Trends in the concentrations of commonly occurring pesticides in the Corn Belt of the United States were assessed, and the performance and application of several statistical methods for trend analysis were evaluated. Trends in the concentrations of 11 pesticides with sufficient data for trend assessment were assessed at up to 31 stream sites for two time periods: 1996–2002 and 2000–2006. Pesticides included in the trend analyses were atrazine, acetochlor, metolachlor, alachlor, cyanazine, EPTC, simazine, metribuzin, prometon, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon.
The statistical methods applied and compared were (1) a modified version of the nonparametric seasonal Kendall test (SEAKEN), (2) a modified version of the Regional Kendall test, (3) a parametric regression model with seasonal wave (SEAWAVE), and (4) a version of SEAWAVE with adjustment for streamflow (SEAWAVE-Q). The SEAKEN test is a statistical hypothesis test for detecting monotonic trends in seasonal time-series data such as pesticide concentrations at a particular site. Trends across a region, represented by multiple sites, were evaluated using the regional seasonal Kendall test, which computes a test for an overall trend within a region by computing a score for each season at each site and adding the scores to compute the total for the region. The SEAWAVE model is a parametric regression model specifically designed for analyzing seasonal variability and trends in pesticide concentrations. The SEAWAVE-Q model accounts for the effect of changing flow conditions in order to separate changes caused by hydrologic trends from changes caused by other factors, such as pesticide use.
There was broad, general agreement between unadjusted trends (no adjustment for streamflow effects) identified by the SEAKEN and SEAWAVE methods, including the regional seasonal Kendall test. Only about 10 percent of the paired comparisons between SEAKEN and SEAWAVE indicated a difference in the direction of trend, and none of these had differences significant at the 10-percent significance level. This consistency of results supports the validity and robustness of all three approaches as trend analysis tools. The SEAWAVE method is favored, however, because it has less restrictive data requirements, enabling analysis for more site/pesticide combinations, and can incorporate adjustment for streamflow (SEAWAVE-Q) with substantially fewer measurements than the flow-adjustment procedure used with SEAKEN.
Analysis of flow-adjusted trends is preferable to analysis of non-adjusted trends for evaluating potential effects of changes in pesticide use or management practices because flow-adjusted trends account for the influence of flow-related variability.
Analysis of flow-adjusted trends by SEAWAVE-Q showed that all of the pesticides assessed, except simazine and acetochlor, were dominated by varying degrees of concentration downtrends in one or both analysis periods. Atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, cyanazine, EPTC, and metribuzin—all major corn herbicides, as well as prometon and chlorpyrifos, showed more prevalent concentration downtrends during 1996–2002 compared to 2000–2006. Diazinon had no clear trends during 1996–2002, but had predominantly downward trends during 2000–2006. Acetochlor trends were mixed during 1996–2002 and slightly upward during 2000–2006, but most of the trends were not statistically significant. Simazine concentrations trended upward at most sites during both 1996–2002 and 2000–2006.
Comparison of concentration trends to agricultural-use trends indicated similarity in direction and magnitude for acetochlor, metolachlor, alachlor, cyanazine, EPTC, and metribuzin. Concentration downtrends for atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and diazinon were steeper than agricultural-use downtrends at some sites, indicating the possibility that agricultural management practices may have increasingly reduced transport to streams (particularly atrazine) or, for chlorpyrifos and diazinon, that nonagricultural uses declined substantially. Concentration uptrends for simazine generally were steeper than agricultural-use uptrends, indicating the possibility that nonagricultural uses of this herbicide increased during the study period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095132","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., Vecchia, A.V., Lorenz, D.L., Gilliom, R.J., and Martin, J.D., 2009, Trends in pesticide concentrations in corn-belt streams, 1996-2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5132, x, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095132.","productDescription":"x, 76 p.","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5132.jpg"},{"id":13159,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5132/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":352613,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5132/pdf/sir20095132.pdf"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120,30 ], [ -120,50 ], [ -75,50 ], [ -75,30 ], [ -120,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626b0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, Daniel J. 0000-0003-2705-3738 djsulliv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2705-3738","contributorId":1703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"Daniel","email":"djsulliv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":303793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vecchia, Aldo V. 0000-0002-2661-4401","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2661-4401","contributorId":41810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vecchia","given":"Aldo","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lorenz, David L. 0000-0003-3392-4034 lorenz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3392-4034","contributorId":1384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenz","given":"David","email":"lorenz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilliom, Robert J. rgilliom@usgs.gov","contributorId":488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"Robert","email":"rgilliom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D. 0000-0003-1994-5285 jdmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1994-5285","contributorId":1066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jdmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97973,"text":"sim3052 - 2009 - Bedrock geologic map of the Old Lyme quadrangle, New London and Middlesex Counties, Connecticut","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":79592,"text":"ofr20061296 - 2006 - Preliminary Bedrock Geologic Map of the Old Lyme Quadrangle, New London and Middlesex Counties, Connecticut","indexId":"ofr20061296","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary Bedrock Geologic Map of the Old Lyme Quadrangle, New London and Middlesex Counties, Connecticut"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":97973,"text":"sim3052 - 2009 - Bedrock geologic map of the Old Lyme quadrangle, New London and Middlesex Counties, Connecticut","indexId":"sim3052","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Bedrock geologic map of the Old Lyme quadrangle, New London and Middlesex Counties, Connecticut"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-29T14:34:54.842795","indexId":"sim3052","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3052","title":"Bedrock geologic map of the Old Lyme quadrangle, New London and Middlesex Counties, Connecticut","docAbstract":"The bedrock geology of the Old Lyme quadrangle consists of Neoproterozoic and Permian gneisses and granites of the Gander and Avalon terranes, Silurian metasedimentary rocks of the Merrimack terrane, and Silurian to Devonian metasedimentary rocks of uncertain origin. The Avalon terrane rocks crop out within the Selden Neck block, and the Gander terrane rocks crop out within the Lyme dome. The Silurian to Devonian rocks crop out between these two massifs. \r\n\r\nPrevious mapping in the Old Lyme quadrangle includes the work by Lawrence Lundgren, Jr. Lundgren's work provides an excellent resource for rock descriptions and detailed modal analyses of rock units that will not be duplicated in this current report. New research that was not covered in detail by Lundgren is the focus of this report and includes (1) evaluation of the rocks in the core of the Lyme dome in an effort to subdivide units in this area; (2) structural analysis of foliations and folds in and around the Lyme dome; (3) geochronology of selected units within the Lyme dome; and (4) analysis of joints and the fracture properties of the rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3052","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Connecticut, Department of Environmental Protection, Geological and Natural History Survey","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., Scott, R.B., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Armstrong, T.R., 2009, Bedrock geologic map of the Old Lyme quadrangle, New London and Middlesex Counties, Connecticut (Version 1.0, Supersedes OFR 2006-1296): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3052, Report: iv, 25 p.; 2 Plates: 46 x 28 inches and 38 x 29.5 inches; Download Directory, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3052.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 25 p.; 2 Plates: 46 x 28 inches and 38 x 29.5 inches; Download Directory","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3052.jpg"},{"id":13151,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":398785,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87601.htm"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Polyconic","country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","county":"Middlesex County, New London County","otherGeospatial":"Old Lyme quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.375,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -72.25,\n 41.25\n ],\n [\n -72.25,\n 41.375\n ],\n [\n -72.375,\n 41.375\n ],\n [\n -72.375,\n 41.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0, Supersedes OFR 2006-1296","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63db50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Robert B. rbscott@usgs.gov","contributorId":766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Robert","email":"rbscott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Armstrong, Thomas R.","contributorId":40637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200860,"text":"70200860 - 2009 - Preservation of random megascale events on Mars and Earth: Influence on geologic history: GSA special papers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-07T13:21:06","indexId":"70200860","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-07T13:07:29","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"title":"Preservation of random megascale events on Mars and Earth: Influence on geologic history: GSA special papers","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society of America","isbn":"9780813724539","usgsCitation":"Chapman, M.G., and Keszthelyi, L., 2009, Preservation of random megascale events on Mars and Earth: Influence on geologic history: GSA special papers, v. 453, v, 86 p.","productDescription":"v, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":359281,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"453","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5be40825e4b0b3fc5cf7cc16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapman, Mary G.","contributorId":69055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":750959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keszthelyi, Laszlo P. 0000-0003-1879-4331 laz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-4331","contributorId":52802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"Laszlo P.","email":"laz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97971,"text":"sir20095225 - 2009 - Hand-hewn granite basins at Native American saltworks, Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-10-04T13:30:00.388837","indexId":"sir20095225","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5225","displayTitle":"Hand-Hewn Granite Basins at Native American Saltworks, Sierra Nevada, California","title":"Hand-hewn granite basins at Native American saltworks, Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"This site in the northern Sierra Nevada contains about 369 circular basins carved in fresh, glaciated granodioritic bedrock, with 325 basins crowded together in an area of 2,700 m2 on the main terrace. These terrace basins have a median average diameter of 125 cm (80 percent between 100 and 160 cm) and a median depth of 75–80 cm. They show a strong congruity to similar granitic basins in the southern Sierra Nevada apparently of Native American origin that are generally shallower.
The basins are not of natural origin, as indicated by uniformity in size and nonoverlapping character of the basins; their common arrangement in lineaments; details of the shape of the basins; features in common with granite basins in the Southern Sierra Nevada; and, most compelling, the clustering of all the basins adjacent to (within 20 m of) two saline streams fed from a nearby salt spring. Native Americans apparently excavated them for the purpose of collecting saline water to evaporate and make salt for their use, and also as an animal attractant and a trade commodity.
The flow of the salty streams delivers about 2.9 metric tons of salt per summer season to the basin area, and evaporation rates and the holding capacity of the basins indicate that about 2.5 tons of salt could be produced per season. This correspondence shows that the Indians made enough basins to exploit the resource. The site is the most impressive prehistoric saltworks yet discovered in North America and represents a unique departure from traditional hunter-gatherer activities to that of manufacturing.
The actual grinding of so many basins in granite could not have been done without the labor of a concentrated population. It is believed that the work was accomplished over a long time by many people and with the use of fire to help disaggregate the bedrock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095225","usgsCitation":"Moore, J.G., and Diggles, M.F., 2009, Hand-hewn granite basins at Native American saltworks, Sierra Nevada, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5225, Report: iv, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 11.00 x 17.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095225.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 21 p.; 1 Plate: 11.00 x 17.00 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-025626","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462588,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5225/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":462587,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5225.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641313","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diggles, Michael F. 0000-0002-9946-0247 mdiggles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9946-0247","contributorId":810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diggles","given":"Michael","email":"mdiggles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5066,"text":"Office of the Director USGS","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5053,"text":"IPDS Training","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":915066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97972,"text":"cir1334 - 2009 - The Trans–Rocky Mountain fault system— A fundamental Precambrian strike-slip system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-01T18:51:07.231246","indexId":"cir1334","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-07T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1334","title":"The Trans–Rocky Mountain fault system— A fundamental Precambrian strike-slip system","docAbstract":"Recognition of a major Precambrian continental-scale, two-stage conjugate strike-slip fault system - here designated as the Trans-Rocky Mountain fault system - provides new insights into the architecture of the North American continent. The fault system consists chiefly of steep linear to curvilinear, en echelon, braided and branching ductile-brittle shears and faults, and local coeval en echelon folds of northwest strike, that cut indiscriminately across both Proterozoic and Archean cratonic elements. The fault system formed during late stages of two distinct tectonic episodes: Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic orogenies at about 2.70 and 1.70 billion years (Ga). In the Archean Superior province, the fault system formed (about 2.70-2.65 Ga) during a late stage of the main deformation that involved oblique shortening (dextral transpression) across the region and progressed from crystal-plastic to ductile-brittle deformation. In Paleoproterozoic terranes, the fault system formed about 1.70 Ga, shortly following amalgamation of Paleoproterozoic and Archean terranes and the main Paleoproterozoic plastic-fabric-producing events in the protocontinent, chiefly during sinistral transpression. The postulated driving force for the fault system is subcontinental mantle deformation, the bottom-driven deformation of previous investigators. This model, based on seismic anisotropy, invokes mechanical coupling and subsequent shear between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere such that a major driving force for plate motion is deep-mantle flow.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1334","isbn":"9781411325227","usgsCitation":"Sims, P., 2009, The Trans–Rocky Mountain fault system— A fundamental Precambrian strike-slip system: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1334, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1334.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":177,"text":"Central Region Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125377,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir_1334.jpg"},{"id":388605,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87553.htm"},{"id":13150,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1334/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Trans-Rocky Mountain fault system","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.3333,\n 34.0\n ],\n [\n -104.00,\n 34.0\n ],\n [\n -104.00,\n 49.0\n ],\n [\n -116.3333,\n 49.0\n ],\n [\n -116.3333,\n 34.0\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db6736b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sims, P.K.","contributorId":30191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sims","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70048818,"text":"70048818 - 2009 - Sample project: establishing a global forest monitoring capability using multi-resolution and multi-temporal remotely sensed data sets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-06T11:07:23","indexId":"70048818","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-06T10:55:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3572,"text":"The NASA LCLUC Program: an interdisciplinary approach to studying land-cover and land-use change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sample project: establishing a global forest monitoring capability using multi-resolution and multi-temporal remotely sensed data sets","docAbstract":"Quantifying rates of forest-cover change is important for improved carbon accounting and climate change modeling, management of forestry and agricultural resources, and biodiversity monitoring. A practical solution to examining trends in forest cover change at global scale is to employ remotely sensed data. Satellite-based monitoring of forest cover can be implemented consistently across large regions at annual and inter-annual intervals. This research extends previous research on global forest-cover dynamics and land-cover change estimation to establish a robust, operational forest monitoring and assessment system. The approach integrates both MODIS and Landsat data to provide timely biome-scale forest change estimation. This is achieved by using annual MODIS change indicator maps to stratify biomes into low, medium and high change categories. Landsat image pairs can then be sampled within these strata and analyzed for estimating area of forest cleared.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The NASA LCLUC Program: an interdisciplinary approach to studying land-cover and land-use change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Maryland","publisherLocation":"College Park","usgsCitation":"Hansen, M., Stehman, S., Loveland, T., Vogelmann, J., and Cochrane, M., 2009, Sample project: establishing a global forest monitoring capability using multi-resolution and multi-temporal remotely sensed data sets: The NASA LCLUC Program: an interdisciplinary approach to studying land-cover and land-use change, p. 3-3.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"3","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":278878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -102.7,-44.6 ], [ -102.7,32.4 ], [ 155.4,32.4 ], [ 155.4,-44.6 ], [ -102.7,-44.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"527b7321e4b0a7295d9b864d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Matt","contributorId":61330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stehman, Steve","contributorId":87852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehman","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Loveland, Tom 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":11107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Tom","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vogelmann, Jim 0000-0002-0804-5823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":86254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cochrane, Mark","contributorId":95376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70157569,"text":"70157569 - 2009 - Pelagic habitat visualization: the need for a third (and fourth) dimension: HabitatSpace","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T10:51:08","indexId":"70157569","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Pelagic habitat visualization: the need for a third (and fourth) dimension: HabitatSpace","docAbstract":"Habitat in open water is not simply a 2-D to 2.5-D surface such as the ocean bottom or the air-water interface. Rather, pelagic habitat is a 3-D volume of water that can change over time, leading us to the term habitat space. Visualization and analysis in 2-D is well supported with GIS tools, but a new tool was needed for visualization and analysis in four dimensions. Observational data (cruise profiles (x<sub>o</sub>, y<sub>o</sub>, z, t<sub>o</sub>)), numerical circulation model fields (x,y,z,t), and trajectories (larval fish, 4-D line) need to be merged together in a meaningful way for visualization and analysis. As a first step toward this new framework, UNIDATA’s Integrated Data Viewer (IDV) has been used to create a set of tools for habitat analysis in 4-D. IDV was designed for 3-D+time geospatial data in the meteorological community. NetCDF Java<sup>TM</sup> libraries allow the tool to read many file formats including remotely located data (e.g. data available via OPeNDAP ). With this project, IDV has been adapted for use in delineating habitat space for multiple fish species in the ocean. The ability to define and visualize boundaries of a water mass, which meets specific biologically relevant criteria (e.g., volume, connectedness, and inter-annual variability) based on model results and observational data, will allow managers to investigate the survival of individual year classes of commercially important fisheries. Better understanding of the survival of these year classes will lead to improved forecasting of fisheries recruitment.
","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuarine and coastal modeling : proceedings of the eleventh international conference, November 4-6, 2009, Seattle, Washington","conferenceTitle":"11th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling","conferenceDate":"November 4-6, 2009","conferenceLocation":"Seattle, Washington","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/41121(388)12","usgsCitation":"Beegle-Krause, C.J., Vance, T., Reusser, D., Stuebe, D., and Howlett, E., 2009, Pelagic habitat visualization: the need for a third (and fourth) dimension: HabitatSpace, in Estuarine and coastal modeling : proceedings of the eleventh international conference, November 4-6, 2009, Seattle, Washington, Seattle, Washington, November 4-6, 2009, p. 187-200, https://doi.org/10.1061/41121(388)12.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"200","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-020591","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560a64dae4b058f706e536e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beegle-Krause, C J J","contributorId":116322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beegle-Krause","given":"C","suffix":"J","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vance, Tiffany","contributorId":148043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vance","given":"Tiffany","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reusser, Debbie","contributorId":148044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reusser","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stuebe, David","contributorId":148045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stuebe","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howlett, Eoin","contributorId":148046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howlett","given":"Eoin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":573672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156114,"text":"70156114 - 2009 - Earth science: lasting earthquake legacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-17T11:28:04","indexId":"70156114","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-04T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earth science: lasting earthquake legacy","docAbstract":"Earthquakes occur within continental tectonic plates as well as at plate boundaries. Do clusters of such mid-plate events constitute zones of continuing hazard, or are they aftershocks of long-past earthquakes?
\nEarly on the morning of 16 December 1811, an earthquake of about magnitude 7 shook the centre of the United States around a small town on the Mississippi called New Madrid. By 7 February 1812, it had triggered three more shocks of similar magnitude. The earthquakes broke a set of faults along the Arkansas, Missouri and Tennessee state boundaries, apparently reactivating an ancient rift in the interior of a continental tectonic plate.
\nOn 31 August 1886, a magnitude-7 shock struck Charleston, South Carolina; low-level activity continues there today. One view of seismic hazard is that large earthquakes will return to New Madrid and Charleston at intervals of about 500 years. With expected ground motions that would be stronger than average, that prospect produces estimates of earthquake hazard that rival those at the plate boundaries marked by the San Andreas fault and Cascadia subduction zone. The result is two large 'bull's-eyes' on the US National Seismic Hazard Maps — which, for example, influence regional building codes and perceptions of public safety.
","language":"English","publisher":"Macmillan Journals Ltd.","publisherLocation":"London","doi":"10.1038/462042a","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T.E., 2009, Earth science: lasting earthquake legacy: Nature, v. 462, p. 41-42, https://doi.org/10.1038/462042a.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018358","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"462","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-11-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d305b1e4b0518e35468cef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0582-4338 tparsons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":2314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Thomas","email":"tparsons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":567889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":97970,"text":"ofr20091237 - 2009 - Application of the multi-dimensional surface water modeling system at Bridge 339, Copper River Highway, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-23T10:31:28","indexId":"ofr20091237","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1237","title":"Application of the multi-dimensional surface water modeling system at Bridge 339, Copper River Highway, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Copper River Basin, the sixth largest watershed in Alaska, drains an area of 24,200 square miles. This large, glacier-fed river flows across a wide alluvial fan before it enters the Gulf of Alaska. Bridges along the Copper River Highway, which traverses the alluvial fan, have been impacted by channel migration. Due to a major channel change in 2001, Bridge 339 at Mile 36 of the highway has undergone excessive scour, resulting in damage to its abutments and approaches. During the snow- and ice-melt runoff season, which typically extends from mid-May to September, the design discharge for the bridge often is exceeded. The approach channel shifts continuously, and during our study it has shifted back and forth from the left bank to a course along the right bank nearly parallel to the road.
Maintenance at Bridge 339 has been costly and will continue to be so if no action is taken. Possible solutions to the scour and erosion problem include (1) constructing a guide bank to redirect flow, (2) dredging approximately 1,000 feet of channel above the bridge to align flow perpendicular to the bridge, and (3) extending the bridge. The USGS Multi-Dimensional Surface Water Modeling System (MD_SWMS) was used to assess these possible solutions. The major limitation of modeling these scenarios was the inability to predict ongoing channel migration. We used a hybrid dataset of surveyed and synthetic bathymetry in the approach channel, which provided the best approximation of this dynamic system. Under existing conditions and at the highest measured discharge and stage of 32,500 ft3/s and 51.08 ft, respectively, the velocities and shear stresses simulated by MD_SWMS indicate scour and erosion will continue. Construction of a 250-foot-long guide bank would not improve conditions because it is not long enough. Dredging a channel upstream of Bridge 339 would help align the flow perpendicular to Bridge 339, but because of the mobility of the channel bed, the dredged channel would likely fill in during high flows. Extending Bridge 339 would accommodate higher discharges and re-align flow to the bridge.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091237","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., and Conaway, J.S., 2009, Application of the multi-dimensional surface water modeling system at Bridge 339, Copper River Highway, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1237, iv, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091237.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125511,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1237.jpg"},{"id":353646,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1237/pdf/ofr20091237.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13148,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1237/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -145.25,61 ], [ -145.25,60.75 ], [ -144.25,60.75 ], [ -144.25,61 ], [ -145.25,61 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a99f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conaway, Jeffrey S. 0000-0002-3036-592X jconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X","contributorId":2026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97969,"text":"ofr20091239 - 2009 - Geochemical data for samples collected in 2008 near the concealed pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":97969,"text":"ofr20091239 - 2009 - Geochemical data for samples collected in 2008 near the concealed pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska","indexId":"ofr20091239","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical data for samples collected in 2008 near the concealed pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70004631,"text":"ds608 - 2011 - Geophysical, geochemical, and mineralogical data from the Pebble Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit area, southwest Alaska: Contributions to assessment techniques for concealed mineral resources","indexId":"ds608","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical, geochemical, and mineralogical data from the Pebble Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit area, southwest Alaska: Contributions to assessment techniques for concealed mineral resources"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":70004631,"text":"ds608 - 2011 - Geophysical, geochemical, and mineralogical data from the Pebble Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit area, southwest Alaska: Contributions to assessment techniques for concealed mineral resources","indexId":"ds608","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"title":"Geophysical, geochemical, and mineralogical data from the Pebble Cu-Au-Mo porphyry deposit area, southwest Alaska: Contributions to assessment techniques for concealed mineral resources"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-16T06:36:40","indexId":"ofr20091239","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1239","title":"Geochemical data for samples collected in 2008 near the concealed pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska","docAbstract":"In the summer of 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began an exploration geochemical research study over the Pebble porphyry copper-gold-molybdenum deposit. This report presents the analytical data collected in 2008. The Pebble deposit is world class in size, and is almost entirely concealed by tundra, glacial deposits, and post-Cretaceous volcanic rocks. The Pebble deposit was chosen for this study because it is concealed by surficial cover rocks, is relatively undisturbed (except for exploration company drill holes), is a large mineral system, and is fairly well-constrained at depth by the drill hole geology and geochemistry. The goals of this study are to 1) determine whether the concealed deposit can be detected with surface samples, 2) better understand the processes of metal migration from the deposit to the surface, and 3) test and develop methods for assessing mineral resources in similar concealed terrains. The analytical data are presented as an integrated Microsoft Access 2003 database and as separate Excel files.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091239","usgsCitation":"Fey, D.L., Granitto, M., Giles, S.A., Smith, S.M., Eppinger, R.G., and Kelley, K., 2009, Geochemical data for samples collected in 2008 near the concealed pebble porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Southwest Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1239, Report: xi, 107 p.; 1 Plate: 36 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091239.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 107 p.; 1 Plate: 36 x 36 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":177,"text":"Central Region Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126862,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1239.jpg"},{"id":13147,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157,59 ], [ -157,62 ], [ -148,62 ], [ -148,59 ], [ -157,59 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granitto, Matthew 0000-0003-3445-4863 granitto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3445-4863","contributorId":1224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granitto","given":"Matthew","email":"granitto@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giles, Stuart A. 0000-0002-8696-5078 sgiles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8696-5078","contributorId":1233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giles","given":"Stuart","email":"sgiles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Steven M. 0000-0003-3591-5377 smsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3591-5377","contributorId":1460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Steven","email":"smsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eppinger, Robert G. eppinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eppinger","given":"Robert","email":"eppinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. 0000-0002-3232-5809","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3232-5809","contributorId":57817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":97964,"text":"sim3065 - 2009 - Geologic map of northeastern Seattle (part of the Seattle North 7.5' x 15' quadrangle), King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T20:33:31.031542","indexId":"sim3065","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3065","title":"Geologic map of northeastern Seattle (part of the Seattle North 7.5' x 15' quadrangle), King County, Washington","docAbstract":"This geologic map, approximately coincident with the east half of the Seattle North 7.5 x 15’ quadrangle (herein, informally called the “Seattle NE map”), covers nearly half of the City of Seattle and reaches from Lake Washington across to the Puget Sound shoreline. Land uses are mainly residential, but extensive commercial districts are located in the Northgate neighborhood, adjacent to the University of Washington, and along the corridors of Aurora Avenue North and Lake City Way. Industrial activity is concentrated along the Lake Washington Ship Canal and around Lake Union. One small piece of land outside of the quadrangle boundaries, at the west edge of the Bellevue North quadrangle, is included on this map for geographic continuity. Conversely, a small area in the northeast corner of the Seattle North quadrangle, on the eastside of Lake Washington, is excluded from this map.
Within the boundaries of the map area are two large urban lakes, including the most heavily visited park in the State of Washington (Green Lake Park); a stream (Thornton Creek) that still hosts anadromous salmon despite having its headwaters in a golfcourse and a shopping center; parts of three cities, with a combined residential population of about 300,000 people; and the region’s premier research institution, the University of Washington. The north boundary of the map is roughly NE 168th Street in the cities of Shoreline and Lake Forest Park, and the south boundary corresponds to Mercer Street in Seattle. The west boundary is 15th Avenue W (and NW), and the east boundary is formed by Lake Washington. Elevations range from sea level to a maximum of 165 m (541 ft), the latter on a broad till-covered knob in the city of Shoreline near the northwest corner of the map. Previous geologic maps of this area include those of Waldron and others (1962), Galster and Laprade (1991), and Yount and others (1993).
Seattle lies within the Puget Lowland, an elongate structural and topographic basin between the Cascade Range and Olympic Mountains. The Seattle area has been glaciated repeatedly during the past two million years by coalescing glaciers that advanced southward from British Columbia. The landscape we see today was molded by cyclic glacial scouring and deposition and later modified by landsliding and stream erosion. The last ice sheet reached the central Puget Sound region about 14,500 years ago, as measured by 14C dating, and it had retreated from this area by 13,650 14C yr B.P. (equivalent calendar years are about 17,600 and 16,600 years ago; Porter and Swanson, 1998). Seattle now sits atop a complex and incomplete succession of interleaved glacial and nonglacial deposits that overlie an irregular bedrock surface. These glacial and nonglacial deposits vary laterally in both texture and thickness, and they contain many local unconformities. In addition, they have been deformed by faults and folds, at least as recently as 1,100 years ago, and this deformation further complicates the geologic record.
The landforms and near-surface deposits that cover much of the Seattle NE map area record a relatively brief, recent interval of the region’s geologic history. The topography is dominated in the north by a broad, fluted, and south-sloping upland plateau, which gives way to a more complex set of elongated hills in the map’s southern half. The valleys of Pipers Creek, Green Lake, and Thornton Creek mark the transition between these two topographic areas. Most of the uplands are mantled by a rolling surface of sand (unit Qva) and till (unit Qvt) deposited during the last occupation of the Puget Lowland by a continental ice sheet. Beneath these ice sheet deposits is a complex succession of older sediments that extends far below sea level across most of the map area. These older sediments are now locally exposed where modern erosion and landslides have sliced through the edge of the upland, and where subglacial processes apparently left these older sediments largely free of overlying sediments. Lack of overlying sediments is particularly evident on the hillslopes above Thornton Creek, adjacent to Lake Washington, and on the flanks of Capitol Hill.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3065","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Seattle and the Pacific Northwest Center for Geologic Mapping Studies at the Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington","usgsCitation":"Booth, D.B., Troost, K.G., and Shimel, S.A., 2009, Geologic map of northeastern Seattle (part of the Seattle North 7.5' x 15' quadrangle), King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3065, 1 Plate: 42.00 × 70.32 inches; Metadata; GIS Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3065.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 42.00 × 70.32 inches; Metadata; GIS Data Files","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":647,"text":"Western Earth Surface Processes","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125877,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3065.jpg"},{"id":13141,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3065/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":398784,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_87554.htm"}],"scale":"12000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","country":"United States","state":"Washington","city":"Seattle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3833,\n 47.625\n ],\n [\n -122.2433,\n 47.625\n ],\n [\n -122.2433,\n 47.75\n ],\n [\n -122.3833,\n 47.75\n ],\n [\n -122.3833,\n 47.625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8643","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Booth, Derek B.","contributorId":100873,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Booth","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":303732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troost, Kathy Goetz","contributorId":35023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troost","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"Goetz","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shimel, Scott A.","contributorId":25252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shimel","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":97966,"text":"sir20095195 - 2009 - Sediment Transport in the Bill Williams River and Turbidity in Lake Havasu During and Following Two High Releases from Alamo Dam, Arizona, in 2005 and 2006","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:47","indexId":"sir20095195","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5195","title":"Sediment Transport in the Bill Williams River and Turbidity in Lake Havasu During and Following Two High Releases from Alamo Dam, Arizona, in 2005 and 2006","docAbstract":"Discharges higher than are typically released from Alamo Dam in west-central Arizona were planned and released in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 to study the effects of these releases on the Bill Williams River and Lake Havasu, into which the river debouches. Sediment concentrations and water discharges were measured in the Bill Williams River, and turbidity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured in Lake Havasu during and after experimental releases in 2005 and 2006 from Alamo Dam. Data from such releases will support ongoing ecological studies, improve environmentally sensitive management of the river corridor, and support the development of a predictive relationship between the operation of Alamo Dam and downstream flows and their impact on Lake Havasu and the Colorado River. \r\n\r\nElevated discharges in the Bill Williams River mobilize more sediment than during more typical dam operation and can generate a turbidity plume in Lake Havasu. The intakes for the Central Arizona Project, which transfers Colorado River water to central and southern Arizona, are near the mouth of the Bill Williams River. Measurement of the turbidity and the development of the plume over time consequently were important components of the study. In this report, the measurements of suspended sediment concentration and discharges in the Bill Williams River and of turbidity in Lake Havasu are presented along with calculations of silt and sand loads in the Bill Williams River. \r\n\r\nSediment concentrations were varied and likely dependent on a variable supply. Sediment loads were calculated at the mouth of the river and near Planet, about 10 km upstream from the mouth for the 2005 release, and they indicate that a net increase in transport of silt and a net decrease in the transport of sand occurred in the reach between the two sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095195","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Central Arizona Project, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Wiele, S.M., Hart, R.J., Darling, H.L., and Hautzinger, A.B., 2009, Sediment Transport in the Bill Williams River and Turbidity in Lake Havasu During and Following Two High Releases from Alamo Dam, Arizona, in 2005 and 2006: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5195, Report: iv, 23 p.; Appendixes, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095195.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 23 p.; Appendixes","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2006-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125684,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5195.jpg"},{"id":13144,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.2,34.2 ], [ -114.2,34.36666666666667 ], [ -113.53333333333333,34.36666666666667 ], [ -113.53333333333333,34.2 ], [ -114.2,34.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635780","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiele, Stephen M. smwiele@usgs.gov","contributorId":2199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"smwiele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Robert J. bhart@usgs.gov","contributorId":598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Robert","email":"bhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Darling, Hugh L. hdarling@usgs.gov","contributorId":4681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darling","given":"Hugh","email":"hdarling@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":303737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hautzinger, Andrew B.","contributorId":45411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hautzinger","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":97965,"text":"sir20095135 - 2009 - Statistical Summaries of Streamflow in and near Oklahoma Through 2007","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:28","indexId":"sir20095135","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5135","title":"Statistical Summaries of Streamflow in and near Oklahoma Through 2007","docAbstract":"Statistical summaries of streamflow records through 2007 for gaging stations in Oklahoma and parts of adjacent states are presented for 238 stations with at least 10 years of streamflow record. Streamflow at 120 of the stations is regulated for specific periods. Data for these periods were analyzed separately to account for changes in streamflow because of regulation by dams or other human modification of streamflow. A brief description of the location, drainage area, and period of record is given for each gaging station. A brief regulation history also is given for stations with a regulated streamflow record. This descriptive information is followed by tables of mean and median monthly and annual discharges, magnitude and probability of exceedance of annual instantaneous peak flows, durations of daily mean flow, magnitude and probability of nonexceedance of annual low flows, and magnitude and probability of nonexceedance of seasonal low flows.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Lewis, J.M., and Esralew, R.A., 2009, Statistical Summaries of Streamflow in and near Oklahoma Through 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5135, iv, 634 p. (with tables), https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095135.","productDescription":"iv, 634 p. (with tables)","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125606,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5135.jpg"},{"id":13143,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5135/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103,33.5 ], [ -103,37 ], [ -94,37 ], [ -94,33.5 ], [ -103,33.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e308f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Jason M. 0000-0001-5337-1890 jmlewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5337-1890","contributorId":3854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Jason","email":"jmlewis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":303733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esralew, Rachel A.","contributorId":104862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esralew","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":97967,"text":"ofr20091208 - 2009 - Changes in Species, Areal Cover, and Production of Moss across a Fire Chronosequence in Interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:48","indexId":"ofr20091208","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1208","title":"Changes in Species, Areal Cover, and Production of Moss across a Fire Chronosequence in Interior Alaska","docAbstract":"In an effort to characterize the species and production rates of various upland mosses and their relationship to both site drainage and time since fire, annual net primary production of six common moss species was measured. Several stands located near Delta Junction, interior Alaska, were located. These stands ranged from one to 116 years since fire in well-drained (dry) and moderately to somewhat poorly drained (wet) black spruce (Picea mariana)-feathermoss systems. Moss species composition varied greatly during the fire cycle, with Ceratodon purpureus dominating the earliest years after a fire, Aulacomnium palustre dominating the transitional and older stages, and Hylocomium splendens dominating the oldest, mature sites. Polytrichum spp. was found at all sites. Average moss cover ranged from <10 percent in the youngest sites to almost 90 percent in the mature sites. Species from the genus Polytrichum were the most productive and contributed up to 30 g m2 of organic matter in one growing season. Least productive was Rhytidium rugosum, which contributed about 1.5 g m2 of organic matter in mature stands. Recovery of moss productivity after fire was not significantly different for wet and dry sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091208","usgsCitation":"Harden, J., Munster, J., Manies, K., Mack, M., and Bubier, J., 2009, Changes in Species, Areal Cover, and Production of Moss across a Fire Chronosequence in Interior Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1208, Report: v, 22 p.; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091208.","productDescription":"Report: v, 22 p.; Data Files","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1208.jpg"},{"id":13145,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1208/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -146,63.75 ], [ -146,64.08333333333333 ], [ -144.83333333333334,64.08333333333333 ], [ -144.83333333333334,63.75 ], [ -146,63.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6dd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Munster, J.","contributorId":14071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munster","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Manies, K.L.","contributorId":23228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manies","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mack, M.C.","contributorId":87238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bubier, J. L.","contributorId":91197,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bubier","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":97968,"text":"ofr20091190 - 2009 - 2008 Weather and Aeolian Sand-Transport Data from the Colorado River Corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:55","indexId":"ofr20091190","displayToPublicDate":"2009-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1190","title":"2008 Weather and Aeolian Sand-Transport Data from the Colorado River Corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"This report presents measurements of weather parameters and aeolian (windblown) sand transport made in 2008 near selected archaeological sites in the Colorado River corridor through Grand Canyon, Ariz. The quantitative methods and data discussed here form a basis for monitoring ecosystem processes that affect archeological-site stability. Combined with forthcoming work to evaluate landscape evolution at nearby archaeological sites, these data can be used to document the relationship between physical processes, including weather and aeolian sand transport, and their effects on the physical integrity of archaeological sites. Data collected in 2008 reveal event- and seasonal-scale variations in rainfall, wind, temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. Broad seasonal changes in aeolian sediment flux are also apparent at most study sites. \r\n\r\nThe continuation of monitoring that began in 2007, and installation of equipment at several new sites in early 2008, allowed evaluation of the effects of the March 2008 high-flow experiment (HFE) on aeolian sand transport. At two of the nine sites studied, spring and summer winds reworked 2008 HFE sandbars to form new aeolian dunes, at which sand moved inland toward larger, well-established dune fields. At the other seven study sites, neither dune formation nor enhanced sand transport after the HFE were observed. At several of those sites, dominant wind directions in spring 2008 were not oriented such that much HFE sand would have moved inland; at other sites, lack of increased inland sand flux is attributable to lack of sandbar enlargement near the study sites or to inhibition of sand movement by vegetation or local topography.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091190","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Northern Arizona University and Utah State University","usgsCitation":"Draut, A.E., Sondossi, H.A., Hazel, J., Andrews, T., Fairley, H., Brown, C.R., and Vanaman, K.M., 2009, 2008 Weather and Aeolian Sand-Transport Data from the Colorado River Corridor, Grand Canyon, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1190, vi, 98 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091190.","productDescription":"vi, 98 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"2008-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2009_1190.jpg"},{"id":13146,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1190/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.5,35.25 ], [ -114.5,37 ], [ -111,37 ], [ -111,35.25 ], [ -114.5,35.25 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4924e4b0b290850eeea3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Draut, Amy E.","contributorId":92215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Draut","given":"Amy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sondossi, Hoda A.","contributorId":97594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sondossi","given":"Hoda","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":303750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hazel, Joseph E. 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In much the same way as frequency‐filtered data must incorporate altered frequency content into numerical interpretation, so must statistically rotated data include the rotation operator in inversion processes. We propose a method of accounting for statistical reduction of data in non‐linear inversions (such as for electromagnetic data) through an incorporation of the rotation operator into the kernels and sensitivity matrix. We show a generalized linear inversion to demonstrate the necessity of rotating the inversion kernels in this abstract and will present a nonlinear parametric example from an unexploded ordnance application.
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This paper traces the technical and institutional innovations, their impacts, and lessons learned from two successful examples. The first is the story of the improvement and replication of indigenous soil and water conservation practices across the Central Plateau of Burkina Faso. Rehabilitation of at least 200,000 hectares of degraded land enabled farmers to grow cereals on land that had been barren and intensify production through developing agroforestry systems. Additionally, rehabilitation appears to have recharged local wells. The second example is a farmer-managed process of natural regeneration, using improved, local agroforestry practices over an estimated 5 million hectares in southern Niger. This large-scale effort reduced wind erosion and increased the production and marketing of crops, fodder, firewood, fruit, and other products. In both cases, income opportunities were created, reducing incentives for migration. 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