We report the establishment of a mixed hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) phytoremediation system at a fuel-contaminated site. Several approaches were used to balance competing goals of cost-effectiveness yet successful tree establishment without artificial irrigation or trenching. Bare root and unrooted cuttings were installed using either: (1) 1.2 m deep holes excavated with an 8 cm diameter auger using a direct-push rig and backfilled with the excavated, in situ soil; (2) 1.2 m deep holes created with a 23 cm diameter auger attached to a Bobcat rig and backfilled with clean topsoil from offsite; and (3) shallow holes between 15–30 cm deep that were created with a 1.3 cm diameter rod and no backfill. Tree mortality from initial plantings indicated contaminated zones not quantified in prior site investigations and remedial actions. Aquifer heterogeneity, underground utilities, and prior remediation infrastructure hampered the ability of the site to support a traditional experimental design. Total stem length and mortality were measured for all planted trees and were incorporated into a geographic information system. Planting early in the growing season, augering a larger diameter hole, and backfilling with clean, uncontaminated topsoil was cost effective and allowed for greater tree cutting growth and survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis Online","doi":"10.1080/15226510903390395","usgsCitation":"Cook, R.L., Landmeyer, J., Atkinson, B., Messier, J., and Nichols, E.G., 2010, Field note--Successful establishment of a phytoremediation system at a petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated shallow aquifer--Trends, trials, and tribulations: International Journal of Phytoremediation, v. 12, no. 7, p. 716-732, https://doi.org/10.1080/15226510903390395.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"716","endPage":"732","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358250,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10c6d3e4b034bf6a7f491c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cook, Rachel L.","contributorId":88270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Brad","contributorId":77848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Brad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Messier, Jean-Pierre","contributorId":208571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Messier","given":"Jean-Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nichols, Elizabeth Guthrie","contributorId":51210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"Guthrie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70200018,"text":"70200018 - 2010 - Sources of aerosol nitrate to the Gulf of Aqaba: Evidence from δ15N and δ18O of nitrate and trace metal chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T15:22:00","indexId":"70200018","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-20T15:21:31","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2662,"text":"Marine Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of aerosol nitrate to the Gulf of Aqaba: Evidence from δ15N and δ18O of nitrate and trace metal chemistry","docAbstract":"The nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) isotopic composition (δ15N and δ18O) of water soluble aerosol nitrate was measured in aerosol samples collected in Eilat, Israel, from August 2003 to November 2004. During this period δ15N values ranged from − 6.9‰ to + 1.9‰ and δ18O from + 65.1‰ to + 84.9‰ and exhibited strong seasonal variability with higher average δ15N values observed in the summer and higher δ18O values in the winter. Nitrate isotopic composition was compared with bulk chemical composition and extractable ion and trace metals on co-collected samples linking nitrate isotopic composition to various sources of aerosols to this region. Atmospheric processes impacting the isotopic signatures of nitrate were also considered.
Based on back trajectory analyses, the majority of NO3− came from air masses originating over the Mediterranean Sea (34%), Western Europe (20%) and the local Negev desert (19%), which contain a larger anthropogenic imprint compared to southern and eastern air masses which are dominated by mineral dust. The potential role of reactive mineral dust aerosols as a regulator of NO3− isotopic composition is considered; however, based on factor analysis, neither δ15N nor δ18O were associated with mineral dust components (such as Fe or Al), but rather with anthropogenic indicators such as Cu, Cd, P and Pb. Seasonality in primary NOx cycling reactions driven by seasonal changes in solar radiation, relative humidity and temperature also influence the observed isotopic signatures. The isotope data, together with trace element analysis, suggests that seasonal variations in both δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 are related to both NOx source and transport processes as well as NOx chemical reactions in the atmosphere.
The flux-weighted δ15N of aerosol NO3− in this area averaged − 2.6‰ making aerosol deposition a substantial contributor of low δ15N nitrogen to the oligotrophic waters of the Gulf of Aqaba. Thus, while the flux of atmospheric N to oligotrophic marine systems is smaller than the upward flux of NO3− from deep water, it nonetheless represents an important source of new N having a low δ15N. Further, if this low δ15N signature is not considered, it could interfere with N-fixation estimates based on isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate or particulate organic nitrogen. Thus, atmospheric deposition should be constrained for accurate estimates of marine N-fixation when based on δ15N in the ocean. Indeed, in the Gulf of Aqaba, low upper water δ15NNO3 values could be related to inputs of atmospheric NO3− as well as N-fixation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.013","usgsCitation":"Wankel, S.D., Chen, Y., Kendall, C., Post, A., and Paytan, A., 2010, Sources of aerosol nitrate to the Gulf of Aqaba: Evidence from δ15N and δ18O of nitrate and trace metal chemistry: Marine Chemistry, v. 120, no. 1-4, p. 90-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2009.01.013.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358252,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Israel","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Aqaba, Eliat","volume":"120","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10c6d3e4b034bf6a7f4925","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wankel, Scott D.","contributorId":98076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wankel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chen, Ying","contributorId":208599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Ying","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Post, A.F.","contributorId":104729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Paytan, Adina 0000-0001-8360-4712","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8360-4712","contributorId":193046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paytan","given":"Adina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98464,"text":"sir20105008 - 2010 - Use of Continuous Monitors and Autosamplers to Predict Unmeasured Water-Quality Constituents in Tributaries of the Tualatin River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:12","indexId":"sir20105008","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5008","title":"Use of Continuous Monitors and Autosamplers to Predict Unmeasured Water-Quality Constituents in Tributaries of the Tualatin River, Oregon","docAbstract":"Management of water quality in streams of the United States is becoming increasingly complex as regulators seek to control aquatic pollution and ecological problems through Total Maximum Daily Load programs that target reductions in the concentrations of certain constituents. Sediment, nutrients, and bacteria, for example, are constituents that regulators target for reduction nationally and in the Tualatin River basin, Oregon. These constituents require laboratory analysis of discrete samples for definitive determinations of concentrations in streams. Recent technological advances in the nearly continuous, in situ monitoring of related water-quality parameters has fostered the use of these parameters as surrogates for the labor intensive, laboratory-analyzed constituents. Although these correlative techniques have been successful in large rivers, it was unclear whether they could be applied successfully in tributaries of the Tualatin River, primarily because these streams tend to be small, have rapid hydrologic response to rainfall and high streamflow variability, and may contain unique sources of sediment, nutrients, and bacteria. \r\n\r\nThis report evaluates the feasibility of developing correlative regression models for predicting dependent variables (concentrations of total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and Escherichia coli bacteria) in two Tualatin River basin streams: one draining highly urbanized land (Fanno Creek near Durham, Oregon) and one draining rural agricultural land (Dairy Creek at Highway 8 near Hillsboro, Oregon), during 2002-04. An important difference between these two streams is their response to storm runoff; Fanno Creek has a relatively rapid response due to extensive upstream impervious areas and Dairy Creek has a relatively slow response because of the large amount of undeveloped upstream land. Four other stream sites also were evaluated, but in less detail. Potential explanatory variables included continuously monitored streamflow (discharge), stream stage, specific conductance, turbidity, and time (to account for seasonal processes). Preliminary multiple-regression models were identified using stepwise regression and Mallow's Cp, which maximizes regression correlation coefficients and accounts for the loss of additional degrees of freedom when extra explanatory variables are used. Several data scenarios were created and evaluated for each site to assess the representativeness of existing monitoring data and autosampler-derived data, and to assess the utility of the available data to develop robust predictive models. The goodness-of-fit of candidate predictive models was assessed with diagnostic statistics from validation exercises that compared predictions against a subset of the available data.\r\n\r\nThe regression modeling met with mixed success. Functional model forms that have a high likelihood of success were identified for most (but not all) dependent variables at each site, but there were limitations in the available datasets, notably the lack of samples from high-flows. These limitations increase the uncertainty in the predictions of the models and suggest that the models are not yet ready for use in assessing these streams, particularly under high-flow conditions, without additional data collection and recalibration of model coefficients. Nonetheless, the results reveal opportunities to use existing resources more efficiently. Baseline conditions are well represented in the available data, and, for the most part, the models reproduced these conditions well. Future sampling might therefore focus on high flow conditions, without much loss of ability to characterize the baseline. Seasonal cycles, as represented by trigonometric functions of time, were not significant in the evaluated models, perhaps because the baseline conditions are well characterized in the datasets or because the other explanatory variables indirectly incorporate seasonal aspects. Multicollinearity among independent variabl","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105008","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Clean Water Services","usgsCitation":"Anderson, C., and Rounds, S.A., 2010, Use of Continuous Monitors and Autosamplers to Predict Unmeasured Water-Quality Constituents in Tributaries of the Tualatin River, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5008, viii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105008.","productDescription":"viii, 76 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5008.jpg"},{"id":13749,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5008/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Oregon Lambert","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.5,45.36666666666667 ], [ -123.5,45.750277777777775 ], [ -122.5,45.750277777777775 ], [ -122.5,45.36666666666667 ], [ -123.5,45.36666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":1151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey W.","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rounds, Stewart A. 0000-0002-8540-2206 sarounds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8540-2206","contributorId":905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rounds","given":"Stewart","email":"sarounds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98462,"text":"tm6A35 - 2010 - PHAST version 2-A program for simulating groundwater flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-02T10:32:34","indexId":"tm6A35","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"6-A35","title":"PHAST version 2-A program for simulating groundwater flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions","docAbstract":"The computer program PHAST (PHREEQC And HST3D) simulates multicomponent, reactive solute transport in three-dimensional saturated groundwater flow systems. PHAST is a versatile groundwater flow and solute-transport simulator with capabilities to model a wide range of equilibrium and kinetic geochemical reactions. The flow and transport calculations are based on a modified version of HST3D that is restricted to constant fluid density and constant temperature. The geochemical reactions are simulated with the geochemical model PHREEQC, which is embedded in PHAST. Major enhancements in PHAST Version 2 allow spatial data to be defined in a combination of map and grid coordinate systems, independent of a specific model grid (without node-by-node input). At run time, aquifer properties are interpolated from the spatial data to the model grid; regridding requires only redefinition of the grid without modification of the spatial data.\r\n\r\nPHAST is applicable to the study of natural and contaminated groundwater systems at a variety of scales ranging from laboratory experiments to local and regional field scales. PHAST can be used in studies of migration of nutrients, inorganic and organic contaminants, and radionuclides; in projects such as aquifer storage and recovery or engineered remediation; and in investigations of the natural rock/water interactions in aquifers. PHAST is not appropriate for unsaturated-zone flow, multiphase flow, or density-dependent flow.\r\n\r\nA variety of boundary conditions are available in PHAST to simulate flow and transport, including specified-head, flux (specified-flux), and leaky (head-dependent) conditions, as well as the special cases of rivers, drains, and wells. Chemical reactions in PHAST include (1) homogeneous equilibria using an ion-association or Pitzer specific interaction thermodynamic model; (2) heterogeneous equilibria between the aqueous solution and minerals, ion exchange sites, surface complexation sites, solid solutions, and gases; and (3) kinetic reactions with rates that are a function of solution composition. The aqueous model (elements, chemical reactions, and equilibrium constants), minerals, exchangers, surfaces, gases, kinetic reactants, and rate expressions may be defined or modified by the user.\r\n\r\nA number of options are available to save results of simulations to output files. The data may be saved in three formats: a format suitable for viewing with a text editor; a format suitable for exporting to spreadsheets and postprocessing programs; and in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), which is a compressed binary format. Data in the HDF file can be visualized on Windows computers with the program Model Viewer and extracted with the utility program PHASTHDF; both programs are distributed with PHAST.\r\n\r\n","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/tm6A35","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D.L., Kipp, K.L., and Charlton, S.R., 2010, PHAST version 2-A program for simulating groundwater flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A35, xii, 235 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/tm6A35.","productDescription":"xii, 235 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/tm_6_a35.png"},{"id":13736,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/06A35/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae3e4b07f02db6896d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, David L. 0000-0003-3348-1544 dlpark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3348-1544","contributorId":1088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"David","email":"dlpark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kipp, Kenneth L. klkipp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kipp","given":"Kenneth","email":"klkipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Charlton, Scott R. 0000-0001-7332-3394 charlton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7332-3394","contributorId":1632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Charlton","given":"Scott","email":"charlton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98455,"text":"sir20105031 - 2010 - Estimated Withdrawals and Other Elements of Water Use in the Great Lakes Basin of the United States in 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"sir20105031","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5031","title":"Estimated Withdrawals and Other Elements of Water Use in the Great Lakes Basin of the United States in 2005","docAbstract":"Estimates of water withdrawals in the United States part of the Great Lakes Basin and 107 of its watersheds designated by the 8-digit hydrologic unit code (HUCs) indicate that about 30.3 billion gallons per day (Bgal/d) were withdrawn for practically all categories of use in 2005. Virtually all water withdrawn was freshwater. Surface-water withdrawals totaled 28.8 Bgal/d, or 95 percent of total withdrawals; about 24 Bgal/d was withdrawn from the Great Lakes or their connecting channels. Total withdrawals, and total surface-water withdrawals, decreased 7 percent from 1995 to 2005, generally following the withdrawal trends of industrial use and that of the largest use-thermoelectric power. Groundwater withdrawals increased 3 percent from 1995 to 2005 and 33 percent during 1985-2005. The substantial increase since 1985 results primarily from increases in irrigation and self-supplied domestic withdrawals. In 2005, withdrawals for public supply, domestic, and irrigation use accounted for 81 percent of groundwater withdrawals.\r\n\r\nAbout 21.9 Bgal/d, or 72 percent of total withdrawals for 2005, was used for thermoelectric power. Virtually all of this water was derived from surface water and used for once-through cooling at powerplants. As such, the reuse potential of this water in the basin is high, with the majority of the withdrawn water returned to its surface-water source.\r\n\r\nPublic-supply withdrawals were 3.81 Bgal/d (13 percent), with withdrawals declining by about 13 percent from 1995 to 2005. In 2005, about 77 percent of the population in the Great Lakes Basin obtained drinking water from public suppliers, compared to about 78 percent in 1995 and 83 percent in 1985. Surface water consistently provided about 88 percent of the total withdrawals for public supply since 1985.\r\n\r\nSelf-supplied industrial withdrawals in 2005 totaled 2.93 Bgal/d (10 percent), possibly as much as 30 percent less than in 1995. Surface water was the source for 95 percent of industrial withdrawals. Combined withdrawals for mining, irrigation, domestic, aquaculture, and livestock use (in order of decreasing rate) were 1.63 Bgal/d, or only 5 percent of total withdrawals; the withdrawals were distributed almost equally between surface-water and groundwater sources. Withdrawals for each of these uses, except livestock, increased almost continuously during 1985-2005. Withdrawals for mining increased 103 percent and for irrigation 94 percent during 1985-2005; livestock withdrawals decreased 25 percent from their peak in 1990. The number of irrigated acres increased 56 percent since 1985, totaling 750,000 acres in 2005. No use of reclaimed wastewater for industrial or irrigation applications was reported; however, sources of information regarding its use were sparse. \r\n\r\nWithin the basin, the Lake Michigan watershed accounted for 15.0 Bgal/d, or 49 percent, of total water withdrawals for 2005; an estimated 12.3 Bgal/d was withdrawn directly from Lake Michigan. The State of Michigan accounted for 38 percent of total water withdrawals, representing the largest surface-water withdrawals (primarily for thermoelectric power use) and groundwater withdrawals (primarily for public supply and self-supplied domestic use). A disproportionately large percentage of surface-water withdrawals (6 percent, 1.80 Bgal/d) were in Illinois, given this state represents less than 1 percent of the land area of the basin. Ninety percent of the Illinois population served by the water withdrawn from Lake Michigan for public supply resides outside the basin. Within land-based HUCs, the Lower Maumee (04100009) of Ohio accounted for the largest total withdrawal and total surface-water withdrawal (about 0.75 Bgal/d). The St. Joseph (04050001) of Michigan and Indiana accounted for the largest total groundwater withdrawal (0.25 Bgal/d). \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105031","collaboration":"National Water Availability and Use Pilot Program","usgsCitation":"Mills, P., and Sharpe, J.B., 2010, Estimated Withdrawals and Other Elements of Water Use in the Great Lakes Basin of the United States in 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5031, ix, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105031.","productDescription":"ix, 95 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125911,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5031.jpg"},{"id":13728,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5031/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95,40 ], [ -95,52 ], [ -72,52 ], [ -72,40 ], [ -95,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68493f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, P.C. pcmills@usgs.gov","contributorId":3810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"P.C.","email":"pcmills@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharpe, Jennifer B. 0000-0002-5192-7848 jbsharpe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5192-7848","contributorId":2825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbsharpe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189667,"text":"sir20105025D - 2010 - Biological pathways of exposure and ecotoxicity values for uranium and associated radionuclides: Chapter D in Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70189667,"text":"sir20105025D - 2010 - Biological pathways of exposure and ecotoxicity values for uranium and associated radionuclides: Chapter D in Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona","indexId":"sir20105025D","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Biological pathways of exposure and ecotoxicity values for uranium and associated radionuclides: Chapter D in Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona","title":"Biological pathways of exposure and ecotoxicity values for uranium and associated radionuclides: Chapter D in Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98205,"text":"sir20105025 - 2010 - Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona","indexId":"sir20105025","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98205,"text":"sir20105025 - 2010 - Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona","indexId":"sir20105025","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-21T13:26:40","indexId":"sir20105025D","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5025","chapter":"D","displayTitle":"Biological pathways of exposure and ecotoxicity values for uranium and associated radionuclides: Chapter D in Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona","title":"Biological pathways of exposure and ecotoxicity values for uranium and associated radionuclides: Chapter D in Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona","docAbstract":"This chapter compiles available chemical and radiation toxicity information for plants and animals from the scientific literature on naturally occurring uranium and associated radionuclides. Specifically, chemical and radiation hazards associated with radionuclides in the uranium decay series including uranium, thallium, thorium, bismuth, radium, radon, protactinium, polonium, actinium, and francium were the focus of the literature compilation. In addition, exposure pathways and a food web specific to the segregation areas were developed. Major biological exposure pathways considered were ingestion, inhalation, absorption, and bioaccumulation, and biota categories included microbes, invertebrates, plants, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. These data were developed for incorporation into a risk assessment to be conducted as part of an environmental impact statement for the Bureau of Land Management, which would identify representative plants and animals and their relative sensitivities to exposure of uranium and associated radionuclides. This chapter provides pertinent information to aid in the development of such an ecological risk assessment but does not estimate or derive guidance thresholds for radionuclides associated with uranium.
Previous studies have not attempted to quantify the risks to biota caused directly by the chemical or radiation releases at uranium mining sites, although some information is available for uranium mill tailings and uranium mine closure activities. Research into the biological impacts of uranium exposure is strongly biased towards human health and exposure related to enriched or depleted uranium associated with the nuclear energy industry rather than naturally occurring uranium associated with uranium mining. Nevertheless, studies have reported that uranium and other radionuclides can affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of plants and animals.
Exposure to chemical and radiation hazards is influenced by a plant’s or an animal’s life history and surrounding environment. Various species of plants, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals found in the segregation areas that are considered species of concern by State and Federal agencies were included in the development of the site-specific food web. The utilization of subterranean habitats (burrows in uranium-rich areas, burrows in waste rock piles or reclaimed mining areas, mine tunnels) in the seasonally variable but consistently hot, arid environment is of particular concern in the segregation areas. Certain species of reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals in the segregation areas spend significant amounts of time in burrows where they can inhale or ingest uranium and other radionuclides through digging, eating, preening, and hibernating. Herbivores may also be exposed though the ingestion of radionuclides that have been aerially deposited on vegetation. Measured tissues concentrations of uranium and other radionuclides are not available for any species of concern in the segregation areas. The sensitivity of these animals to uranium exposure is unknown based on the existing scientific literature, and species-specific uranium presumptive effects levels were only available for two endangered fish species known to inhabit the segregation areas.
Overall, the chemical toxicity data available for biological receptors of concern were limited, although chemical and radiation toxicity guidance values are available from several sources. However, caution should be used when directly applying these values to northern Arizona given the unique habitat and life history strategies of biological receptors in the segregation areas and the fact that some guidance values are based on models rather than empirical (laboratory or field) data. No chemical toxicity information based on empirical data is available for reptiles, birds, or wild mammals; therefore, the risks associated with uranium and other radionuclides are unknown for these biota.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona (Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5025)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105025D","usgsCitation":"Hinck, J.E., Linder, G.L., Finger, S.E., Little, E.E., Tillitt, D.E., and Kuhne, W., 2010, Biological pathways of exposure and ecotoxicity values for uranium and associated radionuclides: Chapter D in Hydrological, geological, and biological site characterization of breccia pipe uranium deposits in Northern Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5025, 69, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105025D.","productDescription":"69","startPage":"283","endPage":"351","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344076,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":372514,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5025/pdf/sir2010-5025_biology.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114,\n 37.1\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 37.1\n ],\n [\n -111.5,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 35.5\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 37.1\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fdfe4b0d1f9f065ab0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinck, Jo Ellen 0000-0002-4912-5766 jhinck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-5766","contributorId":2743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinck","given":"Jo","email":"jhinck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Linder, Greg L. linder2@usgs.gov","contributorId":1766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"Greg","email":"linder2@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finger, Susan E. sfinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"Susan","email":"sfinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":705696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kuhne, Wendy","contributorId":194911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuhne","given":"Wendy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70189940,"text":"70189940 - 2010 - Microbial oxidation of arsenite in a subarctic environment: diversity of arsenite oxidase genes and identification of a psychrotolerant arsenite oxidiser","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T16:41:36","indexId":"70189940","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5472,"text":"BMC Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial oxidation of arsenite in a subarctic environment: diversity of arsenite oxidase genes and identification of a psychrotolerant arsenite oxidiser","docAbstract":"Arsenic is toxic to most living cells. The two soluble inorganic forms of arsenic are arsenite (+3) and arsenate (+5), with arsenite the more toxic. Prokaryotic metabolism of arsenic has been reported in both thermal and moderate environments and has been shown to be involved in the redox cycling of arsenic. No arsenic metabolism (either dissimilatory arsenate reduction or arsenite oxidation) has ever been reported in cold environments (i.e. < 10°C).
Results: Our study site is located 512 kilometres south of the Arctic Circle in the Northwest Territories, Canada in an inactive gold mine which contains mine waste water in excess of 50 mM arsenic. Several thousand tonnes of arsenic trioxide dust are stored in underground chambers and microbial biofilms grow on the chamber walls below seepage points rich in arsenite-containing solutions. We compared the arsenite oxidisers in two subsamples (which differed in arsenite concentration) collected from one biofilm. 'Species' (sequence) richness did not differ between subsamples, but the relative importance of the three identifiable clades did. An arsenite-oxidising bacterium (designated GM1) was isolated, and was shown to oxidise arsenite in the early exponential growth phase and to grow at a broad range of temperatures (4-25°C). Its arsenite oxidase was constitutively expressed and functioned over a broad temperature range.
Conclusions: The diversity of arsenite oxidisers does not significantly differ from two subsamples of a microbial biofilm that vary in arsenite concentrations. GM1 is the first psychrotolerant arsenite oxidiser to be isolated with the ability to grow below 10°C. This ability to grow at low temperatures could be harnessed for arsenic bioremediation in moderate to cold climates.
","language":"English","publisher":"BioMed Central","doi":"10.1186/1471-2180-10-205","usgsCitation":"Osborne, T.H., Jamieson, H.E., Hudson-Edwards, K.A., Nordstrom, D.K., Walker, S.R., Ward, S.A., and Santini, J.M., 2010, Microbial oxidation of arsenite in a subarctic environment: diversity of arsenite oxidase genes and identification of a psychrotolerant arsenite oxidiser: BMC Microbiology, v. 10, no. 205, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-205.","productDescription":"8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-017174","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-205","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":344480,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"205","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59819317e4b0e2f5d463b7b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osborne, Thomas H.","contributorId":195346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osborne","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jamieson, Heather E.","contributorId":150176,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jamieson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson-Edwards, Karen A.","contributorId":195345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hudson-Edwards","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":706828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Walker, Stephen R.","contributorId":195350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ward, Seamus A.","contributorId":168896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"Seamus","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Santini, Joanne M.","contributorId":168895,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Santini","given":"Joanne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70188513,"text":"70188513 - 2010 - Paleoclimates: Understanding climate change past and present","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T14:44:08","indexId":"70188513","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Paleoclimates: Understanding climate change past and present","docAbstract":"The field of paleoclimatology relies on physical, chemical, and biological proxies of past climate changes that have been preserved in natural archives such as glacial ice, tree rings, sediments, corals, and speleothems. Paleoclimate archives obtained through field investigations, ocean sediment coring expeditions, ice sheet coring programs, and other projects allow scientists to reconstruct climate change over much of earth's history.
When combined with computer model simulations, paleoclimatic reconstructions are used to test hypotheses about the causes of climatic change, such as greenhouse gases, solar variability, earth's orbital variations, and hydrological, oceanic, and tectonic processes. This book is a comprehensive, state-of-the art synthesis of paleoclimate research covering all geological timescales, emphasizing topics that shed light on modern trends in the earth's climate. Thomas M. Cronin discusses recent discoveries about past periods of global warmth, changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, abrupt climate and sea-level change, natural temperature variability, and other topics directly relevant to controversies over the causes and impacts of climate change. This text is geared toward advanced undergraduate and graduate students and researchers in geology, geography, biology, glaciology, oceanography, atmospheric sciences, and climate modeling, fields that contribute to paleoclimatology. This volume can also serve as a reference for those requiring a general background on natural climate variability.
Floodplain ecosystems provide important habitat to cranes globally. Lateral, longitudinal, vertical, and temporal hydrologic connectivity in rivers is essential to maintaining the functions and values of these systems. Agricultural development, flood control, water diversions, dams, and other anthropogenic activities have greatly affected hydrologic connectivity of river systems worldwide and altered the functional capacity of these systems. Although the specific effects of climate change in any given area are unknown, increased intensity and frequency of flooding and droughts and increased air and water temperatures are among many potential effects that can act synergistically with existing human modifications in these systems to create even greater challenges in maintaining ecosystem productivity. In this paper, I review basic hydrologic and geomorphic processes of river systems and use three North American rivers (Guadalupe, Platte, and Rio Grande) that are important to cranes as case studies to illustrate the challenges facing managers tasked with balancing the needs of cranes and people in the face of an uncertain climatic future. Each river system has unique natural and anthropogenic characteristics that will affect conservation strategies. Mitigating the effects of climate change on river systems necessitates an understanding of river/floodplain/landscape linkages, which include people and their laws as well as existing floodplain ecosystem conditions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cranes, agriculture, and climate change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceDate":"May 28 - June 2, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Baraboo, WI","language":"English","publisher":"International Crane Foundation","usgsCitation":"King, S.L., 2010, Climate change, cranes, and temperate floodplain ecosystems, in Cranes, agriculture, and climate change, Baraboo, WI, May 28 - June 2, 2010, p. 28-34.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"34","ipdsId":"IP-022579","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341834,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"592e84cae4b092b266f10ddf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98446,"text":"sir20105085 - 2010 - Fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsurface near Cass Lake, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-02T10:37:09","indexId":"sir20105085","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5085","title":"Fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsurface near Cass Lake, Minnesota","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) investigated the natural attenuation of subsurface petroleum hydrocarbons leaked over an unknown number of years from an oil pipeline under the Enbridge Energy Limited Partnership South Cass Lake Pumping Station, in Cass Lake, Minnesota. Three weeks of field work conducted between May 2007 and July 2008 delineated a dissolved plume of aromatic hydrocarbons and characterized the biodegradation processes of the petroleum. Field activities included installing monitoring wells, collecting sediment cores, sampling water from wells, and measuring water-table elevations. Geochemical measurements included concentrations of constituents in both spilled and pipeline oil, dissolved alkylbenzenes and redox constituents, sediment bioavailable iron, and aquifer microbial populations. Groundwater in this area flows east-southeast at approximately 26 meters per year. Results from the oil analyses indicate a high degree of biodegradation, characterized by nearly complete absence of n-alkanes. Cass Lake oil samples were more degraded than two oil samples collected in 2008 from the similarly contaminated USGS Bemidji, Minnesota, research site 40 kilometers away. Based on 19 ratios developed for comparing oil sources, the conclusion is that the oils at the two sites appear to be from the same hydrocarbon source.\r\n\r\nIn the Cass Lake groundwater plume, benzene concentrations decrease by three orders of magnitude within 150 meters (m) downgradient from the oil body floating on the water table (between well MW-10 and USGS-4 well nest). The depths of the highest benzene concentrations increase with distance downgradient from the oil, a condition typical of plumes in shallow, unconfined aquifers. Background groundwater, which is nearly saturated with oxygen, becomes almost entirely anaerobic in the plume. As at the Bemidji site, the most important biodegradation processes are anaerobic and dominated by iron reduction. The similarity between the Cass Lake and Bemidji benzene degradation rates, redox conditions, and aquifer material all support a hypothesis that the Cass Lake plume, like the Bemidji plume, is decades old.\r\n\r\nAs concentrations of alkylbenzenes in the oil decrease over time, the benzene concentrations in the groundwater plume will also decrease and the plume is expected to shrink. The Fox Creek wetland, about 250 m south of the Cass Lake site, is the nearest receptor to the south. ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105085","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe, Department of Resource Management","usgsCitation":"Drennan, D.M., Bekins, B.A., Warren, E., Cozzarelli, I.M., Baedecker, M., Herkelrath, W.N., Delin, G.N., Rosenbauer, R.J., and Campbell, P.L., 2010, Fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in the subsurface near Cass Lake, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5085, iv, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105085.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-05-01","temporalEnd":"2008-07-31","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5085.jpg"},{"id":13711,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5085/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.83333333333333,47.166666666666664 ], [ -94.83333333333333,47.916666666666664 ], [ -94.33333333333333,47.916666666666664 ], [ -94.33333333333333,47.166666666666664 ], [ -94.83333333333333,47.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f72c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drennan, Dina M.","contributorId":63674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drennan","given":"Dina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warren, Ean ewarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Ean","email":"ewarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo","contributorId":73992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary Jo","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Herkelrath, William N. 0000-0002-6149-5524 wnherkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5524","contributorId":2612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"William","email":"wnherkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Delin, Geoffrey N. 0000-0001-7991-6158 delin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7991-6158","contributorId":2610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"Geoffrey","email":"delin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":5063,"text":"Central Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Campbell, Pamela L.","contributorId":76719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":98437,"text":"fs20103030 - 2010 - Hydrology of Johnson Creek Basin, a Mixed-Use Drainage Basin in the Portland, Oregon, Metropolitan Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"fs20103030","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3030","title":"Hydrology of Johnson Creek Basin, a Mixed-Use Drainage Basin in the Portland, Oregon, Metropolitan Area","docAbstract":"Johnson Creek forms a wildlife and recreational corridor through densely populated areas of the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area and through rural and agricultural land in unincorporated Multnomah and Clackamas Counties. Johnson Creek has had a history of persistent flooding and water-quality problems. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has conducted streamflow monitoring and other hydrologic studies in the basin since 1941.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103030","usgsCitation":"Williams, J.S., Lee, K.K., and Snyder, D.T., 2010, Hydrology of Johnson Creek Basin, a Mixed-Use Drainage Basin in the Portland, Oregon, Metropolitan Area: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3030, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103030.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3030.jpg"},{"id":13696,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.83333333333333,45.333333333333336 ], [ -122.83333333333333,45.666666666666664 ], [ -122.16666666666667,45.666666666666664 ], [ -122.16666666666667,45.333333333333336 ], [ -122.83333333333333,45.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e949","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, John S. johnw@usgs.gov","contributorId":329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"johnw@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Karl K.","contributorId":41050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snyder, Daniel T. dtsnyder@usgs.gov","contributorId":820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Daniel","email":"dtsnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98429,"text":"ofr20101102 - 2010 - Method description, quality assurance, environmental data, and other Information for analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater-treatment-plant effluents, streamwater, and reservoirs, 2004-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-08T11:44:28","indexId":"ofr20101102","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1102","title":"Method description, quality assurance, environmental data, and other Information for analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater-treatment-plant effluents, streamwater, and reservoirs, 2004-2009","docAbstract":"Abstract\r\nWastewater-treatment-plant (WWTP) effluents are a demonstrated source of pharmaceuticals to the environment. During 2004-09, a study was conducted to identify pharmaceutical compounds in effluents from WWTPs (including two that receive substantial discharges from pharmaceutical formulation facilities), streamwater, and reservoirs. The methods used to determine and quantify concentrations of seven pharmaceuticals are described. In addition, the report includes information on pharmaceuticals formulated or potentially formulated at the two pharmaceutical formulation facilities that provide substantial discharge to two of the WWTPs, and potential limitations to these data are discussed. The analytical methods used to provide data on the seven pharmaceuticals (including opioids, muscle relaxants, and other pharmaceuticals) in filtered water samples also are described. Data are provided on method performance, including spike data, method detection limit results, and an estimation of precision. Quality-assurance data for sample collection and handling are included. Quantitative data are presented for the seven pharmaceuticals in water samples collected at WWTP discharge points, from streams, and at reservoirs. Occurrence data also are provided for 19 pharmaceuticals that were qualitatively identified. Flow data at selected WWTP and streams are presented.\r\nBetween 2004-09, 35-38 effluent samples were collected from each of three WWTPs in New York and analyzed for seven pharmaceuticals. Two WWTPs (NY2 and NY3) receive substantial inflows (greater than 20 percent of plant flow) from pharmaceutical formulation facilities (PFF) and one (NY1) receives no PFF flow. Samples of effluents from 23 WWTPs across the United States were analyzed once for these pharmaceuticals as part of a national survey. Maximum pharmaceutical effluent concentrations for the national survey and NY1 effluent samples were generally less than 1 ug/L. Four pharmaceuticals (methadone, oxycodone, butalbital and metaxalone) in samples of NY3 effluent had median concentrations ranging from 3.4 to greater than 400 ug/L. Maximum concentrations of oxycodone (1,700 ug/L) and metaxalone (3,800 ug/L) in samples from NY3 effluent exceeded 1,000 ug/L. Three pharmaceuticals (butalbital, carisoprodol, and oxycodone) in samples of NY2 effluent had median concentrations ranging from 2 to 11 ug/L. These findings suggest that current\r\n2\r\nmanufacturing practices at these PFFs can result in pharmaceutical concentrations from 10 to 1,000 times higher than those typically found in WWTP effluents.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the\r\nNew York State Department of Environmental Conservation ","usgsCitation":"Phillips, P., Smith, S.G., Kolpin, D.W., Zaugg, S.D., Buxton, H.T., and Furlong, E.T., 2010, Method description, quality assurance, environmental data, and other Information for analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater-treatment-plant effluents, streamwater, and reservoirs, 2004-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1102, viii; 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101102.","productDescription":"viii; 36 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1102.jpg"},{"id":13694,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db624322","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":305282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Steven G. sgsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Steven","email":"sgsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98420,"text":"ds499 - 2010 - Design and Compilation of a Geodatabase of Existing Salinity Information for the Rio Grande Basin, from the Rio Arriba-Sandoval County Line, New Mexico, to Presidio, Texas, 2010","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T22:59:18","indexId":"ds499","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"499","title":"Design and Compilation of a Geodatabase of Existing Salinity Information for the Rio Grande Basin, from the Rio Arriba-Sandoval County Line, New Mexico, to Presidio, Texas, 2010","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, compiled salinity-related water-quality data and information in a geodatabase containing more than 6,000 sampling sites. The geodatabase was designed as a tool for water-resource management and includes readily available digital data sources from the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission, Sustainability of semi-Arid Hydrology and Riparian Areas, Paso del Norte Watershed Council, numerous other State and local databases, and selected databases maintained by the University of Arizona and New Mexico State University. Salinity information was compiled for an approximately 26,000-square-mile area of the Rio Grande Basin from the Rio Arriba-Sandoval County line, New Mexico, to Presidio, Texas. The geodatabase relates the spatial location of sampling sites with salinity-related water-quality data reported by multiple agencies. The sampling sites are stored in a geodatabase feature class; each site is linked by a relationship class to the corresponding sample and results stored in data tables.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds499","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Shah, S., and Maltby, D.R., 2010, Design and Compilation of a Geodatabase of Existing Salinity Information for the Rio Grande Basin, from the Rio Arriba-Sandoval County Line, New Mexico, to Presidio, Texas, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 499, vi, 24 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ds499.","productDescription":"vi, 24 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_499.jpg"},{"id":13672,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/499/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -109,30 ], [ -109,37 ], [ -104,37 ], [ -104,30 ], [ -109,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667f2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shah, Sachin D.","contributorId":60174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Sachin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maltby, David R. II","contributorId":65196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maltby","given":"David","suffix":"II","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98418,"text":"sir20105071 - 2010 - Selected Hydrologic, Water-Quality, Biological, and Sedimentation Characteristics of Laguna Grande, Fajardo, Puerto Rico, March 2007-February 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20105071","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5071","title":"Selected Hydrologic, Water-Quality, Biological, and Sedimentation Characteristics of Laguna Grande, Fajardo, Puerto Rico, March 2007-February 2009","docAbstract":"Laguna Grande is a 50-hectare lagoon in the municipio of Fajardo, located in the northeasternmost part of Puerto Rico. Hydrologic, water-quality, and biological data were collected in the lagoon between March 2007 and February 2009 to establish baseline conditions and determine the health of Laguna Grande on the basis of preestablished standards. In addition, a core of bottom material was obtained at one site within the lagoon to establish sediment depositional rates.\r\n\r\n\r\nWater-quality properties measured onsite (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, specific conductance, and water transparency) varied temporally rather than areally. All physical properties were in compliance with current regulatory standards established for Puerto Rico. Nutrient concentrations were very low and in compliance with current regulatory standards (less than 5.0 and 1.0 milligrams per liter for total nitrogen and total phosphorus, respectively). The average total nitrogen concentration was 0.28 milligram per liter, and the average total phosphorus concentration was 0.02 milligram per liter. Chlorophyll a was the predominant form of photosynthetic pigment in the water. The average chlorophyll-a concentration was 6.2 micrograms per liter. \r\n\r\nBottom sediment accumulation rates were determined in sediment cores by modeling the downcore activities of lead-210 and cesium-137. Results indicated a sediment depositional rate of about 0.44 centimeter per year. At this rate of sediment accretion, the lagoon may become a marshland in about 700 to 900 years.\r\n\r\nAbout 86 percent of the community primary productivity in Laguna Grande was generated by periphyton, primarily algal mats and seagrasses, and the remaining 14 percent was generated by phytoplankton in the water column. Based on the diel studies the total average net community productivity equaled 5.7 grams of oxygen per cubic meter per day (2.1 grams of carbon per cubic meter per day). Most of this productivity was ascribed to periphyton and macrophytes, which produced 4.9 grams of oxygen per cubic meter per day (1.8 grams of carbon per cubic meter per day). Phytoplankton, the plant and algal component of plankton, produced about 0.8 gram of oxygen per cubic meter per day (0.3 gram of carbon per cubic meter per day).\r\n\r\nThe total diel community respiration rate was 23.4 grams of oxygen per cubic meter per day. The respiration rate ascribed to plankton, which consists of all free floating and swimming organisms in the water column, composed 10 percent of this rate (2.9 grams of oxygen per cubic meter per day); respiration by all other organisms composed the remaining 90 percent (20.5 grams of oxygen per cubic meter per day). Plankton gross productivity was 3.7 grams of oxygen per cubic meter per day, equivalent to about 13 percent of the average gross productivity for the entire community (29.1 grams of oxygen per cubic meter per day). \r\n\r\nThe average phytoplankton biomass values in Laguna Grande ranged from 6.0 to 13.6 milligrams per liter. During the study, Laguna Grande contained a phytoplankton standing crop of approximately 5.8 metric tons. Phytoplankton community had a turnover (renewal) rate of about 153 times per year, or roughly about once every 2.5 days. \r\n\r\nFecal indicator bacteria concentrations ranged from 160 to 60,000 colonies per 100 milliliters. Concentrations generally were greatest in areas near residential and commercial establishments, and frequently exceeded current regulatory standards established for Puerto Rico. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105071","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the\r\nPuerto Rico Environmental Quality Board for the Conservation Trust of Puerto Rico","usgsCitation":"Soler-Lopez, L.R., and Santos, C.R., 2010, Selected Hydrologic, Water-Quality, Biological, and Sedimentation Characteristics of Laguna Grande, Fajardo, Puerto Rico, March 2007-February 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5071, ix, 51 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105071.","productDescription":"ix, 51 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-03-01","temporalEnd":"2009-02-28","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5071.jpg"},{"id":13670,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5071/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -65.9,18 ], [ -65.9,18.450833333333332 ], [ -65.55,18.450833333333332 ], [ -65.55,18 ], [ -65.9,18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soler-Lopez, Luis R.","contributorId":27501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soler-Lopez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santos, Carlos R. crsantos@usgs.gov","contributorId":3812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"Carlos","email":"crsantos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156643,"text":"70156643 - 2010 - Comparison of turbidity to multi-frequency sideways-looking acoustic-Doppler data and suspended-sediment data in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-26T15:44:59.093627","indexId":"70156643","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparison of turbidity to multi-frequency sideways-looking acoustic-Doppler data and suspended-sediment data in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"Water clarity is important to biologists when studying fish and other fluvial fauna and flora. Turbidity is an indicator of the cloudiness of water, or reduced water clarity, and is commonly measured using nephelometric sensors that record the scattering and absorption of light by particles in the water. Unfortunately, nephelometric sensors only operate over a narrow range of the conditions typically encountered in rivers dominated by suspended-sediment transport. For example, sediment inputs into the Colorado River in Grand Canyon caused by tributary floods often result in turbidity levels that exceed the maximum recording level of nephelometric turbidity sensors. The limited range of these sensors is one reason why acoustic Doppler profiler instrument data, not turbidity, has been used as a surrogate for suspended sediment concentration and load of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. However, in addition to being an important water-quality parameter to biologists, turbidity of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon has been used to strengthen the suspended-sediment record through the process of turbidity-threshold sampling; high turbidity values trigger a pump sampler to collect samples of the river at critical times for gathering suspended-sediment data. Turbidity depends on several characteristics of suspended sediment including concentration, particle size, particle shape, color, and the refractive index of particles. In this paper, turbidity is compared with other parameters coupled to suspended sediment, namely suspended-silt and clay concentration and multifrequency acoustic attenuation. These data have been collected since 2005 at four stations with different sediment-supply characteristics on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. These comparisons reveal that acoustic attenuation is a particularly useful parameter, because it is strongly related to turbidity and it can be measured by instruments that experience minimal fouling and record over the entire range of turbidity encountered in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. Relating turbidity to acoustic attenuation and suspended-silt and clay concentration provides an additional benefit in that data outliers are revealed that likely identify inflow events from anomalous sources with unusual sediment characteristics.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues","conferenceDate":"June 27-July 1 2010","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, Nevada","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Federal Interagency Conference","usgsCitation":"Voichick, N., and Topping, D.J., 2010, Comparison of turbidity to multi-frequency sideways-looking acoustic-Doppler data and suspended-sediment data in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, in Proceedings of the Joint Federal Interagency Conference 2010: Hydrology and sedimentation for a changing future: existing and emerging issues, Las Vegas, Nevada, June 27-July 1 2010, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-019563","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -111.11572265625,\n 35.65729624809628\n ],\n [\n -111.11572265625,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 35.65729624809628\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55dd91afe4b0518e354dd13d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voichick, Nicholas nvoichick@usgs.gov","contributorId":5015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voichick","given":"Nicholas","email":"nvoichick@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":569775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topping, David J. 0000-0002-2104-4577 dtopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-4577","contributorId":715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"David","email":"dtopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":569776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138811,"text":"70138811 - 2010 - A comparison of methods for estimating open-water evaporation in small wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T10:25:27","indexId":"70138811","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of methods for estimating open-water evaporation in small wetlands","docAbstract":"We compared evaporation measurements from a floating pan, land pan, chamber, and the Priestley-Taylor (PT) equation. Floating pan, land pan, and meteorological data were collected from June 6 to July 21, 2005, at a small wetland in the Canadian River alluvium in central Oklahoma, USA. Evaporation measured with the floating pan compared favorably to 12 h chamber measurements. Differences between chamber and floating pan rates ranged from −0.2 to 0.3 mm, mean of 0.1 mm. The difference between chamber and land pan rates ranged from 0.8 to 2.0 mm, mean of 1.5 mm. The mean chamber-to-floating pan ratio was 0.97 and the mean chamber-to-land pan ratio was 0.73. The chamber-to-floating pan ratio of 0.97 indicates the use of a floating pan to measure evaporation in small limited-fetch water bodies is an appropriate and accurate method for the site investigated. One-sided Paired t-Tests indicate daily floating pan rates were significantly less than land pan and PT rates. A two-sided Paired t-Test indicated there was no significant difference between land pan and PT values. The PT equation tends to overestimate evaporation during times when the air is of low drying power and tends to underestimate as drying power increases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s13157-010-0041-y","usgsCitation":"Masoner, J.R., and Stannard, D.I., 2010, A comparison of methods for estimating open-water evaporation in small wetlands: Wetlands, v. 30, no. 3, p. 513-524, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-010-0041-y.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"513","endPage":"524","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-013356","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297518,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Canadian River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -102.919921875,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -94.2626953125,\n 36.914764288955936\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 33.43144133557529\n ],\n [\n -100.107421875,\n 34.415973384481866\n ],\n [\n -102.919921875,\n 37.020098201368114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b17e4b08de9379b3235","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masoner, Jason R. 0000-0002-4829-6379 jmasoner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-6379","contributorId":3193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masoner","given":"Jason","email":"jmasoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stannard, David I. distanna@usgs.gov","contributorId":562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"distanna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70189349,"text":"70189349 - 2010 - Source and fate of inorganic solutes in the Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA: I. Low-flow discharge and major solute chemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-10T13:17:22","indexId":"70189349","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source and fate of inorganic solutes in the Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA: I. Low-flow discharge and major solute chemistry","docAbstract":"The Gibbon River in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) is an important natural resource and habitat for fisheries and wildlife. However, the Gibbon River differs from most other mountain rivers because its chemistry is affected by several geothermal sources including Norris Geyser Basin, Chocolate Pots, Gibbon Geyser Basin, Beryl Spring, and Terrace Spring. Norris Geyser Basin is one of the most dynamic geothermal areas in YNP, and the water discharging from Norris is much more acidic (pH 3) than other geothermal basins in the upper-Madison drainage (Gibbon and Firehole Rivers). Water samples and discharge data were obtained from the Gibbon River and its major tributaries near Norris Geyser Basin under the low-flow conditions of September 2006. Surface inflows from Norris Geyser Basin were sampled to identify point sources and to quantify solute loading to the Gibbon River. The source and fate of the major solutes (Ca, Mg, Na, K, SiO2, Cl, F, HCO3, SO4, NO3, and NH4) in the Gibbon River were determined in this study and these results may provide an important link in understanding the health of the ecosystem and the behavior of many trace solutes. Norris Geyser Basin is the primary source of Na, K, Cl, SO4, and N loads (35–58%) in the Gibbon River. The largest source of HCO3 and F is in the lower Gibbon River reach. Most of the Ca and Mg originate in the Gibbon River upstream from Norris Geyser Basin. All the major solutes behave conservatively except for NH4, which decreased substantially downstream from Gibbon Geyser Basin, and SiO2, small amounts of which precipitated on mixing of thermal drainage with the river. As much as 9–14% of the river discharge at the gage is from thermal flows during this period.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.014","usgsCitation":"McCleskey, R.B., Nordstrom, D.K., Susong, D.D., Ball, J.W., and Holloway, J.M., 2010, Source and fate of inorganic solutes in the Gibbon River, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA: I. Low-flow discharge and major solute chemistry: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 193, no. 34-4, p. 189-202, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.014.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"189","endPage":"202","ipdsId":"IP-016033","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343607,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.89324951171875,\n 44.6334823448553\n ],\n [\n -110.65292358398438,\n 44.6334823448553\n ],\n [\n -110.65292358398438,\n 44.75356026127114\n ],\n [\n -110.89324951171875,\n 44.75356026127114\n ],\n [\n -110.89324951171875,\n 44.6334823448553\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"193","issue":"34-4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5965bff1e4b0d1f9f05b392d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCleskey, R. 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Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":704318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Susong, David D. ddsusong@usgs.gov","contributorId":1040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"David","email":"ddsusong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ball, James W.","contributorId":38946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holloway, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-3603-7668 jholloway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-7668","contributorId":918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holloway","given":"JoAnn","email":"jholloway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98416,"text":"fs20103011 - 2010 - USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5165,"text":"fs06200 - 2000 - USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2000","indexId":"fs06200","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2000"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98416,"text":"fs20103011 - 2010 - USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010","indexId":"fs20103011","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T15:55:46.013079","indexId":"fs20103011","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3011","title":"USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Toxic Substances Hydrology Program adapts research priorities to address the most important contamination issues facing the Nation and to identify new threats to environmental health. The Program investigates two major types of contamination problems:
* Subsurface Point-Source Contamination, and
* Watershed and Regional Contamination.
Research objectives include developing remediation methods that use natural processes, characterizing and remediating contaminant plumes in fractured-rock aquifers, identifying new environmental contaminants, characterizing new and understudied pesticides in common pesticide-use settings, explaining mercury methylation and bioaccumulation, and developing approaches for remediating watersheds affected by active and historic mining.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103011","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H.T., 2010, USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, 2010: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3011, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103011.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118465,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3011.jpg"},{"id":13668,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e0e4b07f02db5e4787","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98411,"text":"sir20105054 - 2010 - Changes in groundwater flow and volatile organic compound concentrations at the Fischer and Porter Superfund Site, Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1993-2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-13T21:56:59.253815","indexId":"sir20105054","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-26T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5054","title":"Changes in groundwater flow and volatile organic compound concentrations at the Fischer and Porter Superfund Site, Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1993-2009","docAbstract":"The 38-acre Fischer and Porter Company Superfund Site is in Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pa. Historically, as part of the manufacturing process, trichloroethylene (TCE) degreasers were used for parts cleaning. In 1979, the Bucks County Health Department detected TCE and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water from the Fischer and Porter on-site supply wells and nearby public-supply wells. The Fischer and Porter Site was designated as a Superfund Site and placed on the National Priorities List in September 1983. A 1984 Record of Decision for the site required the Fischer and Porter Company to pump and treat groundwater contaminated by VOCs from three on-site wells at a combined rate of 75 gallons per minute to contain groundwater contamination on the property. Additionally, the Record of Decision recognized the need for treatment of the water from two nearby privately owned supply wells operated by the Warminster Heights Home Ownership Association. In 2004, the Warminster Heights Home Ownership Association sold its water distribution system, and both wells were taken out of service. The report describes changes in groundwater levels and contaminant concentrations and migration caused by the shutdown of the Warminster Heights supply wells and presents a delineation of the off-site groundwater-contamination plume. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted this study (2006-09) in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).
The Fischer and Porter Site and surrounding area are underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Stockton Formation of Late Triassic age. The rocks are chiefly interbedded arkosic sandstone and siltstone. The Stockton aquifer system is comprised of a series of gently dipping lithologic units with different hydraulic properties. A three-dimensional lithostratigraphic model was developed for the site on the basis of rock cores and borehole geophysical logs. The model was simplified by combining individual lithologic units into generalized units representing upward fining sedimentary cycles capped by a siltstone bed. These cycles were labeled units 1 through 8 and are called stratigraphic units in this report. Groundwater in the unweathered zone mainly moves through a network of interconnecting secondary openings--bedding-plane fractures and joints. Groundwater generally is unconfined in the shallower part of the aquifer and confined or semiconfined in the deeper part of the aquifer.
The migration of VOCs from the Fischer and Porter Site source area is influenced by geologic and hydrologic controls. The hydrologic controls have changed with time. Stratigraphic units 2 and 3 crop out beneath the former Fischer and Porter plant. VOCs originating at the plant source area entered these stratigraphic units and moved downdip to the northwest. When the wells at and in the vicinity of the site were initially sampled in 1979-80, three public-supply wells (BK-366, BK-367, MG-946) and three industrial-supply wells (BK-368, BK-370, and BK-371) were pumping. Groundwater contaminated with VOCs flowed downdip and then northeast along strike toward well BK-366, downdip toward well BK-368, and downdip and then west along strike toward well MG-946. The long axis of the TCE plume is oriented about N. 18° W. in the direction of dip. In 1979-80, the leading edge of the plume was about 3,500 feet wide. With the cessation of pumping of the supply wells in 2004, the size of the plume has decreased. In 2007-09, the plume was approximately 2,000 feet long and 2,000 feet wide at the leading edge.
On the western side of the site, TCE and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) appear to be moving downdip though stratigraphic unit 3. The downdip extent of TCE and PCE migration extended approximately 550 feet off-site to the northwest and 750 feet off-site to the north. TCE concentrations in water samples from wells at the western site boundary increased from 1996 to 2007. On the northern side of the site, TCE and PCE appeared to be moving downward and laterally though stratigraphic units 2, 3, and 4.
Groundwater-flow directions shifted to the northwest in the intermediate and deep zones after cessation of pumping of well BK-366 in 2004. The shutdown of the Warminster Heights wells had little effect on the direction of groundwater flow in the shallow zone.
In 2007, TCE concentrations measured in water samples from the three remediation wells by the USGS ranged from less than 340 to 3,000 µg/L, and PCE concentrations ranged from less than 8.4 to 51 µg/L. TCE concentrations in water samples from the source-area remediation wells have decreased with time but remain highly variable. From 2001 to 2008, the TCE and PCE concentrations in water samples from wells BK-370 and BK-371 showed a linear decreasing trend. TCE and PCE concentrations in water samples from well BK-1324 showed an exponentially decreasing trend.
In 2007, TCE concentrations measured in water samples from shallow wells ranged from less than 0.1 to 14,000 µg/L, and PCE concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to 340 µg/L. The TCE and PCE plumes followed the hydraulic gradient in the shallow zone. In 2007, TCE concentrations measured in water samples from on-site intermediate-depth monitor wells ranged from less than 0.1 to 500 µg/L, and PCE concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 28 µg/L. The TCE and PCE plumes followed the hydraulic gradient in the intermediate zone and extended off-site to the north and northwest of the source area. Concentrations of TCE in water samples north and west of the source area increased from 1996 to 2007.
In 2007, the TCE concentrations measured in water samples from on-site monitor wells in the deep zone ranged from 1.1 to 86 µg/L, and PCE concentrations ranged from less than 0.1 to 8.4 µg/L. The TCE and PCE plumes generally followed the hydraulic gradient in the deep zone and extended off-site to the northwest of the source area. In general, concentrations of TCE in water samples from monitor wells outside the source area increased between 1996 and 2005 and decreased between 2005 and 2007; concentrations were less in 2007 than in 1996.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105054","collaboration":"In cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2010, Changes in groundwater flow and volatile organic compound concentrations at the Fischer and Porter Superfund Site, Warminster Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1993-2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5054, viii, 115 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105054.","productDescription":"viii, 115 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":430169,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93247.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118461,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5054.jpg"},{"id":13661,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5054/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Bucks County","otherGeospatial":"Fischer and Porter Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.1894\n ],\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.1817\n ],\n [\n -75.0869,\n 40.1817\n ],\n [\n -75.0869,\n 40.1894\n ],\n [\n -75.1,\n 40.1894\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloto, Ronald A. rasloto@usgs.gov","contributorId":424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"Ronald","email":"rasloto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209741,"text":"70209741 - 2010 - Flood hazard awareness and hydrologic modelling at Ambos Nogales, United States–Mexico border","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-23T15:46:51.335573","indexId":"70209741","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-18T10:40:25","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2289,"text":"Journal of Flood Risk Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood hazard awareness and hydrologic modelling at Ambos Nogales, United States–Mexico border","docAbstract":"Appropriate land‐use, watershed‐management, and flood‐attenuation plans are critical in the cross‐border urban environment known collectively as Ambos Nogales. This paper summarizes methodologies for predicting the watershed response associated with land‐use change within a spatial and temporal context through the use of a hydrological model in a cross‐border setting. The KINEROS2 model is implemented via the Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment 2.0 geographic information system interface to evaluate the watershed of Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora, Mexico, to assess flood vulnerability by quantifying volumes of runoff and peak flow, based on alternative land‐use scenarios. Cross‐border geospatial data acquisition and input to models are described. Discussions about the KINEROS2 model results identify flood‐prone areas, simulate the impact of land‐use change, and evaluate the impact of potential flood‐control interventions in the Ambos Nogales watershed. Products from this research are being used in a comprehensive plan for sustainable development in Ambos Nogales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1753-318X.2010.01066.x","usgsCitation":"Norman, L.M., Huth, H., Levick, L., Burns, I.S., Guertin, D.P., Lara-Valencia, F., and Semmens, D.J., 2010, Flood hazard awareness and hydrologic modelling at Ambos Nogales, United States–Mexico border: Journal of Flood Risk Management, v. 3, no. 2, p. 151-165, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2010.01066.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"165","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374225,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","city":"Ambos Nogales watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.14593505859375,\n 31.09998179374943\n ],\n [\n -110.48675537109375,\n 31.09998179374943\n ],\n [\n -110.48675537109375,\n 31.468496379205966\n ],\n [\n -111.14593505859375,\n 31.468496379205966\n ],\n [\n -111.14593505859375,\n 31.09998179374943\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"3","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norman, Laura M. 0000-0002-3696-8406 lnorman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3696-8406","contributorId":967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norman","given":"Laura","email":"lnorman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huth, H.","contributorId":224328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huth","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Levick, L.","contributorId":224329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levick","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burns, I. Shea","contributorId":224330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burns","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"Shea","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Guertin, D. Phillip","contributorId":46062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guertin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Phillip","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":787778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lara-Valencia, Francisco","contributorId":77409,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lara-Valencia","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Semmens, Darius J. 0000-0001-7924-6529 dsemmens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7924-6529","contributorId":1714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semmens","given":"Darius","email":"dsemmens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":98396,"text":"sir20105020 - 2010 - Application of AFINCH as a tool for evaluating the effects of streamflow-gaging-network size and composition on the accuracy and precision of streamflow estimates at ungaged locations in the southeast Lake Michigan hydrologic subregion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T20:09:14.851195","indexId":"sir20105020","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5020","title":"Application of AFINCH as a tool for evaluating the effects of streamflow-gaging-network size and composition on the accuracy and precision of streamflow estimates at ungaged locations in the southeast Lake Michigan hydrologic subregion","docAbstract":"Bootstrapping techniques employing random subsampling were used with the AFINCH (Analysis of Flows In Networks of CHannels) model to gain insights into the effects of variation in streamflow-gaging-network size and composition on the accuracy and precision of streamflow estimates at ungaged locations in the 0405 (Southeast Lake Michigan) hydrologic subregion. AFINCH uses stepwise-regression techniques to estimate monthly water yields from catchments based on geospatial-climate and land-cover data in combination with available streamflow and water-use data. Calculations are performed on a hydrologic-subregion scale for each catchment and stream reach contained in a National Hydrography Dataset Plus (NHDPlus) subregion. Water yields from contributing catchments are multiplied by catchment areas and resulting flow values are accumulated to compute streamflows in stream reaches which are referred to as flow lines. AFINCH imposes constraints on water yields to ensure that observed streamflows are conserved at gaged locations.
Data from the 0405 hydrologic subregion (referred to as Southeast Lake Michigan) were used for the analyses. Daily streamflow data were measured in the subregion for 1 or more years at a total of 75 streamflow-gaging stations during the analysis period which spanned water years 1971–2003. The number of streamflow gages in operation each year during the analysis period ranged from 42 to 56 and averaged 47. Six sets (one set for each censoring level), each composed of 30 random subsets of the 75 streamflow gages, were created by censoring (removing) approximately 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 75 percent of the streamflow gages (the actual percentage of operating streamflow gages censored for each set varied from year to year, and within the year from subset to subset, but averaged approximately the indicated percentages).
Streamflow estimates for six flow lines each were aggregated by censoring level, and results were analyzed to assess (a) how the size and composition of the streamflow-gaging network affected the average apparent errors and variability of the estimated flows and (b) whether results for certain months were more variable than for others. The six flow lines were categorized into one of three types depending upon their network topology and position relative to operating streamflow-gaging stations.
Statistical analysis of the model results indicates that (1) less precise (that is, more variable) estimates resulted from smaller streamflow-gaging networks as compared to larger streamflow-gaging networks, (2) precision of AFINCH flow estimates at an ungaged flow line is improved by operation of one or more streamflow gages upstream and (or) downstream in the enclosing basin, (3) no consistent seasonal trend in estimate variability was evident, and (4) flow lines from ungaged basins appeared to exhibit the smallest absolute apparent percent errors (APEs) and smallest changes in average APE as a function of increasing censoring level. The counterintuitive results described in item (4) above likely reflect both the nature of the base-streamflow estimate from which the errors were computed and insensitivity in the average model-derived estimates to changes in the streamflow-gaging-network size and composition. Another analysis demonstrated that errors for flow lines in ungaged basins have the potential to be much larger than indicated by their APEs if measured relative to their true (but unknown) flows.
“Missing gage” analyses, based on examination of censoring subset results where the streamflow gage of interest was omitted from the calibration data set, were done to better understand the true error characteristics for ungaged flow lines as a function of network size. Results examined for 2 water years indicated that the probability of computing a monthly streamflow estimate within 10 percent of the true value with AFINCH decreased from greater than 0.9 at about a 10-percent network-censoring level to less than 0.6 as the censoring level approached 75 percent. In addition, estimates for typically dry months tended to be characterized by larger percent errors than typically wetter months.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105020","collaboration":"National Water Availability and Use Pilot Program","usgsCitation":"Koltun, G., and Holtschlag, D.J., 2010, Application of AFINCH as a tool for evaluating the effects of streamflow-gaging-network size and composition on the accuracy and precision of streamflow estimates at ungaged locations in the southeast Lake Michigan hydrologic subregion: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5020, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105020.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125548,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5020.jpg"},{"id":414378,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93244.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13647,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Michigan","otherGeospatial":"southeast Lake Michigan hydrologic subregion","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.5667,\n 43.5417\n ],\n [\n -86.5667,\n 41.2944\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 41.2944\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 43.5417\n ],\n [\n -86.5667,\n 43.5417\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67abfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koltun, G. F. 0000-0003-0255-2960","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0255-2960","contributorId":49817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koltun","given":"G. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holtschlag, David J. 0000-0001-5185-4928 dholtschlag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5185-4928","contributorId":5447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtschlag","given":"David","email":"dholtschlag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98385,"text":"sir20095244 - 2010 - Model Refinement and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:30","indexId":"sir20095244","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5244","title":"Model Refinement and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan","docAbstract":"A groundwater-flow model that was constructed in 1996 of the Saginaw aquifer was refined to better represent the regional hydrologic system in the Tri-County region, which consists of Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan. With increasing demand for groundwater, the need to manage withdrawals from the Saginaw aquifer has become more important, and the 1996 model could not adequately address issues of water quality and quantity. An updated model was needed to better address potential effects of drought, locally high water demands, reduction of recharge by impervious surfaces, and issues affecting water quality, such as contaminant sources, on water resources and the selection of pumping rates and locations. The refinement of the groundwater-flow model allows simulations to address these issues of water quantity and quality and provides communities with a tool that will enable them to better plan for expansion and protection of their groundwater-supply systems. Model refinement included representation of the system under steady-state and transient conditions, adjustments to the estimated regional groundwater-recharge rates to account for both temporal and spatial differences, adjustments to the representation and hydraulic characteristics of the glacial deposits and Saginaw Formation, and updates to groundwater-withdrawal rates to reflect changes from the early 1900s to 2005.\r\n\r\nSimulations included steady-state conditions (in which stresses remained constant and changes in storage were not included) and transient conditions (in which stresses changed in annual and monthly time scales and changes in storage within the system were included). These simulations included investigation of the potential effects of reduced recharge due to impervious areas or to low-rainfall/drought conditions, delineation of contributing areas with recent pumping rates, and optimization of pumping subject to various quantity and quality constraints. Simulation results indicate potential declines in water levels in both the upper glacial aquifer and the upper sandstone bedrock aquifer under steady-state and transient conditions when recharge was reduced by 20 and 50 percent in urban areas. Transient simulations were done to investigate reduced recharge due to low rainfall and increased pumping to meet anticipated future demand with 24 months (2 years) of modified recharge or modified recharge and pumping rates. During these two simulation years, monthly recharge rates were reduced by about 30 percent, and monthly withdrawal rates for Lansing area production wells were increased by 15 percent. The reduction in the amount of water available to recharge the groundwater system affects the upper model layers representing the glacial aquifers more than the deeper bedrock layers. However, with a reduction in recharge and an increase in withdrawals from the bedrock aquifer, water levels in the bedrock layers are affected more than those in the glacial layers. Differences in water levels between simulations with reduced recharge and reduced recharge with increased pumping are greatest in the Lansing area and least away from pumping centers, as expected. Additionally, the increases in pumping rates had minimal effect on most simulated streamflows. \r\n\r\nAdditional simulations included updating the estimated 10-year wellhead-contributing areas for selected Lansing-area wells under 2006-7 pumping conditions. Optimization of groundwater withdrawals with a water-resource management model was done to determine withdrawal rates while minimizing operational costs and to determine withdrawal locations to achieve additional capacity while meeting specified head constraints. In these optimization scenarios, the desired groundwater withdrawals are achieved by simulating managed wells (where pumping rates can be optimized) and unmanaged wells (where pumping rates are not optimized) and by using various combinations of existing and proposed well locations. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095244","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Tri-County Regional Planning Commission","usgsCitation":"Luukkonen, C.L., 2010, Model Refinement and Simulation of Groundwater Flow in Clinton, Eaton, and Ingham Counties, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5244, vii, 53 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095244.","productDescription":"vii, 53 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":118672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5244.jpg"},{"id":13636,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5244/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luukkonen, Carol L. clluukko@usgs.gov","contributorId":3489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"Carol","email":"clluukko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98380,"text":"sir20095267 - 2010 - Methods for estimating flow-duration and annual mean-flow statistics for ungaged streams in Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-12-17T09:21:20","indexId":"sir20095267","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5267","title":"Methods for estimating flow-duration and annual mean-flow statistics for ungaged streams in Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Flow statistics can be used to provide decision makers with surface-water information needed for activities such as water-supply permitting, flow regulation, and other water rights issues. Flow statistics could be needed at any location along a stream. Most often, streamflow statistics are needed at ungaged sites, where no flow data are available to compute the statistics. Methods are presented in this report for estimating flow-duration and annual mean-flow statistics for ungaged streams in Oklahoma. \n\nFlow statistics included the (1) annual (period of record), (2) seasonal (summer-autumn and winter-spring), and (3) 12 monthly duration statistics, including the 20th, 50th, 80th, 90th, and 95th percentile flow exceedances, and the annual mean-flow (mean of daily flows for the period of record). Flow statistics were calculated from daily streamflow information collected from 235 streamflow-gaging stations throughout Oklahoma and areas in adjacent states.\n\nA drainage-area ratio method is the preferred method for estimating flow statistics at an ungaged location that is on a stream near a gage. The method generally is reliable only if the drainage-area ratio of the two sites is between 0.5 and 1.5. \n\nRegression equations that relate flow statistics to drainage-basin characteristics were developed for the purpose of estimating selected flow-duration and annual mean-flow statistics for ungaged streams that are not near gaging stations on the same stream. Regression equations were developed from flow statistics and drainage-basin characteristics for 113 unregulated gaging stations. \n\nSeparate regression equations were developed by using U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations in regions with similar drainage-basin characteristics. These equations can increase the accuracy of regression equations used for estimating flow-duration and annual mean-flow statistics at ungaged stream locations in Oklahoma. Streamflow-gaging stations were grouped by selected drainage-basin characteristics by using a k-means cluster analysis. Three regions were identified for Oklahoma on the basis of the clustering of gaging stations and a manual delineation of distinguishable hydrologic and geologic boundaries: Region 1 (western Oklahoma excluding the Oklahoma and Texas Panhandles), Region 2 (north- and south-central Oklahoma), and Region 3 (eastern and central Oklahoma). \n\nA total of 228 regression equations (225 flow-duration regressions and three annual mean-flow regressions) were developed using ordinary least-squares and left-censored (Tobit) multiple-regression techniques. These equations can be used to estimate 75 flow-duration statistics and annual mean-flow for ungaged streams in the three regions. Drainage-basin characteristics that were statistically significant independent variables in the regression analyses were (1) contributing drainage area; (2) station elevation; (3) mean drainage-basin elevation; (4) channel slope; (5) percentage of forested canopy; (6) mean drainage-basin hillslope; (7) soil permeability; and (8) mean annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation. \n\nThe accuracy of flow-duration regression equations generally decreased from high-flow exceedance (low-exceedance probability) to low-flow exceedance (high-exceedance probability) . This decrease may have happened because a greater uncertainty exists for low-flow estimates and low-flow is largely affected by localized geology that was not quantified by the drainage-basin characteristics selected.\n\nThe standard errors of estimate of regression equations for Region 1 (western Oklahoma) were substantially larger than those standard errors for other regions, especially for low-flow exceedances. These errors may be a result of greater variability in low flow because of increased irrigation activities in this region.\n\nRegression equations may not be reliable for sites where the drainage-basin characteristics are outside the range of values of independent vari","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095267","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Esralew, R.A., and Smith, S.J., 2010, Methods for estimating flow-duration and annual mean-flow statistics for ungaged streams in Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5267, vi, 53 p.; Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095267.","productDescription":"vi, 53 p.; Tables","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5267.jpg"},{"id":13630,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5267/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.66666666666667,34 ], [ -103.66666666666667,38 ], [ -94,38 ], [ -94,34 ], [ -103.66666666666667,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esralew, Rachel A.","contributorId":104862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esralew","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, S. 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