of alteration and three stages of vein mineralization are recorded in the Schwartzwalder deposit. At the onset of Laramide faulting, fluids migrated along the fracture systems to zones of low hydraulic potential. These fluids contained CO 2 and had a metastably large K/Na ratio; they altered the gneissic wall rocks to a carbonate-sericite assemblage, adding K (super +) and CO 2 and removing SiO 2 with little or no change in volume. As the fractures continued to open, CO 2 was evolved from the fluids, increasing the pH and superimposing a hematite-adularia alteration assemblage on the earlier alteration.The veins record three stages of mineralization, the second of which generated the high-grade uranium veins. Evidence for the stage I sulfide-carbonate mineralization is poorly preserved, but isotopic and temperature data from this stage are consistent with a trend in fluid composition culminating in stage II pitchblende deposition. Sudden, large movements along the faults caused episodic evolution of CO 2 from the fluid. This loss of CO 2 decreased the solubilities of carbonates and adularia and the stabilities of sulfur species in solution. Uranyl carbonate complexes dissociated and sulfur species in solution likely reduced the uranyl ions to produce stage II pitchblende. Carbonate, adularia, and sulfides dominated the vein mineralogy after deposition of pitchblende. Progressively lower delta 18 O values in vein carbonates suggest the mixing of cooler, less evolved, perhaps meteoric, waters during the later stages of mineralization. However, the fluid pressure remained high, as indicated by explosion breccias and inward collapse features which formed as fault movements produced sudden decreases in the confining pressure. Only the stage III carbonate-iron disulfide assemblage in the major postore segment of the Illinois fault may be the product of meteoric water alone.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.81.4.872","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Wallace, A.R., and Whelan, J.F., 1986, The Schwarzwalder uranium deposit, III: Alteration, vein mineralization, light stable isotopes, and genesis of the deposit: Economic Geology, v. 81, no. 4, p. 872-888, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.4.872.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"872","endPage":"888","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225855,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba8dde4b08c986b321ed9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wallace, A. R.","contributorId":59445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whelan, J. F.","contributorId":45328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whelan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014866,"text":"70014866 - 1986 - Tidal reorientation and the fracturing of Jupiter's moon Europa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:34","indexId":"70014866","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tidal reorientation and the fracturing of Jupiter's moon Europa","docAbstract":"The most striking characteristic of Europa is the network of long linear albedo markings over the surface, suggestive of global-scale tectonic processes. Various explanations for the fractures have been proposed: Freezing and expansion of an early liquid water ocean1, planetary expansion due to dehydration of hydrated silicates2, localization by weak points in the crust generated by impacts3, and a combination of stresses due to planetary volume change and tidal distortions from orbital recession and orbital eccentricity4,5. Calculations by Yoder6 and Greenberg and Weidenschilling7 have shown that Europa may rotate slightly more rapidly than the synchronous rate, with a rotation period (reorientation through 360??) ranging from 20 to >103 yr if a liquid mantle is present, or up to 1010 yr if the satellite is essentially solid7. Helfen-stein and Parmentier8 modelled the stresses due to nonsynchronous rotation, and concluded that this could explain the long fractures in part of the anti-jovian hemisphere. In this note, I present a global map of lineaments with long arc lengths (>20?? or 550 km), and compare the lineament orientations to the tensile stress trajectories due to tidal distortions (changes in the lengths of three principal semiaxes) and to nonsynchronous rotation (longitudinal reorientation of two of the principal semiaxes). An excellent orthogonal fit to the lineaments is achieved by the stresses due to nonsynchronous rotation with the axis radial to Jupiter located 25?? east of its present position. This fit suggests that nonsynchronous rotation occurred at some time in Europa's history. ?? 1986 Nature Publishing Group.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nature","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1038/321049a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"McEwen, A.S., 1986, Tidal reorientation and the fracturing of Jupiter's moon Europa: Nature, v. 321, no. 6065, p. 49-51, https://doi.org/10.1038/321049a0.","startPage":"49","endPage":"51","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205661,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/321049a0"},{"id":225854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"321","issue":"6065","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb378e4b08c986b325dde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014858,"text":"70014858 - 1986 - Danburite in evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T11:09:12.65241","indexId":"70014858","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Danburite in evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah.","docAbstract":"Danburite (CaB 2 Si 2 O 8 ) has been found as nodules in Pennsylvanian age marine evaporites of the Paradox basin, Utah. Originally danburite had been known as a high-temperature mineral that occurs at numerous localities in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Since its discovery in water-insoluble residues from a Louisiana salt dome in 1937, it has been found in several other evaporites. The occurrence of danburite and its relation to the host rock in the Paradox basin evaporites indicates that it most likely formed by diagenetic reaction of boron-rich, high-salinity brines with constituents in the anhydrite host rock.
The 5-22 mu m size accounted for 40-50% of annual production in each embayment, but production by phytoplanton >22 mu m ranged from 26% in the S reach to 54% of total phytoplankton production in the landward embayment of the N reach. A productivity index is derived that predicts daily productivity for each size class as a function of ambient irradiance and integrated chlorophyll a in the photic zone. For the whole phytoplankton community and for each size class, this index was constant at approx= 0.76 g C m-2 (g chlorophyll a Einstein)-1. The annual means of maximum carbon assimilation numbers were usually similar for the three size classes. Spatial and temporal variations in size-fractionated productivity are primarily due to differences in biomass rather than size-dependent carbon assimilation rates. -from Authors
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.2307/1351944","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Cole, B., Cloern, J., and Alpine, A., 1986, Biomass and productivity of three phytoplankton size classes in San Francisco Bay: Estuaries, v. 9, no. 2, p. 117-126, https://doi.org/10.2307/1351944.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":225732,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f18be4b0c8380cd4acbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, B.E.","contributorId":66268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alpine, A.E.","contributorId":6063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpine","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014530,"text":"70014530 - 1986 - BROAD SPECTRUM ANALYSIS FOR TRACE ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER BY XAD RESINS-COLUMN DESIGN-FACTS AND MYTHS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:31","indexId":"70014530","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"BROAD SPECTRUM ANALYSIS FOR TRACE ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER BY XAD RESINS-COLUMN DESIGN-FACTS AND MYTHS.","docAbstract":"The 'rule of thumb' that large volumes of water can be sampled for trace organic pollutants by XAD resin columns which are designed by small column laboratory studies or pure compounds is examined and shown to be a problem. A theory of multicomponent breakthrough is presented as a frame of reference to help solve the problem and develop useable criteria to aid the design of resin columns. An important part of the theory is the effect of humic substances on the breakthrough character of multicomponent chemical systems.","largerWorkTitle":"National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry","conferenceTitle":"American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry 192nd National Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Anaheim, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","issn":"02703009","usgsCitation":"Gibs, J., Wicklund, A., and Suffet, I., 1986, BROAD SPECTRUM ANALYSIS FOR TRACE ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN LARGE VOLUMES OF WATER BY XAD RESINS-COLUMN DESIGN-FACTS AND MYTHS., in National Meeting - American Chemical Society, Division of Environmental Chemistry, v. 26, no. 2, Anaheim, CA, USA, p. 382-383.","startPage":"382","endPage":"383","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ef88e4b0c8380cd4a2df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibs, J.","contributorId":91632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wicklund, A.","contributorId":16714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicklund","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suffet, I.H.","contributorId":77424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suffet","given":"I.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70014523,"text":"70014523 - 1986 - An experimental study of subaqueous slipface deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-21T11:13:38.637578","indexId":"70014523","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2450,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An experimental study of subaqueous slipface deposition","docAbstract":"A flume study indicates that grainflow on slipfaces accounts for most cross-strata formed in unidirectional, shallow-water flows. The slipfaces studied were on small megaripples and delta-like steps (0.06-0.28 m high). During intermittent avalanching, at relatively low flow velocities, periods between avalanches were marked by grainfall onto the slipface, the intensity of which was greatest near the brink of the slipface and increased with current velocity. Nearly all grainfall deposits, however, were incorporated into subsequent grainflows. Grain flow cross-strata were made up of relatively distinct layers, at least near the base of the slipface. Continuous avalanching at high flow velocity was marked by a steady stream of grains forming more poorly defined cross-strata. Although the fundamental cause of grain flow is the gradual buildup of sediment on the upper slipface to the angle of initial yield, four other processes were recognized as promoting avalanching: 1) migration of superimposed bedforms to the brink, 2) generation of turbulent pulses upstream of the brink, 3) lee-eddy impingement on the lower slipface, and 4) extension of the lee eddy above the brink. The lee eddy proved very significant in slipface processes by redistributing grainfall sediments and both promoting and impeding grainflow. Regression analyses showed that the slipface advance per avalanche, S a , is strongly correlated with the slipface height, H, expressed approximately by S a = 0.060H. In addition, S a is a direct function of the rate of slipface advance, V b . The relationship among S a , H, and V b can be expressed as S a /H = 0.0385[1 - 0.134 (min/cm) V b ] (super -1) . Cross-strata dip angles between 28 degrees and 34 degrees show no systematic relation to H and V b , but dip angles greater than 34 degrees occurred only when both H and V b were small, and dip angles less than 28 degrees occurred only when both H and V b were large.
At Cerro Cobachi, 90 km east of Hermosillo, Sonora, an Ordovician to Permian miogeoclinal assemblage and an Ordovician to Permian siliceous deep-water assemblage were juxtaposed by thrust faulting between mid-Permian and latest Cretaceous time. Both assemblages resemble counterparts in the Great Basin. One formation, an ultramature quartzite unit in the miogeoclinal assemblage, closely resembles the Middle Ordovician Eureka Quartzite. In the southern Great Basin, isopach lines of the Eureka trend south-southwestward. From a maximum thickness of 134 m near Owens Lake, California, the Eureka thins and splays northward in the southern Inyo Mountains and thins southeastward in the Nopah Range. But south-southwestward, parallel with the isopach lines, it apparently ends abruptly as if faulted. Because the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the western Great Basin and that of west Texas have elements in common, it is quite possible that the southwest-trending facies belts of the Great Basin originally wrapped around the southern border of the continent through northern Mexico and joined corresponding belts in Texas. Two hypotheses are suggested: (1) the Cerro Cobachi terrane, of which the quartzite is a part, is indigenous to northern Mexico, and (2) the Cerro Cobachi terrane is indigenous to California and was displaced tectonically to northern Mexico. The second hypothesis is favored by the apparently abrupt termination of the Eureka Quartzite near Owens Lake, the nearly identical thickness of the two quartzites, and their nearly identical lithic composition and texture.
Research on the ecology and status of polar bear populations in Alaska has continued since 1967. Research was a joint U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/Alaska Department of Fish and Game effort until passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act in 1972, and has been largely a Federal effort since then. In 1985, Alaskan polar beer research continues to be carried out by the Research Division of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (DOI). A recent reorganization removed authority for ecological research in Alaska from the Denver Wildlife Research Center, and vested it with the newly created Alaska Office of Fish and Wildlife Research. This new research office is the center for Federal fish and Wildlife related research throughout the state of Alaska and in its coastal waters.
Although the responsibility for polar bear research lies with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, numerous other organizations and agencies deserve mention for their cooperation and support of the ongoing research. These include: the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (DOC), The U.S. Minerals Management Service (DOI), The Canadian Wildlife Service, The Northwest Territories Wildlife Service, the Yukon Wildlife Service, Dome Petroleum Ltd, Gulf Canada, and the Alaska Department of Fish and game.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Polar bears: Proceedings of the ninth working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group","conferenceDate":"August 9-11, 1985","conferenceLocation":"Edmonton, AB","language":"English","publisher":"IUCN","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, UK","isbn":"2-88032-308-8","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., 1986, Research on polar bears in Alaska, 1983-1985, in Polar bears: Proceedings of the ninth working meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Edmonton, AB, August 9-11, 1985, p. 85-115.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"115","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339617,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/5857"},{"id":339618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ef3dade4b0eed1ab8e3bee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":690769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014554,"text":"70014554 - 1986 - Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:53:12.574099","indexId":"70014554","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming","docAbstract":"Detailed two-dimensional flow simulation of a complex ground-water system is combined with quadratic and linear programming to evaluate design alternatives for rapid aquifer restoration. The design model ensures that a contaminant plume is removed and treated within four years at the least possible cost. Rapid restoration is accomplished by maintaining specified velocities around the plume perimeter toward a group of pumping wells located near the plume center. Ground-water velocities are adjusted to include the effects of solute retardation due to sorption. As a simplification, the model does not account for hydrodynamic dispersion. Results show how treatment and pumping costs depend dynamically on the type of treatment process, the capacity of pumping and injection wells, and the number of wells. The design for an inexpensive treatment process minimizes pumping costs, while an expensive process results in the minimization of treatment costs. Substantial reductions in pumping costs occur with increases in injection capacity or in the number of wells. Treatment costs are reduced by expansions in pumping capacity or injection capacity. The analysis identifies maximum pumping and injection capacities.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01694.x","usgsCitation":"Lefkoff, L., and Gorelick, S., 1986, Design and cost analysis of rapid aquifer restoration systems using flow simulation and quadratic programming: Groundwater, v. 24, no. 6, p. 777-790, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01694.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"777","endPage":"790","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226227,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff35e4b0c8380cd4f092","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lefkoff, L.J.","contributorId":47418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lefkoff","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gorelick, S.M.","contributorId":21589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014551,"text":"70014551 - 1986 - Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-01T01:11:15.593985","indexId":"70014551","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California","docAbstract":"Bed shear stress was estimated using wave and current measurements obtained with the GEOPROBE bottom-tripod system during resuspension events in Norton Sound, Alaska, and on the northern California shelf. The boundary-layer model of Grant and Madsen (1979, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 1797-1808) was used to compute the bed shear stress under combined wave-generated and quasi-steady currents. Resuspension events were identified by sudden, large increases in light scattering at 1.9 m above the sea floor. The shear-stress values were used to compute the Shields parameter (??). The results for Norton Sound are in excellent agreement with the Shields threshold criterion; the data for the California shelf plot somewhat above the Shields threshold curve, though generally within the scatter envelope. Although the surface sediments in each area contain substantial fine-grained fractions (mean diameters were 0.007 cm in Norton Sound and 0.002 cm on the California shelf), the results do not indicate significant cohesion, because the sediment was entrained at bed shear-stress values close to those predicted by the modified Shields curve for cohesionless fine-grained particles. We suspect that frequent wave stirring and observed plowing of the surface sediment by benthonic animals maintain a high water content and contribute to the ease with which these materials are resuspended.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Drake, D., and Cacchione, D., 1986, Field observations of bed shear stress and sediment resuspension on continental shelves, Alaska and California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 6, no. 3, p. 415-429, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(86)90081-6.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"415","endPage":"429","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226162,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska, California","volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fcbe4b0c8380cd53a07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":368655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003188,"text":"1003188 - 1986 - Environmental fate of mercury discharged into the upper Wisconsin River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T15:14:11","indexId":"1003188","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental fate of mercury discharged into the upper Wisconsin River","docAbstract":"The authors studied the distribution of Hg in sediments, fish, and crayfish in a 60 km reach of the Upper Wisconsin River that formerly received Hg in discharges from pulp and paper mills. The most heavily contaminated strata of sediments were deposited during the 1950s and early 1960s and buried under subsequent deposits; however, surficial sediments remained substantially enriched at certain sites in 1981. Median concentrations of Hg in surficial sediments, adjusted for grain size, were at least 10-fold greater at the main study area than at an upstream reference site. Total concentrations exceeded 1.0 mu g g super(-1) wet weight in axial muscle tissue in only 2 of 173 fish analyzed from the study area; however, historical comparisons revealed that Hg contamination of fish (common carp Cyprinus carpio and walleye Stizostedion vitreum vitreum ) and crayfish (Orconectes ) in the river had not decreased since the early 1970s.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin River Studies Center","doi":"10.1007/BF00149329","usgsCitation":"Rada, R., Findley, J., and Wiener, J., 1986, Environmental fate of mercury discharged into the upper Wisconsin River: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 29, no. 1, p. 57-76, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00149329.","productDescription":"pp. 57-76","startPage":"57","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269928,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00149329"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6023ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rada, R.G.","contributorId":7651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Findley, J.E.","contributorId":32551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Findley","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014274,"text":"1014274 - 1986 - Effects of rearing density on growth and survival of lake trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T18:43:02.543102","indexId":"1014274","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of rearing density on growth and survival of lake trout","docAbstract":"Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were reared at density indices (allowable density in pounds/cubic foot divided by fish length in inches) of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 in cages suspended in circular tanks. Water flow rates were such that dissolved oxygen remained above 8 ppm within all the cages. Thus treatment effects were attributed to density and not influenced by water quality. Growth and condition were not affected by density, but survival was lower at the higher density than at the three lower densities. We conclude that lake trout may be successfully reared at a density index of at least 1.0 if the water requirements for respiration and waste dilution are met.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C30:EORDOG%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Soderberg, R.W., and Krise, W.F., 1986, Effects of rearing density on growth and survival of lake trout: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 48, no. 1, p. 30-32, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C30:EORDOG%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"32","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130728,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderberg, R. W.","contributorId":93855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Soderberg","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krise, W. F.","contributorId":50842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krise","given":"W.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003153,"text":"1003153 - 1986 - An integrated system for treating nitrogen supersaturated water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T15:56:18.635662","indexId":"1003153","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An integrated system for treating nitrogen supersaturated water","docAbstract":"Groundwater is commonly supersaturated with nitrogen and must be treated before it is used for culturing fish–especially sensitive species such as lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We treated water with an integrated system that passed water through a packed column aerator, then through a vacuum degasser, and finally through another packed column aerator (installed as a backup system). Packed‐column aeration prior to vacuum degassing provided increased efficiency because only a small amount of vacuum was required to remove the remaining excess nitrogen, and oxygen levels were not affected by the vacuum degasser. In well water passed through packed columns, nitrogen gas was reduced from 131 to 105% of saturation and oxygen was increased from 23 to 86% of saturation. With a vacuum pressure of 3 in Hg, the degasser further reduced the nitrogen gas from 105 to 99% of saturation, and oxygen saturation remained near 86%. The integrated system provided water in which all gases were near saturation. No effects of gas supersaturation have been observed among the 18 species of cold‐water, coolwater, or warmwater fish that have been cultured in this water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C281:AISFTN%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., and Marking, L.L., 1986, An integrated system for treating nitrogen supersaturated water: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 48, no. 4, p. 281-284, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C281:AISFTN%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"284","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db684521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marking, L. L.","contributorId":90661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marking","given":"L.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70014647,"text":"70014647 - 1986 - A fan dam for Tulare Lake, California, and implications for the Wisconsin glacial history of the Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T12:15:35.819846","indexId":"70014647","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A fan dam for Tulare Lake, California, and implications for the Wisconsin glacial history of the Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"Historic fluctuations and late Quaternary deposits of Tulare Lake, in the southern San Joaquin Valley, indicate that maximum lake size has depended chiefly on the height of a frequently overtopped spillway. This dependence gives Tulare Lake a double record of paleoclimate. Climate in the Tulare Lake region has influenced the degree to which the lake fills its basin during dry seasons and dry years: during the past 100,000–130,000 yr, incidence of desiccation of Tulare Lake (inferred from stiffness, mud cracks, and other hand-specimen properties) has been broadly consistent with the lake's salinity and depth (inferred from diatoms and ostracodes) and with regional vegetation (inferred from pollen). Climate, however, also appears to control basin capacity itself: Tulare Lake becomes large as a consequence of glacial-outwash aggradation of its alluvial-fan dam.
Late Wisconsin enlargement of Tulare Lake probably resulted from the last major glaciation of the Sierra Nevada. The lake's spillway coincides with the axis of the glacial-outwash fan of a major Sierra Nevada stream; moreover, sediment deposited in the transgressive lake resembles glacial rock flour from the Sierra Nevada. Differential tectonic subsidence and deposition by a Coast Range creek facilitated the building of Tulare Lake's fan dam during the late Wisconsin but were less important than deposition of Sierra Nevada outwash. Four stratigraphically consistent 14C dates on peat and wood give an age of 26,000 yr B.P. for the start of Tulare Lake's late Wisconsin transgression. The last major Sierra Nevada glaciation (Tioga glaciation) thus may have begun about 26,000 yr B.P., provided that vigorous glacial-outwash deposition began early in the glaciation. Onset of the Tioga glaciation about 26,000 yr B.P. is consistent with new stratigraphic and radiocarbon data from the northeastern San Joaquin Valley. These data suggest that the principal episode of glacial-outwash deposition of Wisconsin age began in the San Joaquin Valley after 32,000 yr B.P., rather than at least 40,000 yr B.P., as previously believed.
An earlier enlargement of Tulare Lake probably resulted from a fan dam produced by the penultimate major (Tahoe) glaciation of the Sierra Nevada. Average sedimentation rates inferred from depths to a 600,000-yr-old clay and from radiocarbon dates indicate that this earlier lake originated no later than 100,000 yr B.P. The Tahoe glaciation therefore is probably pre-Wisconsin.
Of 31 deep-sea cores collected along the central California continental slope, 18 have distinctly laminated sediment at depth, but none have laminations in the top few centimetres. The cores with laminated facies are restricted to water depths between 508 and 1508 m, but not all cores taken from this depth interval have laminated facies. 14C dates yield an extrapolated age of 4700 B.P. for the top of the uppermost laminated unit. Comparisons of the diatom flora in the laminated couplets with diatom floras in a 13-month sediment-trap record suggest that the laminations are varvelike couplets of seasonal sedimentation. The laminated facies represent a period from the last global deglaciation to early Holocene when the oxygen-minimum zone along the northeastern Pacific Ocean was stronger than at present. A stronger oxygen-minimum zone during this time is inferred to be the result of intensified upwelling.
A short computer program, written in BASIC for the Apple IIe or IBM PC computer, efficiently performs all the calculations required to determine gas pressure and percent saturation values for water. Input for the program is limited to empirical determinations of barometric pressure, water temperature, differential dissolved gas pressures, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. An optional routine is included for obtaining a printed report of input data and results. The program can be easily modified to run on most other microcomputers that use BASIC programming language.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C142:CPCOGS%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., 1986, Computer program calculation of gas supersaturation in water: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 48, no. 2, p. 142-146, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C142:CPCOGS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"142","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129542,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a78f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003282,"text":"1003282 - 1986 - Loss of lampricides by adsorption on bottom sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:50","indexId":"1003282","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loss of lampricides by adsorption on bottom sediments","docAbstract":"Problems have been encountered in maintaining effective concentrations of the lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 5,2a??-dichloro-4a??-nitrosalicylanilide (Bayer 73) during treatments of certain Great Lakes tributaries. Concentrations of Bayer 73 decreased by more than 80% in a portion of the Ford River, Michigan, during treatment in 1980. Adsorption of Bayer 73 on sediments was hypothesized as the primary mechanism of this excessive loss. Subsequent laboratory studies demonstrated that lampricides are adsorbed by silt-type sediments that are high in organic content, including those collected from the treated portion of the Ford River. Un-ionized lampricides (acidic solution) were more readily adsorbed than ionized forms (basic solution). Adsorption onto sediments was proportionally greater, and desorption proportionally less, for Bayer 73 than for TFM. When Ford River sediments were mixed with lampricide-free water, less than 10% of the adsorbed Bayer 73, but more than 60% of the TFM, was released. The extensive adsorption of the lampricides (especially Bayer 73) from solution by silt-type sediments explains much of the loss of effective concentrations in certain streams.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dawson, V.K., Johnson, D., and Allen, J.L., 1986, Loss of lampricides by adsorption on bottom sediments: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 43, no. 8, p. 1515-1520.","productDescription":"pp. 1515-1520","startPage":"1515","endPage":"1520","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15425,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://rparticle.web-p.cisti.nrc.ca/rparticle/AbstractTemplateServlet?journal=cjfas&volume=43&year=1986&issue=43&msno=f86-189&calyLang=eng","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6799.000000000000000"},{"id":134414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640d07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, V. K.","contributorId":48900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, D.A.","contributorId":61370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J. L.","contributorId":49295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013881,"text":"1013881 - 1986 - Design and application of vacuum degassers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T19:00:57.672346","indexId":"1013881","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Design and application of vacuum degassers","docAbstract":"Designs of vacuum degassers, which alleviate gas supersaturation in hatchery waters, have progressed greatly in recent years. Basic rules of thumb now exist by which the feasibility of vacuum degassers can be determined for particular facilities, and by which complete systems can be designed and built to meet local needs. These rules are presented in the form of step‐by‐step procedures and guidelines directed to practicing hatchery operators. The flexibility of vacuum degasser designs is illustrated for large‐, medium‐, and small‐volume systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C215:DAAOVD%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fuss, J.T., 1986, Design and application of vacuum degassers: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 48, p. 215-221, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1986)48%3C215:DAAOVD%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131749,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667ec1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuss, J. T.","contributorId":37673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuss","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014550,"text":"70014550 - 1986 - Ground-water recharge and its effects on nitrate concentration beneath a manured field site in Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-20T22:54:10.838869","indexId":"70014550","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground-water recharge and its effects on nitrate concentration beneath a manured field site in Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Ground-water recharge to a shallow, unconfined, fractured dolomite aquifer underlying agricultural land in Lancaster County, Pennyslvania occurs by two mechanisms. Direct recharge occurs through pathways such as near-surface bedrock fractures and sinkholes, and affects dissolved nitrate concentration of ground water within two to three days; its effects last only about one week. Gradual recharge occurs through small channels and pores in the unsaturated zone and affects dissolved nitrate concentration for several weeks or more after the effects of direct recharge have dissipated. Whether recharge causes an increase or decrease in dissolved nitrate concentration depends on the amount of nitrogen-rich manure spread on the site prior to the storm. Direct recharge from a storm in March 1984, a month in which 18 tons of manure were spread, resulted in a rapid decrease in dissolved nitrate concentration of about 2.5 milligrams per liter (mg/l) as nitrogen. Direct recharge from a storm in May 1984, after 384 tons of manure had been spread in April, resulted in a rapid increase in dissolved nitrate concentration of about 3 mg/l as nitrogen. Concentration changes caused by gradual recharge several weeks or more after the storms were of the same magnitude as those caused by direct recharge during the storm.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","usgsCitation":"Gerhart, J.M., 1986, Ground-water recharge and its effects on nitrate concentration beneath a manured field site in Pennsylvania: Groundwater, v. 24, no. 4, p. 483-489.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"489","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226161,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2cdce4b0c8380cd5bd97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gerhart, J. M.","contributorId":12855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerhart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70015024,"text":"70015024 - 1986 - Selective chemical dissolution of sulfides: An evaluation of six methods applicable to assaying sulfide-bound nickel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-21T08:33:13","indexId":"70015024","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selective chemical dissolution of sulfides: An evaluation of six methods applicable to assaying sulfide-bound nickel","docAbstract":"Six analytical techniques for the selective chemical dissolution of sulfides are compared with the purpose of defining the best method for accurately determining the concentration of sulfide-bound nickel. Synthesized sulfide phases of known elemental content, mixed with well-analyzed silicates, were used to determine the relative and absolute efficiency, based on Ni and Mg recovery, of the techniques. Tested leach-methods purported to dissolve sulfide from silicate phases include: brominated water, brominated water-carbon tetrachloride, nitric-hydrochloric acid, hydrogen peroxide-ammonium citrate, bromine-methanol and hydrogen peroxide-ascorbic acid. Only the hydrogen peroxide-ammonium citrate method did not prove adequate in dissolving the sulfide phases. The remaining five methods dissolved the sulfide phases, but the indicated amount of attack on the silicate portion ranged from 3% to 100%. The bromine-methanol method is recommended for assaying sulfide-Ni deposits when Ni is also present in silicate phases. ?? 1986.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(86)90079-3","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Klock, P., Czamanske, G., Foose, M., and Pesek, J., 1986, Selective chemical dissolution of sulfides: An evaluation of six methods applicable to assaying sulfide-bound nickel: Chemical Geology, v. 54, no. 1-2, p. 157-162, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90079-3.","startPage":"157","endPage":"162","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":266100,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(86)90079-3"},{"id":223692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8cdce4b08c986b318175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klock, P.R.","contributorId":62588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klock","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czamanske, G.K.","contributorId":26300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Czamanske","given":"G.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foose, M.","contributorId":78478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foose","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pesek, J.","contributorId":18116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pesek","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":369879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70014481,"text":"70014481 - 1986 - ESTIMATION OF URBAN STORM-RUNOFF LOADS.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:29","indexId":"70014481","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"ESTIMATION OF URBAN STORM-RUNOFF LOADS.","docAbstract":"The United States was divided into three regions, on the basis of mean annual rainfall, to decrease the variability in storm-runoff constituent loads and to improve regression relations with basin and climatic characteristics. Multiple-regression analyses, in progress, are being refined to determine the best regression models for each of the storm-runoff constituent loads in each of the three regions. These techniques, when finalized, can be used to estimate storm-runoff constituent loads for gaged and ungaged urban watersheds. The preliminary standard errors of estimate for five constituents examined to date ranged from 54 to 223 percent, and the coefficients of determination (r**2) ranged from 0. 39 to 0. 94. Total storm rainfall and total contributing drainage area appear to be the most significant independent variables in the regression models. This paper is a progress report on preliminary results of estimating storm-runoff constituent loads for ungaged watersheds.","conferenceTitle":"Urban Runoff Quality - Impact and Quality Enhancement Technology, Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference.","conferenceLocation":"Henniker, NH, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","publisherLocation":"New York, NY, USA","isbn":"087262577X","usgsCitation":"Driver, N.E., and Lystrom, D.J., 1986, ESTIMATION OF URBAN STORM-RUNOFF LOADS., Urban Runoff Quality - Impact and Quality Enhancement Technology, Proceedings of an Engineering Foundation Conference., Henniker, NH, USA, p. 122-132.","startPage":"122","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226225,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0469e4b0c8380cd5097d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Urbonas BenRoesner Larry A.","contributorId":128383,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Urbonas BenRoesner Larry A.","id":536288,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Driver, Nancy E.","contributorId":67858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driver","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lystrom, David J.","contributorId":101283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lystrom","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":368499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1013689,"text":"1013689 - 1986 - Strategies for reducing risks from introductions of aquatic organisms: A philosophical perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-08T12:20:13.137723","indexId":"1013689","displayToPublicDate":"1986-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1986","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strategies for reducing risks from introductions of aquatic organisms: A philosophical perspective","docAbstract":"North American waters contain a variety of introduced aquatic plants, invertebrates and fishes. Many species are exotic (of foreign origin) but most are transplants of native forms. While carelessness and accidental releases have led to establishment of the majority of introduced aquatic organisms, a significant number have been purposefully or intentionally released, often without forethought or research as to their negative impacts on other living resources and habitat. Introductions remain an important tool in fisheries management, but must be conducted on sound ecological bases rather than as expediencies, as has often characterized the past. Strategies are considered in the context of aquatic resource management for reducing risks of future planned introductions to North American waters. Because introduced species do not respect political boundaries, greater interstate, interprovincial, and international cooperation is required regarding introductions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(1986)011<0030:SFRRFI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Courtenay, W., and Taylor, J., 1986, Strategies for reducing risks from introductions of aquatic organisms: A philosophical perspective: Fisheries, v. 11, no. 2, p. 30-33, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1986)011<0030:SFRRFI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129030,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b11b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Courtenay, W.R. Jr.","contributorId":41369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Courtenay","given":"W.R.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, J.N.","contributorId":36490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":319053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}