The ground-water system was studied in the Trail Mountain area in order to provide hydrologic information needed to assess the hydrologic effects of underground coal mining. Well testing and spring data indicate that water occurs in several aquifers. The coal-bearing Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer is regional in nature and is the source of most water in underground mines in the region. One or more perched aquifers overlie the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer in most areas of Trail Mountain.
Aquifer tests indicate that the transmissivity of the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer, which consists mainly of sandstone, siltstone, and shale, ranges from about 20 to 200 feet squared per day in most areas of Trail Mountain. The specific yield of the aquifer was estimated at 0.05, and the storage coefficient is about IxlO\"6 per foot of aquifer where confined.
The main sources of recharge to the multiaquifer system are snowmelt and rain, and water is discharged mainly by springs and by leakage along streams. Springs that issue from perched aquifers are sources of water for livestock and wildlife on Trail Mountain.
Water in all aquifers is suitable for most uses. Dissolved solids concentrations range from about 250 to 700 milligrams per liter, and the predominant dissolved constituents generally are calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate.
Future underground coal mines will require dewatering when they penetrate the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer. A finitedifference, three-dimensional computer model was used to estimate the inflow of water to various lengths and widths of a hypothetical dewatered mine and to estimate drawdowns of potentiometric surfaces in the partly dewatered aquifer. The estimates were made for a range of aquifer properties and premining hydraulic gradients that were similar to those on Trail Mountain. The computer simulations indicate that mine inflows could be several hundred gallons per minute and that potentiometric surfaces of the partly dewatered aquifer could be drawn down by several hundred feet during a reasonable life span of a mine. Because the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer is separated from overlying perched aquifers by an unsaturated zone, mine dewatering alone would not affect perched aquifers. Mine dewatering would not significantly change water quality in the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer.
Subsidence will occur above future underground mines, but the effects on the ground-water system cannot be quantified. Subsidence fractures possibly could extend from the roof of a mine into a perched aquifer several hundred feet above. Such fractures would increase down ward percolation of water through the perching bed, and spring discharge from the perched aquifer could decrease. Flow through subsidence fractures also could increase recharge to the Blackhawk-Star Point aquifer and increase inflows to underground mines.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2259","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., 1985, The ground-water system and possible effects of underground coal mining in the Trail Mountain area, central Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2259, v, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2259.","productDescription":"v, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27728,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2259/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Trail Mountain","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db612291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":10347,"text":"ofr84811 - 1984 - Preliminary modeling of an aquifer thermal-energy storage system","indexId":"ofr84811","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary modeling of an aquifer thermal-energy storage system"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","indexId":"wsp2270","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":20720,"text":"ofr8466 - 1984 - Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","indexId":"ofr8466","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"title":"Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":234,"text":"wsp2270 - 1985 - Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","indexId":"wsp2270","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-24T19:16:56.430592","indexId":"wsp2270","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2270","title":"Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985","docAbstract":"The University of Minnesota, the Minnesota Geological Survey, and the U.S. Geological Survey are studying the feasibility of storing water at a temperature of 150 degrees Celsius in the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer. The Aquifer Thermal-Energy Storage project has a doublet-well design with a well spacing of approximately 250 meters. One well will be used for cool-water supply, and, the other, for hot-water injection. The U.S. Geological Survey is constructing a model of ground-water flow and thermal-energy transport to aid in determining the efficiency of the Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage system. A preliminary model of radial flow and thermal-energy transport was constructed, based on hydraulic and thermal properties of the Franconia-Ironton-Galesville aquifer determined in previous studies. \r\n\r\nThe model was used to investigate the sensitivity of model results to various hydraulic and thermal properties and to study the potential for buoyancy flow within the aquifer and the effect of various cyclic injection-withdrawal schemes on the relative thermal efficiency of the aquifer. \r\n\r\nSensitivity analysis was performed assuming 8 days of injection of 150-degree-Celsius water at 18.9 liters per second, 8 days of storage, and 8 days of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 liters per second. The analysis indicates that, for practical ranges of hydraulic and thermal properties, rock-heat capacity is the least important property and thermal dispersivity is the most important property used to compute temperature and aquifer thermal efficiency. \r\n\r\nThe amount of buoyancy flow was examined for several values of hydraulic conductivity and ratios of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivities. For the assumed base values of hydraulic and thermal properties, buoyancy flow was negligible. The greatest simulated buoyancy flow resulted from simulations in which horizontal hydraulic conductivity was increased to 10 times the base value, and the vertical hydraulic conductivity was set equal to the horizontal hydraulic conductivity. \r\n\r\nThe effects of various injection-withdrawal rates and durations on computed values of aquifer relative thermal efficiency and final well-bore temperature were studied for five 1-year hypothetical test cycles of injection and withdrawal. The least efficient scheme was 8 months injection of 150-degree-Celsius water and 4 months of withdrawal of hot water at 18.9 liters per second. The most efficient scheme was obtained with 6 months of injection of 150-degree-Celsius water at 18.9 liters per second and 6 months of withdrawal of hot water at 37.8 liters per second. The hypothetical simulations indicate that the subsequent calibrated model of the doublet-well system will be a valuable tool in determining the most efficient system operation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2270","usgsCitation":"1985, Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences, 1985; May 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2270, v, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2270.","productDescription":"v, 119 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424719,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25565.htm","text":"Low-level radioactive ground-water contamination from a cold-scrap recovery operation, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25565"},{"id":402884,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25453.htm","text":"Three-dimensional simulation of free-surface aquifers by finite-element method","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25453"},{"id":424718,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25517.htm","text":"An electromagnetic method for delineating ground-water contamination, Wood River Junction, Rhode Island","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25517"},{"id":24844,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2270/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":136507,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2270/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e4e4b07f02db4bb4a5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Subitzky, Seymour","contributorId":99111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Subitzky","given":"Seymour","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":893052,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26335,"text":"wri854057 - 1985 - Analysis of water-level fluctuations of the U.S. Highway 90 retention pond, Madison, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-10T22:02:39.860735","indexId":"wri854057","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4057","title":"Analysis of water-level fluctuations of the U.S. Highway 90 retention pond, Madison, Florida","docAbstract":"A closed basin stormwater retention pond, located 1 mile west of Madison, Florida, has a maximum storage capacity of 134.1 acre-feet at the overtopping altitude of 100.2 feet. The maximum observed altitude (July 1982 to March 1984) was 99.52 feet (126.7 acre-feet) on March 28, 1984. This report provides a technique for simulating net monthly change-in-altitude in response to rainfall and evaporation. A regression equation was developed which relates net monthly change in altitude (dependent variable) to rainfall and evaporation (independent variables). Rainfall frequency curves were developed using a log-Pearson Type III distribution of the annual, January through April, June through August, and July monthly rainfall totals for the years 1908-72, 1974, 1976-82. The altitude of the retention pond increased almost 7 feet during the 4-month period January through April 1983. The rainfall total was 35.1 inches, and the recurrence interval exceeded the 100-year January-April rainfall.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854057","usgsCitation":"Bridges, W.C., 1985, Analysis of water-level fluctuations of the U.S. Highway 90 retention pond, Madison, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4057, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854057.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394154,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36237.htm"},{"id":55134,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4057/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4057/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.44,\n 30.45\n ],\n [\n -83.4080,\n 30.45\n ],\n [\n -83.4080,\n 30.476\n ],\n [\n -83.44,\n 30.476\n ],\n [\n -83.44,\n 30.45\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acee4b07f02db67f460","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bridges, W. C.","contributorId":73996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24584,"text":"ofr85566 - 1985 - Water resources activities in Michigan, 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:06","indexId":"ofr85566","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-566","title":"Water resources activities in Michigan, 1985","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Services Section, Western Distribution Branch,","doi":"10.3133/ofr85566","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Spicer, T., 1985, Water resources activities in Michigan, 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-566, viii, 65 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr85566.","productDescription":"viii, 65 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0566/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53626,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1985/0566/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f96c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spicer, T.J.","contributorId":34135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spicer","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26078,"text":"wri844305 - 1985 - Hydrology of the southern parts of Okaloosa and Walton Counties, northwest Florida, with special emphasis on the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-10T21:38:36.387139","indexId":"wri844305","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4305","title":"Hydrology of the southern parts of Okaloosa and Walton Counties, northwest Florida, with special emphasis on the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer","docAbstract":"Increasing population in southern Okaloosa and Walton Counties have resulted in regional declines in the potentiometric surface of the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer. Water levels have declined as much as 160 feet since 1940, and during peak seasonal demand as much as 190 feet. The Pensacola clay confining bed inhibits interchange of water between the Floridan aquifer and the surficial sand-and-gravel aquifer. The latter aquifer is of secondary importance as a public supply source. The Bucatunna clay confining bed separates the Floridan into upper and lower limestone units; the Floridan is underlain by the relatively impermeable Lisbon/Tallahatta confining unit. The Floridan aquifer dips south to the Gulf of Mexico, and is recharged by rainfall in northern Okaloosa and Walton Counties and in Alabama. The regional gradient of the potentiometric surface of the upper limestone, and presumably that of the lower limstone also, is south. Pumpage was variable in 1978; from 10.9 to 19.0 million gallons per day in January and June, respectively. Saline water in the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer is less than 10 milligrams per liter inland but may be more than 150 milligrams per liter along the coast. Lower limestone water may exceed 250 milligrams per liter chloride.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri844305","usgsCitation":"Barr, D.E., Hayes, L.R., and Kwader, T., 1985, Hydrology of the southern parts of Okaloosa and Walton Counties, northwest Florida, with special emphasis on the upper limestone of the Floridan aquifer: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4305, vi, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844305.","productDescription":"vi, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411671,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36146.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54850,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4305/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123434,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4305/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Okaloosa County, Walton County","otherGeospatial":"Florida aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.817,\n 30.417\n ],\n [\n -86.083,\n 30.417\n ],\n [\n -86.083,\n 30.717\n ],\n [\n -86.817,\n 30.717\n ],\n [\n -86.817,\n 30.417\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db667057","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barr, D. E.","contributorId":55469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, L. R.","contributorId":50931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kwader, Thomas","contributorId":9301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwader","given":"Thomas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26543,"text":"wri844289 - 1985 - The surficial aquifer in Pinellas County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri844289","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4289","title":"The surficial aquifer in Pinellas County, Florida","docAbstract":"The surficial aquifer in Pinellas County, Florida, contains potable water throughout most of the county and is a potential source of water to augment the public supply that is presently imported from adjacent counties. The county accounts for 38 percent of the public supply consumption of ground water in the 11-county area of west-central Florida and 68 percent of this water is imported from two adjacent counties. The surficial aquifer has a saturated thickness of more than 30 feet throughout most of the county. Specific capacity per foot of screen for wells is less than 0.1 gallon per minute per foot of drawdown in some parts of the county, but yield is sufficient in most of the county for many small uses with shallow-well pumps. Minimum potential yield varies from 5 gallons per minute in the northern part of the county to more than 30 gallons per minute in the south. Concentrations of iron are high enough in parts of the county to cause staining. Chloride concentrations are less than 100 milligrams per liter in most of the county and do not pose a problem for many uses. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844289","usgsCitation":"Causseaux, K., 1985, The surficial aquifer in Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4289, iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844289.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4289/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55408,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4289/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6354b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Causseaux, K.W.","contributorId":7306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Causseaux","given":"K.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26511,"text":"wri854003 - 1985 - Transit losses and traveltimes for reservoir releases during drought conditions along the Neosho River from Council Grove Lake to Iola, east-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-02T21:23:29.205216","indexId":"wri854003","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4003","title":"Transit losses and traveltimes for reservoir releases during drought conditions along the Neosho River from Council Grove Lake to Iola, east-central Kansas","docAbstract":"Knowledge of the transit losses and water-wave traveltimes in the Neosho River for varying reservoir-release volumes and durations is necessary for proper management of water supply. Two reaches were studied along the Neosho River in east-central Kansas. The upper reach is from Council Grove Lake to John Redmond Reservoir, a distance of 83.0 river miles. The lower reach is from John Redmond Reservoir to Iola, Kansas, a distance of 56.3 river miles. Channel and aquifer characteristics were estimated from available data and used in a streamflow routing model. These estimated characteristics were verified using the model by comparing simulated reservoir releases to observed reservoir releases. The verified model then was used to simulate transit losses (or gains) and traveltimes for selected reservoir release volumes and durations from Council Grove Lake to Iola. Transit losses and traveltimes were investigated for the selected reservoir releases while under a severe drought antecedent streamflow condition (zero base flow) and a less severe drought antecedent streamflow condition (2% drought base flows). The largest total transit loss from Council Grove Lake to Iola occurred during the severe drought antecedent streamflow condition, small reservoir release rates, and long reservoir release durations. The total transit loss included water that was temporarily lost to bank storage. For a severe drought condition, transit losses ranged from 1,100 acre-ft for a release volume of 1,840 acre-ft for a duration of 50 days to 6 ,280 acre-ft for a release volume of 6,280 acre-ft for a duration of 365 days. For a less severe drought condition, transit losses ranged from 860 acre-ft to 3,234 acre-ft for the same release volumes and durations as for the severe drought condition. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854003","usgsCitation":"Carswell, W., and Hart, R.J., 1985, Transit losses and traveltimes for reservoir releases during drought conditions along the Neosho River from Council Grove Lake to Iola, east-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4003, vi, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854003.","productDescription":"vi, 40 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391291,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36202.htm"},{"id":55381,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4003/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","city":"Iola","otherGeospatial":"Council Grove Lake, Neosho River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.5,\n 37.829\n ],\n [\n -95.383,\n 37.829\n ],\n [\n -95.383,\n 38.705\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 38.705\n ],\n [\n -96.5,\n 37.829\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f5e4b07f02db5f0b38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, W. J.","contributorId":71213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, R. J.","contributorId":62607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26498,"text":"wri854345 - 1985 - Cost-effectiveness of the Federal stream-gaging program in Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri854345","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4345","title":"Cost-effectiveness of the Federal stream-gaging program in Virginia","docAbstract":"Data uses and funding sources were identified for the 77 continuous stream gages currently being operated in Virginia by the U.S. Geological Survey with a budget of $446,000. Two stream gages were identified as not being used sufficiently to warrant continuing their operation. Operation of these stations should be considered for discontinuation. Data collected at two other stations were identified as having uses primarily related to short-term studies; these stations should also be considered for discontinuation at the end of the data collection phases of the studies. The remaining 73 stations should be kept in the program for the foreseeable future. The current policy for operation of the 77-station program requires a budget of $446,000/yr. The average standard error of estimation of streamflow records is 10.1%. It was shown that this overall level of accuracy at the 77 sites could be maintained with a budget of $430,500 if resources were redistributed among the gages. A minimum budget of $428,500 is required to operate the 77-gage program; a smaller budget would not permit proper service and maintenance of the gages and recorders. At the minimum budget, with optimized operation, the average standard error would be 10.4%. The maximum budget analyzed was $650,000, which resulted in an average standard error of 5.5%. The study indicates that a major component of error is caused by lost or missing data. If perfect equipment were available, the standard error for the current program and budget could be reduced to 7.6%. This also can be interpreted to mean that the streamflow data have a standard error of this magnitude during times when the equipment is operating properly. (Author 's abstract)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854345","usgsCitation":"Carpenter, D., 1985, Cost-effectiveness of the Federal stream-gaging program in Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4345, vii, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854345.","productDescription":"vii, 72 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4345/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55321,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4345/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fbaef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carpenter, D.H.","contributorId":34551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26475,"text":"wri854206 - 1985 - Effects of potential surface coal mining on dissolved solids in Otter Creek and in the Otter Creek alluvial aquifer, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri854206","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4206","title":"Effects of potential surface coal mining on dissolved solids in Otter Creek and in the Otter Creek alluvial aquifer, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"Otter Creek drains an area of 709 square miles in the coal-rich Powder River structural basin of southeastern Montana. The Knobloch coal beds in the Tongue River Member of the Paleocene Fort Union Formation is a shallow aquifer and a target for future surface mining in the downstream part of the Otter Creek basin. A mass-balance model was used to estimate the effects of potential mining on the dissolved solids concentration in Otter Creek and in the alluvial aquifer in the Otter Creek valley. With extensive mining of the Knobloch coal beds, the annual load of dissolved solids to Otter Creek at Ashland at median streamflow could increase by 2,873 tons, or a 32-percent increase compared to the annual pre-mining load. Increased monthly loads of Otter Creek, at the median streamflow, could range from 15 percent in February to 208 percent in August. The post-mining dissolved solids load to the subirrigated part of the alluvial valley could increase by 71 percent. The median dissolved solids concentration in the subirrigated part of the valley could be 4,430 milligrams per liter, compared to the pre-mining median concentration of 2,590 milligrams per liter. Post-mining loads from the potentially mined landscape were calculated using saturated-paste-extract data from 506 overburdened samples collected from 26 wells and test holes. Post-mining loads to the Otter Creek valley likely would continue at increased rates for hundreds of years after mining. If the actual area of Knobloch coal disturbed by mining were less than that used in the model, post-mining loads to the Otter Creek valley would be proportionally smaller. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854206","usgsCitation":"Cannon, M.R., 1985, Effects of potential surface coal mining on dissolved solids in Otter Creek and in the Otter Creek alluvial aquifer, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4206, v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854206.","productDescription":"v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123873,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4206/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55294,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4206/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55295,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4206/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55296,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611a14","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, M. R.","contributorId":99140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26462,"text":"wri844273 - 1985 - Quality of the Arkansas River and irrigation-return flows in the lower Arkansas River Valley, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:32","indexId":"wri844273","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4273","title":"Quality of the Arkansas River and irrigation-return flows in the lower Arkansas River Valley, Colorado","docAbstract":"Irrigation-return flows in the lower Arkansas River valley of Colorado were investigated using one-time data at 59 sites, monthly data at 4 sites, and intensive data in a small irrigated area. Specific conductance of return flows increased downstream, paralleling specific conductance of irrigation water. During July 1977, Arkansas River streamflow below Manzanola was mostly irrigation-return flow. A similar situation existed during periods of little precipitation in the early and late irrigation seasons during 1974 to 1978. Irrigation-return flows had a large effect on Arkansas River water quality during these times. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844273","usgsCitation":"Cain, D., 1985, Quality of the Arkansas River and irrigation-return flows in the lower Arkansas River Valley, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4273, vi, 85 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844273.","productDescription":"vi, 85 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158387,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4273/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55282,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4273/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55283,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4273/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8be4b07f02db651822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cain, Doug","contributorId":101655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cain","given":"Doug","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26460,"text":"wri854168 - 1985 - Documentation of a Regional Aquifer Simulation Model, RAQSIM, and a description of support programs applied in the Twin Platte-Middle Republican Study Area, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T20:42:18.57282","indexId":"wri854168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4168","title":"Documentation of a Regional Aquifer Simulation Model, RAQSIM, and a description of support programs applied in the Twin Platte-Middle Republican Study Area, Nebraska","docAbstract":"RAQSIM, a generalized flow model of a groundwater system using finite-element methods, is documented to explain how it works and to demonstrate that it gives valid results. Three support programs that are used to compute recharge and discharge data required as input to RAQSIM are described. RAQSIM was developed to solve transient, two-dimensional, regional groundwater flow problems with isotropic or anisotropic conductance. The model can also simulate radially-symmetric flow to a well and steady-state flow. The mathematical basis, program structure, data input and output procedures, organization of data sets, and program features and options of RAQSIM are discussed. An example , containing listings of data and results and illustrating RAQSIM 's capabilities, is discussed in detail. Two test problems also are discussed comparing RAQSIM 's results with analytical procedures. The first support program described, the PET Program, uses solar radiation and other climatic data in the Jensen-Haise method to compute potential evapotranspiration. The second support program, the Soil-Water Program, uses output from the PET Program, soil characteristics, and the ratio of potential to actual evapotranspiration for each crop to compute infiltration, storage, and removal of water from the soil zone. The third program, the Recharge-Discharge Program, uses output from the Soil-Water Program together with other data to compute recharge and discharge from the groundwater flow system. For each support program, a program listing and examples of the data and results for the Twin Platte-Middle Republican study are provided. In addition, a brief discussion on how each program operates and on procedures for running and modifying these programs are presented. (Author 's abstract)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854168","usgsCitation":"Cady, R.E., and Peckenpaugh, J.M., 1985, Documentation of a Regional Aquifer Simulation Model, RAQSIM, and a description of support programs applied in the Twin Platte-Middle Republican Study Area, Nebraska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4168, vi, 239 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854168.","productDescription":"vi, 239 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395180,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_49205.htm"},{"id":55280,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4168/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Twin Platte - Middle Republican study area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.25,\n 40.1333\n ],\n [\n -99.6667,\n 40.1333\n ],\n [\n -99.6667,\n 41.1667\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 41.1667\n ],\n [\n -101.25,\n 40.1333\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6363da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cady, R. E.","contributorId":103324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cady","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peckenpaugh, J. M.","contributorId":69559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peckenpaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25855,"text":"wri844333 - 1985 - Water-resources appraisal of the Camp Swift lignite area, central Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-10T10:13:28","indexId":"wri844333","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4333","title":"Water-resources appraisal of the Camp Swift lignite area, central Texas","docAbstract":"The Camp Swift lignite area was studied to describe the hydrogeology and to provide baseline data of the ground-water and surface-water resources that could be affected by the strip mining of lignite. The investigation was centered on the 18-square mile Camp Swift Military Reservation where a reported 80 to 100 million short tons of commercially mineable lignite occurs within 200 feet of the land surface.
\nMonthly ground-water levels from a network of 22 wells showed that water levels in wells in the Hooper, Simsboro, and Calvert Bluff Formations of the Wilcox Group had slight and generally insignificant waterlevel changes from May 1980 to May 1981. The water quality in the Calvert Bluff Formation, which contains the lignite, and in the Simsboro Formation, which is the major aquifer beneath the Calvert Bluff, generally is satisfactory for most uses. Hydraulic pressures in the Calvert Bluff are greater than in the Simsboro, and this pressure differential results in the potential for downward movement of water from the Calvert Bluff to the Simsboro. However, confining beds of lignite, clay, silt, and other fine-grained material at and near the base of the Calvert Bluff greatly retard this interformational movement of water but do not totally prevent downward leakage.
\nData were collected from four streamflow stations and five automated rain gages to appraise the quantity and quality of the surface-water resources. Big Sandy Creek, which crosses Camp Swift, generally has a base flow of less than 0.5 cubic feet per second and infrequently is dry. Dogwood Creek, which originates on Camp Swift, normally is dry. The flow of both streams changes rapidly in response to rainfall in the watersheds. The quality of the water in both streams generally is suitable for most uses, but varies significantly in response to variations in discharge and related factors.
\nAlithologic examination of 255 feet of cored section that represents the overburden and the included lignite showed cyclic layering of fine sand, silt, clay, and lignite. Chemical analyses of the core were performed to determine the contents of major inorganic and trace constituents. These analyses indicate that the content of pyritic sulfur generally is small but variable.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri844333","usgsCitation":"Gaylord, J., Slade, R., Ruiz, L., Welborn, C., and Baker, E., 1985, Water-resources appraisal of the Camp Swift lignite area, central Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4333, v, 164 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844333.","productDescription":"v, 164 p.","numberOfPages":"169","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4333/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54601,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4333/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4fba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaylord, J.L.","contributorId":46520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaylord","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, R.M.","contributorId":84364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruiz, L.M.","contributorId":93925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruiz","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Welborn, C.T.","contributorId":89537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welborn","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baker, E.T.","contributorId":11584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26455,"text":"wri844240 - 1985 - Estimating average base flow at low-flow partial-record stations on the south shore of Long Island, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-22T14:39:07","indexId":"wri844240","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4240","title":"Estimating average base flow at low-flow partial-record stations on the south shore of Long Island, New York","docAbstract":"Base flows of the 29 major streams in southeast Nassau and southwest Suffolk Counties, New York, were statistically analyzed to discern the correlation among flows of adjacent streams. Concurrent base-flow data from a partial-record and a nearby continuous-record station were related; the data were from 1968-75, a period near hydrologic equilibrium on Long Island. The average base flow at each partial-record station was estimated from a regression equation and average measured base flow for the period at the continuous-record stations. Regression analyses are presented for the 20 streams with partial-record stations. Average base flow of the nine streams with a continuous record totaled 90 cu ft/sec; the predicted average base flow for the 20 streams with a partial record was 73 cu ft/sec (with a 95% confidence interval of 63 to 84 cu ft/sec.) Results indicate that this method provides reliable estimates of average low flow for streams such as those on Long Island, which consist mostly of base flow and are geomorphically similar. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri844240","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H., 1985, Estimating average base flow at low-flow partial-record stations on the south shore of Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4240, iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844240.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_84_4240.jpg"},{"id":266237,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4240/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc9bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, H. T.","contributorId":67873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26454,"text":"wri834209 - 1985 - Effects of sanitary sewers on ground-water levels and streams in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, New York; part 2: Development and application of southwest Suffolk County model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T21:27:58.632054","indexId":"wri834209","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"83-4209","title":"Effects of sanitary sewers on ground-water levels and streams in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, New York; part 2: Development and application of southwest Suffolk County model","docAbstract":"By 1990, sanitary sewers in Nassau County Sewage Disposal Districts 2 and 3 and Suffolk County Southwest Sewer District will discharge to the ocean 140 cu ft of water/sec that would otherwise be returned to the groundwater system through septic tanks and similar systems. To evaluate the effects of this loss on groundwater levels and streamflow, the U.S. Geological Survey developed a groundwater flow model that couples a fine-scale subregional model to a regional model of larger scale. The regional model generates flux boundary conditions for the subregional model, and the subregional model provides detail in the area of concern. Results indicate that the water table will decline by as much as 8 ft along the Suffolk-Nassau county line, with effects decreasing eastward. Base flow is predicted to decrease by as much as 73% in a stream along the county line, but this effect will decrease to zero just east of the sewered area. This report is one of a series describing the predicted hydrologic effects of sewers in southern Nassau and southwest Suffolk Counties. (USGS)","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri834209","usgsCitation":"Buxton, H., and Reilly, T.E., 1985, Effects of sanitary sewers on ground-water levels and streams in Nassau and Suffolk Counties, New York; part 2: Development and application of southwest Suffolk County model: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4209, vi, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri834209.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393884,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_35852.htm"},{"id":55275,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118719,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1983/4209/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","county":"Nassau County, Suffolk County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.43742370605467,\n 40.69001034095325\n ],\n [\n -73.06388854980469,\n 40.69001034095325\n ],\n [\n -73.06388854980469,\n 40.84030757074791\n ],\n [\n -73.43742370605467,\n 40.84030757074791\n ],\n [\n -73.43742370605467,\n 40.69001034095325\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611ad7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buxton, H. T.","contributorId":67873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"H. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26442,"text":"wri854078 - 1985 - Discharge and water quality of springs in Roan and Parachute Creek basins, northwestern Colorado, 1981-83","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T20:11:30.203403","indexId":"wri854078","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4078","title":"Discharge and water quality of springs in Roan and Parachute Creek basins, northwestern Colorado, 1981-83","docAbstract":"This report is a compilation and interpretation of discharge, water-quality, and radiochemical data collected at springs in the oil-shale regions of Roan and Parachute Creek basins, Colorado, from 1981 to 1983. Springs located on upland plateaus and ridges are mixed-cation bicarbonate water types with 216 to 713 milligrams per liter dissolved solids. Calcite and dolomite dissolution are dominant chemical reactions in upland springs. Springs located in the canyons contain greater concentrations of sodium and sulfate and have 388 to 3,970 milligrams per liter dissolved solids. Gypsum dissolution is an important chemical reaction in canyon spring water. The only trace constituents with mean concentration greater than 10 micrograms per liter in the study area were barium, boron, lithium and strontium. None of the canyon springs investigated represent discharge from the lower aquifer in the Green River Formation. Analysis of chemical and discharge data for streams in the Roan Creek drainage showed evidence of lower-aquifer discharge into the canyons. Springs located near an oil-shale mine or processing plant could be used for monitoring groundwater quality and quantity. Bicarbonate, fluoride, arsenic, boron, lithium, mercury, ammonia, and organic carbon may be chemical indicators of mine or process-water contamination of shallow aquifers near an oil-shale plant or mine.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854078","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., 1985, Discharge and water quality of springs in Roan and Parachute Creek basins, northwestern Colorado, 1981-83: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4078, Report: v, 145 p.; 1 Plate: 30.03 x 21.15 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854078.","productDescription":"Report: v, 145 p.; 1 Plate: 30.03 x 21.15 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110166,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36253.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"36253"},{"id":55264,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55263,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4078/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4078/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Roan and Parachute Creek basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.875,\n 39.7\n ],\n [\n -107.875,\n 39.307\n ],\n [\n -108.674,\n 39.307\n ],\n [\n -108.674,\n 39.7\n ],\n [\n -107.875,\n 39.7\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ab60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, D. 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a80aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reddy, M.M.","contributorId":24363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Werner, Marilyn","contributorId":17642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Marilyn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25413,"text":"wri844314 - 1985 - Chemical and isotopic characteristics of brines from three oil- and gas-producing sandstones in eastern Ohio, with applications to the geochemical tracing of brine sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-14T21:24:14.271237","indexId":"wri844314","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4314","title":"Chemical and isotopic characteristics of brines from three oil- and gas-producing sandstones in eastern Ohio, with applications to the geochemical tracing of brine sources","docAbstract":"Chemical and isotopic characteristics of selected inorganic constituents are reported for brines from the Berea Sandstone of Mississippian age, the Clinton sandstone, Albion Sandstone of Silurian age, and the Rose Run formation of Cambrian and Ordovician age in 24 counties in eastern Ohio. Ionic concentrations of dissolved constituents in brines from these formations generally fall in the following ranges (in millimoles per kilogram of brine): Na, Cl > 1,000; 100 < Ca, Mg < 1,000; 1 < K, Br, Sr, Li, Fe, SO4 < 100; Mn, Zn, Al, I, HCO3, SiO2 < 1. Mean ionic concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, K, SO4 and Br, and mean values of density and dissolved solids are significantly different at the 95-percent confidence level in each formation. Only potassium has a unique concentration range in each formation. Selected concentration ratios are identified as potential indicators for geochemical tracing of brines having some history of dilution. The k:Na ratios work best for identifying the source formation of an unidentified brine. Isotopic characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen indicate a meteoric origin for the water matrix of the brines. Sulfur isotopes may have utility for differentiating brines from oxidizing ground water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri844314","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas","usgsCitation":"Breen, K.J., Angelo, C.G., Masters, R.W., and Sedam, A.C., 1985, Chemical and isotopic characteristics of brines from three oil- and gas-producing sandstones in eastern Ohio, with applications to the geochemical tracing of brine sources (Version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4314, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844314.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395945,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36155.htm"},{"id":277993,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4314/"},{"id":123971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4314/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.083,\n 38.667\n ],\n [\n -80.517,\n 38.667\n ],\n [\n -80.517,\n 41.978\n ],\n [\n -83.083,\n 41.978\n ],\n [\n -83.083,\n 38.667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e4858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breen, K. J.","contributorId":44176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Angelo, Clifford G.","contributorId":48596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angelo","given":"Clifford","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masters, Robert W.","contributorId":32195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sedam, Alan C.","contributorId":9300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sedam","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26418,"text":"wri854264 - 1985 - Selected hydrographs and statistical analyses characterizing the water resources of the Arkansas River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri854264","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4264","title":"Selected hydrographs and statistical analyses characterizing the water resources of the Arkansas River basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"Hydrographs of annual precipitation from 30 stations, April 1 snowpack readings from 18 snow-survey courses, annual discharge from 46 streamflow gaging stations, and instantaneous water levels from 37 wells are presented to illustrate the temporal and spatial variability of the water resources of the Arkansas River basin in Colorado. Statistical analyses indicate no apparent time trends in annual precipitation or April 1 snowpack , but they do indicate declines in annual discharge for locations in the eastern part of the basin. A composite hydrograph indicates a negligible change in groundwater levels between 1930 and 1980 in the alluvial aquifer downstream from Pueblo. Generally poor correlation occurs between precipitation data and snowpack data (less than 0.40 for monthly data and less than 0.61 for annual data). In addition, precipitation data did not correlate very well with discharge (less than 0.57 for monthly data), leading to the conclusion that the typical streamflow conditions are affected little by direct precipitation. Main-stem discharge correlates quite well with snow-pack (as much as 0.85 for annual data), indicating its dependence on snowmelt runoff. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854264","usgsCitation":"Burns, A., 1985, Selected hydrographs and statistical analyses characterizing the water resources of the Arkansas River basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4264, xii, 199 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854264.","productDescription":"xii, 199 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4264/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55213,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4264/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e485d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, A.W.","contributorId":65498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26417,"text":"wri854014 - 1985 - Hydrologic description of the Tamarack Wildlife area and vicinity, Logan County, Colorado, and simulated effects of possible water-management activities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri854014","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4014","title":"Hydrologic description of the Tamarack Wildlife area and vicinity, Logan County, Colorado, and simulated effects of possible water-management activities","docAbstract":"The stream-aquifer system of the Tamarack Wildlife Area and vicinity in Logan County, Colorado, is described using analyses of water level, water temperature, and specific conductance data. Correlation analysis indicated that water levels in the flood plain relate better to those in the river than those in the upgradient valley meadow. Water table surfaces showed that water moves parallel to the river with a small gradient toward the river. Water temperature data for the river had a large annual fluctuation. The temperature of well water from 0 feet below land surface had no fluctuation. The temperature of sloughs and shallow groundwater had intermediate fluctuations. Specific conductance data ranged from 264 microsiemens/cm at 25 C in sandhill wells to 1,540 microsiemens in the river. A groundwater flow model and simplified slough-temperature model showed that additional groundwater pumpage or lower river stage caused by upstream diversions would decrease groundwater inflow to the slough, with a corresponding water temperature decrease. A simulated artificial recharge project would increase groundwater inflow to the slough and increase water temperature in the slough. The simulation of a plan to pump groundwater to create wildlife-habitat ponds indicated that this would cause stream depletions each month, except during the nonpumping period, June through August. (USGS)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854014","usgsCitation":"Burns, A., 1985, Hydrologic description of the Tamarack Wildlife area and vicinity, Logan County, Colorado, and simulated effects of possible water-management activities: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4014, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854014.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4014/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55211,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4014/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4014/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607059","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, A.W.","contributorId":65498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26412,"text":"wri854200 - 1985 - Simulation of the effects of management alternatives on the stream-aquifer system, South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri854200","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4200","title":"Simulation of the effects of management alternatives on the stream-aquifer system, South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas","docAbstract":"With extensive irrigation use of both surface water and groundwater in the South Fork Solomon River valley shortages of these water supplies have been created. A two-dimensional digital model of transient groundwater flow was applied to investigate the potential effects on the stream aquifer system of seven management alternatives. These alternatives included proposals to conserve surface water supplies by lining the Osborne Irrigation Canal with clay, replacing the lateral canals with pipe, removing phreatophytes, decreasing surface water use by 75%, 50%, or 25% and replacing it with groundwater sources, and continuing 1978 groundwater use and 1970-78 average surface water use until the end of the 20th century. Results were assessed by comparison of drawdowns of hydraulic head in the alluvial aquifer and base flow for each simulation. As listed in order of the smallest to the greatest potential effects on the system relative to drawdown and base flow the alternatives are: (1) removal of one-half of the phreatophytes; (2) continuation of 1978 groundwater withdrawals and average 1970-78 surface water supply; (3) replacement of the lateral canals with pipe; (4) lining the Osborne Irrigation Canal with clay; (5) decrease of surface water use by 25% and replacement of it with groundwater; (6) decrease of surface water use by 50% and replacement of it with groundwater; and (7) decrease of surface water use by 75% and replacement of it with groundwater. The removal of one-half of the phreatophytes would result in a decrease in average drawdown in the alluvial aquifer to about 1.74 ft and an increase in base flow of the Solomon River to about 12.3 cu ft/sec. The decrease of surface water supply by 75 % and a corresponding increase in groundwater withdrawal would result in an increase in drawdown in the aquifer to about 2.5 ft and a decrease in base flow to about 6.8 cu ft/sec. (Lantz-PTT)","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wri854200","usgsCitation":"Burnett, R., and Reed, T., 1985, Simulation of the effects of management alternatives on the stream-aquifer system, South Fork Solomon River Valley between Webster Reservoir and Waconda Lake, north-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4200, iv, 19 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854200.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55206,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4200/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1e7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnett, R.D.","contributorId":54609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnett","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, T.B.","contributorId":56658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25807,"text":"wri854126 - 1985 - Types, features, and occurrence of sinkholes in the karst of west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-04T21:10:48.510868","indexId":"wri854126","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"85-4126","title":"Types, features, and occurrence of sinkholes in the karst of west-central Florida","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri854126","usgsCitation":"Sinclair, W., Stewart, J.W., Knutilla, R., Gilboy, A.E., and Miller, R.L., 1985, Types, features, and occurrence of sinkholes in the karst of west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4126, vi, 81 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri854126.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391401,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36290.htm"},{"id":158407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54558,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1985/4126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.95,\n 26.767\n ],\n [\n -81.25,\n 26.767\n ],\n [\n -81.25,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -82.95,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -82.95,\n 26.767\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db6236b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sinclair, W. C.","contributorId":65855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"W. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, J. W.","contributorId":72774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knutilla, R. L.","contributorId":65451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutilla","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gilboy, A. E.","contributorId":34173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilboy","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, R. 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These sites include a U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Bench-Mark site, Falling Creek near Juliette, and four periodic water-quality monitoring sites. Comparison of raw data trends with streamflow-residual trends and, where applicable, with chemical-discharge trends (instantaneous fluxes) shws that some of these trends are responses to factors other than changing streamflow. Percentages of forested, agricultural, and urban cover with each basin did not change much during the periods of water-quality record, and therefore these non-flow-related trends are not obviously related to changes in land cover or land use. Flow-residual water-quality trends at the Hydrologic Bench-Mark site and at the Chattooga River site probably indicate basin reponses to changes in the chemical quality of atmospheric deposition. These two basins are predominantly forested and have received little recent human use. Observed trends at the other three sites probably indicate basin responses to various land uses and water uses associated with agricultural and urban land or to changes in specific uses. 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d7c6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buell, G. R.","contributorId":57103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buell","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grams, S.C.","contributorId":31432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grams","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25508,"text":"wri844145 - 1985 - Fishery survey and related limnological conditions of Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:36:14","indexId":"wri844145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"84-4145","title":"Fishery survey and related limnological conditions of Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), yellow perch (Perca flavescens) rock bass (Amploplites rupestris), black crappie (Pomozis nigromaculatus), and northern pike (Esox lucius) were found in Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota, during a fishery survey of the lake in late August 1982. The most abundant fish were the bluegills. These fish live in the large littoral zone of the lake; this zone underlies 55% of the surface area of the lake. The most ubiquitous benthic invertebrate in the littoral zone (amphipods) and the most abundant benthic invertebrate (chironomid larvae) were major food sources for the bluegill. Other organisms found in the stomach contents of fish collected in this survey were zooplankton, gastropods, Diptera larvae, odonates, terrestrial insects, and other fish. Daphnia were the only zooplankters of a diverse plankton community that were found in stomach contents. The abundance of fish other than bluegill was typical for a system in which northern pike is the major predator.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lakewood, CO","doi":"10.3133/wri844145","usgsCitation":"Taylor, W., LaBaugh, J.W., Freeberg, M., and Dowling, D., 1985, Fishery survey and related limnological conditions of Williams Lake, Hubbard County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4145, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri844145.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4145/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54225,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1984/4145/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Hubbard County","otherGeospatial":"Williams Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-95.1817,47.4124],[-94.6911,47.4106],[-94.6711,47.4103],[-94.6708,47.3225],[-94.6628,47.3221],[-94.6624,47.1498],[-94.6623,47.1429],[-94.664,46.9771],[-94.6554,46.9772],[-94.6597,46.8041],[-94.7856,46.8058],[-94.8752,46.8063],[-95.1643,46.8072],[-95.1646,46.9789],[-95.1713,46.9788],[-95.1724,47.049],[-95.1696,47.1496],[-95.1694,47.3238],[-95.1827,47.3241],[-95.1817,47.4124]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hubbard\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5ef339","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, W.W.","contributorId":61002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBaugh, J. W.","contributorId":23484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freeberg, M.H.","contributorId":71209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeberg","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dowling, D.C.","contributorId":84796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowling","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}