{"pageNumber":"1991","pageRowStart":"49750","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184660,"records":[{"id":98051,"text":"sir20095113 - 2009 - Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:52","indexId":"sir20095113","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5113","title":"Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida","docAbstract":"Previous studies of the hydrogeology of the surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach County, Florida, have focused mostly on the eastern one-half to one-third of the county in the more densely populated coastal areas. These studies have not placed the hydrogeology in a framework in which stratigraphic units in this complex aquifer system are defined and correlated between wells. Interest in the surficial aquifer system has increased because of population growth, westward expansion of urbanized areas, and increased utilization of surface-water resources in the central and western areas of the county. In 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District, initiated an investigation to delineate the hydrogeologic framework of the surficial aquifer system in Palm Beach County, based on a lithostratigraphic framework, and to evaluate hydraulic properties and characteristics of units and permeable zones within this framework.\r\n\r\nA lithostratigraphic framework was delineated by correlating markers between all wells with data available based primarily on borehole natural gamma-ray geophysical log signatures and secondarily, lithologic characteristics. These correlation markers approximately correspond to important lithostratigraphic unit boundaries. Using the markers as guides to their boundaries, the surficial aquifer system was divided into three main permeable zones or subaquifers, which are designated, from shallowest to deepest, zones 1, 2, and 3. Zone 1 is above the Tamiami Formation in the Anastasia and Fort Thompson Formations. Zone 2 primarily is in the upper part or Pinecrest Sand Member of the Tamiami Formation, and zone 3 is in the Ochopee Limestone Member of the Tamiami Formation or its correlative equivalent. Differences in the lithologic character exist between these three zones, and these differences commonly include differences in the nature of the pore space.\r\n\r\nZone 1 attains its greatest thickness (50 feet or more) and highest transmissivity in coastal areas. Zone 2, the most transmissive and extensive zone, is thickest (80 feet or more) and most transmissive in the inland eastern areas near Florida's Turnpike. In this area, zone 1 is absent, and the semiconfining unit above zone 2 extends to the land surface with a thickness commonly ranging from 50 to 100 feet. The thickness of zone 2 decreases to zero in most wells near the coast. Zone 3 attains its greatest thickness (100 feet or more) in the southwestern and south-central areas; zone 3 is equivalent to the gray limestone aquifer.\r\n\r\nThe distribution of transmissivity was mapped by zone; however, zones 2 and 3 were commonly combined in aquifer tests. Maximum transmissivities for zone 1, zones 2 and 3, and zone 3 were 90,000, 180,000, and 70,000 ft2/d (feet-squared per day), respectively. The northern extent of the area with transmissivity greater than 50,000 ft2/d for zones 2 and 3 in the inland northeastern area along Florida's Turnpike has not been defined based on available data and could extend 5 to 10 miles farther north than mapped. Based on the thickness of zone 2 and a limited number of aquifer tests, a large area of zone 2 with transmissivity greater than 10,000 ft2/d, and possibly as much as 30,000 ft2/d, extends to the west across Water Conservation Area 1 from the inland southeastern area into the south-central area and some of the southwestern area.\r\n\r\nIn contrast to the Biscayne aquifer present to the south of Palm Beach County, zones 2 and 3 are interpreted to be present principally in the Tamiami Formation and are commonly overlain by a thick semiconfining unit of moderate permeability. These zones have been referred to as the 'Turnpike' aquifer in the inland eastern areas of Palm Beach County, and the extent of greatest thickness and transmissivity follows, or is adjacent to, Florida's Turnpike. Where it is thick and transmissive, zone 1 may be considered equivalent to the Biscayne aquifer.\r\n\r\nAreas ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095113","isbn":"9781411325500","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Reese, R.S., and Wacker, M.A., 2009, Hydrogeologic and Hydraulic Characterization of the Surficial Aquifer System, and Origin of High Salinity Groundwater, Palm Beach County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5113, Report: viii, 83 p.; 2 Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095113.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 83 p.; 2 Appendixes","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5113.jpg"},{"id":13285,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5113/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81,26.25 ], [ -81,27 ], [ -80,27 ], [ -80,26.25 ], [ -81,26.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628d43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, Ronald S. rsreese@usgs.gov","contributorId":1090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"Ronald","email":"rsreese@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wacker, Michael A. mwacker@usgs.gov","contributorId":2162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wacker","given":"Michael","email":"mwacker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98044,"text":"cir1344 - 2009 - Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-31T10:31:47","indexId":"cir1344","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1344","title":"Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005","docAbstract":"<p>Estimates of water use in the United States indicate that about 410 billion gallons per day (Bgal/d) were withdrawn in 2005 for all categories summarized in this report. This total is slightly less than the estimate for 2000, and about 5 percent less than total withdrawals in the peak year of 1980. Freshwater withdrawals in 2005 were 349 Bgal/d, or 85 percent of the total freshwater and saline-water withdrawals. Fresh groundwater withdrawals of 79.6 Bgal/day in 2005 were about 5 percent less than in 2000, and fresh surface-water withdrawals of 270 Bgal/day were about the same as in 2000. Withdrawals for thermoelectric-power generation and irrigation, the two largest uses of water, have stabilized or decreased since 1980. Withdrawals for public-supply and domestic uses have increased steadily since estimates began.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Thermoelectric-power generation water withdrawals were an estimated 201 Bgal/d in 2005, about 3 percent more than in 2000. In 2005, thermoelectric freshwater withdrawals accounted for 41 percent of all freshwater withdrawals. Nearly all of the water withdrawn for thermoelectric power was surface water used for once-through cooling at power plants. Twenty-nine percent of thermoelectric-power withdrawals were saline water from oceans and brackish coastal water bodies.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Withdrawals for irrigation in 2005 were 128 Bgal/d, about 8 percent less than in 2000 and approximately equal to estimates of irrigation water use in 1970. In 2005, irrigation withdrawals accounted for 37 percent of all freshwater withdrawals and 62 percent of all freshwater withdrawals excluding thermoelectric withdrawals. Irrigated acreage increased from 25 million acres in 1950 to 58 million acres in 1980, then remained fairly constant before increasing in 2000 and 2005 to more than 60 million acres. The number of acres irrigated using sprinkler and microirrigation systems has continued to increase and in 2005 accounted for 56 percent of the total irrigated acreage.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Water withdrawals for public supply were 44.2 Bgal/d in 2005, which is 2 percent more than in 2000, although the population increased by more than 5 percent during that time. Public supply accounted for 13 percent of all freshwater withdrawals in 2005 and 21 percent of all freshwater withdrawals excluding thermoelectric withdrawals. The percentage of the U.S. population obtaining drinking water from public suppliers has increased steadily from 62 percent in 1950 to 86 percent in 2005. Most of the population providing their own household water obtained their supplies from groundwater sources.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Self-supplied industrial water withdrawals continued to decline in 2005, as they have since their peak in 1970. Self-supplied industrial withdrawals were an estimated 18.2 Bgal/d in 2005, a 30-percent decrease from 1985. An estimated 4.02 Bgal/d were withdrawn for mining in 2005, which is 11 percent less than in 2000, and 18 percent less than in 1990. Withdrawals for mining were only 58 percent freshwater.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Livestock water use was estimated to be 2.14 Bgal/d in 2005, which is the smallest estimate since 1975, possibly due to the use of standardized coefficients for estimation of animal water needs. Water use for aquaculture was an estimated 8.78 Bgal/d in 2005, nearly four times the amount estimated in 1985. Part of this increase is due to the inclusion of more facilities in the estimates in 2005, and the use of standardized coefficients for estimating aquaculture use from other data.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Fresh surface water was the source for a majority of the public-supply, irrigation, aquaculture, thermoelectric, and industrial withdrawals. Nearly 30 percent of all fresh surface-water withdrawals in 2005 occurred in five States. In California, Idaho, and Colorado, most of the fresh surface-water withdrawals were for irrigation. In Texas and Illinois, most of the fresh surface-water withdrawals were for thermoelectric power generation.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>About 67 percent of fresh groundwater withdrawals in 2005 were for irrigation, and 18 percent were for public supply. More than half of fresh groundwater withdrawals in the United States in 2005 occurred in six States. In California, Texas, Nebraska, Arkansas, and Idaho, most of the fresh groundwater withdrawals were for irrigation. In Florida, 52 percent of all fresh groundwater withdrawals were for public supply, and 34 percent were for irrigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1344","isbn":"9781411326002","usgsCitation":"Kenny, J., Barber, N.L., Hutson, S.S., Linsey, K.S., Lovelace, J.K., and Maupin, M.A., 2009, Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1344, Report: iv, 52 p.; County-Level Data, https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1344.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 52 p.; County-Level Data","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":494,"text":"Office of Groundwater","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1344.jpg"},{"id":13269,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":289907,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/watuse/data/2005/"},{"id":289906,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1344/pdf/c1344.pdf"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 144.616667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,71.833333 ], [ -64.566667,13.233333 ], [ 144.616667,13.233333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a4c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kenny, Joan F.","contributorId":69132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenny","given":"Joan F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, Nancy L. 0000-0002-2952-5017 nlbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-5017","contributorId":3679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Nancy","email":"nlbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutson, Susan S. sshutson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutson","given":"Susan","email":"sshutson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Linsey, Kristin S. 0000-0001-6492-7639 kslinsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6492-7639","contributorId":3678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linsey","given":"Kristin","email":"kslinsey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lovelace, John K. 0000-0002-8532-2599 jlovelac@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-2599","contributorId":999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovelace","given":"John","email":"jlovelac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":98048,"text":"sim3079 - 2009 - Geologic Map of MTM 35337, 40337, and 45337 Quadrangles, Deuteronilus Mensae Region of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-28T14:35:21","indexId":"sim3079","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3079","title":"Geologic Map of MTM 35337, 40337, and 45337 Quadrangles, Deuteronilus Mensae Region of Mars","docAbstract":"Deuteronilus Mensae, first defined as an albedo feature at lat 35.0 deg N., long 5.0 deg E., by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and International Astronomical Union (IAU) nomenclature, is a gradational zone along the dichotomy boundary in the northern mid-latitudes of Mars. The boundary in this location includes the transition from the rugged cratered highlands of Arabia Terra to the northern lowland plains of Acidalia Planitia. Within Deuteronilus Mensae, polygonal mesas are prominent along with features diagnostic of Martian fretted terrain, including lobate debris aprons, lineated valley fill, and concentric crater fill. Lobate debris aprons, as well as the valley and crater fill deposits, are geomorphic indicators of ground ice, and their concentration in Deuteronilus Mensae is of great interest because of their potential association with Martian climate change. The paucity of impact craters on the surfaces of debris aprons and the presence of ice-cemented mantle material imply young (for example, Amazonian) surface ages that are consistent with recent climate change in this region of Mars. \r\n\r\nNorth of Deuteronilus Mensae are the northern lowlands, a potential depositional sink that may have had large standing bodies of water or an ocean in the past. The northern lowlands have elevations that are several kilometers below the ancient cratered highlands with significantly younger surface ages. The morphologic and topographic characteristics of the Deuteronilus Mensae region record a diverse geologic history, including significant modification of the ancient highland plateau and resurfacing of low-lying regions. Previous studies of this region have interpreted a complex array of geologic processes, including eolian, fluvial and glacial activity, coastal erosion, marine deposition, mass wasting, tectonic faulting, effusive volcanism, and hydrovolcanism. \r\n\r\nThe origin and age of the Martian crustal dichotomy boundary are fundamental questions that remain unresolved at the present time. Several scenarios for its formation, including single and multiple large impact events, have been proposed and debated in the literature. Endogenic processes whereby crust is thinned by internal mantle convection and tectonic processes have also been proposed. Planetary accretion models and isotopic data from Martian meteorites suggest that the crust formed very early in Martian history. Using populations of quasi-circular depressions extracted from the topography of Mars, other studies suggest that the age difference between the highlands and lowlands could be ~100 m.y.. Furthermore, understanding the origin and age of the dichotomy boundary has been made more complicated due to significant erosion and deposition that have modified the boundary and its adjacent regions. The resulting diversity of terrains and features is likely a combined result of ancient and recent events. Detailed geologic analyses of dichotomy boundary zones are important for understanding the spatial and temporal variations in highland evolution. This information, and comparisons to other highland regions, can help elucidate the scale of potential environmental changes. \r\n\r\nPrevious geomorphic and geologic mapping investigations of the Deuteronilus Mensae region have been completed at local to global scales. The regional geology was first mapped by Lucchitta (1978) at 1:5,000,000 scale using Mariner 9 data. This study concluded that high crater flux early in Martian history formed overlapping craters and basins that were later filled by voluminous lava flows that buried the impacted surface, creating the highlands. After this period of heavy bombardment, fluvial erosion of the highlands formed the canyons and valleys, followed by dissection that created the small mesas and buttes, and later, formation of the steep escarpment marking the present-day northern highland margin. After valley dissection, mass wasting and eolian processes caused lateral retreat of mesas and buttes","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3079","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Chuang, F.C., and Crown, D., 2009, Geologic Map of MTM 35337, 40337, and 45337 Quadrangles, Deuteronilus Mensae Region of Mars: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3079, Map Sheet: 37 x 44 inches; Pamphlet: 17 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3079.","productDescription":"Map Sheet: 37 x 44 inches; Pamphlet: 17 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3079.jpg"},{"id":13282,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3079/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1004000","projection":"Transverse Mercator","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8663","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chuang, Frank C.","contributorId":35600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chuang","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crown, David A.","contributorId":102582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crown","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98047,"text":"sir20095240 - 2009 - Concentrations, and estimated loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus at selected water-quality monitoring network stations in Kentucky, 1979-2004","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-27T21:17:45.726514","indexId":"sir20095240","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5240","title":"Concentrations, and estimated loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus at selected water-quality monitoring network stations in Kentucky, 1979-2004","docAbstract":"<p>To evaluate the State’s water quality, the Kentucky Division of Water collects data from a statewide network of primary ambient stream water-quality monitoring stations and flexible, rotating watershed-monitoring stations. This ambient stream water-quality monitoring network program is directed to assess the conditions of surface waters throughout Kentucky. Water samples were collected monthly for the majority of the stations from 1979 to 1998, which represented agricultural, undeveloped (mainly forested), and areas of mixed land use/land cover. In 1998, the number of water samples collected was reduced to a collection frequency of six times per year (every 2 months) every 4 of 5 years, because a new monitoring network was implemented involving a 5-year rotating Basin Management Unit scheme of monitoring. This report presents the results of a study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet–Kentucky Division of Water, to summarize concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus and provide estimates of total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads and yields in 55 selected streams in Kentucky’s ambient stream water-quality monitoring network, which was operated from 1979 through 2004.</p><p>Streams in predominately agricultural basins had higher concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) than streams in predominately undeveloped (forested) basins. Streams in basins in intensely developed karst areas characterized by caves, springs, sinkholes, and sinking streams had a higher median concentration of TN (1.5 milligrams per liter [mg/L]) than streams in basins with limited or no karst areas (0.63 mg/L). As with TN, median concentrations of TP also were higher in areas of intense karst (0.05 mg/L) than in areas with limited or no karst (0.02 mg/L).</p><p>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has recommended ecoregional nutrient water-quality criteria as a starting point for States to establish more precise numeric water-quality criteria for nutrients to protect aquatic life and recreational and other uses of rivers and streams. On the basis of the 25<sup>th</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>percentile of concentration data from reference stations aggregated by ecoregion, the USEPA established recommended water-quality criteria for TN and TP in the two Aggregated Ecoregions (IX and XI) in Kentucky waters. The 25<sup>th</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>percentile median values for TN and TP from this study exceeded the USEPA’s recommendations in both aggregated ecoregions in the agricultural and mixed land-use/land-cover basins, and for TN in the undeveloped land-use/land-cover basins in Aggregated Ecoregion XI. However, the 25<sup>th</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>percentile median values for TN (Aggregated Ecoregion IX) and TP in both aggregated ecoregions did not exceed the USEPA’s recommendations in the undeveloped land-use/land-cover basins.</p><p>Estimated loads and yields of TN and TP varied substantially among the individual stations. Estimated mean annual yields of TN ranged from 0.10 [tons per year per square mile (ton/yr)/mi<sup>2</sup>] to 7.2 (ton/yr)/mi<sup>2</sup>, and estimated mean annual yields of TP ranged from 0.02 (ton/yr)/mi<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 1.4 (ton/yr)/mi<sup>2</sup>. Estimated mean annual yields of TN and TP were generally highest at stations in predominately agricultural basins, and lowest at stations in undeveloped land-use/land-cover basins.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095240","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet-Kentucky Division of Water","usgsCitation":"Crain, A.S., and Martin, G.R., 2009, Concentrations, and estimated loads and yields of total nitrogen and total phosphorus at selected water-quality monitoring network stations in Kentucky, 1979-2004: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5240, vi, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095240.","productDescription":"vi, 48 p.","temporalStart":"1974-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science 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,{"id":98049,"text":"ofr20091263 - 2009 - Sizes of the largest possible earthquakes in the central and eastern United States— Summary of a workshop, September 8–9, 2008, Golden, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T20:26:47.831732","indexId":"ofr20091263","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1263","title":"Sizes of the largest possible earthquakes in the central and eastern United States— Summary of a workshop, September 8–9, 2008, Golden, Colorado","docAbstract":"Most probabilistic seismic-hazard assessments require an estimate of Mmax, the magnitude (M) of the largest earthquake that is thought possible within a specified area. In seismically active areas such as some plate boundaries, large earthquakes occur frequently enough that Mmax might have been observed directly during the historical period. In less active regions like most of the Central and Eastern United States and adjacent Canada, large earthquakes are much less frequent and generally Mmax must be estimated indirectly. The indirect-estimation methods are many, their results vary widely, and opinions differ as to which methods are valid. This lack of consensus about Mmax estimation increases the uncertainty of hazard assessments for planned nuclear power reactors and increases design and construction costs. \r\n\r\nAccordingly, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission held an open workshop on Mmax estimation in the Central and Eastern United States and adjacent Canada. The workshop was held on Monday and Tuesday, September 8 and 9, 2008, at the U.S. Geological Survey offices in Golden, Colorado. Thirty-five people attended. The workshop goals were to reach consensus on one or more of:\r\n\r\n(1) the relative merits of the various methods of Mmax estimation, (2) which methods are invalid, (3) which methods are promising but not yet ready for use, and (4) what research is needed to reach consensus on the values and relative importance of the individual estimation methods.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091263","collaboration":"Jointly supported by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., 2009, Sizes of the largest possible earthquakes in the central and eastern United States— Summary of a workshop, September 8–9, 2008, Golden, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1263, vi, 308 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091263.","productDescription":"vi, 308 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-09-08","temporalEnd":"2008-09-09","costCenters":[{"id":415,"text":"National Earthquake Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1263.jpg"},{"id":388259,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_89326.htm"},{"id":13283,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1263/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115,25 ], [ -115,50 ], [ -65,50 ], [ -65,25 ], [ -115,25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eeca2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98054,"text":"sir20095235 - 2009 - Quality of Streams in Johnson County, Kansas, and Relations to Environmental Variables, 2003-07","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095235","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5235","title":"Quality of Streams in Johnson County, Kansas, and Relations to Environmental Variables, 2003-07","docAbstract":"The quality of streams and relations to environmental variables in Johnson County, northeastern Kansas, were evaluated using water, streambed sediment, land use, streamflow, habitat, algal periphyton (benthic algae), and benthic macroinvertebrate data. Water, streambed sediment, and macroinvertebrate samples were collected in March 2007 during base flow at 20 stream sites that represent 11 different watersheds in the county. In addition, algal periphyton samples were collected twice (spring and summer 2007) at one-half of the sites. Environmental data including water and streambed-sediment chemistry data (primarily nutrients, fecal-indicator bacteria, and organic wastewater compounds), land use, streamflow, and habitat data were used in statistical analyses to evaluate relations between biological conditions and variables that may affect them. This report includes an evaluation of water and streambed-sediment chemistry, assessment of habitat conditions, comparison of biological community attributes (such as composition, diversity, and abundance) among sampling sites, placement of sampling sites into impairment categories, evaluation of biological data relative to environmental variables, and evaluation of changes in biological communities and effects of urbanization. This evaluation is useful for understanding factors that affect stream quality, for improving water-quality management programs, and for documenting changing conditions over time. The information will become increasingly important for protecting streams in the future as urbanization continues.\r\n\r\nResults of this study indicate that the biological quality at nearly all biological sampling sites in Johnson County has some level of impairment. Periphyton taxa generally were indicative of somewhat degraded conditions with small to moderate amounts of organic enrichment. Camp Branch in the Blue River watershed was the only site that met State criteria for full support of aquatic life in 2007. Since 2003, biological quality improved at one rural sampling site, possibly because of changes in wastewater affecting the site, and declined at three urban sites possibly because of the combined effects of ongoing development. Rural streams in the western and southern parts of the county, with land-use conditions similar to those found at the State reference site (Captain Creek), continue to support some organisms normally associated with healthy streams.\r\n\r\nSeveral environmental factors contribute to biological indicators of stream quality. The primary factor explaining biological quality at sites in Johnson County was the amount of urbanization upstream in the watershed. Specific conductance of stream water, which is a measure of dissolved solids in water and is determined primarily by the amount of groundwater contributing to streamflow, the amount of urbanization, and discharges from wastewater and industrial sites, was strongly negatively correlated with biological stream quality as indicated by macroinvertebrate metrics. Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in streambed sediment also was negatively correlated with biological stream quality. Individual habitat variables that most commonly were positively correlated with biological indicators included stream sinuosity, buffer length, and substrate cover diversity. Riffle substrate embeddedness and sediment deposition commonly were negatively correlated with favorable metric scores. Statistical analysis indicated that specific conductance, impervious surface area (a measure of urbanization), and stream sinuosity explained 85 percent of the variance in macroinvertebrate communities.\r\n\r\nManagement practices affecting environmental variables that appear to be most important for Johnson County streams include protection of stream corridors, measures that reduce the effects of impervious surfaces associated with urbanization, reduction of dissolved solids in stream water, reduction of PAHs entering streams and ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095235","isbn":"9781411326170","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Johnson County Stormwater Management Program","usgsCitation":"Rasmussen, T.J., Poulton, B.C., and Graham, J.L., 2009, Quality of Streams in Johnson County, Kansas, and Relations to Environmental Variables, 2003-07: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5235, viii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095235.","productDescription":"viii, 85 p.","temporalStart":"2003-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5235.jpg"},{"id":13288,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5235/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.08333333333333,38.666666666666664 ], [ -95.08333333333333,39.083333333333336 ], [ -94.58333333333333,39.083333333333336 ], [ -94.58333333333333,38.666666666666664 ], [ -95.08333333333333,38.666666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655104","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rasmussen, Teresa J. 0000-0002-7023-3868 rasmuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7023-3868","contributorId":3336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"Teresa","email":"rasmuss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poulton, Barry C. 0000-0002-7219-4911 bpoulton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7219-4911","contributorId":2421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulton","given":"Barry","email":"bpoulton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Graham, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-6420-9335 jlgraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-9335","contributorId":1769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Jennifer","email":"jlgraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98053,"text":"sir20095206 - 2009 - Regional Curves of Bankfull Channel Geometry for Non-Urban Streams in the Piedmont Physiographic Province, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095206","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5206","title":"Regional Curves of Bankfull Channel Geometry for Non-Urban Streams in the Piedmont Physiographic Province, Virginia","docAbstract":"Natural-channel design involves constructing a stream channel with the dimensions, slope, and plan-view pattern that would be expected to transport water and sediment and yet maintain habitat and aesthetics consistent with unimpaired stream segments, or reaches. Regression relations for bankfull stream characteristics based on drainage area, referred to as 'regional curves,' are used in natural stream channel design to verify field determinations of bankfull discharge and stream channel characteristics. One-variable, ordinary least-squares regressions relating bankfull discharge, bankfull cross-sectional area, bankfull width, bankfull mean depth, and bankfull slope to drainage area were developed on the basis of data collected at 17 streamflow-gaging stations in rural areas with less than 20 percent urban land cover within the basin area (non-urban areas) of the Piedmont Physiographic Province in Virginia. These regional curves can be used to estimate the bankfull discharge and bankfull channel geometry when the drainage area of a watershed is known.\r\n\r\nData collected included bankfull cross-sectional geometry, flood-plain geometry, and longitudinal profile data. In addition, particle-size distributions of streambed material were determined, and data on basin characteristics were compiled for each reach. Field data were analyzed to determine bankfull cross-sectional area, bankfull width, bankfull mean depth, bankfull discharge, bankfull channel slope, and D50 and D84 particle sizes at each site. The bankfull geometry from the 17 sites surveyed during this study represents the average of two riffle cross sections for each site. Regional curves developed for the 17 sites had coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.950 for bankfull cross-sectional area, 0.913 for bankfull width, 0.915 for bankfull mean depth, 0.949 for bankfull discharge, and 0.497 for bankfull channel slope. \r\n\r\nThe regional curves represent conditions for streams with defined channels and bankfull features in the Piedmont Physiographic Province in Virginia with drainage areas ranging from 0.29 to 111 square miles. All sites included in the development of the regional curves were located on streams with current or historical U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging stations. These curves can be used to verify bankfull features identified in the field and bankfull stage for ungaged streams in non-urban areas.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095206","isbn":"9781411326187","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Transportation Research Council","usgsCitation":"Lotspeich, R.R., 2009, Regional Curves of Bankfull Channel Geometry for Non-Urban Streams in the Piedmont Physiographic Province, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5206, vi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095206.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5206.jpg"},{"id":13287,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5206/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81,36 ], [ -81,40 ], [ -76.5,40 ], [ -76.5,36 ], [ -81,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lotspeich, Robert Russell 0000-0002-5572-9064 rlotspei@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5572-9064","contributorId":33404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lotspeich","given":"Robert","email":"rlotspei@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Russell","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98050,"text":"sir20095076 - 2009 - Mercury Loads in the South River and Simulation of Mercury Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and Shenandoah River: Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:29","indexId":"sir20095076","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5076","title":"Mercury Loads in the South River and Simulation of Mercury Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and Shenandoah River: Shenandoah Valley, Virginia","docAbstract":"Due to elevated levels of methylmercury in fish, three streams in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia have been placed on the State's 303d list of contaminated waters. These streams, the South River, the South Fork Shenandoah River, and parts of the Shenandoah River, are downstream from the city of Waynesboro, where mercury waste was discharged from 1929-1950 at an industrial site. To evaluate mercury contamination in fish, this total maximum daily load (TMDL) study was performed in a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The investigation focused on the South River watershed, a headwater of the South Fork Shenandoah River, and extrapolated findings to the other affected downstream rivers. A numerical model of the watershed, based on Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) software, was developed to simulate flows of water, sediment, and total mercury. Results from the investigation and numerical model indicate that contaminated flood-plain soils along the riverbank are the largest source of mercury to the river. Mercury associated with sediment accounts for 96 percent of the annual downstream mercury load (181 of 189 kilograms per year) at the mouth of the South River. Atmospherically deposited mercury contributes a smaller load (less than 1 percent) as do point sources, including current discharge from the historic industrial source area. In order to determine how reductions of mercury loading to the stream could reduce methylmercury concentrations in fish tissue below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criterion of 0.3 milligrams per kilogram, multiple scenarios were simulated. Bioaccumulation of mercury was expressed with a site-specific exponential relation between aqueous total mercury and methylmercury in smallmouth bass, the indicator fish species. Simulations indicate that if mercury loading were to decrease by 98.9 percent from 189 to 2 kilograms per year, fish tissue methylmercury concentrations would drop below 0.3 milligrams per kilogram. Based on the simulations, the estimated maximum load of total mercury that can enter the South River without causing fish tissue methylmercury concentrations to rise above 0.3 milligrams per kilogram is 2.03 kilograms per year for the South River, and 4.12 and 6.06 kilograms per year for the South Fork Shenandoah River and Shenandoah River, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095076","isbn":"9781411325999","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J., 2009, Mercury Loads in the South River and Simulation of Mercury Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the South River, South Fork Shenandoah River, and Shenandoah River: Shenandoah Valley, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5076, xii, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095076.","productDescription":"xii, 80 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125940,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5076.jpg"},{"id":13284,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5076/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.5,37.75 ], [ -79.5,39.5 ], [ -77.75,39.5 ], [ -77.75,37.75 ], [ -79.5,37.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623ca3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, Jack","contributorId":46648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"Jack","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":98052,"text":"sir20095203 - 2009 - Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T12:02:53","indexId":"sir20095203","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5203","title":"Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program, urban indicator sites were monitored to (1) characterize the stream quality from drainage basins with predominantly residential and commercial land use, and (2) determine which selected natural and anthropogenic factors affect stream quality. A total of 869 water samples were collected from 37 urban streams during 1995-2003 and were analyzed for 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The occurrence of VOCs in urban streams is described in this report for (1) all samples as a single dataset, (2) all samples grouped by streamflow pentiles, and (3) all samples grouped by warmer (April through September) and cooler (October through March) months by the detection frequency and (or) concentration of (a) any VOC, (b) VOC groups, and (c) individual compounds. An assessment level of 0.02 microgram per liter (ug/L) was used to compute the detection frequencies and concentrations of VOCs. Concentrations of VOCs were compared to (1) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) drinking-water Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) or Drinking Water Advisories, (2) Health-Based Screening Levels (HBSLs) developed by the USGS in collaboration with the USEPA and other agencies, and (3) USEPA and Canadian aquatic-life criteria.\r\n\r\nOne or more VOCs were detected in 97.1 percent of 869 samples, and one or more VOCs were detected frequently (greater than 80 percent) at all sites. The median total VOC concentration for all samples was 0.57 ug/L, and total VOC concentrations in a single sample ranged from not detected to 698 ug/L. About 85 percent of the samples contained two or more VOCs, and about one-half contained five or more VOCs. The gasoline hydrocarbons were the most frequently occurring VOC group followed by solvents, trihalomethanes (THMs), gasoline oxygenates, organic synthesis compounds, fumigants, and refrigerants. Concentration ranges for most VOC groups were distributed over at least two orders of magnitude. Fifty-seven of the 87 VOCs analyzed were detected in at least one sample at an assessment level of 0.02 ug/L. More than one-half of the 30 VOCs not detected in samples were organic synthesis compounds. Fifteen compounds had detection frequencies greater than or equal to 10 percent. With the exception of toluene and chloroform, the median concentration of each VOC for all samples was less than the assessment level. Furthermore, the median concentrations of detections for the 15 most frequently occurring VOCs ranged from 0.03 to 3.9 ug/L, and typically were less than or equal to 0.10 ug/L.\r\n\r\nThe 869 samples from the 37 sites were stratified into five streamflow pentiles (less than 20, 20-less than 40, 40-less than 60, 60-less than 80, and greater than or equal to 80 percent of estimated long-term streamflow statistics) for comparison of the occurrence of VOCs. The detection frequency of one or more VOCs by streamflow pentile varied only slightly from 96.7 to 97.7 percent. The median total VOC concentrations in samples for the five streamflow pentiles ranged from 0.39 to 1.0 ug/L. Two or more VOCs were present in more than 80 percent of samples in each of the five pentiles. The gasoline hydrocarbons, solvents, THMs, and gasoline oxygenates occurred frequently (greater than 30 percent) in all streamflow pentiles, in contrast to the organic synthesis compounds, fumigants, and refrigerants that occurred less frequently in urban streams under all streamflow conditions. The median total VOC concentrations for gasoline hydrocarbons, solvents, gasoline oxygenates, and organic synthesis compounds generally increased as streamflow increased. In contrast, the median total VOC concentrations for THMs and fumigants generally decreased as streamflow increased. The median total VOC concentrations for refrigerants showed no pattern as streamflow increased.\r\n\r\nBecause differences between VOC occurrence and streamflow pentiles were small for most compariso","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095203","isbn":"9781411326101","usgsCitation":"Bender, D.A., Delzer, G.C., Price, C.V., and Zogorski, J.S., 2009, Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in selected urban streams in the United States, 1995-2003: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5203, xii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095203.","productDescription":"xii, 88 p.","temporalStart":"1995-01-01","temporalEnd":"2003-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5203.jpg"},{"id":13286,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5203/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682edc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bender, David A. 0000-0002-1269-0948 dabender@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1269-0948","contributorId":985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"David","email":"dabender@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, Curtis V. 0000-0002-4315-3539 cprice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-3539","contributorId":983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"Curtis","email":"cprice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":98043,"text":"ofr20091238 - 2009 - Holocene record of major and trace components in the sediments of an urban impoundment on the Mississippi River: Lake Pepin, Minnesota and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-05T20:03:24.96752","indexId":"ofr20091238","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1238","title":"Holocene record of major and trace components in the sediments of an urban impoundment on the Mississippi River: Lake Pepin, Minnesota and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Lake Pepin is a natural impoundment formed by damming of the Mississippi River about 9,180 radiocarbon years ago (19,600 calendar years) by an alluvial fan deposited by the Chippewa River, a tributary of the Mississippi in Wisconsin. Unique among 26 Mississippi River impoundments, Lake Pepin has stratigraphically preserved Holocene materials, including pollutants, that have been transported down the Mississippi. This natural Holocene record can then be compared to changes that have occurred since European settlement (ca. AD 1830), and since enactment of clean air and water legislation. The most immediate response to settlement in the sediments of Lake Pepin was an increase in bulk-sediment accumulation rate. This was accompanied by gradual increases in concentrations of phosphorus (P), and organic carbon (OC), followed by dramatic increases in these elements beginning about 1940. The increase in P was far greater than any of the minor fluctuations in P that occurred throughout the Holocene, but the increase in OC was comparable to an increase in OC that occurred in the mid-Holocene. The concentrations of several metals (for example, cadmium [Cd], and lead [Pb]) also are elevated in recent sediments. Increased Cd concentrations lasted only about two decades during the industrial era between World War II and the enactment of clean water standards in the 1970s. Increased Pb emissions, on the other hand, occurred over more than 100 years, first from burning of coal and smelting of lead ores, and then, beginning in the 1930s, burning of leaded gasoline. Concentrations of Pb in the sediments of Lake Pepin decreased to about two times preindustrial levels within a decade of enactment of unleaded gasoline restrictions.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091238","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., 2009, Holocene record of major and trace components in the sediments of an urban impoundment on the Mississippi River: Lake Pepin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1238, Report: iii, 13 p.; 4 Tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091238.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 13 p.; 4 Tables","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":229,"text":"Earth Surface Processes Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1238.jpg"},{"id":13257,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1238/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":403012,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_89324.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Pepin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.1038818359375,\n              44.389635634309236\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.08053588867188,\n              44.439663223436106\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.318115234375,\n              44.583620922396136\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.5433349609375,\n              44.61393394730626\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.5653076171875,\n              44.558184901080324\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.362060546875,\n              44.52196830685208\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.28240966796875,\n              44.41024041296011\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.16430664062499,\n              44.396504700115536\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.1038818359375,\n              44.389635634309236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bfbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207238,"text":"70207238 - 2009 - Methodology for an integrative assessment of China's ecological restoration programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:09:58","indexId":"70207238","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T14:53:27","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Methodology for an integrative assessment of China's ecological restoration programs","docAbstract":"<p class=\"Para\">While research projects have been conducted to examine the impacts and effectiveness of China's ecological restoration programs, few of them represent integrated, systematic efforts. The objective of this chapter is thus to articulate and outline a methodology for an integrative assessment, which, we believe, should embrace both the environmental and socioeconomic changes and engage investigations at multiple scales. Further, these investigations should be pursued through interdisciplinary collaboration with expertise from ecology, economics, hydrology, and geospatial, climate, and land change sciences. We argue that the deployment of geospatial capability, the use of longitudinal data, and the connection between science and policy should be the hallmarks of an integrative assessment. We also describe our general approach and specific models to quantify the environmental and socioeconomic impacts induced by implementing the restoration programs, and address the issue of how to overcome the challenges in generating the data needed for executing various empirical tasks. We hope that the adoption and application of this methodology will make a valuable contribution to a more robust and timely assessment as well as implementation of the ecological restoration programs in and outside of China.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An integrated assessment of China's ecological restoration programs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/978-90-481-2655-2_3","usgsCitation":"Yin, R., Rothstein, D., Qi, J., and Liu, S., 2009, Methodology for an integrative assessment of China's ecological restoration programs, chap. 3 <i>of</i> An integrated assessment of China's ecological restoration programs, p. 39-54, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2655-2_3.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"39","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) 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R.","contributorId":221212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yin","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777395,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Yin, R.","contributorId":221212,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yin","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rothstein, D.","contributorId":221213,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rothstein","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Qi, J.","contributorId":48718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Liu, Shuguang 0000-0002-6027-3479 sliu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6027-3479","contributorId":147403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"Shuguang","email":"sliu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207236,"text":"70207236 - 2009 - Quantifying biophysical conditions of herbaceous wetland vegetation in Poyang Lake of coastal China via multi-temporal SAR imagery and in-situ measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T15:38:04.820076","indexId":"70207236","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T14:40:34","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Quantifying biophysical conditions of herbaceous wetland vegetation in Poyang Lake of coastal China via multi-temporal SAR imagery and in-situ measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>Wetland ecosystems, known as the “kidneys of the earth,” are an important habitat for aquatic fl ora and fauna and provide valuable services and goods for the human beings. The wetlands in Poyang Lake of the Southeast China coastal region are one of the fi rst national natural reserves listed in the Ramsar convention in 1992. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and its natural wetland area covers over 4000 km2 with diverse species of plants and vertebrate. Every year several million migratory birds live through the winter in this region (Liu and Ye, 2000). The Lake also plays an important role in fl ood control along the Yangtze River watershed. In the last several decades, however, overexploitation of the wetlands in Poyang Lake has altered seriously the ecosystem and reduced biodiversity. The area of wetlands in the Poyang Lake region has decreased by over 1000 km2 and total water storage decreased by 6000 million m3 due to reclamation (Wang et al., 2004).</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing of coastal environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Sang, H., Lin, H., and Chen, J., 2009, Quantifying biophysical conditions of herbaceous wetland vegetation in Poyang Lake of coastal China via multi-temporal SAR imagery and in-situ measurements, chap. <i>of</i> Remote sensing of coastal environments, p. 281-296.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"281","endPage":"296","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370230,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Poyang Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              115.76293945312499,\n              28.3648185914011\n            ],\n            [\n              116.84509277343751,\n              28.3648185914011\n            ],\n            [\n              116.84509277343751,\n              29.754839972510933\n            ],\n            [\n              115.76293945312499,\n              29.754839972510933\n            ],\n            [\n              115.76293945312499,\n              28.3648185914011\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wang, Y. Q.","contributorId":221210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777389,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Yang, L.","contributorId":6200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sang, H.","contributorId":221211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sang","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, H.","contributorId":17854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chen, J.","contributorId":104634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207234,"text":"70207234 - 2009 - Contemporary land use and land cover change in coastal Pearl River delta and its impact on regional climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T10:10:20","indexId":"70207234","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T14:31:53","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"19","title":"Contemporary land use and land cover change in coastal Pearl River delta and its impact on regional climate","docAbstract":"<p><span>Land use/land cover (LULC) is one of the most convincing aspects of the global change that has occurred in the terrestrial ecosystem (Meyer and Turner II, 1994; IPCC, 2001). Many changes in LULC refl ect the impacts of human activities on global environment (e.g., Houghton et al., 1999). Change in LULC is also recognized as a main driver affecting the local, regional, and global climate (e.g., Charney et al., 1977; Chase et al., 1996; Stohlgren et al., 1998; Eastman et al., 2001; Foley et al., 2005). For instance, urbanization alters the urban-rural surface energy balance, affects the thermal stratifi cation of the urban boundary layer, the local-scale atmospheric circulation, and the aerosol environment (Changnon and Huff, 1986; Shepherd 2005). Urbanization also affects precipitation through increases in hygroscopic nuclei, turbulence transfer, convection, rain-producing clouds, and the addition of water vapor from anthropogenic sources (Souch and Grimmond, 2006), all of which can lead to an altered pattern in urban precipitation frequency and intensity (e.g., Shepherd, 2006). The impact of LULC change on regional-scale climate has also been well documented (e.g., Dickinson, 1983; Sellers et al., 1996; Pielke et al., 1997; Xue et al., 2001).</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing of coastal environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Fl","doi":"10.1201/9781420094428","usgsCitation":"Yang, L., Lin, W., Zhang, L., Lin, H., and Du, D., 2009, Contemporary land use and land cover change in coastal Pearl River delta and its impact on regional climate, chap. 19 <i>of</i> Remote sensing of coastal environments, p. 369-394, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420094428.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"369","endPage":"394","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wang, Y. Q.","contributorId":221210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Y.","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777383,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Yang, Limin 0000-0002-2843-6944 lyang@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-6944","contributorId":4305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yang","given":"Limin","email":"lyang@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lin, W.","contributorId":221208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lin","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, L.","contributorId":41543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lin, H.","contributorId":17854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Du, D.","contributorId":221209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Du","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70207230,"text":"70207230 - 2009 - Estimating actual evapotranspiration from irrigated fields using a simplified surface energy balance approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-14T19:47:26.316525","indexId":"70207230","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T13:51:05","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"13","title":"Estimating actual evapotranspiration from irrigated fields using a simplified surface energy balance approach","docAbstract":"<p>Food security assessment in many developing countries, such as Afghanistan, is vital because the early identification of populations at risk can enable the timely and appropriate actions needed to avert widespread hunger, destitution, or even famine. The assessment is complex, requiring the simultaneous consideration of multiple socioeconomic and environmental variables. Since large and widely dispersed</p><p>populations depend on rain-fed and irrigated agriculture and pastoralism, large-area weather monitoring and forecasting are important inputs to food security assessments. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), an activity funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), employs a crop water balance model (based on the water demand and supply at a given location) to monitor the performance of rain-fed agriculture and forecast relative production before the end of the crop-growing season. While a crop water balance approach appears to be effective in rain-fed agriculture [1,2], irrigated agriculture is best monitored by other methods, since the supply (water used for irrigation) is usually generated from upstream areas, farther away from the demand location.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing of global croplands for food security","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Fl","doi":"10.1201/9781420090109","usgsCitation":"Senay, G., Budde, M., Verdin, J., and Rowland, J., 2009, Estimating actual evapotranspiration from irrigated fields using a simplified surface energy balance approach, chap. 13 <i>of</i> Remote sensing of global croplands for food security, p. 317-330, https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420090109.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"330","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370224,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thenkabail, Prasad 0000-0002-2182-8822 pthenkabail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-8822","contributorId":211472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"Prasad","email":"pthenkabail@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777365,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyon, G.L.","contributorId":88494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777366,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biradar, C.M.","contributorId":35563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biradar","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777367,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turral, H.","contributorId":50750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turral","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777368,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Senay, G.B. 0000-0002-8810-8539","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":17741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"G.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budde, M.E. 0000-0002-9098-2751","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-2751","contributorId":56837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budde","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Verdin, J. P. 0000-0003-0238-9657","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-9657","contributorId":33033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verdin","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rowland, James D. 0000-0003-4837-3511","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4837-3511","contributorId":182398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rowland","given":"James D.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":777364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207228,"text":"70207228 - 2009 - Global mapping of irrigated and rain-fed cropland areas using remote sensing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-09T13:37:45.304548","indexId":"70207228","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T13:34:25","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"Preface","title":"Global mapping of irrigated and rain-fed cropland areas using remote sensing","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing of global croplands for food security","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, Fl","doi":"10.1201/9781420090109","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., 2009, Global mapping of irrigated and rain-fed cropland areas using remote sensing, chap. Preface <i>of</i> Remote sensing of global croplands for food security, xiii, 3 p., https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420090109.","productDescription":"xiii, 3 p.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370222,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thenkabail, Prasad S. 0000-0002-2182-8822 pthenkabail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-8822","contributorId":570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"Prasad","email":"pthenkabail@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777355,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lyon, G.L.","contributorId":88494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777356,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biradar, C.M.","contributorId":35563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biradar","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777357,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turral, H.","contributorId":50750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turral","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777358,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70216673,"text":"70216673 - 2009 - Use of models and observations to assess trends in the 1950–2005 water balance and climate of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T19:26:38.997516","indexId":"70216673","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T13:22:45","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of models and observations to assess trends in the 1950–2005 water balance and climate of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 1‐dimensional surface energy balance model is applied to produce continuous simulations of daily lake evaporation of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon (UKL) for the period 1950–2005. The model is implemented using observed data from land‐based sites and rafts collected during 2005–2006. Progressively longer, temporally overlapping simulations are produced using observed forcing data sets from sites near UKL. Simulation of the entire 56 years is accomplished using forcing data derived from weather station data and a 1949–2007 regional climate simulation over western North America. Simulated mean annual evaporation for 1950–2005 is 1073 mm. The simulated evaporation estimates are an improvement over existing May–September pan‐derived estimates because the latter are not representative of annual evaporation rates and do not span the multidecadal period of interest over which climate‐driven interannual (and longer) variability is evident. Evaporation and the other components of the water balance display statistically significant trends over the past 56 years that are associated with changes in meteorological forcing over the lake and the radiative and moisture balances at higher elevations of the catchment. Trends in the basin are consistent with and imbedded in regional and hemispheric climate trends that have occurred over the last century.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2008WR007295","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., 2009, Use of models and observations to assess trends in the 1950–2005 water balance and climate of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon: Water Resources Research, v. 45, no. 12, W12409, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007295.","productDescription":"W12409, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2008wr007295","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380856,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Upper Klamath Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.79306030273438,\n              42.203090211380704\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.76971435546874,\n              42.40317854182803\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92901611328125,\n              42.67435857693381\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08694458007812,\n              42.67536823702857\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.19406127929688,\n              42.48323834594139\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.97296142578124,\n              42.29864315010169\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.88507080078125,\n              42.20105559753742\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.79306030273438,\n              42.203090211380704\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207226,"text":"70207226 - 2009 - Quantifying the spatial details of carbon sequestration potential and performance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T14:36:55.439039","indexId":"70207226","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T13:20:06","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"7","title":"Quantifying the spatial details of carbon sequestration potential and performance","docAbstract":"<p>Upscaling the spatial and temporal changes of carbon stocks and fluxes from sites to regions is challenging owing to the spatial and temporal variances and covariance of driving variables and the uncertainties in both the model and the input data. Although various modeling approaches have been developed to facilitate the upscaling process, few deal with error transfer from model input to output, and error propagation in time and space. The author has developed the General Ensemble Biogeochemical Modelling System (GEMS) for upscaling carbon stocks and fluxes from sites to regions with measures of uncertainty. This chapter describes the GEMS model, its application to regional- and larger-scale areas, and the new results that demonstrate the challenges of upscaling. GEMS relies on site-scale biogeochemical models to simulate carbon dynamics at the site scale. The spatial deployment of the site-scale model in GEMS is based on the spatial and temporal joint frequency distribution of major driving variables (e.g., land cover and land use change, climate, soils, disturbances, and management). At the site scale, GEMS uses stochastic ensemble simulations to incorporate input uncertainty to quantify uncertainty transfer from input to output, and to identify trends in both input data and simulation results. It permits one to simulate the range of possible permutations of input values and identify the trends and variance in both the input data and results. Using data assimilation techniques, GEMS simulations can be constrained by field and satellite observations, including estimates of net primary production (NPP) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), grain yield and cropping practices, and forest inventories. The modeling philosophy embedded in GEMS makes it ideal for assimilating information with various uncertainties to support estimating the spatial details of carbon sequestration potential as well as dynamic monitoring of the performance of carbon sequestration activities over large areas. As a case study, GEMS is applied to simulate the spatial and temporal details of carbon sources, sinks, and uncertainty in the Ridge and Valley ecoregion in the eastern United States</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbon sequestration and its role in the global carbon cycle","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2006GM000524","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., 2009, Quantifying the spatial details of carbon sequestration potential and performance, chap. 7 <i>of</i> Carbon sequestration and its role in the global carbon cycle, p. 117-128, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GM000524.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"128","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370220,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McPherson, B.","contributorId":86593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777351,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sundquist, Eric T. 0000-0002-1449-8802 esundqui@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1449-8802","contributorId":1922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"Eric","email":"esundqui@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777352,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":149250,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207224,"text":"70207224 - 2009 - Landsat mapping of local landscape change: The satellite-era context","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T14:34:22.079603","indexId":"70207224","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T12:58:18","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"7","title":"Landsat mapping of local landscape change: The satellite-era context","docAbstract":"<p>To set the stage for a vulnerability analysis, investigators must describe and understand the geographic context, including physical characteristics of the landscape and the political and socioeconomic milieu of the population (Jianchu<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">et al</span>. 2005). Vulnerability studies focus on a particular place, at a specific time through its three dimensions, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity; therefore, understanding place is essential to analyzing vulnerability.</p><p>Land-use studies are essential to understanding place because they generalize human activities on the physical landscape. Essentially, land use indicates past human decisions and actions, environmental constraints, and, in some cases, gives insight into subsequent change. Like vulnerability, land use is particular to a place at a certain time, and the analysis of that land use can be used as a baseline for future change and its implications. Vulnerability and land use are linked by the concept of place and are fundamental to contemporary research on human–environment interactions.</p><p>Although the literature on land use, land-use change, and climate change is extensive, the land-use component of vulnerability is usually conceptualized as a feedback mechanism to climate change: forest cutting releases carbon dioxide, which increases atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, which increases radiative forcing, which changes climate, and which ultimately changes land cover and subsequent land use (e.g. DeFries and Bounoua 2004; Jianchu<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">et al</span>. 2005; Salinger<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"italic\">et al</span>. 2005; Watson 2005). Moreover, land use is rarely specifically identified as a component of vulnerability.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sustainable communities on a sustainable planet: The human-environment regional observatory project","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publisherLocation":"Cambridge, UK","doi":"10.1017/CBO9780511635694.007","usgsCitation":"Headley, R., Pontius, R.G., Harrington, J., and Sorrensen, C., 2009, Landsat mapping of local landscape change: The satellite-era context, chap. 7 <i>of</i> Sustainable communities on a sustainable planet: The human-environment regional observatory project, p. 137-154, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511635694.007.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"154","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370218,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Yarnal, Brent","contributorId":31839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yarnal","given":"Brent","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777346,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Polsky, Colin","contributorId":221205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Polsky","given":"Colin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777347,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, James J.","contributorId":100997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777348,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Headley, Rachel rheadley@usgs.gov","contributorId":1744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Headley","given":"Rachel","email":"rheadley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":777342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pontius, Robert Gilmore","contributorId":221202,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pontius","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"Gilmore","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harrington, John","contributorId":221203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrington","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sorrensen, Cynthia","contributorId":221204,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sorrensen","given":"Cynthia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207222,"text":"70207222 - 2009 - Real-time visualization techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-19T14:28:59.673057","indexId":"70207222","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T12:37:50","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"44","title":"Real-time visualization techniques","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Manual of geographic information systems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, Md.","usgsCitation":"Davis, B.N., and Maddox, B.G., 2009, Real-time visualization techniques, chap. 44 <i>of</i> Manual of geographic information systems, p. 871-883.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"871","endPage":"883","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Madden, M.","contributorId":18068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madden","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777340,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Davis, B. N.","contributorId":221201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maddox, Brian G.","contributorId":57140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maddox","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98041,"text":"sir20095200 - 2009 - Anthropogenic organic compounds in source water of selected community water systems that use groundwater, 2002-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-14T12:06:41","indexId":"sir20095200","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5200","title":"Anthropogenic organic compounds in source water of selected community water systems that use groundwater, 2002-05","docAbstract":"Source water, defined as groundwater collected from a community water system well prior to water treatment, was sampled from 221 wells during October 2002 to July 2005 and analyzed for 258 anthropogenic organic compounds. Most of these compounds are unregulated in drinking water and include pesticides and pesticide degradates, gasoline hydrocarbons, personal-care and domestic-use products, and solvents. The laboratory analytical methods used in the study have detection levels that commonly are 100 to 1,000 times lower than State and Federal standards and guidelines for protecting water quality. Detections of anthropogenic organic compounds do not necessarily indicate a concern to human health but rather help to identify emerging issues and track changes in occurrence and concentrations over time.\r\n\r\nLess than one-half (120) of the 258 compounds were detected in at least one source-water sample. Chloroform, in 36 percent of samples, was the most commonly detected of the 12 compounds that were in about 10 percent or more of source-water samples. The herbicides atrazine, metolachlor, prometon, and simazine also were among the commonly detected compounds. The commonly detected degradates of atrazine - deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine - as well as degradates of acetochlor and alachlor, generally were detected at concentrations similar to or greater than concentrations of the parent herbicide. The compounds perchloroethene, trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, methyl tert-butyl ether, and cis-1,2-dichloroethene also were detected commonly. The most commonly detected compounds in source-water samples generally were among those detected commonly across the country and reported in previous studies by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program.\r\n\r\nRelatively few compounds were detected at concentrations greater than human-health benchmarks, and 84 percent of the concentrations were two or more orders of magnitude less than benchmarks. Five compounds (perchloroethene, trichloroethene, 1,2-dibromoethane, acrylonitrile, and dieldrin) were detected at concentrations greater than their human-health benchmark. The human-health benchmarks used for comparison were U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for regulated compounds and Health-Based Screening Levels developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other agencies for unregulated compounds. About one-half of all detected compounds do not have human-health benchmarks or adequate toxicity information to evaluate results in a human-health context.\r\n\r\nNinety-four source-water and finished-water (water that has passed through all the treatment processes but prior to distribution) sites were sampled at selected community water systems during June 2004 to September 2005. Most of the samples were analyzed for compounds that were detected commonly or at relatively high concentrations during the initial source-water sampling. The majority of the finished-water samples represented water blended with water from one or more other wells. Thirty-four samples were from water systems that did not blend water from sampled wells with water from other wells prior to distribution.\r\n\r\nThe comparison of source- and finished-water samples represents an initial assessment of whether compounds present in source water also are present in finished water and is not intended as an evaluation of water-treatment efficacy. The treatment used at the majority of the community water systems sampled is disinfection, which, in general, is not designed to remove the compounds monitored in this study.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of all compounds detected in finished water were less than their human-health benchmarks. Two detections of perchloroethene and one detection of trichloroethene in finished water had concentrations within an order of magnitude of the MCL. Concentrations of disinfection by-products were","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095200","isbn":"9781411326088","usgsCitation":"Hopple, J.A., Delzer, G.C., and Kingsbury, J.A., 2009, Anthropogenic organic compounds in source water of selected community water systems that use groundwater, 2002-05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5200, viii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095200.","productDescription":"viii, 76 p.","temporalStart":"2002-10-01","temporalEnd":"2005-07-31","costCenters":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5200.jpg"},{"id":13255,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5200/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67b72d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopple, Jessica A. 0000-0003-3180-2252 jahopple@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"Jessica","email":"jahopple@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delzer, Gregory C. 0000-0002-7077-4963 gcdelzer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7077-4963","contributorId":986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delzer","given":"Gregory","email":"gcdelzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kingsbury, James A. 0000-0003-4985-275X jakingsb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4985-275X","contributorId":883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kingsbury","given":"James","email":"jakingsb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98035,"text":"ds452 - 2009 - Groundwater quality data for the northern Sacramento Valley, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-20T21:52:01.334436","indexId":"ds452","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"452","title":"Groundwater quality data for the northern Sacramento Valley, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program","docAbstract":"<p>Groundwater quality in the approximately 1,180-square-mile Northern Sacramento Valley study unit (REDSAC) was investigated in October 2007 through January 2008 as part of the Priority Basin Project of the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The GAMA Priority Basin Project was developed in response to the Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001, and is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB).</p><p>The study was designed to provide a spatially unbiased assessment of the quality of raw groundwater used for public water supplies within REDSAC and to facilitate statistically consistent comparisons of groundwater quality throughout California. Samples were collected from 66 wells in Shasta and Tehama Counties. Forty-three of the wells were selected using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study area (grid wells), and 23 were selected to aid in evaluation of specific water-quality issues (understanding wells).</p><p>The groundwater samples were analyzed for a large number of synthetic organic constituents (volatile organic compounds [VOC], pesticides and pesticide degradates, and pharmaceutical compounds), constituents of special interest (perchlorate and N-nitrosodimethylamine [NDMA]), naturally occurring inorganic constituents (nutrients, major and minor ions, and trace elements), radioactive constituents, and microbial constituents. Naturally occurring isotopes (tritium, and carbon-14, and stable isotopes of nitrogen and oxygen in nitrate, stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen of water), and dissolved noble gases also were measured to help identify the sources and ages of the sampled ground water. In total, over 275 constituents and field water-quality indicators were investigated.</p><p>Three types of quality-control samples (blanks, replicates, and sampmatrix spikes) were collected at approximately 8 to 11 percent of the wells, and the results for these samples were used to evaluate the quality of the data obtained from the groundwater samples. Field blanks rarely contained detectable concentrations of any constituent, suggesting that contamination was not a noticeable source of bias in the data for the groundwater samples. Differences between replicate samples were within acceptable ranges for nearly all compounds, indicating acceptably low variability. Matrix-spike recoveries were within acceptable ranges for most compounds.</p><p>This study did not attempt to evaluate the quality of water delivered to consumers; after withdrawal from the ground, raw groundwater typically is treated, disinfected, or blended with other waters to maintain water quality. Regulatory thresholds apply to water that is served to the consumer, not to raw ground water. However, to provide some context for the results, concentrations of constituents measured in the raw groundwater were compared with regulatory and nonregulatory health-based thresholds established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and California Department of Public Health (CDPH) and with aesthetic and technical thresholds established by CDPH. Comparisons between data collected for this study and drinking-water thresholds are for illustrative purposes only and do not indicate compliance or noncompliance with those thresholds.</p><p>The concentrations of most constituents detected in groundwater samples from REDSAC were below drinking-water thresholds. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) and pesticides were detected in less than one-quarter of the samples and were generally less than a hundredth of any health-based thresholds. NDMA was detected in one grid well above the NL-CA. Concentrations of all nutrients and trace elements in samples from REDSAC wells were below the health-based thresholds except those of arsenic in three samples, which were above the USEPA maximum contaminant level (MCL-US). However, none of these wells were public-supply wells. Concentrations of all radioactive constituents were below health-based thresholds except radon-222, which was detected above the proposed MCL-US of 300 pCi/L in samples from 11 grid wells. Most of the samples from REDSAC wells had concentrations of major elements, total dissolved solids, and trace elements below the non-enforceable thresholds set for aesthetic or technical concerns. A few samples contained iron, manganese, or pH at levels above the SMCL-CA or SMCL-US thresholds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds452","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board; A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","usgsCitation":"Bennett, P., Bennett, G.L., and Belitz, K., 2009, Groundwater quality data for the northern Sacramento Valley, 2007: Results from the California GAMA Program: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 452, x, 91 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds452.","productDescription":"x, 91 p.","temporalStart":"2007-10-01","temporalEnd":"2008-01-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_452.jpg"},{"id":404175,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_88758.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":13251,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/452/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"northern Sacramento Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.6272,\n              39.8914\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9456,\n              39.8914\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.9456,\n              40.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6272,\n              40.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.6272,\n              39.8914\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a1a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, Peter A.","contributorId":25824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Peter A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, George L. V 0000-0002-6239-1604 georbenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6239-1604","contributorId":1373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"George","suffix":"V","email":"georbenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belitz, Kenneth 0000-0003-4481-2345 kbelitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4481-2345","contributorId":442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belitz","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbelitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":98037,"text":"ofr20091246 - 2009 - Holocene core logs and site statistics for modern patch-reef cores: Biscayne National Park, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-18T15:40:51","indexId":"ofr20091246","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1246","title":"Holocene core logs and site statistics for modern patch-reef cores: Biscayne National Park, Florida","docAbstract":"The bedrock in Biscayne National Park (BNP), a 1,730-square kilometer (km2) region off southeast Florida, consists of Pleistocene (1.8 million years ago (Ma) to 10,000 years ago (ka)) and Holocene (10 ka to present) carbonate rocks (Enos and Perkins, 1977; Halley and others, 1997; Multer and others, 2002). Most of the surficial limestone in BNP, including the islands of the Florida Keys, was formed at ~125 ka during the highstand of marine oxygen-isotope substage 5e, when sea level was approximately 6 meters (m) higher than today (Chappell and Shackleton, 1986; Multer and others, 2002; Lidz and others, 2003; Siddall and others, 2003; Balsillie and Donoghue, 2004). During the substage-5e regression, the entire Florida Platform became exposed. Subaerial exposure lasted for approximately 115,000 years (kyr), which resulted in erosion and enhancement of karst-like features (Lidz and others, 2006). As the Holocene transgression began to flood the Florida shelf ~7 to 6 ka, the bedrock depression under Biscayne Bay began to flood, and Holocene coral and reef debris laid the foundation for the present reef system (Enos and Perkins, 1977; Lighty and others, 1982; Toscano and Macintyre, 2003; Lidz and others, 2006).\r\n\r\nMore than 3,000 patch reefs exist within the BNP boundary. Most contain hermatypic corals of various species such as those belonging to Montastrea, Diploria, Siderastrea, Porites, Acropora, and Agaricia. Patch reefs within BNP have two morphologies: pinnacle and flat top. Experimental Advanced Airborne Research Lidar (EAARL) data collected along the offshore BNP coral reef tract show that these two morphologies are clearly defined both in the high-resolution bathymetry maps produced by the Lidar data and by statistical analyses of the Lidar dataset (Brock and others, 2008). Brock and others (2008) also show that the pinnacle patch reefs are deeper than the more shallow, broad, and flat patch reefs. The control for these two patch-reef morphologies is unclear; however, their shapes may be due to a slightly lowered sea level or a stillstand in the middle-Holocene around 4 ka that caused erosion of the shallower reefs and allowed the deeper reefs to remain unaffected. Lidz and others (2006) have suggested a stillstand around 4 ka that carved a 2.5-kilometer (km)-wide nearshore rock ledge into the seaward side of every island in the Florida Keys.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this study were to sample living corals to understand the more recent (<200 years) changes in climate and environmental conditions of the area and to investigate the Holocene (in this case, <8,000 years in the Florida Keys) depositional history at progressively deeper patch-reef sites. This report provides statistics for the cores and core sites and a basic lithologic description of these Holocene cores.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091246","usgsCitation":"Reich, C.D., Hickey, T.D., DeLong, K.L., Poore, R.Z., and Brock, J., 2009, Holocene core logs and site statistics for modern patch-reef cores: Biscayne National Park, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1246, iv, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091246.","productDescription":"iv, 27 p.","costCenters":[{"id":575,"text":"St. Petersburg Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1246.jpg"},{"id":13252,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1246/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Biscayne National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.66666666666667,25.166666666666668 ], [ -80.66666666666667,25.75 ], [ -80,25.75 ], [ -80,25.166666666666668 ], [ -80.66666666666667,25.166666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bfb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reich, Christopher D. 0000-0002-2534-1456 creich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2534-1456","contributorId":900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"Christopher","email":"creich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickey, T. Don","contributorId":49066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLong, Kristine L.","contributorId":19249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLong","given":"Kristine","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brock, John 0000-0002-5289-9332 jbrock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-9332","contributorId":2261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"John","email":"jbrock@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":98039,"text":"fs20093105 - 2009 - U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Modeling Software: Making Sense of a Complex Natural Resource","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:32","indexId":"fs20093105","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-3105","title":"U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Modeling Software: Making Sense of a Complex Natural Resource","docAbstract":"Computer models of groundwater systems simulate the flow of groundwater, including water levels, and the transport of chemical constituents and thermal energy. Groundwater models afford hydrologists a framework on which to organize their knowledge and understanding of groundwater systems, and they provide insights water-resources managers need to plan effectively for future water demands. Building on decades of experience, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) continues to lead in the development and application of computer software that allows groundwater models to address scientific and management questions of increasing complexity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20093105","usgsCitation":"Provost, A., Reilly, T.E., Harbaugh, A.W., and Pollock, D.W., 2009, U.S. Geological Survey Groundwater Modeling Software: Making Sense of a Complex Natural Resource: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2009-3105, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20093105.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2009_3105.jpg"},{"id":13253,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3105/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2be4b07f02db6131b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Provost, Alden M.","contributorId":85652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Provost","given":"Alden M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, Thomas E. tereilly@usgs.gov","contributorId":1660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"Thomas","email":"tereilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harbaugh, Arlen W. harbaugh@usgs.gov","contributorId":426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"Arlen","email":"harbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pollock, David W. dwpolloc@usgs.gov","contributorId":4248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"David","email":"dwpolloc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":98040,"text":"sir20095146 - 2009 - Development, Testing, and Application of a Coupled Hydrodynamic Surface-Water/Groundwater Model (FTLOADDS) with Heat and Salinity Transport in the Ten Thousand Islands/Picayune Strand Restoration Project Area, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"sir20095146","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5146","title":"Development, Testing, and Application of a Coupled Hydrodynamic Surface-Water/Groundwater Model (FTLOADDS) with Heat and Salinity Transport in the Ten Thousand Islands/Picayune Strand Restoration Project Area, Florida","docAbstract":"A numerical model application was developed for the coastal area inland of the Ten Thousand Islands (TTI) in southwestern Florida using the Flow and Transport in a Linked Overland/Aquifer Density-Dependent System (FTLOADDS) model. This model couples a two-dimensional dynamic surface-water model with a three-dimensional groundwater model, and has been applied to several locations in southern Florida. The model application solves equations for salt transport in groundwater and surface water, and also simulates surface-water temperature using a newly enhanced heat transport algorithm. One of the purposes of the TTI application is to simulate hydrologic factors that relate to habitat suitability for the West Indian Manatee. Both salinity and temperature have been shown to be important factors for manatee survival. The inland area of the TTI domain is the location of the Picayune Strand Restoration Project, which is designed to restore predevelopment hydrology through the filling and plugging of canals, construction of spreader channels, and the construction of levees and pump stations. The effects of these changes are simulated to determine their effects on manatee habitat.\r\n\r\nThe TTI application utilizes a large amount of input data for both surface-water and groundwater flow simulations. These data include topography, frictional resistance, atmospheric data including rainfall and air temperature, aquifer properties, and boundary conditions for tidal levels, inflows, groundwater heads, and salinities. Calibration was achieved by adjusting the parameters having the largest uncertainty: surface-water inflows, the surface-water transport dispersion coefficient, and evapotranspiration. A sensitivity analysis did not indicate that further parameter changes would yield an overall improvement in simulation results. The agreement between field data from GPS-tracked manatees and TTI application results demonstrates that the model can predict the salinity and temperature fluctuations which affect manatee behavior. Comparison of the existing conditions simulation with the simulation incorporating restoration changes indicated that the restoration would increase the period of inundation for most of the coastal wetlands. Generally, surface-water salinity was lowered by restoration changes in most of the wetlands areas, especially during the early dry season. However, the opposite pattern was observed in the primary canal habitat for manatees, namely, the Port of the Islands. Salinities at this location tended to be moderately elevated during the dry season, and unchanged during the wet season. Water temperatures were in close agreement between the existing conditions and restoration simulations, although minimum temperatures at the Port of the Islands were slightly higher in the restoration simulation as a result of the additional surface-water ponding and warming that occurs in adjacent wetlands.\r\n\r\nThe TTI application output was used to generate salinity and temperature time series for comparison to manatee field tracking data and an individually-based manatee-behavior model. Overlaying field data with salinity and temperature results from the TTI application reflects the effect of warm water availability and the periodic need for low-salinity drinking water on manatee movements. The manatee-behavior model uses the TTI application data at specific model nodes along the main manatee travel corridors to determine manatee migration patterns. The differences between the existing conditions and restoration scenarios can then be compared for manatee refugia. The TTI application can be used to test a variety of hydrologic conditions and their effect on important criteria.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095146","isbn":"9781411325975","collaboration":"Prepared as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Priority Ecosystems Science Initiative","usgsCitation":"Swain, E.D., and Decker, J.D., 2009, Development, Testing, and Application of a Coupled Hydrodynamic Surface-Water/Groundwater Model (FTLOADDS) with Heat and Salinity Transport in the Ten Thousand Islands/Picayune Strand Restoration Project Area, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5146, viii, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095146.","productDescription":"viii, 42 p.","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5146.jpg"},{"id":13254,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5146/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -81.75,25.916666666666668 ], [ -81.75,26.166666666666668 ], [ -81.41666666666667,26.166666666666668 ], [ -81.41666666666667,25.916666666666668 ], [ -81.75,25.916666666666668 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swain, Eric D. 0000-0001-7168-708X edswain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-708X","contributorId":1538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swain","given":"Eric","email":"edswain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Decker, Jeremy D. 0000-0002-0700-515X jdecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-515X","contributorId":514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"Jeremy","email":"jdecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":98042,"text":"ofr20091252 - 2009 - Sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits of the world— Database and grade and tonnage models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-20T19:09:47.57765","indexId":"ofr20091252","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1252","title":"Sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits of the world— Database and grade and tonnage models","docAbstract":"This report provides information on sediment-hosted zinc-lead mineral deposits based on the geologic settings that are observed on regional geologic maps. The foundation of mineral-deposit models is information about known deposits. The purpose of this publication is to make this kind of information available in digital form for sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits. \r\n\r\nMineral-deposit models are important in exploration planning and quantitative resource assessments: Grades and tonnages among deposit types are significantly different, and many types occur in different geologic settings that can be identified from geologic maps. Mineral-deposit models are the keystone in combining the diverse geoscience information on geology, mineral occurrences, geophysics, and geochemistry used in resource assessments and mineral exploration. Too few thoroughly explored mineral deposits are available in most local areas for reliable identification of the important geoscience variables, or for robust estimation of undiscovered deposits - thus, we need mineral-deposit models. Globally based deposit models allow recognition of important features because the global models demonstrate how common different features are. Well-designed and -constructed deposit models allow geologists to know from observed geologic environments the possible mineral-deposit types that might exist, and allow economists to determine the possible economic viability of these resources in the region. Thus, mineral-deposit models play the central role in transforming geoscience information to a form useful to policy makers. \r\n\r\nThis publication contains a computer file of information on sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits from around the world. It also presents new grade and tonnage models for nine types of these deposits and a file allowing locations of all deposits to be plotted in Google Earth. The data are presented in FileMaker Pro, Excel and text files to make the information available to as many as possible. The value of this information and any derived analyses depends critically on the consistent manner of data gathering. For this reason, we first discuss the rules applied in this compilation. Next, the fields of the data file are considered. Finally, we provide new grade and tonnage models that are, for the most part, based on a classification of deposits using observable geologic units from regional-scaled maps.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091252","usgsCitation":"Singer, D.A., Berger, V.I., and Moring, B.C., 2009, Sediment-hosted zinc-lead deposits of the world— Database and grade and tonnage models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1252, v, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091252.","productDescription":"v, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":660,"text":"Western Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":388249,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_89328.htm"},{"id":13256,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1252/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1252.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e3e4b07f02db4baf06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, Donald A. dsinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":5601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Donald","email":"dsinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berger, Vladimir I.","contributorId":15246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"Vladimir","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moring, Barry C. 0000-0001-6797-9258 moring@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-9258","contributorId":2794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"Barry","email":"moring@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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