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Thirty-eight hydrothermal minerals were identified from 356 drill-core specimens that were obtained from three Scientific Observation Holes (SOH-1, SOH-2, and SOH-4) drilled along the lower East Rift Zone (ERZ) of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. The minerals formed during alteration of basaltic rocks and glass by hot, circulating, waters in aquifers consisting of variable mixtures of meteoric water and sea water. Several zeolites, hydrated calcium silicates, carbonates, clays, silicates, sulfates, sulfides, and other minerals were found filling open spaces of vesicles, fractures, and between breccia fragments of the recovered drill core; many specimens that originally consisted of glass are completely altered to some of these minerals, especially clays. Several hydrothermal minerals (erionite, mordenite, truscottite, smectite, chlorite-smectite, chalcedony, anhydrite, and hematite), occur in the SOH drill holes at higher measured temperatures than the same minerals are found in geothermal drill holes of Iceland or other geothermal areas, suggesting that temperatures within the ERZ geothermal system have increased since the minerals formed. Fluid-inclusion freezing data for quartz, anhydrite, and calcite from the three SOH holes show that composition of the inclusion fluids ranges from dilute meteoric water to highly modified sea water concentrated by boiling. Comparison of measured drill-hole temperatures with fluid-inclusion homogenization-temperature data indicates that only about 15% of the fluid inclusions could have formed under the present thermal conditions. The majority of fluid inclusions studied apparently formed during one or more temperature fluctuations associated with the emplacement of nearby dikes and their subsequent cooling.

Bacteria-like particles at 1734.6 m depth in SOH-4 could be very significant because the particles occurred at much hotter temperatures (about 265°C) than the generally accepted 110°C limit for survival of bacteria. The presence of Cl in the particles suggests that they might have lived in a saline environment and did not result from contamination by the fresh water drilling fluids. We reccomend that future drilling and subsequent handling of drill hole specimens in the ERZ and elsewhere employ controls to minimize and(or) recognize bacterial contamination.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9610","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., Keith, T.E., Trusdell, F., Evans, S., and Sykes, M., 1996, Hydrothermal alteration mineralogy of SOH drill holes, Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-10, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9610.","productDescription":"75 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51370,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0010/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0010/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Evans, S.R.","contributorId":83954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sykes, M.L.","contributorId":47394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":33154,"text":"b2139 - 1995 - The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-24T20:48:41.796779","indexId":"b2139","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2139","title":"The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2139","usgsCitation":"1995, The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2139, 220 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2139.","productDescription":"220 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407475,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22483.htm","text":"Lahars from the 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":60972,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2139/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":163478,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":481183,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22485.htm","text":"Pyroclastic flows of the 1992 Crater Peak eruptions: distribution and origin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481184,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22486.htm","text":"The 1992 eruptions of Crater Peak vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: chronology and summary","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":481185,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22487.htm","text":"Whole-rock major- and trace-element chemistry of 1992 ejecta from Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Mount Spurr","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.25,\n 61.2\n ],\n [\n -152.167,\n 61.2\n ],\n [\n -152.167,\n 61.272\n ],\n [\n -152.25,\n 61.272\n ],\n [\n -152.25,\n 61.2\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","tableOfContents":"
  1. The 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak Vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: Chronology and Summary By John C. Eichelberger, Terry E.G. Keith, Thomas P. Miller, and Christopher J. Nye
  2. Real-time C-band Radar Observations of 1992 Eruption Clouds from Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By William I. Rose, Alexander B. Kostinski, and Lee Kelley
  3. Tracking of 1992 Eruption Clouds from Crater Peak Vent of Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska, Using AVHRR By David J. Schneider, William I. Rose, and Lee Kelley
  4. Explosive Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide from the 1992 Crater Peak Eruptions, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Gregg J.S. Bluth, Courtney J. Scott, lan E. Sprod, Charles C. Schnetzler, Arlin J. Krueger, and Louis S. Walter
  5. Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbing During the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Michael P. Doukas and Terrence M. Gerlach
  6. Chemistry of Crater Lake Waters Prior to the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Terry E.G. Keith, J. Michael Thompson, and Robert G. McGimsey
  7. Tephra-fall Deposits from the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: A Preliminary Report on Distribution, Stratigraphy, and Composition By Christina A. Neal, Robert G. McGimsey, Cynthia A. Gardner, Michelle L. Harbin, and Christopher J. Nye
  8. Pyroclastic Flows of the 1992 Crater Peak Eruptions: Distribution and Origin By Thomas P. Miller, Christina A. Neal, and Richard B. Waitt
  9. Ballistic Showers During Crater Peak Eruptions of Mount Spurr Volcano, Summer 1992 By Richard B. Waitt, Larry G. Mastin, and Thomas P. Miller
  10. Hybrid Wet Flows Formed by Hot Pyroclasts Interacting with Snow During the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska 7By Richard B. Waitt
  11. Whole-rock Major- and Trace-element Chemistry of 1992 Ejecta from Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Christoper J. Nye, Michelle L. Harbin, Thomas P. Miller, Samuel E. Swanson, and Christina A. Neal
  12. Use of Volcanic Glass from Ash as a Monitoring Tool: An Example from the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Samuel E. Swanson, Michelle L. Harbin, and James R. Riehle
  13. Preliminary Petrology and Chemistry of Proximal Eruptive Products: 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Michelle L. Harbin, Samuel E. Swanson, Christoper J. Nye, and Thomas P. Miller
  14. Seismicity and Forecasting of the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak Vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska: An Overview By John A. Power, Arthur D. Jolly, Robert A. Page, and Stephen R. McNutt
  15. Preliminary Analyses of Volcanic Tremor Associated with 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Stephen R. McNutt, Guy C. Tytgat, and John A. Power
  16. Lightning Associated with the August 18, 1992, Eruption of Crater Peak Vent, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By John F. Paskievitch, Thomas L. Murray, Richard P. Hoblitt, and Christina A. Neal
  17. Lahars from the 1992 Eruptions of Crater Peak, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By David F. Meyer and Dennis C. Trabant
  18. June 29, 1993, Outburst Flood from Kidazgeni Glacier, Mount Spurr Volcano, Alaska By Christopher J. Nye, William R. Hammond, Guy C. Tytgat, and Joseph M. Dorava
  19. Effects of the 1992 Crater Peak Eruptions on Airports and Aviation Operations in the United States and Canada By Thomas J. Casadevall and M. Dennis
","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6835f5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693062,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19609,"text":"ofr9547 - 1995 - Geochemical data of fumarolically altered rocks, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T12:54:41","indexId":"ofr9547","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-47","title":"Geochemical data of fumarolically altered rocks, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Samples from a fossil fumarole originating in the 1912 ash-flow tuffin the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes have been analyzed to ascertain chemical changes resulting from high-temperature fumarolic alteration and subsequent cooling and weathering of the protolith. Samples of the underlying, dominantly leached, dacite-rich portion of the ash-flow tuff adjacent to the fumarolic conduit and samples of encrusted fallout from the shallow part of the fossil fumarole were interpreted using the isocon method of Grant (1986). The results show that, relative to unaltered l9l2 dacite, chosen as a standard composition for the protolith in this fossil fumarole, mass was conserved during the alteration reactions for most of the system, but mass gains of l4–2D% were determined for three samples in the leached ash-flow tuff Relative to unaltered dacite protolith, significant enrichments occurred in SO3, LOI (~H2O), Cl, F, Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn, Cr, Ni, As, Sb, Au, Br in various parts of the fossil fumarole. Some of these were during the high-temperature part of the alteration, and some were during cooling processes when acid alteration becomes prominent. The REEs indicate some depletion in highly altered samples relative to dacite protolith and differential mobility of Eu2+ relative to trivalent REEs. This is manifested by positive Eu anomalies in REE patterns normalized against REE in the dacite protolith.

Mineral phases introduced in the alteration assemblages include alunite reflecting high SO3, activity, hydrated aluminum hydroxy-fluoride (a ralstonite-like phase) and fluorite reflecting high F activity, smectite, magnetite, hematite, and goethite reflecting oxidation and hydration reactions. Opal and a portion of the α-cristobalite reflect SiO2, mobility; however, the abundance of α-cristobalite is formed from pumice leached during high-temperature vapor-phase processes and devitrification of the altered glass.

","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9547","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., 1995, Geochemical data of fumarolically altered rocks, Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-47, 20 p. :map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9547.","productDescription":"20 p. :map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49076,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae30c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.","contributorId":51734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019046,"text":"70019046 - 1995 - Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:37:23","indexId":"70019046","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1828,"text":"Geothermics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii","docAbstract":"

Heating and freezing data were obtained for fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz, calcite, and anhydrite from several depths in three scientific observation holes drilled along the lower East Rift Zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. Compositions of the inclusion fluids range from dilute meteoric water to highly modified sea water concentrated by boiling. Comparison of measured drill-hole temperatures with fluid-inclusion homogenization-temperature (Th) data indicates that only about 15% of the fluid inclusions could have formed under the present thermal conditions. The majority of fluid inclusions studied must have formed during one or more times in the past when temperatures fluctuated in response to the emplacement of nearby dikes and their subsequent cooling. The fluid-inclusion data indicate that past temperatures in SOH-4 well were as much as 64°C hotter than present temperatures between 1000 and 1500 m depth and they were a maximum of 68°C cooler than present temperatures below 1500 m depth. Similarly, the data show that past temperatures near the bottoms of SOH-1 and SOH-2 wells were up to 45 and 59°C, respectively, cooler than the present thermal conditions; however, the remainder of fluid-inclusion Th values for these two drill holes suggest that the temperatures of the trapped waters were nearly the same as the present temperatures at these slightly shallower depths. Several hydrothermal minerals (erionite, mordenite, truscottite, smectite, chlorite-smectite, chalcedony, anhydrite, and hematite), occurring in the drill holes at higher temperatures than they are found in geothermal drill holes of Iceland or other geothermal areas, provide additional evidence for a recent heating trend.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0375-6505(95)00034-8","issn":"03756505","usgsCitation":"Bargar, K.E., Keith, T.E., and Trusdell, F., 1995, Fluid-inclusion evidence for past temperature fluctuations in the Kilauea East Rift Zone geothermal area, Hawaii: Geothermics, v. 24, no. 5-6, p. 639-659, https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(95)00034-8.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"659","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226359,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a127ae4b0c8380cd5430b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":381513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189791,"text":"70189791 - 1995 - Release strategies for rehabilitated sea otters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-25T16:08:04","indexId":"70189791","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Release strategies for rehabilitated sea otters","docAbstract":"

According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services’ (USFWS) Response Plan for sea otters (USFWS, in preparation), in the event of an oil spill, the decision to release sea otters from rehabilitation centers following treatment will be linked to the decision on whether to capture sea otters for treatment. Assuming a scenario similar to the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), once the decision to capture sea otters is made, the ultimate goal is to return as many sea otters to the wild as possible, even though the rescue may not be expected to produce results significant at the population level. The decision by the USFWS to proceed with capture, rehabilitation, and release will be made on a case-by-case basis (USFWS, in preparation). Many factors will influence the decision. Perhaps the most important factors in deciding when and where to release sea otters are the location and availability of suitable release sites and verification that the otters are free of diseases that might be transmitted to the wild population.

Alternative release strategies for sea otters will be contained in the sea otter response portion of the USFWS’s oil spill contingency plans for Alaska and California that are being developed as required by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. Public review of these plans before they are implemented will help to reduce public concern about the survival of rehabilitated otters, their biological effect on the release area, and the potential introduction or spread of disease into the wild sea otter population.

The objective of this chapter is to review alternative strategies for the disposition of rehabilitated sea otters. Our assumption is that returning as many animals to the wild as possible, whether it be for humanitarian or biological reasons, is the ultimate goal of this effort (Figure 10.1).

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Emergency care and rehabilitation of oiled sea otters: A guide for oil spils involving fur-bearing marine mammals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Alaska Press","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","isbn":"0-912006-77-3","usgsCitation":"DeGange, A.R., Ballachey, B.E., and Bayha, K., 1995, Release strategies for rehabilitated sea otters, chap. 10 of Emergency care and rehabilitation of oiled sea otters: A guide for oil spils involving fur-bearing marine mammals, p. 141-151.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"151","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":344304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"597858b5e4b0ec1a488a0915","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Williams, Terrie M.","contributorId":191735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Terrie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706392,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, Randall W.","contributorId":131160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Randall","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":706393,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"DeGange, Anthony R. tdegange@usgs.gov","contributorId":139765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","email":"tdegange@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":706394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":706395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bayha, Keith","contributorId":30270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bayha","given":"Keith","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6654,"text":"USFWS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":706396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":46219,"text":"ofr95669 - 1995 - Maps showing isotopic composition of methane in seawater of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-12T17:13:37.224106","indexId":"ofr95669","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-669","title":"Maps showing isotopic composition of methane in seawater of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1994","docAbstract":"

We are engaged in a five-year study to test the hypothesis that methane from decomposing gas hydrates may contribute methane to the atmosphere. The release of methane, a \"greenhouse\" gas, can enhance global warming and be a factor in global climate change. 

As part of the study we have measured the methane concentration in the water column of the Beaufort Sea shelf out to water depths of 90 meters from 1992-1995. In 1994 the carbon isotopic composition of methane in seawater of the Beaufort Sea shelf from Cape Halkett to Mikkelsen Bay (total water depths from 3 to 56 m) was measured by gas chromatography-isotope-ratio mass spectrometry in an effort to define the source of methane. Concentrations of methane in water samples used for isotopic analysis ranged from 5.4 to 275 nM. 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95669","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., Kvenvolden, K.A., Barnes, P.W., Popp, B.N., Sansone, F.J., Rust, T.M., Lilley, M.D., and Olson, E.J., 1995, Maps showing isotopic composition of methane in seawater of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-669, 1 Plate: 46.03 x 18.14 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95669.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 46.03 x 18.14 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170936,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0669/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":418007,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0669/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.98341209265246,\n 73.12341743650333\n ],\n [\n -164.98341209265246,\n 69.79275307001117\n ],\n [\n -134.67408984393316,\n 69.79275307001117\n ],\n [\n -134.67408984393316,\n 73.12341743650333\n ],\n [\n -164.98341209265246,\n 73.12341743650333\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ab45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, Thomas D.","contributorId":177573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorenson","given":"Thomas D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":232856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Peter W.","contributorId":6042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Popp, Brian N.","contributorId":49027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popp","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sansone, Frank J.","contributorId":39440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sansone","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Rust, Terri M.","contributorId":82777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rust","given":"Terri","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lilley, Marvin D.","contributorId":45377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilley","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Olson, Eric J.","contributorId":103346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":232862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70174404,"text":"70174404 - 1994 - A survey of molecular marker compounds in sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T11:32:00","indexId":"70174404","displayToPublicDate":"2016-02-08T02:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"A survey of molecular marker compounds in sediments of San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"

An areal survey of surficial sediments in San Francisco Bay has been conducted to evaluate the presence of extractable organic compounds. Molecular marker compounds studied include hydrocarbons (PAH's), chlorinated pesticides, and other organic compounds that provide information on sources of organic input into the Bay. Fairly uniform source profiles are seen throughout the Bay. Biomarker profiles contain mature constituents indicating anthropogenic influences and extensive sediment reworking. The dominant input signatures in San Francisco Bay sediment are those of anthropogenic PAH's from combustion and other sources, and long chain n-alkanes and n-aldehydes from terrigenous vascular plants. A comparison of the sums of the combustion PAH's and the terrigenous n-alkanes shows that an anthropogenic influence is dominant in the most urban parts of the Bay close to shore, and in mid-Bay channel areas, and a terrigenous signature is dominant nearshore in San Pablo Bay and at the southernmost station in South Bay.

\n

 

","largerWorkTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Proceedings of the Technical Meeting","conferenceDate":"September 20-24, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Colorado Springs, CO","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Hostettler, F.D., Rapp, J., Geological Survey Pereira, W.E., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1994, A survey of molecular marker compounds in sediments of San Francisco Bay, California, in U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015, Colorado Springs, CO, September 20-24, 1993, p. 735-746.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"735","endPage":"746","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325031,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4015/report.pdf","text":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting","size":"62.77 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Francisco","city":"San Francisco","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.70379638671874,\n 38.171273439283084\n ],\n [\n -121.70379638671874,\n 37.243448378654115\n ],\n [\n -123.0084228515625,\n 37.243448378654115\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c335e4b0e02680be58ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":642117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Geological Survey Pereira, Wilfred E.","contributorId":119675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geological Survey Pereira","given":"Wilfred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017391,"text":"70017391 - 1994 - Laboratory simulation of hydrothermal petroleum formation from sediment in Escanaba Trough, offshore from northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-12T17:04:56.243281","indexId":"70017391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Laboratory simulation of hydrothermal petroleum formation from sediment in Escanaba Trough, offshore from northern California","docAbstract":"

Petroleum associated with sulfide-rich sediment is present in Escanaba Trough at the southern end of the Gorda Ridge spreading axis offshore from northern California within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the U.S. This location and occurrence are important for evaluation of the mineral and energy resource potential of the seafloor under U.S. jurisdiction. In Escanaba Trough, petroleum is believed to be formed by hydrothermal processes acting on mainly terrigenous organic material in Quaternary, river-derived sediment. To attempt to simulate these processes in the laboratory, portions of a Pleistocene gray-green mud, obtained from ∼ 1.5 m below the seafloor at a water depth of ∼ 3250 m in Escanaba Trough, were heated in the presence of water in four hydrous-pyrolysis experiments conducted at temperatures ranging from 250 to 350°C and at a pressure of 350 bar for 1.0–4.5 days. Distributions of n-alkanes, isoprenoid hydrocarbons, triterpanes, and steranes in the heated samples were compared with those in a sample of hydrothermal petroleum from the same area. Mud samples heated for less than 4.5 days at less than 350°C show changes in some, but not all, molecular marker ratios of organic compounds that are consistent with those expected during hydrothermal petroleum formation. Our results suggest that the organic matter in this type of sediment serves as one possible source for some of the compounds found in the hydrothermal petroleum.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(94)90030-2","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Rapp, J., Hostettler, F.D., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1994, Laboratory simulation of hydrothermal petroleum formation from sediment in Escanaba Trough, offshore from northern California: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, no. 6, p. 935-945, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90030-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"935","endPage":"945","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228881,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Escanaba Trough, offshore from northern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -129.9551568342388,\n 42.10484697877368\n ],\n [\n -129.9551568342388,\n 40.363837398159575\n ],\n [\n -124.1586199301307,\n 40.363837398159575\n ],\n [\n -124.1586199301307,\n 42.10484697877368\n ],\n [\n -129.9551568342388,\n 42.10484697877368\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4116e4b0c8380cd652ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":376314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenbauer, Robert J. brosenbauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"Robert","email":"brosenbauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":376312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70016400,"text":"70016400 - 1991 - Biomarkers in Tertiary mélange, western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-29T11:02:40","indexId":"70016400","displayToPublicDate":"1991-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1991","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biomarkers in Tertiary mélange, western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"

Middle Eocene to middle Miocene mélange and broken formations are exposed in the coastal outcrops along the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. A petroleum geochemical assessment of these geologic units has included the investigation of biomarker compounds. A comparison was made of biomarkers in an oil sample from a middle Miocene reservoir penetrated in the Medina No. 1 well with biomarkers in extracts from two samples of middle Eocene Ozette mélange (one sample having a strong petroliferous odor, and the other sample lacking this characteristic odor). Distribution patterns of n-alkanes, tricyclic terpanes, pentacyclic triterpanes, steranes, and diasteranes are remarkably similar in the oil and rock extracts. Biomarker maturity parameters indicate higher maturity in the oil relative to the extracts. The presence of 17α(H)-23,28-bisnorlupane, 18α(H)- and 18β(H)-oleanane, and de-A-lupane and an odd-carbon-number dominance of the n-alkanes in the oil and extracts seems to tie the hydrocarbons to a common source that has a significant terrigenous component.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(91)90066-Z","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Hostettler, F.D., Rapp, J., and Snavely, P., 1991, Biomarkers in Tertiary mélange, western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, U.S.A.: Chemical Geology, v. 93, no. 1-2, p. 101-110, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90066-Z.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"110","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":223114,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266074,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(91)90066-Z"}],"volume":"93","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f188e4b0c8380cd4aca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":373378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":373379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snavely, Parke D. Jr.","contributorId":80328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snavely","given":"Parke D.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":373376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208307,"text":"70208307 - 1990 - Hydrocarbons in sediment of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T14:10:42","indexId":"70208307","displayToPublicDate":"1990-02-03T13:42:16","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5905,"text":"Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrocarbons in sediment of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica","docAbstract":"

Heavy hydrocarbons (about C15+) are ubiquitous but minor components in sediment from three sites (692, 693, and 694) drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 113. This preliminary report is the first to describe the distribution of some of these hydrocarbons in sediment of the Weddell Sea. Samples from Sites 692 and 693, located on a mid-slope bench along the margin of Queen Maud Land, span a time interval from Early Cretaceous to Pleistocene. In samples from the Tertiary portion of the record, having an average organic-carbon content of about 0.2%, n-alkanes are common and are characterized by populations that indicate both marine and terrigenous sources. In contrast, samples from the Cretaceous portion of the record, having an average organic carbon content of about 4%, contain mixtures of hydrocarbons in which n-alkanes are secondary in abundance to the isoprenoid hydrocarbons, pristane and phytane. Diasterenes, sterenes, and hopenes are present in anomalously high concentrations and indicate immaturity. The Cretaceous hydrocarbons appear to be mainly primary, whereas the Tertiary hydrocarbons contain compounds which indicate that the sediment, along with its organic content, has been recycled. Samples from Site 694, located in the Weddell Sea on the abyssal plain, range in age from late Miocene to early Pliocene. 

","language":"English","publisher":"Texas A&M","doi":"10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.163.1990","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Hostettler, F.D., and Frank, T., 1990, Hydrocarbons in sediment of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program: Scientific Results, v. 113, p. 199-208, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.163.1990.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"199","endPage":"208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":488889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.113.163.1990","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":371967,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica 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Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":781340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frank, Tamara","contributorId":222132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"Tamara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70208303,"text":"70208303 - 1990 - Hydrothermally derived petroleum: examples from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and Escanaba Trough, northeast Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-03T13:21:27","indexId":"70208303","displayToPublicDate":"1990-02-03T12:59:18","publicationYear":"1990","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermally derived petroleum: examples from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and Escanaba Trough, northeast Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"

In the Guaymas Basin, a spreading axis in the Gulf of California, petroleum having a wide range of compositions forms by hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in Quaternary sediment composed mainly of marine diatomaceous ooze and muddy turbidites. In Escanaba Trough, at the southern end of the Gorda Ridge spreading axis offshore northern California, petroleum is formed by hydrothermal processes acting on mainly terrigenous organic material in Quaternary turbiditic river-derived sediment. Comparisons of the distributions of hydrocarbons - n-alkanes, isoprenoids, terpanes, steranes, and aromatics - show that chemical differences among four petroleum samples are such that two samples from Guaymas Basin can be distinguished from two samples from Escanaba Trough. Distinguishing characteristics resulting from differences in sources include n-alkane distributions and certain sterane ratios; distinguishing characteristics resulting from differences in thermal histories of the organic matter include hopane and sterane epimer ratios and various distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These oils differ from conventionally derived petroleum in that they are admixtures of products generated over a wide range of thermal regimes, and their generation, expulsion, and migration occurred simultaneously over an instantaneous geological time period. The potential economic significance of hydrothermal derived petroleum is uncertain, but the fact that petroleum can form at active oceanic spreading axes adds a new facet to understanding the processes of petroleum generation, expulsion, and migration.

","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/0C9B22A9-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., and Simoneit, B., 1990, Hydrothermally derived petroleum: examples from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, and Escanaba Trough, northeast Pacific Ocean: AAPG Bulletin, v. 74, no. 3, p. 223-237, https://doi.org/10.1306/0C9B22A9-1710-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"15","startPage":"223","endPage":"237","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371964,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States ","otherGeospatial":" Escanaba Trough and Guaymas Basin in the system of spreading axes and transform faults that extends along the western coast of North America","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 20.632784250388028\n ],\n [\n -105.908203125,\n 23.563987128451217\n ],\n [\n -121.28906250000001,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -127.88085937499999,\n 51.6180165487737\n ],\n [\n -130.517578125,\n 51.069016659603896\n ],\n [\n -120.76171875,\n 31.952162238024975\n ],\n [\n -112.1484375,\n 20.632784250388028\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"74","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simoneit, B.R.","contributorId":30239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simoneit","given":"B.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44673,"text":"pp1456 - 1988 - The Geology and Remarkable Thermal Activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:10","indexId":"pp1456","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1456","title":"The Geology and Remarkable Thermal Activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Norris Geyser Basin, normally shortened to Norris Basin, is adjacent to the north rim of the Yellowstone caldera at the common intersection of the caldera rim and the Norris-Mammoth Corridor, a zone of faults, volcanic vents, and thermal activity that strikes north from the caldera rim to Mammoth Hot Springs. An east-west fault zone terminates the Gallatin Range at its southern end and extends from Hebgen Lake, west of the park, to Norris Basin. \r\n\r\nNo local evidence exists at the surface in Norris Basin for the two oldest Yellowstone volcanic caldera cycles (~2.0 and 1.3 m.y.B.P.). The third and youngest cycle formed the Yellowstone caldera, which erupted the 600,000-year-old Lava Creek Tuff. No evidence is preserved of hydrothermal activity near Norris Basin during the first 300,000.years after the caldera collapse. Glaciation probably removed most of the early evidence, but erratics of hot-spring sinter that had been converted diagenetically to extremely hard, resistant chalcedonic sinter are present as cobbles in and on some moraines and till from the last two glacial stages, here correlated with the early and late stages of the Pinedale glaciation <150,000 years B.P.). \r\n\r\nIndirect evidence for the oldest hydrothermal system at Norris Basin indicates an age probably older than both stages of Pinedale glaciation. Stream deposits consisting mainly of rounded quartz phenocrysts of the Lava Creek Tuff were subaerial, perhaps in part windblown and redeposited by streams. A few small rounded pebbles are interpreted as chalcedonic sinter of a still older cycle. None of these are precisely dated but are unlikely to be more than 150,000 to 200,000 years old.\r\n\r\n...Most studies of active hydrothermal areas have noted chemical differences in fluids and alteration products but have given little attention to differences and models to explain evolution in types. This report, in contrast, emphasizes the kinds of changes in vents and their changing chemical types of waters and then provides models for explaining these differences.\r\n\r\nNorris Basin is probably not an independent volcanic-hydrothermal system. The basin and nearby acid-leached areas (from oxidation of H2S-enriched vapor) are best considered as parts of the same system, extending from Norris Basin to Roaring Mountain and possibly to Mammoth. If so, are they parts of a single large system centered within the Yellowstone caldera, or are Norris Basin and the nearby altered areas both parts of one or more young independent corridor systems confined, at least in the shallow crust, to the Norris-Mammoth Corridor? Tentatively, we favor the latter relation, probably having evolved in the past ~300,000 years.\r\n\r\nA model for large, long-lived, volcanic-hydrothermal activity is also suggested, involving all of the crust and upper mantle and using much recent geophysical data bearing on crust-mantle interrelations. Our model for large systems is much superior to previous suggestions for explaining continuing hydrothermal activity over hundreds of thousands of years, but is less attractive for the smaller nonhomogenized volcanic system actually favored here for the Norris-Mammoth Corridor.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/pp1456","collaboration":"This report is out of print but is now available on the Web","usgsCitation":"White, D.E., Hutchinson, R.A., and Keith, T.E., 1988, The Geology and Remarkable Thermal Activity of Norris Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (Out of print): U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1456, Report: ix, 84 p.; Map Sheet: 36 x 42 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1456.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 84 p.; Map Sheet: 36 x 42 inches","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":169211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10752,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1456/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,43.5 ], [ -112,45.5 ], [ -109.25,45.5 ], [ -109.25,43.5 ], [ -112,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Out of print","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c584","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Donald Edward","contributorId":84731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hutchinson, Roderick A.","contributorId":34579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Roderick","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70013790,"text":"70013790 - 1988 - Hydrothermal alteration patterns in the Breitenbush Hot Springs area, Cascade Range, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013790","displayToPublicDate":"1988-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1988","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrothermal alteration patterns in the Breitenbush Hot Springs area, Cascade Range, Oregon","docAbstract":"Rocks of early Miocene age in the Breitenbush Hot Springs area have been affected by at least two major episodes of hydrothermal alteration, one of which had temperatures in excess of 200??C. Alteration minerals in younger Tertiary rocks are characteristic of temperatures below 100??C. The most important factor in controlling alteration is fracture permeability. The best guide to interpreting alteration is secondary mineralogy of volcaniclastic and pyroclastic rocks, flow breccia, and vesiculated or fractured lavas; alteration effects in interbedded massive lava flows are much more subtle.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"New Horizons","conferenceDate":"9 October 1988 through 12 October 1988","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Publ by Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, United States","issn":"01935933","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., 1988, Hydrothermal alteration patterns in the Breitenbush Hot Springs area, Cascade Range, Oregon, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 12, San Diego, CA, USA, 9 October 1988 through 12 October 1988, p. 299-304.","startPage":"299","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3798e4b0c8380cd60fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70014193,"text":"70014193 - 1987 - Multiple sources of alkanes in Quaternary oceanic sediment of Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-14T22:13:56.779893","indexId":"70014193","displayToPublicDate":"1987-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1987","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple sources of alkanes in Quaternary oceanic sediment of Antarctica","docAbstract":"

Normal alkanes (n-C13\"singlen-C36), isoprenoid hydrocarbons (i-C15, i-C16, i-C18, i-C19, and i-C20) triterpanes (C27\"singleC32), and (C27\"singleC29) are present in low concentrations offshore Antarctica in near-surface, Quaternary sediment of the Wilkes Land continental margin and of the western Ross Sea. The distributions of these hydrocarbons are interpreted relative to possible sources and processes. The hydrocarbons appear to be mixtures of primary and recycled material from marine and terrigenous sources. The n-alkanes are most abundant and are characterized by two distinct populations, one of probable marine origin and the other likely from terrigenous, vascular plant sources. Because the continent of Antarctica today is devoid of higher plants, the plant-derived hydrocarbons in these offshore sediments probably came from wind-blown material and recycled Antarctic sediment that contains land-plant remains from an earlier period of time. Isoprenoid hydrocarbons are partially recycled and mainly of marine origin; the dominance of pristane over phytane suggests oxic paleoenvironmental conditions. Both modern and ancient triterpanes and steranes are present, and the distribution of these indicates a mixture of primary and recycled bacterial, algal, and possible higher-plant materials. Although the sampled sediments were deposited during the Quaternary, they apparently contain a significant component of hydrocarbons of pre-Quaternary age.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(87)90040-4","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., Rapp, J., Golan-Bac, M., and Hostettler, F.D., 1987, Multiple sources of alkanes in Quaternary oceanic sediment of Antarctica: Organic Geochemistry, v. 11, no. 4, p. 291-302, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(87)90040-4.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"302","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225690,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 160.97363351207912,\n -73.17043004224713\n ],\n [\n 160.97363351207912,\n -78.3166029074892\n ],\n [\n 181.77303555738786,\n -78.3166029074892\n ],\n [\n 181.77303555738786,\n -73.17043004224713\n ],\n [\n 160.97363351207912,\n -73.17043004224713\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a607ce4b0c8380cd714be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":367823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rapp, John B.","contributorId":32028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rapp","given":"John B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Golan-Bac, Margaret","contributorId":19169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golan-Bac","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":367824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":367825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70013201,"text":"70013201 - 1985 - WATER CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF MORGAN AND GROWLER HOT SPRINGS, LASSEN KGRA, CALIFORNIA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:17","indexId":"70013201","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"WATER CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF MORGAN AND GROWLER HOT SPRINGS, LASSEN KGRA, CALIFORNIA.","docAbstract":"Because these springs contain substantial amounts of dissolved chloride, halite and sylvite are found above the water level as evaporitic deposits, along with gypsum. One spring is depositing pyrite that contains significant amounts of arsenic, antimony, and thallium. A yellow compound, composed of arsenic and sulfur, is being deposited in another spring. Arsenic and antimony concentrations are high in the spring waters; the dissolved thallium concentration is not known. The dissolved arsenic appears to be a conservative species and follows chloride. Antimony appears to be independent of dissolved arsenic and to be linearly related to chloride and measured orifice temperature at Morgan Hot Springs.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy. Geothermal Resources Council 1985 Annual Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Kailua-Kona, HI, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412596","usgsCitation":"Thompson, J.M., Keith, T.E., and Consul, J.J., 1985, WATER CHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF MORGAN AND GROWLER HOT SPRINGS, LASSEN KGRA, CALIFORNIA., in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 9, no. pt 1, Kailua-Kona, HI, USA, p. 357-362.","startPage":"357","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":219786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"pt 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc38de4b08c986b32b240","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, J. Michael","contributorId":40239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Consul, Jerry J.","contributorId":92249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Consul","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":365532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70012327,"text":"70012327 - 1985 - Zeolites in Eocene basaltic pillow lavas of the Siletz River Volcanics, Central Coast Range, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-26T17:58:10","indexId":"70012327","displayToPublicDate":"1985-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1985","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1245,"text":"Clays and Clay Minerals","onlineIssn":"1552-8367","printIssn":"0009-8604","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Zeolites in Eocene basaltic pillow lavas of the Siletz River Volcanics, Central Coast Range, Oregon","docAbstract":"

Zeolites and associated minerals occur in a tholeiitic basaltic pillow lava sequence that makes up part of the Eocene Siletz River Volcanics in the central Coast Range, Oregon. Regional zoning of zeolite assemblages is not apparent; the zeolites formed in joints, fractures, and interstices, although most occur in central cavities of basalt pillows. The zeolites and associated minerals identified, in general order of paragenetic sequence, are smectite, pyrite, calcite (small spheres), thomsonite, natrolite, analcime, scolecite, mesolite, stilbite, heulandite, apophyllite, chahazite, mordenite, calcite (scalenohedra and twinned rhombohedra), laumontite, and amethystine quartz. Common three-mineral assemblages are: natrolite-analcime-sfilbite, stilbite-heulandite-chabazite, stilbite-apophyllie-chabazite, and natrolite-mesolite-laumontite.

Alteration of basaltic glass, which was initially abundant, appears to have been an important factor in formation of the zeolites. Isotopic data suggest that zeolitization occurred during a low-temperature (60 ~ 70°C submarine hydrothermal event, or by reactions of cold (~ 10°C meteoric water with basalt over a long time. The occurrence of different mineral assemblages in cavities of adjacent basalt pillows indicates that these minerals crystallized in dosed systems that were isolated as fractures and joints were sealed by deposition of smectite and early zeolites. Although the total chemical composition of the mineral assemblages in cavities is similar, different mineral species formed because of the sensitivity of zeolite minerals to slight variations in physical and chemical conditions within individual cavities.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Clay Minerals Society","doi":"10.1346/CCMN.1985.0330208","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., and Staplese, L.W., 1985, Zeolites in Eocene basaltic pillow lavas of the Siletz River Volcanics, Central Coast Range, Oregon: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 33, no. 2, p. 135-144, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1985.0330208.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":222130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd262e4b08c986b32f7ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staplese, Lloyd W.","contributorId":79950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staplese","given":"Lloyd","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":363285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70013467,"text":"70013467 - 1984 - MINERALOGICAL STUDIES OF THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM IN NEWBERRY VOLCANO DRILL HOLE 2, OREGON.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:18:36","indexId":"70013467","displayToPublicDate":"1984-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1984","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"MINERALOGICAL STUDIES OF THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM IN NEWBERRY VOLCANO DRILL HOLE 2, OREGON.","docAbstract":"Studies of secondary mineral distribution, whole-rock chemical compositions, isotopes, and fluid inclusions are being conducted on the core from Newberry Volcano drill hole 2. Rocks from the drill core are divided into 3 major intervals on the basis of their alteration pattern, which is controlled by rock permeabilities, primary lithologies, and temperatures. Incomplete alteration of pumice-rich lithic tuff layers in the upper part of the altered section and lack of self-sealing in fractures of most lava flows suggest that the hydrothermal system is young. Most of the secondary minerals could have been formed at temperatures near those present today; maximum measured temperature was 265 degree C at the bottom of the hole. Fluid inclusions indicate that past temperatures in the deeper part of the drill hole may have been as much as 100 degree C hotter than presently measured temperatures.","largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","conferenceTitle":"Geothermal Energy: Bet on It! Geothermal Resources Council 1984 Annual Meeting.","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV, USA","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA, USA","issn":"01935933","isbn":"0934412588","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., Bargar, K.E., Howe, S.S., Carothers, W.W., and Barnes, I., 1984, MINERALOGICAL STUDIES OF THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM IN NEWBERRY VOLCANO DRILL HOLE 2, OREGON., in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, v. 8, Reno, NV, USA, p. 125-128.","startPage":"125","endPage":"128","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":220094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4acce4b0c8380cd69062","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bargar, Keith E.","contributorId":9643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howe, Stephen S.","contributorId":98808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carothers, William W.","contributorId":39757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carothers","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barnes, Ivan","contributorId":56619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Ivan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":366128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":19608,"text":"ofr81268 - 1981 - Cementing minerals from a municipal solid waste project, Boone County, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:36","indexId":"ofr81268","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-268","title":"Cementing minerals from a municipal solid waste project, Boone County, Kentucky","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81268","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., 1981, Cementing minerals from a municipal solid waste project, Boone County, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-268, 5 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81268.","productDescription":"5 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0268/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49075,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0268/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":9773,"text":"ofr81168 - 1981 - Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB6 drill hole, Clackamas County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:17","indexId":"ofr81168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-168","title":"Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB6 drill hole, Clackamas County, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81168","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., and Boden, J.R., 1981, Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB6 drill hole, Clackamas County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-168, 15 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81168.","productDescription":"15 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142781,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0168/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37534,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0168/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd84a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boden, James R.","contributorId":78328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boden","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9772,"text":"ofr8191 - 1981 - Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 5 drill hole, Clackamas County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr8191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-91","title":"Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 5 drill hole, Clackamas County, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr8191","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., and Boden, J.R., 1981, Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 5 drill hole, Clackamas County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-91, 19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8191.","productDescription":"19 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37533,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd87c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boden, James R.","contributorId":78328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boden","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9771,"text":"ofr81267 - 1981 - Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 2 drill hole, Linn County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr81267","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-267","title":"Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 2 drill hole, Linn County, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81267","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., and Boden, J.R., 1981, Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 2 drill hole, Linn County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-267, 14 p., 1 over-size sheet ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81267.","productDescription":"14 p., 1 over-size sheet ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0267/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37531,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0267/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37532,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0267/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd88c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boden, James R.","contributorId":78328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boden","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":9770,"text":"ofr81250 - 1981 - Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 1 drill hole, Linn County, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:06:14","indexId":"ofr81250","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1981","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"81-250","title":"Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 1 drill hole, Linn County, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr81250","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., and Boden, J.R., 1981, Volcanic stratigraphy and alteration mineralogy of drill cuttings from EWEB 1 drill hole, Linn County, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-250, 10 p., 1 over-size sheet ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr81250.","productDescription":"10 p., 1 over-size sheet ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":142221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0250/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":37529,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0250/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":37530,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1981/0250/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd875","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.C.","contributorId":79099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boden, James R.","contributorId":78328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boden","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":160266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21800,"text":"ofr80839 - 1980 - Geochemical data for rock, stream sediment, and panned concentrate samples, Mount Hood Wilderness Area, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:45","indexId":"ofr80839","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1980","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"80-839","title":"Geochemical data for rock, stream sediment, and panned concentrate samples, Mount Hood Wilderness Area, Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr80839","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Keith, T.E., Beeson, M., Bargar, K., and Marsh, S., 1980, Geochemical data for rock, stream sediment, and panned concentrate samples, Mount Hood Wilderness Area, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-839, 41 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr80839.","productDescription":"41 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0839/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51292,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0839/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":51293,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1980/0839/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Terry E.","contributorId":51734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beeson, M.H.","contributorId":83118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beeson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bargar, K.E.","contributorId":44548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marsh, S.P.","contributorId":32913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23530,"text":"ofr80877 - 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