{"pageNumber":"199","pageRowStart":"4950","pageSize":"25","recordCount":6233,"records":[{"id":70013832,"text":"70013832 - 1988 - The formation and failure of natural dams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-28T00:52:12.021496","indexId":"70013832","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The formation and failure of natural dams","docAbstract":"

Of the numerous kinds of dams that form by natural processes, dams formed from landslides, glacial ice, and late-neoglacial moraines present the greatest threat to people and property. Landslide dams form in a wide range of physiographic settings. The most common types of mass movements that form landslide dams are rock and debris avalanches; rock and soil slumps and slides; and mud, debris, and earth flows. The most common initiation mechanisms for dam-forming landslides are excessive rainfall and snowmelt and earthquakes.

Landslide dams can be classified into six categories based on their relation with the valley floor. Type I dams (11% of 184 landslide dams from around the world that we were able to classify) do not reach from one valley side to the other. Type II dams (44%) span the entire valley floor, in some cases depositing material high on opposite valley sides. Type III dams (41%) move considerable distances both upstream and downstream from the landslide failure. Type IV dams (<1%) are rare and involve the contemporaneous failure of material from both sides of a valley. Type V dams (<1%) also are rare and are created when a single landslide sends multiple tongues of debris into a valley and forms two or more landslide dams in the same reach of river. Type VI dams (3%) involve one or more failure surfaces that extend under the stream or valley and emerge on the opposite valley side.

Many landslide dams fail shortly after formation. In our sample of 73 documented landslide-dam failures, 27% of the landslide dams failed less than 1 day after formation, and about 50% failed within 10 days. Over-topping is by far the most common cause of failure. The timing of failure and the magnitude of the resulting floods are controlled by dam size and geometry; material characteristics of the blockage; rate of inflow to the impoundment; size and depth of the impoundment; bedrock control of flow; and engineering controls such as artificial spill-ways, diversions, tunnels, and planned breaching by blasting or conventional excavation.

Glacial-ice dams can produce at least nine kinds of ice-dammed lakes. The most dangerous are lakes formed in main valleys dammed by tributary glaciers. Failure can occur by erosion of a drainage tunnel under or through the ice dam or by a channel over the ice dam. Cold polar-ice dams generally drain supraglacially or marginally by downmelting of an outlet channel. Warmer, temperate-ice dams tend to fail by sudden englacial or subglacial breaching and drainage.

Late-neoglacial moraine-dammed lakes are located in steep mountain areas affected by the advances and retreats of valley glaciers in the last several centuries. These late-neoglacial dams pose hazards because (1) they are sufficiently young that vegetation has not stabilized their slopes, (2) many dam faces are steeper than the angle of repose, (3) these dams and lakes are immediately downslope from steep crevassed glaciers and near-vertical rock slopes, and (4) downstream from these dams are steep canyons with easily erodible materials that can be incorporated in the flow and increase flood peaks. The most common reported failure mechanism is overtopping and breaching by a wave or series of waves in the lake generated by icefalls, rockfalls, or snow or rock avalanches. Melting of ice cores or frozen ground and piping and seepage are other possible failure mechanisms.

Natural dams may cause upstream flooding as the lake rises and downstream flooding as a result of failure of the dam. Although data are few, for the same potential energy at the dam site, ownstream flood peaks from the failure of glacier-ice dams are smaller than those from landslide, moraine, and structed earth-fill and rock-fill dam failures. Moraine-dam failures appear to produce some of the largest downstream flood peaks for potential energy at the dam site greater than 1011-1012 joules. Differences in flood peaks natural-dam failures appear to be controlled by dam characteristics and failure mechanisms.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1054:TFAFON>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Costa, J.E., and Schuster, R.L., 1988, The formation and failure of natural dams: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, no. 7, p. 1054-1068, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1054:TFAFON>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1054","endPage":"1068","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220337,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e7de4b0c8380cd534aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Costa, John E.","contributorId":105743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Costa","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schuster, Robert L.","contributorId":19162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":48970,"text":"ofr86608 - 1987 - Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Houston metropolitan area, Texas, 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T11:22:15","indexId":"ofr86608","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-608","title":"Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Houston metropolitan area, Texas, 1984","docAbstract":"

Hydrologic investigations of urban watersheds in Texas were begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1954. Studies are now in progress in the Austin and Houston areas, and have been completed in the Dallas-Fort Worth and San Antonio areas.

\n

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of Houston, began studies in the Houston metropolitan area in 1964. The program was expanded in 1968 to include collection of water-quality data. The objectives of the Houston urban-hydrology study are as follows:

\n
    \n
  1. To determine, on the basis of historical data and hydrologic analyses, the magnitude and frequency of flood peaks and flood volumes;
    2. \n
  2. To determine the effect of urban development on flood peaks and volumes; and
    3. \n
  3. To ascertain the variation in water quality for different flow conditions and different seasons.
    4. \n
\n

This report, the twenty-first and last scheduled in a series of reports published annually, is primarily applicable to objective 2. The report presents hydrologic data collected in the Houston urban area for the 1984 water year (October 1, 1983 to September 30, 1984).

\n

A report by Johnson and Sayre (1973) utilized records collected from 1965 to 1969 to study the effects of urbanization on floods in the Houston area. That report also summarized various basin parameters. A report by Waddell, Massey, and Jennings (1979) presented data on runoff from the Houston area and computed concentrations and loads of selected water-quality constituents discharged to Galveston Bay. The study utilized a variation of the \"STORM\" model developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. A report prepared by Liscum and Massey (1980) presented a technique for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods in the Houston area from drainage areas, bank-full conveyance, and percentage of urban development.

\n

A definition of terms related to streamflow, water quality, and other hydrologic data, as used in this report, are defined in \"U.S. Geological Survey, Water-resources data for Texas, water year 1984, volume 2.\"

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/ofr86608","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Houston","usgsCitation":"Liscum, F., Bruchmiller, J., Brown, D.W., and Paul, E., 1987, Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Houston metropolitan area, Texas, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-608, viii, 127 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr86608.","productDescription":"viii, 127 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":85855,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0608/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.18 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":161773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1986/0608/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"Houston","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.36819458007811,\n 30.039377605001338\n ],\n [\n -95.42587280273438,\n 30.039377605001338\n ],\n [\n -95.49179077148438,\n 30.03462216002981\n ],\n [\n -95.56320190429686,\n 30.0262995822237\n ],\n [\n -95.62774658203125,\n 30.001327656702326\n ],\n [\n -95.73348999023438,\n 29.969211659636663\n ],\n [\n -95.83648681640624,\n 29.92756435779241\n ],\n [\n -95.87493896484374,\n 29.888280933159265\n ],\n [\n -95.86257934570312,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -95.86944580078125,\n 29.75364773335698\n ],\n [\n -95.8447265625,\n 29.69640358280457\n ],\n [\n -95.79940795898438,\n 29.672542219068987\n ],\n [\n -95.69641113281249,\n 29.630771207229\n ],\n [\n -95.63186645507812,\n 29.60092416008231\n ],\n [\n -95.51513671875,\n 29.57106827738255\n ],\n [\n -95.40252685546875,\n 29.511330027309146\n ],\n [\n -95.28030395507812,\n 29.485034019181064\n ],\n [\n -95.17730712890625,\n 29.482643134466617\n ],\n [\n -95.086669921875,\n 29.499378142743375\n ],\n [\n -94.99740600585938,\n 29.532839863453397\n ],\n [\n -94.95483398437499,\n 29.551955878093022\n ],\n [\n -94.9493408203125,\n 29.604506272365295\n ],\n [\n -94.96719360351562,\n 29.653449050468925\n ],\n [\n -94.9822998046875,\n 29.680894340704334\n ],\n [\n -95.01800537109374,\n 29.71787396585316\n ],\n [\n -95.0372314453125,\n 29.744109309616487\n ],\n [\n -95.06881713867188,\n 29.76556948666697\n ],\n [\n -95.06744384765625,\n 29.797751134173065\n ],\n [\n -95.07705688476562,\n 29.837070205715218\n ],\n [\n -95.10314941406249,\n 29.871610558533725\n ],\n [\n -95.1361083984375,\n 29.925183985247404\n ],\n [\n -95.15396118164062,\n 29.972780616663897\n ],\n [\n -95.14572143554688,\n 29.997759725578906\n ],\n [\n -95.185546875,\n 30.01916538794235\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 30.02511058549258\n ],\n [\n -95.2789306640625,\n 30.029866486852946\n ],\n [\n -95.33660888671875,\n 30.032244351965684\n ],\n [\n -95.36819458007811,\n 30.039377605001338\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ce4b07f02db607bcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruchmiller, J.P.","contributorId":102490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruchmiller","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, D. W.","contributorId":63370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paul, E.M.","contributorId":65089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paul","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":238743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27972,"text":"wri854309 - 1987 - Surface-water hydrology of the Western New York Nuclear Service Center Cattaraugus County, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-20T10:23:51","indexId":"wri854309","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4309","title":"Surface-water hydrology of the Western New York Nuclear Service Center Cattaraugus County, New York","docAbstract":"Precipitation data were collected from October 1980 through September 1983 from three recording gages at the Western New York Nuclear Service Center, and surface water data were collected at three continuous-record gaging stations and one partial-record gage on streams that drain a 0.7 sq km part of the site. Seepage from springs was measured periodically during the study. The data were used to identify runoff characteristics at the waste burial ground and the reprocessing plant area, 400 meters to the north. Preliminary water budgets for April 1982 through March 1983 were calculated to aid in the development of groundwater flow models to the two areas. Nearly 80% of the measured runoff from the burial ground area was storm runoff; the remaining 20% was base flow. In contrast, only 30% of the runoff leaving the reprocessing plant area was storm runoff, and 70% was base flow. This difference is attributed to soil composition. The burial ground soil consists of clayey silty till that limits infiltration and causes most precipitation to flow to local channels as direct runoff. In contrast, the reprocessing plant area is overlain by alluvial sand and gravel that allows rapid infiltration of precipitation and subsequent steady discharge from the water table to nearby stream channels and seepage faces. Measured total annual runoff and estimated evapotranspiration from the reprocessing plant area exceeded the precipitation by 35%, which suggests that the groundwater basin is larger than the surface water basin. The additional outflow probably includes underflow from bedrock upgradient from the plant, water leakage from plant facilities, and groundwater flow from adjacent basins. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri854309","usgsCitation":"Kappel, W.M., and Harding, W.E., 1987, Surface-water hydrology of the Western New York Nuclear Service Center Cattaraugus County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4309, v, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854309.","productDescription":"v, 36 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159019,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4309/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":366709,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4309/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Cattaraugus County","otherGeospatial":"Western New York Nuclear Service Center","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.65777492523192,\n 42.44907976495076\n ],\n [\n -78.65481376647948,\n 42.44907976495076\n ],\n [\n -78.65481376647948,\n 42.45040973396976\n ],\n [\n -78.65777492523192,\n 42.45040973396976\n ],\n [\n -78.65777492523192,\n 42.44907976495076\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a634","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kappel, W. M.","contributorId":18754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kappel","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harding, W. E.","contributorId":12527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harding","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":57447,"text":"wdrMS861 - 1987 - Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1986","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-19T14:07:40.953795","indexId":"wdrMS861","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MS-86-1","title":"Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1986","docAbstract":"

Water resources data for the 1986 water year for Mississippi consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report contains records of water discharge at 71 gaging stations; stage records for 18 of these gaging stations; stage only at 5 gaging stations; water quality for 12 stations, 3 precipitation quality stations, and 32 wells; and water levels for 609 observation wells. Also included are peak-discharge data for 56 crest-stage partial-record stations, discharge data at 97 low-flow partial-record stations, and water quality data at 3 partial-record or miscellaneous sites. Locations of these sites are shown on Figures 4-6. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperation State and Federal agencies in Mississippi.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrMS861","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Mississippi and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Tharpe, E., Plunkett, M., Morris, F., and Oakley, W.T., 1987, Water resources data for Mississippi, water year 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MS-86-1, viii, 396 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMS861.","productDescription":"viii, 396 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1986/ms-86-1/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":494301,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1986/ms-86-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fccbd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tharpe, E.J.","contributorId":57534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tharpe","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plunkett, M.L.","contributorId":82368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plunkett","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, F.","contributorId":17299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oakley, W. T.","contributorId":76331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28475,"text":"wri874085 - 1987 - Effect of grid size on digital simulation of ground-water flow in the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:47","indexId":"wri874085","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4085","title":"Effect of grid size on digital simulation of ground-water flow in the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico","docAbstract":"Three models of the aquifer in the southern High Plains were compared to determine the effect of grid size on simulated water levels. The first model, calibrated prior to this study, had 10-mi grid spacing. The mean difference between the simulated and measured pre-development water levels in this model was +0.28 ft with a standard deviation of 25.8 ft. The second model, calibrated during this study independently of the first model, had 5-mi grid spacing. The mean difference between the simulated and measured pre-development water levels was -0.01 ft with a standard deviation of 44.4 ft. For 1980 water levels, the mean difference was +8.22 ft with a standard deviation of 27.9 ft. The results from the first and second models were compared. The standard deviation of the differences in simulated water levels was 19.0 ft for the pre-development period and 21.8 ft for 1980. There appeared to be no hydrologic significance to the pattern of the differences. A third model, constructed by aggregating the data from the second model, had 10-mi grid spacing. The mean difference in simulated pre-development water levels between the second and third models was +0.86 ft with a standard deviation of 8.9 ft. For the 1980 water levels, the mean difference between the models was +0.39 ft with a standard deviation of 4.4 ft. The study found that the same hydrologic conclusions would have been reached had 5-mi grid spacing or 10-mi grid spacing been used. It was further concluded that the difference in simulated water levels between models with 5-mi grid spacing or 10-mi grid spacing was five to six times smaller than the differences between the simulated and measured water levels. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874085","usgsCitation":"Luckey, R.R., and Stephens, D., 1987, Effect of grid size on digital simulation of ground-water flow in the southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4085, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874085.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4085/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57275,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62565e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luckey, R. R.","contributorId":93055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, D.M.","contributorId":42970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27350,"text":"wri864076 - 1987 - Application of techniques to identify coal-mine and power-generation effects on surface-water quality, San Juan River basin, New Mexico and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri864076","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4076","title":"Application of techniques to identify coal-mine and power-generation effects on surface-water quality, San Juan River basin, New Mexico and Colorado","docAbstract":"Numerous analytical techniques were applied to determine water quality changes in the San Juan River basin upstream of Shiprock , New Mexico. Eight techniques were used to analyze hydrologic data such as: precipitation, water quality, and streamflow. The eight methods used are: (1) Piper diagram, (2) time-series plot, (3) frequency distribution, (4) box-and-whisker plot, (5) seasonal Kendall test, (6) Wilcoxon rank-sum test, (7) SEASRS procedure, and (8) analysis of flow adjusted, specific conductance data and smoothing. Post-1963 changes in dissolved solids concentration, dissolved potassium concentration, specific conductance, suspended sediment concentration, or suspended sediment load in the San Juan River downstream from the surface coal mines were examined to determine if coal mining was having an effect on the quality of surface water. None of the analytical methods used to analyzed the data showed any increase in dissolved solids concentration, dissolved potassium concentration, or specific conductance in the river downstream from the mines; some of the analytical methods used showed a decrease in dissolved solids concentration and specific conductance. Chaco River, an ephemeral stream tributary to the San Juan River, undergoes changes in water quality due to effluent from a power generation facility. The discharge in the Chaco River contributes about 1.9% of the average annual discharge at the downstream station, San Juan River at Shiprock, NM. The changes in water quality detected at the Chaco River station were not detected at the downstream Shiprock station. It was not possible, with the available data, to identify any effects of the surface coal mines on water quality that were separable from those of urbanization, agriculture, and other cultural and natural changes. In order to determine the specific causes of changes in water quality, it would be necessary to collect additional data at strategically located stations. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864076","usgsCitation":"Goetz, C.L., Abeyta, C.G., and Thomas, E., 1987, Application of techniques to identify coal-mine and power-generation effects on surface-water quality, San Juan River basin, New Mexico and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4076, viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864076.","productDescription":"viii, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4076/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4076/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a75c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goetz, C. L.","contributorId":55845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, E.V.","contributorId":55477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"E.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27349,"text":"wri854043 - 1987 - Adequacy of NASQAN data to describe areal and temporal variability of water quality of the San Juan River drainage basin upstream from Shiprock, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-26T21:38:11.341058","indexId":"wri854043","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4043","title":"Adequacy of NASQAN data to describe areal and temporal variability of water quality of the San Juan River drainage basin upstream from Shiprock, New Mexico","docAbstract":"

Analyses indicate that water quality in the San Juan River drainage basin upstream from Shiprock, New Mexico, is quite variable from station to station. Analyses are based on water quality data from the U.S. Geological Survey WATSTORE files and the New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division 's files. In the northeastern part of the basin, most streams are calcium-bicarbonate waters. In the northwestern and southern part of the basin, the streams are calcium-sulfate and sodium-sulfate waters. Geology, climate, and land use and water use affect the water quality. Statistical analysis shows that streamflow, suspended-sediment, dissolved-iron, dissolved-orthophosphate-phosphorus, dissolved-sodium, dissolved-sulfate, and dissolved-manganese concentrations, specific conductance, and pH are highly variable among most stations. Dissolved-radium-226 concentration is the least variable among stations. A trend in one or more water quality constituents for the time period, October 1, 1973, through September 30, 1981, was detected at 15 out of 36 stations tested. The NASQAN stations Animas River at Farmington and San Juan River at Shiprock, New Mexico, record large volumes of flow that represent an integration of the flow from many upstream tributaries. The data collected do not represent what is occurring at specific points upstream in the basin, but do provide accurate information on how water quality is changing over time at the station location. A water quality, streamflow model would be necessary to predict accurately what is occurring simultaneously in the entire basin.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854043","usgsCitation":"Goetz, C.L., and Abeyta, C.G., 1987, Adequacy of NASQAN data to describe areal and temporal variability of water quality of the San Juan River drainage basin upstream from Shiprock, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4043, ix, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854043.","productDescription":"ix, 89 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4043/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56211,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4043/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":394920,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36227.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"San Juan River drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 35.562\n ],\n [\n -106.528,\n 35.562\n ],\n [\n -106.528,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 38\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 35.562\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697591","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goetz, C. L.","contributorId":55845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goetz","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28727,"text":"wri874064 - 1987 - Appraisal of storm-water quality near Salem, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:17:07","indexId":"wri874064","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4064","title":"Appraisal of storm-water quality near Salem, Oregon","docAbstract":"Stormwater runoff for the period December 1979 to May 1981, at 13 sites (12 basins) in the vicinity of Salem, Oregon, was sampled and analyzed for water quality. Constituent concentrations for urban storm water were relatively small when compared to samples from Portland and Medford, Oregon and to samples from Denver, Colorado. The data indicated that levels of suspended sediment, ultimate CBOD (carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand), and total lead increased with increased urbanization. Much of the suspended sediment and related turbidity result from transport of basin soils rather than from the wash-off of dry fallout solids from impervious areas. Because of small chemical concentrations and winter high flow and low temperature conditions in the Willamette River, Salem storm water probably has little effect on biological or on most chemical conditions in the Willamette River. An analysis of data from a stormwater detention pond (originally designed to reduce peak flows) indicated that the facility was about 47% efficient in reducing suspended sediment loads. The facility also reduced such sediment-related constituent loads as total lead and total phosphorus. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and ultimate CBOD loads that are transported mostly in the dissolved phase were not measurably affected by the detention pond. Precipitation samples collected at one site for a year were found to be acidic, with a median pH of 4.6. Median total lead concentration was 8 micrograms/L (ug/L) in precipitation, whereas the median total lead concentration in runoff from the 12 basins ranged from 8 to 110 ug/L. The median dissolved ammonia concentration in precipitation was larger than the median dissolved ammonia concentration at all 13 sites. In contrast, the median total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration in precipitation samples was about half the median for streamwater concentrations. Median ratios of sulfate to chloride and nitrate to chloride in precipitation were much higher than ratios expected for sea water, suggesting anthropogenic sources for sulfate and nitrate. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874064","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.L., 1987, Appraisal of storm-water quality near Salem, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4064, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874064.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4064/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57554,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4064/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a388","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, T. L.","contributorId":54557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26294,"text":"wri864312 - 1987 - Quantity and quality of urban runoff from the Chester Creek basin Anchorage, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-23T22:38:42.09416","indexId":"wri864312","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4312","title":"Quantity and quality of urban runoff from the Chester Creek basin Anchorage, Alaska","docAbstract":"Urbanization has affected both the flow characteristics and water quality of streams in the Chester Creek basin, of Anchorage, Alaska. Peak flows are higher in the urban rather than rural parts of the basin, and the percent of effective impervious area has a significant effect on storm runoff volumes and peaks. Water quality in the Chester Creek basin varies according to season and flow conditions. During low or base-flow conditions, concentrations of most water quality constituents measured are within State of Alaska drinking water standards, except for fecal coliform bacteria. During periods of high flow due to snowmelt or rainfall, concentrations of trace metal lead usually exceed recommended maximum levels. The primary sources of trace metal lead and suspended sediments are commercial areas , while the primary source of nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria is residential areas. Streamflow and water quality data collected at five sites representing different land-use categories were used to calibrate and verify three U.S. Geological Survey computer-based models: the Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model-Version II (DR3M-II), the Multi-Event Urban Runoff Quality Model (DR3M-QUAL), and the Precipitation Runoff Modeling Systems (PRMS). The PRMS can be used to simulate the effects of increased urbanization on daily flows. The DR3M-II can be used to simulate storm effects on small basins of < 40 acres. The DR3M-QUAL can be used to estimate seasonal loads of suspended sediment from basins of < 40 acres. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864312","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., 1987, Quantity and quality of urban runoff from the Chester Creek basin Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4312, vi, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864312.","productDescription":"vi, 58 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":55100,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4312/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4312/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":392080,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36632.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Anchorage","otherGeospatial":"Chester Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -149.917,\n 61.167\n ],\n [\n -149.667,\n 61.167\n ],\n [\n -149.667,\n 61.233\n ],\n [\n -149.917,\n 61.233\n ],\n [\n -149.917,\n 61.167\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, T. P.","contributorId":103289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28857,"text":"wri864335 - 1987 - Magnitude and frequency of floods in Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:44","indexId":"wri864335","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4335","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods in Arkansas","docAbstract":"The magnitude and frequency of peak discharges on streams in Arkansas, were estimated through the use of comprehensive regression analyses, in which physical characteristics of streams were related to flood characteristics at gaging stations. Equations derived from the regression analyses provide estimates of peak discharges with selected recurrence intervals from 2 to 100 yrs on streams that have drainage areas < 3,000 sq mi. The regression analyses indicate that size of drainage area, slope of the main channel, length of the main channel, elevation of the basin, and mean annual precipitation were the most significant basin and climatic characteristics that affect the magnitude and frequency of floods. A technique is presented for estimating a stage-discharge relation at ungaged sites based on a cross section determined from topographic maps. This cross-section and stage-discharge relation is then used to determine the hydraulic radius for the discharges at each recurrence interval. Techniques are presented for estimating the magnitude and frequency of peak discharges using the hydraulic radius with other physical characteristics of the basin. The techniques that use the hydraulic radius give standard errors of estimate from 5% to 16% lower than techniques that do not use hydraulic radius. Data from 200 gaging stations with drainage areas less than 3,000 sq mi and with at least 10 yrs of record were used in the analyses. Large rivers such as the Red, Arkansas, White, Black, St. Francis, Mississippi, and Ouachita Rivers have flood flow characteristics that differ from those of smaller tributary streams and were, therefore, treated individually. Regional regression equations are not applicable to the large rivers; the magnitude and frequency of floods along these rivers are based on station data. A method is described for estimating the magnitude and frequency of peak discharges on streams for urban areas in Arkansas. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864335","usgsCitation":"Neely, B., 1987, Magnitude and frequency of floods in Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4335, v, 51 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864335.","productDescription":"v, 51 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4335/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57728,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4335/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649544","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neely, B.L.","contributorId":90344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neely","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29001,"text":"wri874154 - 1987 - Geophysical well log analysis of fractured granitic rocks at Atikokan, Ontario, Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri874154","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4154","title":"Geophysical well log analysis of fractured granitic rocks at Atikokan, Ontario, Canada","docAbstract":"Two boreholes, drilled to approximate depths of 750 and 1,260 m in a granitic intrusion located near Atikokan, Ontario, were studied by obtaining a full suite of conventional borehole geophysical logs. In addition, selected intervals in these boreholes were logged with a borehole acoustic televiewer that produces a high-resolution image of the borehole wall, an acoustic waveform-logging system using 34-kiloHertz magnetostrictive and 5-kiloHertz sparker sources, and a highly sensitive heat-pulse flowmeter. Emphasis was on identifying and characterizing fracture zones that represent groundwater conduits in deeper portions of the granite, and on characterizing the properties of the largest intervals of unfractured granite. Major fracture zones were indicated by correlating geophysical log anomalies detected on the suite of conventional logs (unpublished data from Atomic Energy of Canada). However, several other anomalies, were identified as mafic intrusions of approximately the same thickness as major fracture zones. Geophysical log anomalies were compared for all major fracture zones that could serve as significant groundwater conduits, and fracture zone permeability is estimated on the basis of acoustic tube-wave attenuation in these intervals. Acoustic televiewer logs obtained at depths below 1,000 m in the deeper well indicate that most of the few fractures identified on core at these depths do not remain open enough under in situ conditions to produce detectable anomalies in acoustic refraction. Flowmeter data indicate that some groundwater circulation occurs in the upper portion of both boreholes. Water in the shallower of the two holes was observed to flow at 2.0 L/min; most of this flow entered the borehole at a depth < 25 m, and no flow occurred below a depth of 100 m. Downflow at rates < 0.5 L/min was determined to enter the deeper borehole within 20 m of the surface, and to exist at various fractures down to a depth of 250 m. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874154","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Hess, A., 1987, Geophysical well log analysis of fractured granitic rocks at Atikokan, Ontario, Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4154, iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874154.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4154/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57868,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4154/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8500","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hess, A.E.","contributorId":71979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29263,"text":"wri854314 - 1987 - Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:35","indexId":"wri854314","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4314","title":"Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming","docAbstract":"Data were collected at two small, semiarid basins in Wyoming to determine the relation between rainfall, runoff, and sediment production. The basins were Dugout Creek tributary and Saint Marys Ditch tributary. Sufficient rainfall and runoff data were collected at Dugout Creek tributary to determine the source of sediment and the dominant sediment production processes. Because runoff from only one storm occurred in Saint Marys Ditch tributary, emphasis of the study was placed on the analysis of data collected at Dugout Creek tributary. At Dugout Creek tributary, detailed measurements were made to establish the source of sediment. To determine the quantity of material removed from headcuts during the study, two headcuts were surveyed. Aerial photographs were used to define movement of all headcuts. The total quantity of sediment removed from all headcuts between September 26, 1982, and September 26, 1983, was estimated to be 1,220 tons, or 15%-25% of the estimated total sediment load passing the streamflow-gaging station. A soil plot was used to sample upland erosion. A rainfall and runoff modeling system was used to evaluate the interaction between the physical processes which control sediment production. The greatest change in computed sediment load was caused by changing the parameter values for equations used to compute the detachment of sediment particles by rainfall and overland flow resulted in very small changes in computed sediment load. The upland areas were the primary source of sediment. A relationship was developed between the peak of storm runoff and the total sediment load for that storm runoff. The sediment concentration used to compute the total sediment load for the storm runoff was determined from sediment samples collected by two automatic pumping samplers. The coefficient of variation of the relationship is 34% with a 0.99 correlation coefficient. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854314","usgsCitation":"Rankl, J., 1987, Analysis of sediment production from two small semiarid basins in Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4314, iv, 27 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854314.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4314/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58115,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4314/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db68018e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankl, J.G.","contributorId":107733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankl","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25928,"text":"wri874190 - 1987 - Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri874190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4190","title":"Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona","docAbstract":"This report was prepared as part of a geohydrologic study of the Tucson basin conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the city of Tucson. Geologic data from more than 500 water supply and test wells were analyzed to define characteristics of the basin sediments that may affect the potential for land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal. The Tucson basin is a structural depression within the Basin and Range physiographic province. The basin is 1,000 sq mi in units area and trends north to northwest. Three Cenozoic stratigraphic unit--the Pantano Formation of Oligocene age, the Tinaja beds (informal usage) of Miocene and Pliocene age, and the Fort Lowell Formation of Pleistocene age--fill the basin. The Tinaja beds include lower, middle, and upper unconformable units. A thin veneer of stream alluvium of late Quaternary age overlies the Fort Lowell Formation. The Pantano Formation and the lower Tinaja beds accumulated during a time of widespread continental sedimentation, volcanism, plutonism, uplift, and complex faulting and tilting of rock units that began during the Oligocene and continued until the middle Miocene. Overlying sediments of the middle and upper Tinaja beds were deposited in response to two subsequent episodes of post-12-million-year block faulting, the latter of which was accompanied by renewed uplift. The Fort Lowell Formation accumulated during the Quaternary development of modern through-flowing the maturation of the drainage. The composite Cenozoic stratigraphic section of the Tucson basin is at least 20,000 ft thick. The steeply tilted to flat-lying section is composed of indurated to unconsolidated clastic sediments, evaporites, and volcanic rocks that are lithologically and structurally complex. The lithology and structures of the section was greatly affected by the uplift and exhumation of adjacent metamorphic core-complex rocks. Similar Cenozoic geologic relations have been identified in other parts of southern Arizona. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874190","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S.R., 1987, Cenozoic stratigraphy and geologic history of the Tucson Basin, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4190, iv, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874190.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124025,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54684,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54685,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54686,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54687,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4190/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, S. R.","contributorId":93518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29573,"text":"wri874024 - 1987 - Assessment of water quality and factors affecting dissolved oxygen in the Sangamon River, Decatur to Riverton, Illinois, summer 1982","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri874024","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4024","title":"Assessment of water quality and factors affecting dissolved oxygen in the Sangamon River, Decatur to Riverton, Illinois, summer 1982","docAbstract":"Water quality and processes that affect the dissolved-oxygen concentration in a 45.9 mile reach of the Sangamon River from Decatur to Riverton, Illinois, were determined from data collected during low-flow periods in the summer of 1982. Relations among dissolved oxygen, water discharge, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations, and photosynthetic-oxygen production were simulated using a one-dimensional, steady-state computer model. Average dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 8.0 milligrams per liter at the upstream end of the study reach at Decatur to 5.2 milligrams per liter 12.2 miles downstream. Ammonia concentrations ranged from 45 milligrams per liter at the mouth of Stevens Creek (2.6 miles downstream from Decatur) to 0.03 milligram per liter at the downstream end of the study reach. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations exceeded the maximum concentration specified in the State water quality standard (0.04 milligram per liter) throughout most of the study reach. Model simulations indicated that oxidation of ammonia to form nitrite plus nitrate was the most significant process leading to low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the river. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/wri874024","usgsCitation":"Schmidt, A., and Stamer, J., 1987, Assessment of water quality and factors affecting dissolved oxygen in the Sangamon River, Decatur to Riverton, Illinois, summer 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4024, vii, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874024.","productDescription":"vii, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123555,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58401,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmidt, A.R.","contributorId":79898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stamer, J. K.","contributorId":47753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamer","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25957,"text":"wri874012 - 1987 - Traveltime and dispersion in the New River, Hinton to Gauley Bridge, West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T20:37:51.460528","indexId":"wri874012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4012","title":"Traveltime and dispersion in the New River, Hinton to Gauley Bridge, West Virginia","docAbstract":"

Traveltime and dispersion studies were conducted on a 65-mile-long reach of the New River between Hinton and Gauley Bridge, West Virginia. Four sets of measurements were made from August 1985 to May 1986 at river discharges of about 2,220, 3 ,200, 9,200, and 18,000 cu ft/sec, which correspond to flow durations of 85, 70, 26, and 9%, respectively. The four sets of data were used to develop generalized procedures for estimating traveltime and peak concentrations that result from spillage of water-soluble substances at any point within the study reach. The procedure will provide the approximate traveltimes and concentrations of soluble substances during periods of relatively steady flow from 1,500 to 30,000 cu ft/sec. A sample problem and solution are presented for hypothetical situation in which 500 lbs of soluble contaminant are spilled at a highway bridge near Sandstone. The river flow was 3,000 cu ft/sec for this example. The estimated times required for the leading edge and peak concentration of the solute cloud to reach Stone Cliff (25.9 river mi) were determined to be 23 and 28.5 hours. The cloud would take about 17 hours to pass Stone Cliff and the peak concentration would be 100 micrograms/L. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri874012","usgsCitation":"Appel, D.H., and Moles, S.B., 1987, Traveltime and dispersion in the New River, Hinton to Gauley Bridge, West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4012, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874012.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":407653,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46700.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54707,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4012/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","city":"Hinton","otherGeospatial":"Gauley Bridge, New River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.2333,\n 37.6222\n ],\n [\n -80.8167,\n 37.6222\n ],\n [\n -80.8167,\n 38.1722\n ],\n [\n -81.2333,\n 38.1722\n ],\n [\n -81.2333,\n 37.6222\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626a4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Appel, David H.","contributorId":45290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Appel","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moles, S. B.","contributorId":44582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moles","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":14887,"text":"ofr87543 - 1987 - Data-collection methods and data summary for the assessment of water quality in Cedar Creek, west-central Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:54","indexId":"ofr87543","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-543","title":"Data-collection methods and data summary for the assessment of water quality in Cedar Creek, west-central Illinois","docAbstract":"A water-quality, data-collection network on a 26.2-mile reach of Cedar Creek in west-central Illinois was operated from May through December 1985 and from March through October 1986. The study reach drains a 60.8-square-mile area of predominantly agricultural land. However, the city of Galesburg contributes combined- and storm-sewer discharge to the creek that can affect the water quality.\r\nThis report presents the streamflow and water-quality data collected and describes the methods and instrumentation used. Continuous discharge data were determined at eight gaging stations--five on the main stem and three on tributaries of Cedar Creek. Flows ranged from 0 to 1,200 cubic feet per second. A total of 8 storm sewers and 51 combined sewers were monitored or inspected as part of the study.\r\n\r\nContinuous precipitation data were collected at five sites. The maximum hourly precipitation intensity during the study period was 1.97 inches per hour. The maximum total precipitation for a storm during the study period was 4.16 inches.\r\n\r\nSediment-oxygen-demand rates were measured at 45 locations in the creek. The measured sediment-oxygen-demand rates ranged from 0.4 to 9.1 grams of oxygen per square meter per day. Ninety-seven bottom-material samples were collected and analyzed for chemical oxygen demand, percentage of volatile organic constituents, and concentrations of total organic plus ammonia nitrogen, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, and zinc.\r\n\r\nTraveltime and reaeration rates were determined for 15 subreaches of Cedar Creek during various flow conditions. The reaeration rates ranged from 3.10 to 20.8 per day.\r\n\r\nThree intensive diel (24-hour) data collections were conducted during low-flow conditions. Data included dissolved oxygen concentration, biochemical oxygen demand, nutrient concentrations, and metal concentrations. During storm-related high-flow conditions, water-quality samples were collected at 5 main-stem sites, 3 tributary sites, the Galesburg wastewater treatment-facility outfall, and 15 sewer outfalls. These samples were analyzed for nutrients and metals, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demands, and biochemical oxygen demands.\r\n\r\nThis report describes methods for measuring stage, discharge, precipitation, sediment oxygen demand, traveltime, and reaeration rate. Collection methods for bottom-material samples, diel water-quality data and samples, combined-sewer overflow frequency and duration, and storm- related sampling of combined sewers, storm sewers, and streams are described. A brief discussion of streamflow computation methods also is presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87543","usgsCitation":"McFarlane, R., Freeman, W., and Schmidt, A., 1987, Data-collection methods and data summary for the assessment of water quality in Cedar Creek, west-central Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-543, vi, 177 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87543.","productDescription":"vi, 177 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":146825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0543/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":43693,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0543/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db67437a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McFarlane, R.D.","contributorId":105728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarlane","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freeman, W.O.","contributorId":30238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"W.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, A.R.","contributorId":79898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":170183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":14753,"text":"ofr87571 - 1987 - Regional study of the Castle Hayne Aquifer of eastern North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-15T13:20:46","indexId":"ofr87571","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-571","title":"Regional study of the Castle Hayne Aquifer of eastern North Carolina","docAbstract":"The Castle Hayne aquifer is an eastward sloping and thickening wedge of limestone and sandstone, located in a 12,500 sq mi area in the eastern part of North Carolina. The Castle Hayne aquifer is the major source of freshwater for much of coastal North Carolina where the aquifers underlying the Castle Hayne contain saltwater. A regional study of the Castle Hayne aquifer was conducted to provide definitive information on the declines in water levels and of saltwater intrusion in the area. A series of geohydrologic maps produced from the study, show the altitude of the top of the aquifer, location of saltwater in the aquifer, aquifer thickness, aquifer transmissivity, and confining-unit thickness. The history of groundwater pumpage can be compared with historical water levels in the aquifer. These geohydrologic, pumpage, and water level data can be used to develop estimates of aquifer and confining-unit hydraulic coefficients and to develop a groundwater flow model for the Castle Hayne aquifer. The model will increase the understanding of the groundwater flow system and also can be used to assess various groundwater development scenarios for the entire Castle Hayne aquifer.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr87571","usgsCitation":"Lyke, W., and Coble, R.W., 1987, Regional study of the Castle Hayne Aquifer of eastern North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-571, 2 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr87571.","productDescription":"2 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":43523,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0571/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":148696,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0571/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Castle Hayne Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 36.633162095586556\n ],\n [\n -74.66308593749999,\n 36.633162095586556\n ],\n [\n -74.66308593749999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ],\n [\n -79.03564453124999,\n 33.65120829920497\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c447","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyke, W.L.","contributorId":75551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyke","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coble, R. W.","contributorId":49380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coble","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":169949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":55183,"text":"wdrHI852 - 1987 - Water resources data for Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1985: Volume 2. Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and American Samoa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-11T16:52:52.096799","indexId":"wdrHI852","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"HI-85-2","title":"Water resources data for Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1985: Volume 2. Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and American Samoa","docAbstract":"

Volume 2 of water resources data for the 1985 water year for other Pacific areas consists of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams and springs; stage of 2 lakes and a reservoir; and water levels and water quality in wells. This report contains discharge records for 31 gaging stations; stage only record for 3 gaging stations; water quality for 8 gaging stations; 6 partial-record stations; water temperature for 31 gaging stations; and water levels for 35 observation wells and water quality for 110 ground-water sites. Also included are 19 low-flow partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites, not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating Governments and Federal agencies in other Pacific areas. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrHI852","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Governments of Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, American Samoa, and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987, Water resources data for Hawaii and other Pacific areas, water year 1985: Volume 2. Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, and American Samoa: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report HI-85-2, viii, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrHI852.","productDescription":"viii, 142 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":497332,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1985/hi-85-2/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180896,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1985/hi-85-2/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"American Samoa, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6f3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26481,"text":"wri874027 - 1987 - Water resources and potential effects of surface coal mining in the area of the Woodson Preference Right Lease Application, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri874027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4027","title":"Water resources and potential effects of surface coal mining in the area of the Woodson Preference Right Lease Application, Montana","docAbstract":"Federal coal lands of the Woodson Preference Right Lease Application are located in Dawson and Richland Counties, northeastern Montana. A probable mine area, comprised of the lease area and adjacent coal lands, contains about 220 million tons of recoverable lignite coal in the 12-37 ft thick Pust coal bed. A hydrologic study has been conducted in the area to describe the water resources and to evaluate potential effects of coal mining on the water resources. Geohydrologic data collected from wells and springs indicate that several aquifers exist in the area. Sandstone beds in the Tongue River Member of the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene age) are the most common aquifers and probably underlie the entire area. The Pust coal bed in the Tongue River Member is water saturated in part of the probable mine area and is dry in other parts of the probable mine area. Other aquifers, located mostly outside of the probable mine area, exist in gravel of the Flaxville Formation (Miocene of Pliocene age) and valley alluvium (Pleistocene and Holocene age). Chemical analyses of groundwater indicate a range in dissolved solids concentration of 240-2,280 mg/L. Surface water resources are limited. Most streams in the area are ephemeral and flow only in response to rainfall or snowmelt. Small reaches of the North and Middle Forks of Burns Creek have intermittent flow. Water sampled from a small perennial reach of the Middle Fork had a dissolved solids concentration of 700 mg/L. Mining of the Pust coal bed would destroy one spring and four stock wells, dewater areas of the Pust coal and sandstone aquifers, and probably lower water levels in seven stock and domestic wells. Mining in the valley of Middle Fork Burns Creek would intercept streamflow and alter flow characteristics of a small perennial reach of stream. Leaching of soluble minerals from mine spoils may cause a long-term degradation of the quality of water in the spoils and in aquifers downgradient from the spoils. Some of the effects on local water supplies could be mitigated by development of new wells in deeper sandstones of the Tongue River Member. Effects of mining on water resources would be minimized if only areas of dry coal were mined. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874027","usgsCitation":"Cannon, M.R., 1987, Water resources and potential effects of surface coal mining in the area of the Woodson Preference Right Lease Application, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4027, iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874027.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55307,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d2e4b07f02db5486c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, M. R.","contributorId":99140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26624,"text":"wri864211 - 1987 - Ground-water pumpage from the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Oregon, 1984","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:07:34","indexId":"wri864211","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4211","title":"Ground-water pumpage from the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Oregon, 1984","docAbstract":"Groundwater pumpage was estimated for 1984 for an area of about 8,000 sq mi in north-central Oregon. Pumpage data were collected from irrigation, industrial and public supply users and analyzed as part of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System Analysis (RASA) study. Groundwater is pumped from Tertiary basalts and interflow material of the Columbia River Basalt Group and the overlying Tertiary-Quaternary sedimentary material. Pumpage was estimated from flowmeter data for about two-thirds of the area. For wells without flowmeters, pumpage was estimated from power-consumption data, if available, or from irrigated acreage data, using an areally adjusted application rate. The total amount of water pumped during 1984 was estimated to be about 148 ,000 acre-feet. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864211","usgsCitation":"Collins, C.A., 1987, Ground-water pumpage from the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Oregon, 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4211, iv, 21 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864211.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55496,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4211/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55497,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4211/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ee4b07f02db660581","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, C. A.","contributorId":43731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":12120,"text":"ofr85153 - 1987 - Hydrology of area 59, northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-20T16:55:01","indexId":"ofr85153","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-153","title":"Hydrology of area 59, northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Wyoming","docAbstract":"

Hydrologic information and analysis aid in decisions to lease federally owned coal and to prepare necessary Environmental Assessments and Impact Study reports. This need has become even more critical with the enactment of Public Law 95-87, the \"Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.\" This act requires an appropriate regulatory agency to issue permits, based on the review of permit-application data to assess hydrologic impacts. This report, which partially fulfills this requirement, is one in a series of nationwide coal province reports that present information thematically, through the use of a brief text and accompanying maps, graphs, charts, or other illustrations for single hydrologic topics. The report broadly characterizes the hydrology of Area 59 in north-central Colorado and southeastern Wyoming.

The report area, located within the South Platte River basin, covers a 16,000-square-mile area of diverse geology, topography, and climate. This diversity results in contrasting hydrologic characteristics.

The South Platte River, the major stream in the area, and most of its tributaries originate in granitic mountains and flow into and through the sedimentary rocks of the Great Plains. Altitudes range from less than 5,000 feet to more than 14,000 feet above sea level. Precipitation in the mountains may exceed 40 inches annually, much of it during the winter, and produces deep snowpacks. Snowmelt during the spring and summer produces most streamflow. Transmountain diversion of water from the streams on the western slope of the mountains also adds to the streamflow. Precipitation in the plains is as little as 10 inches annually. Streams that originate in the plains are ephemeral.

Streamflow quality is best in the mountains, where dissolved-solids concentrations are generally small. Concentrations increase in the plains as streams flow through sedimentary basins, and as urbanization and irrigation increase. The quality of some mountain streams is affected by drainage from previous metalmining areas, as indicated by greater trace-element concentrations and smaller pH values. However, the large trace-element concentrations decrease rapidly downstream from the metal-mining areas. Because the climate is semiarid in most of the area, the soils are not adequately leached; therefore, flows in ephemeral streams usually have larger concentrations of dissolved solids than flows in perennial streams.

Ground water is available throughout the area; yields range from less than 0.1 gallons per minute in the fractured granite aquifer in the mountains to more than 2,000 gallons per minute in the alluvial aquifer of the South Platte River valley. Major bedrock aquifers in order of decreasing age are the Laramie-Fox Hills, Arapahoe, Denver, and Dawson; these aquifers are used for municipal, domestic, and livestock supplies. Alluvial aquifers supply the high-yield irrigation wells.

The best quality ground water is found at the center of the major bedrock aquifers, where dissolved-solids concentrations are less than 200 milligrams per liter. The poorest-quality water is usually found near the edges of these aquifers. Water in the coal-bearing Laramie and Denver Formations is locally affected by coal deposits, causing dissolved-solids concentrations to be relatively large.

Only one coal mine is now operating in Area 59, the Coors Energy Company surface coal mine, which produced 100,000 short tons of subbituminous coal from the Upper Cretaceous Laramie Formation in 1982. Past coal-mining operations removed more than 130 million tons of coal and lignite from Area 59,99 percent of which came from underground mines. The largest coal production was in Weld and Boulder Counties, Colorado.

Hydrologic problems related to surface mining are erosion, sedimentation, decline in water levels, disruption of aquifers, and degradation of water quality. Because the semiarid mine areas have very little runoff, and the major streams have large buffer and dilution capacities, the effects of mining on surface water is minimal. However, effects on ground water may be much more severe and long-lasting.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr85153","usgsCitation":"Gaggiani, N.G., Britton, L.J., Minges, D.R., Kilpatrick, F.A., Parker, R.S., and Kircher, J.E., 1987, Hydrology of area 59, northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountain coal provinces, Colorado and Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-153, vi, 124 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85153.","productDescription":"vi, 124 p.","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":95064,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0153/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"45.67 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":146286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0153/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.3,\n 38.4\n ],\n [\n -106.3,\n 41.6\n ],\n [\n -104.07,\n 41.6\n ],\n [\n -104.07,\n 38.4\n ],\n [\n -106.3,\n 38.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601fbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaggiani, Neville G. gaggiani@usgs.gov","contributorId":3280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaggiani","given":"Neville","email":"gaggiani@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":165146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Britton, Linda J.","contributorId":72780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Britton","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Minges, Donald R.","contributorId":99564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minges","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kilpatrick, F. A.","contributorId":22319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpatrick","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Parker, Randolph S.","contributorId":58638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":165148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kircher, James E. jkircher@usgs.gov","contributorId":248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kircher","given":"James","email":"jkircher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":165145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":30426,"text":"wri864012 - 1987 - Ground-water flow in the Navajo sandstone in parts of Emery, Grand, Carbon, Wayne, Garfield, and Kane counties, southeast Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:55","indexId":"wri864012","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4012","title":"Ground-water flow in the Navajo sandstone in parts of Emery, Grand, Carbon, Wayne, Garfield, and Kane counties, southeast Utah","docAbstract":"A finite-difference model of one layer was constructed to determine groundwater flow directions and magnitudes in the Navajo Sandstone of southeast Utah. Hydraulic head data, hydraulic conductivity data, precipitation data, and other data collected in the area were used in constructing and calibrating the model. Sensitivity of the model to unknown aspects of the groundwater system was investigated. Simulation error attributable to grid-size error was unexpectedly large, but compared to the uncertainty in the groundwater system, simulation error was not large. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri864012","usgsCitation":"Weiss, E., 1987, Ground-water flow in the Navajo sandstone in parts of Emery, Grand, Carbon, Wayne, Garfield, and Kane counties, southeast Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4012, iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864012.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124110,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4012/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59200,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4012/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c414","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weiss, Emanuel","contributorId":74383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"Emanuel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30492,"text":"wri874111 - 1987 - Techniques for estimating flood-depth frequency relations for streams in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:58","indexId":"wri874111","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4111","title":"Techniques for estimating flood-depth frequency relations for streams in West Virginia","docAbstract":"Multiple regression analyses are applied to data from 119 U.S. Geological Survey streamflow stations to develop equations that estimate baseline depth (depth of 50% flow duration) and 100-yr flood depth on unregulated streams in West Virginia. Drainage basin characteristics determined from the 100-yr flood depth analysis were used to develop 2-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 500-yr regional flood depth equations. Two regions with distinct baseline depth equations and three regions with distinct flood depth equations are delineated. Drainage area is the most significant independent variable found in the central and northern areas of the state where mean basin elevation also is significant. The equations are applicable to any unregulated site in West Virginia where values of independent variables are within the range evaluated for the region. Examples of inapplicable sites include those in reaches below dams, within and directly upstream from bridge or culvert constrictions, within encroached reaches, in karst areas, and where streams flow through lakes or swamps. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874111","usgsCitation":"Wiley, J., 1987, Techniques for estimating flood-depth frequency relations for streams in West Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4111, iv, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874111.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4111/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59273,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiley, J.B.","contributorId":76739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiley","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25418,"text":"wri874044 - 1987 - Comparison of irrigation pumpage with change in ground-water storage in the High Plains aquifer in Chase, Dundy, and Perkins counties, Nebraska, 1975-83","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"wri874044","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"87-4044","title":"Comparison of irrigation pumpage with change in ground-water storage in the High Plains aquifer in Chase, Dundy, and Perkins counties, Nebraska, 1975-83","docAbstract":"The relation between pumpage and change in storage was evaluated for most of a three-county area in southwestern Nebraska from 1975 through 1983. Initial comparison of the 1975-83 pumpage with change in storage in the study area indicated that the 1 ,042,300 acre-ft of change in storage was only about 30% of the 3,425,000 acre-ft of pumpage. An evaluation of the data used to calculate pumpage and change in storage indicated that there was a relatively large potential for error in estimates of specific yield. As a result, minimum and maximum values of specific yield were estimated and used to recalculate change in storage. Estimates also were derived for the minimum and maximum amounts of recharge that could occur as a result of cultivation practices. The minimum and maximum estimates for specific yield and for recharge from cultivation practices were used to compute a range of values for the potential amount of additional recharge that occurred as a result of irrigation. The minimum and maximum amounts of recharge that could be caused by irrigation in the study area were 953,200 acre-ft (28% of pumpage) and 2,611,200 acre-ft (76% of pumpage), respectively. These values indicate that a substantial percentage of the water pumped from the aquifer is resupplied to storage in the aquifer as a result of a combination of irrigation return flow and enhanced recharge from precipitation that results from cultivation and irrigation practices. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri874044","usgsCitation":"Heimes, F., Ferrigno, C., Gutentag, E., Lucky, R., Stephens, D., and Weeks, J., 1987, Comparison of irrigation pumpage with change in ground-water storage in the High Plains aquifer in Chase, Dundy, and Perkins counties, Nebraska, 1975-83: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4044, iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri874044.","productDescription":"iv, 34 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4044/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54138,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1987/4044/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae383","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heimes, F.J.","contributorId":60654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heimes","given":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferrigno, C.F.","contributorId":27092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrigno","given":"C.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gutentag, E. D.","contributorId":70015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutentag","given":"E. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lucky, R.R.","contributorId":89171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucky","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stephens, D.M.","contributorId":42970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weeks, J.B.","contributorId":61426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":27776,"text":"wri864050 - 1987 - Simulation of unsteady flow in the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary at Milwaukee, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-20T13:13:36","indexId":"wri864050","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"86-4050","title":"Simulation of unsteady flow in the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary at Milwaukee, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"

This report describes the application and results of an unsteady-flow model for the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary. The model simulates unsteady and upstream flow occurring in the estuary as a result of Lake Michigan Seiche. The discharge computed by the model indicates that upstream flow occurs throughout the estuary during periods of lake seiche. Flow conditions are extremely unsteady and major flow reversals may occur within 1 hr. The simulated discharge indicates that both upstream and downstream flows four times greater than the average daily discharge can occur during the same day. An estimate of 5- or 15-minute average discharge was required during selected runoff events and at various locations in the estuary as part of the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary study. The model provides a method to estimate 5-minute average discharges at selected cross sections in the estuary. The U.S. Geological Survey 's Branch Network Model was used to simulate stage and discharge. A finite difference computation scheme is used to solve the one-dimensional flow equations. Model input requirements include channel geometry data, discharge at the upstream tributaries, and stage data at the estuary mouth. The model was used to simulate the flow during six selected time periods in 1982-84 using a 5- or 15-minute computation interval. (Author 's abstract)

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri864050","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission","usgsCitation":"House, L.B., 1987, Simulation of unsteady flow in the Milwaukee Harbor Estuary at Milwaukee, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4050, Report: iv, 19 p.; 1 Plate: 19.00 x 25.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri864050.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 19 p.; 1 Plate: 19.00 x 25.00 inches","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56618,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4050/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4050/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56619,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1986/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Milwaukee County","city":"Milwaukee","otherGeospatial":"Milwaukee Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.92015075683594,\n 42.951396938304164\n ],\n [\n -87.92015075683594,\n 43.09797467469801\n ],\n [\n -87.81372070312499,\n 43.09797467469801\n ],\n [\n -87.81372070312499,\n 42.951396938304164\n ],\n [\n -87.92015075683594,\n 42.951396938304164\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"House, L. B.","contributorId":49386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"House","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}