{"pageNumber":"2","pageRowStart":"25","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16437,"records":[{"id":70273860,"text":"70273860 - 2026 - James Buttle Review: A synthesis of riparian plant water use over two decades in North American drylands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-09T15:06:28.28691","indexId":"70273860","displayToPublicDate":"2026-02-05T07:57:07","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"James Buttle Review: A synthesis of riparian plant water use over two decades in North American drylands","docAbstract":"Assessing riparian ecosystem water use, particularly transpiration from vegetation and evaporation from soils (‘plant water use’, hereafter), is key to developing sound water management approaches. In western North America, a multidecadal drought is reducing water availability and increasing the use of detailed water budgets. Questions related to both removal of vegetation for water salvage and budgeting water to maintain valuable riparian areas have led to a wealth of studies on riparian plant water use across dryland river systems in North America. Towards evaluating broad patterns in riparian plant water use, we synthesise results from over two decades of research, with the goal of informing water management policies and planning. This study asks: (1) Do some riparian plant communities exhibit lower plant water use than others? (2) Do riparian plant communities have higher water use under hotter climates? (3) Can statistical models based on existing data, plant communities and climate data be used to predict water use for unmeasured locations? Using hierarchical Bayesian models to synthesise data on annual and daily-scale plant water use, we show that marshes, cottonwood-willow stands and tamarisk not impacted by biocontrol use larger amounts of water at the annual scale than other vegetation communities. All plant communities have higher annual water use in hotter climates, which is likely related to a longer growing season and higher evaporative demand. Statistical models based on existing water-use data, plant communities and climate provide bounds on plant water use that can be applied to unmeasured locations and used to evaluate the effects of plant community change on water use. This synthesis produces the most complete summary of riparian plant water use in North American drylands to date and provides water use predictions across different climate and community scenarios that can be used for current and future conditions.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70408","usgsCitation":"Palmquist, E.C., Nagler, P., Ogle, K., DiMartini, C., Kennedy, J.R., and Sankey, J., 2026, James Buttle Review: A synthesis of riparian plant water use over two decades in North American drylands: Hydrological Processes, v. 40, no. 2, e70408, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70408.","productDescription":"e70408, 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-180955","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"western Pacific Coastal Plain, western Sierra Madre Piedmont","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.30356692213257,\n 42.70636820692536\n ],\n [\n -121.30356692213257,\n 26.163421921669297\n ],\n [\n -103.74141493477907,\n 26.163421921669297\n ],\n [\n -103.74141493477907,\n 42.70636820692536\n ],\n [\n -121.30356692213257,\n 42.70636820692536\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Palmquist, Emily C. 0000-0003-1069-2154 epalmquist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1069-2154","contributorId":5669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmquist","given":"Emily","email":"epalmquist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagler, Pamela L. 0000-0003-0674-103X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0674-103X","contributorId":363777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"Pamela","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":955302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ogle, Kiona","contributorId":360747,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ogle","given":"Kiona","affiliations":[{"id":86099,"text":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiMartini, Claudia 0009-0001-2457-0513","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2457-0513","contributorId":356930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DiMartini","given":"Claudia","affiliations":[{"id":85285,"text":"formerly: US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kennedy, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-3365-6589 jkennedy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3365-6589","contributorId":176478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkennedy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":955305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sankey, Joel B. 0000-0003-3150-4992","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3150-4992","contributorId":261248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sankey","given":"Joel B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70273695,"text":"sir20255098 - 2026 - Water-budget simulations for selected watersheds in Cameron County, Texas, 2022–23","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-11T18:58:23.302299","indexId":"sir20255098","displayToPublicDate":"2026-02-04T09:07:41","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5098","displayTitle":"Water-Budget Simulations for Selected Watersheds in Cameron County, Texas, 2022–23","title":"Water-budget simulations for selected watersheds in Cameron County, Texas, 2022–23","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Brownsville, Texas, configured and calibrated a set of hydrologic models for a 217-square-mile study area in Cameron County in south Texas during 2022–23. The models were used for estimating runoff and quantities of water diverted from the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo del Norte (hereinafter referred to as the “Rio Grande”) to maintain water-surface elevations in the canals and resacas (former distributary channels cut off from the main channel of the Rio Grande). Resacas provide habitat to aquatic species and help reduce the effects of flooding.

Because of the large size of the study area and diversity of hydrologic conditions, the study area was divided into 11 watersheds, and separate hydrologic models were developed for 9 of the watersheds. Six of the nine modeled watersheds are drained mostly by canals (canal watersheds), and three of the modeled watersheds drain to resacas (resaca watersheds). The Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN was selected for modeling the study area watersheds because it is flexible in simulating a wide variety of watershed conditions.

The models were calibrated with streamflow data collected during 2022–23. The calibrated models were used to simulate water budgets (streamflow, evapotranspiration, water-storage volumes, and water diversions and withdrawals) during 2022–23. Model simulations showed that the resaca watersheds required more diversions from the Rio Grande and released less runoff than did the canal watersheds. Management practices maintaining resaca water levels constrained their runoff.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255098","issn":"2328-0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Brownsville, Texas","usgsCitation":"Ockerman, D.J., and Choi, N., 2026, Water-budget simulations for selected watersheds in Cameron County, Texas, 2022–23: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5098, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255098.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 37 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-167896","costCenters":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499763,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255098/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5098 HTML"},{"id":499608,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119201.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":498881,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P1XDLQUJ","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"- Hydrological Simulation Program—FORTRAN (HSPF) user-control, input, and output files for simulation of hydrologic conditions in selected watersheds in Cameron County, Texas, 2022–23"},{"id":498879,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5098/sir20255098.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5098 XML"},{"id":498878,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5098/sir20255098.pdf","size":"6.92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5098"},{"id":498876,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":498875,"rank":1,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5098/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"Cameron County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":2550,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Cameron\",\"state\":\"TX\"},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-97.3516,26.3693],[-97.3515,26.3687],[-97.3438,26.369],[-97.3343,26.3765],[-97.3343,26.376],[-97.356,26.3571],[-97.3549,26.3557],[-97.3549,26.356],[-97.3363,26.359],[-97.3363,26.3587],[-97.3332,26.3557],[-97.3279,26.3574],[-97.3276,26.3549],[-97.3279,26.3549],[-97.334,26.336],[-97.3337,26.336],[-97.3337,26.3335],[-97.334,26.3335],[-97.3521,26.3207],[-97.341,26.331],[-97.341,26.3315],[-97.3661,26.341],[-97.3579,26.3368],[-97.3535,26.3321],[-97.3571,26.3265],[-97.3562,26.3246],[-97.3549,26.3153],[-97.352,26.3118],[-97.3482,26.311],[-97.3479,26.3037],[-97.3479,26.3007],[-97.3482,26.3007],[-97.3482,26.2962],[-97.3479,26.2962],[-97.3429,26.2774],[-97.3432,26.2774],[-97.3446,26.2687],[-97.3443,26.2687],[-97.3393,26.266],[-97.3349,26.2657],[-97.3349,26.2654],[-97.331,26.2654],[-97.331,26.2657],[-97.3129,26.2624],[-97.3126,26.2624],[-97.3135,26.2576],[-97.3135,26.2585],[-97.3154,26.2604],[-97.3282,26.2518],[-97.3282,26.2515],[-97.3274,26.2451],[-97.3104,26.2529],[-97.3104,26.2532],[-97.3076,26.2532],[-97.3076,26.2535],[-97.3026,26.2563],[-97.3037,26.2468],[-97.3037,26.2471],[-97.3057,26.2426],[-97.3115,26.2363],[-97.3107,26.2363],[-97.309,26.2354],[-97.3101,26.2354],[-97.3118,26.2337],[-97.3096,26.2279],[-97.3146,26.2293],[-97.3146,26.229],[-97.316,26.2254],[-97.316,26.2257],[-97.329,26.2299],[-97.3251,26.2374],[-97.3313,26.2293],[-97.334,26.2196],[-97.3343,26.2196],[-97.3326,26.2199],[-97.3324,26.2199],[-97.321,26.2237],[-97.321,26.2265],[-97.3213,26.2265],[-97.3207,26.2276],[-97.3165,26.2237],[-97.2984,26.201],[-97.2974,26.2024],[-97.2954,26.1932],[-97.2951,26.1932],[-97.2951,26.1907],[-97.2954,26.1907],[-97.2954,26.1887],[-97.2957,26.1887],[-97.296,26.1851],[-97.2965,26.1832],[-97.3074,26.1663],[-97.3035,26.1626],[-97.3035,26.1624],[-97.2951,26.1557],[-97.2985,26.154],[-97.2985,26.1546],[-97.2993,26.156],[-97.2954,26.1529],[-97.2954,26.1521],[-97.2782,26.119],[-97.2782,26.1185],[-97.2913,26.1135],[-97.2913,26.1138],[-97.2979,26.1221],[-97.2979,26.1218],[-97.2957,26.1121],[-97.296,26.1099],[-97.2421,26.0799],[-97.2421,26.0796],[-97.2387,26.0796],[-97.2387,26.0793],[-97.2351,26.0793],[-97.2351,26.079],[-97.2293,26.079],[-97.2293,26.0793],[-97.226,26.0796],[-97.226,26.0793],[-97.2224,26.079],[-97.2185,26.0788],[-97.2185,26.079],[-97.2146,26.0793],[-97.2146,26.079],[-97.2093,26.0785],[-97.2093,26.0788],[-97.2071,26.0788],[-97.2038,26.0776],[-97.1982,26.0643],[-97.1979,26.0643],[-97.1979,26.0599],[-97.1976,26.0599],[-97.1976,26.056],[-97.1974,26.056],[-97.1974,26.0524],[-97.1971,26.0524],[-97.1971,26.0496],[-97.1968,26.0496],[-97.1882,26.0476],[-97.1882,26.0471],[-97.2235,26.0238],[-97.189,26.0432],[-97.2049,26.0287],[-97.2107,26.0254],[-97.2107,26.0251],[-97.219,26.014],[-97.2171,26.0135],[-97.2146,26.0093],[-97.2149,26.0093],[-97.219,26.0071],[-97.219,26.0068],[-97.2218,26.0054],[-97.2218,26.0051],[-97.2224,26.0035],[-97.221,26.0035],[-97.2193,26.0012],[-97.2265,25.9974],[-97.2265,25.9971],[-97.2237,25.996],[-97.2237,25.9957],[-97.2232,25.994],[-97.2232,25.9929],[-97.2243,25.9904],[-97.2196,25.9918],[-97.2196,25.9915],[-97.221,25.9765],[-97.2235,25.9729],[-97.2215,25.9721],[-97.2157,25.9701],[-97.2157,25.9693],[-97.2149,25.9693],[-97.2138,25.9676],[-97.2138,25.9671],[-97.2085,25.9671],[-97.2085,25.9674],[-97.2032,25.9732],[-97.2029,25.9732],[-97.1974,25.9679],[-97.1921,25.9682],[-97.1813,25.9679],[-97.1749,25.969],[-97.1749,25.9688],[-97.1685,25.9657],[-97.1685,25.966],[-97.1585,25.9665],[-97.156,25.9613],[-97.1571,25.9613],[-97.1571,25.9607],[-97.1571,25.9571],[-97.1574,25.9571],[-97.1518,25.9557],[-97.1518,25.956],[-97.1551,25.9596],[-97.1537,25.9626],[-97.1493,25.9601],[-97.1493,25.9618],[-97.151,25.9654],[-97.1504,25.9654],[-97.1515,25.9671],[-97.1515,25.9682],[-97.1543,25.9749],[-97.1554,25.9762],[-97.1565,25.9771],[-97.1565,25.9782],[-97.1554,25.9782],[-97.1554,25.979],[-97.1568,25.9826],[-97.1571,25.9826],[-97.1596,25.9882],[-97.159,25.9882],[-97.1576,25.9904],[-97.1585,25.9924],[-97.1704,25.9915],[-97.1704,25.9912],[-97.1782,25.9915],[-97.1782,25.9912],[-97.191,25.9837],[-97.1913,25.9837],[-97.1913,25.9857],[-97.191,25.9857],[-97.1743,25.9999],[-97.1671,26.0079],[-97.1551,26.0043],[-97.1551,26.0051],[-97.1646,26.0138],[-97.1643,26.0138],[-97.1643,26.0166],[-97.164,26.0207],[-97.1646,26.0207],[-97.171,26.0265],[-97.1699,26.0315],[-97.1685,26.0396],[-97.1687,26.0396],[-97.1687,26.0432],[-97.1685,26.0432],[-97.1735,26.0479],[-97.1735,26.0476],[-97.1571,26.0607],[-97.1571,26.061],[-97.151,26.0615],[-97.1515,26.0579],[-97.1518,26.0579],[-97.1532,26.0413],[-97.1535,26.0413],[-97.1535,26.0296],[-97.1532,26.0296],[-97.1532,26.0263],[-97.1529,26.0263],[-97.1529,26.0232],[-97.1526,26.0232],[-97.1526,26.0196],[-97.1529,26.0196],[-97.1518,26.0112],[-97.1515,26.0112],[-97.1515,26.0082],[-97.1513,26.0082],[-97.1513,26.0049],[-97.151,26.0049],[-97.151,26.0015],[-97.1507,26.0015],[-97.1513,25.9976],[-97.151,25.9976],[-97.149,25.9846],[-97.1493,25.9846],[-97.149,25.9799],[-97.1488,25.9799],[-97.1477,25.9701],[-97.1474,25.9701],[-97.1474,25.9665],[-97.148,25.96],[-97.15,25.9553],[-97.1555,25.9524],[-97.1595,25.9516],[-97.1625,25.9535],[-97.1599,25.9598],[-97.1708,25.9613],[-97.1762,25.9633],[-97.1802,25.9633],[-97.1806,25.9631],[-97.1879,25.9589],[-97.1905,25.9576],[-97.1936,25.9563],[-97.197,25.9573],[-97.2075,25.9594],[-97.208,25.9608],[-97.2084,25.9631],[-97.2101,25.9635],[-97.214,25.9628],[-97.2149,25.962],[-97.2192,25.9594],[-97.2312,25.9587],[-97.2383,25.957],[-97.2413,25.9554],[-97.2458,25.9514],[-97.2551,25.9483],[-97.2596,25.9507],[-97.2645,25.9527],[-97.2696,25.9523],[-97.2747,25.9521],[-97.2811,25.9554],[-97.2835,25.9587],[-97.2875,25.9597],[-97.29,25.9588],[-97.2911,25.957],[-97.2907,25.9529],[-97.2878,25.9501],[-97.2853,25.9481],[-97.2818,25.9457],[-97.2794,25.9433],[-97.278,25.9401],[-97.2806,25.9355],[-97.283,25.9347],[-97.294,25.935],[-97.299,25.9354],[-97.3058,25.9356],[-97.3064,25.9315],[-97.3065,25.9283],[-97.3079,25.9274],[-97.3136,25.9289],[-97.3152,25.9308],[-97.3189,25.9332],[-97.3204,25.9327],[-97.3234,25.9307],[-97.3247,25.9255],[-97.3319,25.9183],[-97.3333,25.9203],[-97.3331,25.9211],[-97.3394,25.9212],[-97.3409,25.9217],[-97.3409,25.9228],[-97.3398,25.9264],[-97.3397,25.9291],[-97.3411,25.9315],[-97.3451,25.932],[-97.3487,25.9303],[-97.3523,25.9271],[-97.3556,25.9219],[-97.3592,25.9188],[-97.3651,25.9177],[-97.3659,25.9175],[-97.3718,25.9143],[-97.3734,25.9111],[-97.3731,25.9071],[-97.372,25.9056],[-97.3682,25.8985],[-97.3669,25.8947],[-97.3644,25.8909],[-97.3629,25.887],[-97.3666,25.8863],[-97.3706,25.8859],[-97.3734,25.8853],[-97.376,25.8822],[-97.3763,25.8791],[-97.3741,25.8769],[-97.3694,25.8771],[-97.3668,25.8777],[-97.3603,25.8769],[-97.3599,25.8737],[-97.3626,25.8677],[-97.3687,25.8641],[-97.3733,25.8615],[-97.3741,25.86],[-97.375,25.8575],[-97.3731,25.8541],[-97.3706,25.8527],[-97.3691,25.8507],[-97.3707,25.8489],[-97.3756,25.8442],[-97.3807,25.8413],[-97.3831,25.8413],[-97.3877,25.8423],[-97.3921,25.8401],[-97.3996,25.8381],[-97.4019,25.8381],[-97.4081,25.8405],[-97.403,25.8451],[-97.4019,25.8462],[-97.4013,25.8493],[-97.4041,25.8509],[-97.4107,25.8551],[-97.41,25.8562],[-97.4105,25.8615],[-97.4135,25.8621],[-97.4156,25.8598],[-97.4172,25.8553],[-97.4164,25.8515],[-97.4154,25.8481],[-97.4155,25.8449],[-97.4158,25.8444],[-97.4224,25.8401],[-97.4292,25.8411],[-97.4315,25.8431],[-97.4426,25.8484],[-97.446,25.8508],[-97.4469,25.8536],[-97.4479,25.8554],[-97.4509,25.856],[-97.4534,25.8556],[-97.4549,25.8565],[-97.4491,25.8652],[-97.4475,25.8675],[-97.4479,25.8703],[-97.4499,25.8713],[-97.4512,25.8707],[-97.4594,25.8683],[-97.4602,25.87],[-97.4599,25.8733],[-97.4583,25.8775],[-97.4562,25.8816],[-97.4585,25.8863],[-97.462,25.8865],[-97.4646,25.8837],[-97.4672,25.8801],[-97.4693,25.8778],[-97.476,25.8761],[-97.4768,25.8789],[-97.4763,25.8794],[-97.471,25.8843],[-97.4704,25.8863],[-97.476,25.8867],[-97.4783,25.8838],[-97.4833,25.8805],[-97.4863,25.8809],[-97.4903,25.8829],[-97.4937,25.8817],[-97.4988,25.8813],[-97.5002,25.8849],[-97.5001,25.8896],[-97.499,25.8933],[-97.5014,25.897],[-97.5045,25.8966],[-97.5075,25.8949],[-97.5096,25.8921],[-97.5122,25.8894],[-97.5143,25.8876],[-97.5178,25.8868],[-97.5203,25.8873],[-97.5233,25.8883],[-97.5251,25.8909],[-97.527,25.9001],[-97.5317,25.9081],[-97.5347,25.9099],[-97.5362,25.912],[-97.5365,25.9136],[-97.5335,25.9191],[-97.5339,25.9224],[-97.5378,25.9229],[-97.5463,25.9255],[-97.5461,25.9257],[-97.5434,25.928],[-97.541,25.9314],[-97.5462,25.9311],[-97.5486,25.9329],[-97.549,25.9343],[-97.5519,25.9369],[-97.5596,25.9364],[-97.5603,25.9351],[-97.5649,25.9273],[-97.5669,25.9273],[-97.5699,25.9293],[-97.5718,25.9317],[-97.5727,25.9335],[-97.5742,25.9345],[-97.5777,25.9341],[-97.5858,25.9339],[-97.5873,25.9349],[-97.5847,25.9384],[-97.583,25.9392],[-97.575,25.9437],[-97.5688,25.9502],[-97.5736,25.9539],[-97.5761,25.9512],[-97.5787,25.9464],[-97.5854,25.9481],[-97.5868,25.9523],[-97.5867,25.9555],[-97.5875,25.9625],[-97.5903,25.9634],[-97.5982,25.9609],[-97.6023,25.9585],[-97.6083,25.9589],[-97.6112,25.9617],[-97.6121,25.9655],[-97.6125,25.97],[-97.6114,25.9732],[-97.6111,25.9747],[-97.6122,25.9783],[-97.6172,25.9801],[-97.6193,25.9811],[-97.6201,25.9841],[-97.6216,25.9875],[-97.625,25.9893],[-97.6254,25.9893],[-97.6307,25.989],[-97.6361,25.9905],[-97.6356,25.9926],[-97.6334,25.9951],[-97.6289,25.9954],[-97.6259,25.9953],[-97.6223,25.9967],[-97.6207,25.9991],[-97.6211,26.0035],[-97.6286,26.0057],[-97.6311,26.0053],[-97.6341,26.0039],[-97.6355,26.0019],[-97.6403,26.0021],[-97.6418,26.0034],[-97.6467,26.0079],[-97.6455,26.0138],[-97.6414,26.0161],[-97.6408,26.017],[-97.6413,26.0212],[-97.643,26.0245],[-97.6495,26.0269],[-97.6533,26.0221],[-97.6569,26.0187],[-97.6584,26.0187],[-97.6598,26.0193],[-97.6673,26.0199],[-97.6699,26.0232],[-97.6699,26.025],[-97.6682,26.0269],[-97.6652,26.0286],[-97.6653,26.0289],[-97.6726,26.0335],[-97.6746,26.0335],[-97.6772,26.0313],[-97.6774,26.0309],[-97.6791,26.0283],[-97.6853,26.0277],[-97.6878,26.0287],[-97.6898,26.0307],[-97.6923,26.0321],[-97.6942,26.0314],[-97.6939,26.0285],[-97.6914,26.0255],[-97.692,26.0237],[-97.6981,26.0234],[-97.6993,26.0254],[-97.7014,26.0313],[-97.7049,26.0328],[-97.7073,26.0347],[-97.7098,26.0352],[-97.7108,26.0343],[-97.7114,26.0303],[-97.7171,26.0252],[-97.7192,26.0252],[-97.7221,26.0267],[-97.7215,26.0291],[-97.7229,26.0323],[-97.7275,26.0333],[-97.7315,26.0339],[-97.7345,26.0321],[-97.734,26.0293],[-97.7325,26.028],[-97.7356,26.0241],[-97.7395,26.0242],[-97.7392,26.0294],[-97.7412,26.03],[-97.7497,26.0291],[-97.7547,26.0307],[-97.7582,26.0303],[-97.759,26.0294],[-97.7649,26.0263],[-97.7674,26.0272],[-97.7683,26.03],[-97.766,26.0353],[-97.7655,26.0411],[-97.7679,26.0457],[-97.7719,26.0477],[-97.7759,26.0469],[-97.7801,26.0413],[-97.7787,26.0391],[-97.7762,26.0371],[-97.7752,26.0349],[-97.7788,26.0311],[-97.7799,26.0312],[-97.7854,26.0323],[-97.7934,26.0333],[-97.7984,26.0349],[-97.8008,26.0395],[-97.8008,26.0409],[-97.7998,26.0451],[-97.7929,26.0523],[-97.7958,26.0535],[-97.8024,26.0566],[-97.8028,26.0594],[-97.8047,26.0613],[-97.8083,26.0609],[-97.8104,26.0577],[-97.8111,26.0505],[-97.8113,26.0495],[-97.8172,26.0455],[-97.8192,26.0473],[-97.8191,26.0505],[-97.8209,26.0574],[-97.8286,26.0551],[-97.8307,26.0517],[-97.8311,26.0513],[-97.8353,26.0486],[-97.8403,26.0496],[-97.8418,26.0519],[-97.8437,26.0543],[-97.8476,26.0557],[-97.8483,26.0557],[-97.8568,26.0541],[-97.8624,26.0554],[-97.8642,26.0599],[-97.8656,26.0631],[-97.8632,26.3489],[-97.5302,26.3003],[-97.5292,26.3031],[-97.5285,26.3063],[-97.5289,26.3118],[-97.5293,26.3151],[-97.5287,26.3192],[-97.5276,26.3211],[-97.5229,26.3265],[-97.5214,26.3269],[-97.5138,26.3263],[-97.5124,26.3249],[-97.5109,26.322],[-97.5115,26.3207],[-97.5182,26.3162],[-97.5172,26.3139],[-97.5137,26.3129],[-97.5107,26.3132],[-97.5071,26.3155],[-97.5045,26.3182],[-97.5039,26.3214],[-97.5058,26.3238],[-97.5077,26.328],[-97.5071,26.3326],[-97.503,26.3353],[-97.4964,26.337],[-97.4918,26.3378],[-97.4863,26.3376],[-97.4832,26.3371],[-97.4798,26.3356],[-97.4773,26.3337],[-97.4758,26.3328],[-97.4733,26.3318],[-97.4692,26.3321],[-97.4677,26.333],[-97.4611,26.3338],[-97.4596,26.3328],[-97.4582,26.33],[-97.4563,26.3272],[-97.4507,26.3266],[-97.4451,26.3288],[-97.4414,26.3333],[-97.4392,26.3407],[-97.4385,26.3485],[-97.4362,26.3586],[-97.4361,26.3614],[-97.4335,26.3632],[-97.4222,26.368],[-97.414,26.3747],[-97.4087,26.3815],[-97.4056,26.3847],[-97.4034,26.3897],[-97.401,26.3962],[-97.4002,26.3942],[-97.4009,26.3901],[-97.4009,26.3892],[-97.403,26.3855],[-97.4057,26.3814],[-97.4053,26.3777],[-97.4017,26.379],[-97.3976,26.3817],[-97.394,26.3848],[-97.3878,26.3865],[-97.3849,26.3846],[-97.3819,26.3822],[-97.382,26.3794],[-97.3837,26.3721],[-97.3848,26.3698],[-97.3888,26.3699],[-97.3947,26.3608],[-97.3992,26.36],[-97.4059,26.3583],[-97.406,26.3546],[-97.402,26.3527],[-97.3985,26.353],[-97.3882,26.3574],[-97.3811,26.3586],[-97.3755,26.3603],[-97.3685,26.3588],[-97.3618,26.3609],[-97.3552,26.3635],[-97.353,26.3681],[-97.3516,26.3693]]],[[[-97.3246,26.5407],[-97.3246,26.5404],[-97.3065,26.5196],[-97.3012,26.5121],[-97.3012,26.5112],[-97.3007,26.5112],[-97.2962,26.5029],[-97.2965,26.5029],[-97.296,26.5001],[-97.296,26.4979],[-97.2957,26.4979],[-97.2921,26.4926],[-97.2874,26.4813],[-97.2871,26.4813],[-97.2846,26.4771],[-97.284,26.4749],[-97.2826,26.4721],[-97.2799,26.4657],[-97.2793,26.4615],[-97.2785,26.4615],[-97.2771,26.4585],[-97.2768,26.4585],[-97.2757,26.4551],[-97.276,26.4551],[-97.2751,26.4546],[-97.2751,26.4543],[-97.2746,26.4513],[-97.2718,26.4457],[-97.2715,26.4457],[-97.2704,26.4426],[-97.2701,26.4426],[-97.269,26.4385],[-97.2685,26.4385],[-97.2651,26.4351],[-97.2637,26.4286],[-97.2638,26.4268],[-97.2623,26.4244],[-97.2599,26.4225],[-97.2594,26.4211],[-97.2595,26.4179],[-97.2581,26.4151],[-97.2551,26.4145],[-97.2531,26.414],[-97.252,26.4168],[-97.2514,26.4191],[-97.2523,26.4219],[-97.2552,26.4256],[-97.2573,26.4276],[-97.2571,26.4276],[-97.2499,26.4212],[-97.2496,26.4212],[-97.2496,26.419],[-97.2493,26.419],[-97.2526,26.414],[-97.2526,26.4137],[-97.2549,26.4137],[-97.2549,26.4132],[-97.2535,26.4112],[-97.2532,26.4112],[-97.2518,26.4079],[-97.251,26.4071],[-97.2443,26.4068],[-97.2443,26.4065],[-97.2435,26.4046],[-97.2432,26.4046],[-97.2457,26.4001],[-97.2454,26.4001],[-97.2451,26.3979],[-97.2363,26.3935],[-97.2363,26.3932],[-97.2335,26.3935],[-97.2335,26.3937],[-97.2304,26.4032],[-97.2251,26.4065],[-97.2251,26.4062],[-97.2224,26.4029],[-97.2215,26.4001],[-97.2165,26.3826],[-97.2162,26.3826],[-97.2154,26.3787],[-97.2151,26.3787],[-97.2126,26.3687],[-97.2104,26.361],[-97.2101,26.361],[-97.2096,26.359],[-97.2096,26.3579],[-97.2093,26.3579],[-97.209,26.356],[-97.2087,26.356],[-97.2082,26.354],[-97.2082,26.3529],[-97.2079,26.3529],[-97.2079,26.3518],[-97.2076,26.3518],[-97.2076,26.3504],[-97.2071,26.349],[-97.2071,26.3479],[-97.2068,26.3479],[-97.2068,26.3465],[-97.2065,26.3465],[-97.2065,26.3454],[-97.206,26.344],[-97.206,26.3426],[-97.2057,26.3426],[-97.2048,26.339],[-97.2049,26.3376],[-97.2046,26.3376],[-97.2046,26.3363],[-97.2043,26.3363],[-97.2043,26.3351],[-97.204,26.3351],[-97.204,26.3337],[-97.2035,26.3326],[-97.2035,26.3312],[-97.2032,26.3312],[-97.2032,26.3299],[-97.2029,26.3299],[-97.2029,26.3288],[-97.2026,26.3288],[-97.2026,26.3274],[-97.2021,26.326],[-97.2021,26.3249],[-97.2018,26.3249],[-97.2018,26.3235],[-97.2015,26.3235],[-97.2015,26.3224],[-97.2012,26.3224],[-97.2012,26.321],[-97.2007,26.3196],[-97.2007,26.3185],[-97.2004,26.3185],[-97.2004,26.3171],[-97.2001,26.3171],[-97.2001,26.316],[-97.1996,26.3146],[-97.1996,26.3132],[-97.1993,26.3132],[-97.1993,26.3121],[-97.199,26.3121],[-97.199,26.3107],[-97.1985,26.3096],[-97.1985,26.3082],[-97.1982,26.3082],[-97.1982,26.3068],[-97.1979,26.3068],[-97.1979,26.3057],[-97.1976,26.3057],[-97.1976,26.3043],[-97.1971,26.3032],[-97.1971,26.3021],[-97.1968,26.3021],[-97.1968,26.3007],[-97.1965,26.3007],[-97.1965,26.2996],[-97.196,26.2982],[-97.196,26.2971],[-97.1957,26.2971],[-97.1957,26.296],[-97.1954,26.296],[-97.1954,26.2946],[-97.1951,26.2946],[-97.1951,26.2935],[-97.1946,26.2924],[-97.1946,26.291],[-97.1943,26.291],[-97.1943,26.2899],[-97.194,26.2899],[-97.194,26.2885],[-97.1937,26.2885],[-97.1937,26.2874],[-97.1932,26.2862],[-97.1932,26.2849],[-97.1929,26.2849],[-97.1929,26.2838],[-97.1926,26.2838],[-97.1926,26.2826],[-97.1921,26.2812],[-97.1921,26.2801],[-97.1918,26.2801],[-97.1918,26.279],[-97.1915,26.279],[-97.1915,26.2776],[-97.191,26.2765],[-97.191,26.2751],[-97.1907,26.2751],[-97.1907,26.274],[-97.1904,26.274],[-97.1904,26.2729],[-97.1901,26.2729],[-97.1907,26.2718],[-97.1904,26.2701],[-97.1901,26.2701],[-97.1901,26.2685],[-97.1899,26.2668],[-97.1896,26.2668],[-97.1896,26.2651],[-97.1893,26.2651],[-97.1893,26.2635],[-97.189,26.2635],[-97.189,26.2618],[-97.1888,26.2618],[-97.1888,26.2601],[-97.1885,26.2601],[-97.1885,26.2585],[-97.1888,26.2585],[-97.1882,26.2546],[-97.1885,26.2546],[-97.1885,26.2535],[-97.1882,26.2535],[-97.1871,26.2507],[-97.1871,26.2488],[-97.1868,26.2488],[-97.1868,26.2468],[-97.1865,26.2468],[-97.1857,26.2435],[-97.1857,26.2418],[-97.1854,26.2418],[-97.1854,26.2401],[-97.1851,26.2401],[-97.1851,26.2385],[-97.1849,26.2368],[-97.1846,26.2368],[-97.1846,26.2351],[-97.1843,26.2351],[-97.1843,26.2335],[-97.184,26.2335],[-97.184,26.2318],[-97.1837,26.2318],[-97.1837,26.2301],[-97.1835,26.2301],[-97.1832,26.2285],[-97.1832,26.2271],[-97.1829,26.2271],[-97.1829,26.2254],[-97.1826,26.2254],[-97.1826,26.224],[-97.1821,26.2226],[-97.1821,26.221],[-97.1818,26.221],[-97.1818,26.2196],[-97.1815,26.2196],[-97.1815,26.2182],[-97.1813,26.2165],[-97.181,26.2165],[-97.181,26.2151],[-97.1807,26.2151],[-97.1807,26.2135],[-97.1804,26.2135],[-97.1804,26.2121],[-97.1801,26.2121],[-97.1801,26.2107],[-97.1799,26.209],[-97.1796,26.209],[-97.1796,26.2076],[-97.1793,26.2076],[-97.1793,26.2062],[-97.179,26.2062],[-97.179,26.2046],[-97.1787,26.2046],[-97.1787,26.2029],[-97.1785,26.2029],[-97.1785,26.201],[-97.1782,26.201],[-97.1782,26.199],[-97.1779,26.199],[-97.1779,26.1971],[-97.1776,26.1971],[-97.1776,26.1951],[-97.1774,26.1951],[-97.1774,26.1932],[-97.1771,26.1932],[-97.1771,26.1871],[-97.1768,26.1871],[-97.1768,26.1843],[-97.1765,26.1843],[-97.1765,26.1815],[-97.1762,26.1815],[-97.1762,26.179],[-97.176,26.179],[-97.1757,26.1779],[-97.174,26.1737],[-97.1735,26.1724],[-97.1735,26.171],[-97.1732,26.171],[-97.1732,26.1699],[-97.1729,26.1699],[-97.1729,26.1685],[-97.1726,26.1685],[-97.1726,26.1674],[-97.1724,26.1657],[-97.1721,26.1657],[-97.1721,26.1635],[-97.1718,26.1635],[-97.1718,26.1612],[-97.1715,26.1612],[-97.1715,26.159],[-97.1712,26.159],[-97.1712,26.1568],[-97.171,26.1568],[-97.171,26.1549],[-97.1707,26.1549],[-97.1707,26.1526],[-97.1704,26.1526],[-97.1704,26.1504],[-97.1701,26.1504],[-97.1701,26.1482],[-97.1699,26.1482],[-97.1699,26.146],[-97.1696,26.146],[-97.1696,26.144],[-97.1693,26.144],[-97.1693,26.1421],[-97.169,26.1421],[-97.169,26.1404],[-97.1687,26.1404],[-97.1687,26.1385],[-97.1685,26.1385],[-97.1685,26.1365],[-97.1682,26.1365],[-97.1682,26.1346],[-97.1679,26.1346],[-97.1679,26.1326],[-97.1676,26.1326],[-97.1676,26.131],[-97.1674,26.129],[-97.1671,26.129],[-97.1671,26.1271],[-97.1668,26.1271],[-97.1668,26.1251],[-97.1665,26.1251],[-97.1665,26.1235],[-97.1663,26.1215],[-97.166,26.1215],[-97.166,26.1196],[-97.1657,26.1196],[-97.1657,26.1176],[-97.1654,26.1176],[-97.1654,26.116],[-97.1651,26.116],[-97.1651,26.114],[-97.1649,26.114],[-97.1649,26.1121],[-97.1646,26.1121],[-97.1646,26.1104],[-97.1643,26.1104],[-97.1643,26.1085],[-97.164,26.1085],[-97.164,26.1065],[-97.1637,26.1065],[-97.1637,26.1049],[-97.1635,26.1029],[-97.1632,26.1029],[-97.1632,26.101],[-97.1629,26.101],[-97.1629,26.0993],[-97.1626,26.0993],[-97.1626,26.0974],[-97.1624,26.0974],[-97.1624,26.0957],[-97.1621,26.0957],[-97.1621,26.0946],[-97.1618,26.0946],[-97.1618,26.0935],[-97.1615,26.0935],[-97.1615,26.0924],[-97.1612,26.0924],[-97.1612,26.0912],[-97.1607,26.0901],[-97.1607,26.089],[-97.1604,26.089],[-97.1604,26.0879],[-97.1601,26.0879],[-97.1601,26.0868],[-97.1596,26.0857],[-97.1596,26.0846],[-97.1593,26.0846],[-97.1593,26.0835],[-97.159,26.0835],[-97.159,26.0824],[-97.1585,26.0812],[-97.1585,26.0801],[-97.1582,26.0801],[-97.1579,26.0782],[-97.1576,26.0782],[-97.1571,26.0763],[-97.1571,26.0751],[-97.1568,26.0751],[-97.1565,26.0732],[-97.1562,26.0732],[-97.1557,26.0713],[-97.1557,26.0701],[-97.1554,26.0701],[-97.1551,26.0682],[-97.1562,26.0682],[-97.1562,26.0685],[-97.1593,26.069],[-97.1593,26.0693],[-97.1604,26.0693],[-97.1604,26.069],[-97.1624,26.0676],[-97.164,26.0686],[-97.1637,26.0704],[-97.164,26.0704],[-97.1665,26.0749],[-97.1668,26.0749],[-97.1702,26.0771],[-97.1732,26.0765],[-97.1732,26.0768],[-97.1687,26.0799],[-97.1687,26.0821],[-97.169,26.0821],[-97.1699,26.0854],[-97.1696,26.0854],[-97.1696,26.0868],[-97.1687,26.0868],[-97.1687,26.0874],[-97.1682,26.0885],[-97.1679,26.0899],[-97.169,26.0971],[-97.1693,26.0993],[-97.169,26.0993],[-97.169,26.101],[-97.1687,26.101],[-97.1687,26.1024],[-97.169,26.1024],[-97.1732,26.1138],[-97.1735,26.1138],[-97.1729,26.1221],[-97.1732,26.1221],[-97.1735,26.1235],[-97.1738,26.1235],[-97.1754,26.1274],[-97.1751,26.1293],[-97.1754,26.1293],[-97.1768,26.1332],[-97.1771,26.1332],[-97.1771,26.1343],[-97.1774,26.1343],[-97.1774,26.1404],[-97.1776,26.1404],[-97.1776,26.1435],[-97.1768,26.1435],[-97.1743,26.144],[-97.1754,26.144],[-97.1754,26.1443],[-97.1774,26.144],[-97.1774,26.1446],[-97.1779,26.1462],[-97.1807,26.1471],[-97.1818,26.1485],[-97.1821,26.1485],[-97.1821,26.1499],[-97.1818,26.1499],[-97.179,26.1537],[-97.1793,26.1537],[-97.1799,26.1543],[-97.1815,26.1565],[-97.181,26.1585],[-97.1807,26.1585],[-97.1804,26.1607],[-97.181,26.1607],[-97.1821,26.1649],[-97.1818,26.1649],[-97.1818,26.166],[-97.1815,26.166],[-97.1815,26.1671],[-97.181,26.1682],[-97.181,26.1724],[-97.1813,26.1724],[-97.1813,26.1735],[-97.1818,26.1746],[-97.1818,26.1757],[-97.1821,26.1757],[-97.1821,26.1768],[-97.1824,26.1768],[-97.1824,26.1779],[-97.184,26.181],[-97.1843,26.181],[-97.1843,26.1821],[-97.1846,26.1821],[-97.1846,26.1832],[-97.1849,26.1832],[-97.1854,26.1851],[-97.1854,26.1863],[-97.1857,26.1863],[-97.1857,26.1874],[-97.186,26.1874],[-97.186,26.1885],[-97.1865,26.1904],[-97.1868,26.1904],[-97.1868,26.1915],[-97.1871,26.1915],[-97.1871,26.1926],[-97.1874,26.1926],[-97.1879,26.1946],[-97.1879,26.1957],[-97.1882,26.1957],[-97.1882,26.1968],[-97.1885,26.1968],[-97.1885,26.1979],[-97.1888,26.1979],[-97.1888,26.2013],[-97.189,26.2013],[-97.1893,26.2029],[-97.1893,26.2043],[-97.1896,26.2043],[-97.1896,26.206],[-97.1899,26.206],[-97.1899,26.2074],[-97.1904,26.2088],[-97.1904,26.2104],[-97.1907,26.2104],[-97.1907,26.2118],[-97.191,26.2118],[-97.191,26.2135],[-97.1913,26.2135],[-97.1913,26.2146],[-97.1918,26.2165],[-97.1921,26.2165],[-97.1929,26.2193],[-97.1932,26.2213],[-97.1935,26.2213],[-97.1935,26.2224],[-97.194,26.2243],[-97.1943,26.2243],[-97.1943,26.2254],[-97.1946,26.2254],[-97.1946,26.2265],[-97.1949,26.2265],[-97.1954,26.2288],[-97.1957,26.233],[-97.1954,26.2382],[-97.1954,26.2412],[-97.1957,26.2437],[-97.196,26.2437],[-97.196,26.2457],[-97.1963,26.2457],[-97.1963,26.2468],[-97.1968,26.2479],[-97.1968,26.249],[-97.1971,26.249],[-97.2012,26.2543],[-97.2015,26.2557],[-97.2018,26.2557],[-97.2018,26.2571],[-97.2021,26.2571],[-97.2021,26.2588],[-97.2024,26.2588],[-97.2024,26.2601],[-97.2029,26.2612],[-97.2218,26.3035],[-97.2221,26.3035],[-97.2229,26.3062],[-97.2229,26.3074],[-97.2232,26.3074],[-97.2232,26.3088],[-97.2235,26.3088],[-97.2235,26.3099],[-97.224,26.3113],[-97.224,26.3124],[-97.2243,26.3124],[-97.2315,26.3218],[-97.244,26.3435],[-97.2443,26.3435],[-97.2446,26.3451],[-97.2449,26.3451],[-97.2449,26.3463],[-97.2454,26.3482],[-97.2457,26.3482],[-97.2457,26.3493],[-97.246,26.3493],[-97.246,26.3504],[-97.2465,26.3515],[-97.2465,26.3526],[-97.2468,26.3526],[-97.2496,26.3624],[-97.2499,26.3624],[-97.2499,26.3657],[-97.2496,26.3657],[-97.2496,26.3682],[-97.2501,26.3682],[-97.2532,26.3729],[-97.2535,26.3729],[-97.2551,26.3746],[-97.2543,26.3782],[-97.2557,26.3799],[-97.2565,26.3813],[-97.2568,26.3813],[-97.2615,26.3907],[-97.2632,26.3988],[-97.264,26.3999],[-97.2679,26.4026],[-97.2696,26.4062],[-97.271,26.4068],[-97.2715,26.4082],[-97.2715,26.4096],[-97.2718,26.4096],[-97.2718,26.411],[-97.2721,26.411],[-97.2746,26.4201],[-97.2749,26.4201],[-97.2774,26.4304],[-97.2779,26.4304],[-97.2779,26.4318],[-97.2787,26.4318],[-97.2787,26.4337],[-97.279,26.4337],[-97.2804,26.4343],[-97.2804,26.4349],[-97.2865,26.4465],[-97.2896,26.4507],[-97.2954,26.4582],[-97.2974,26.461],[-97.299,26.4632],[-97.3001,26.4632],[-97.3007,26.4632],[-97.3079,26.4724],[-97.3118,26.4796],[-97.3124,26.4796],[-97.3171,26.4904],[-97.3174,26.4904],[-97.3307,26.504],[-97.3315,26.5065],[-97.3318,26.5076],[-97.3357,26.5071],[-97.3357,26.5074],[-97.3363,26.511],[-97.3365,26.511],[-97.3368,26.514],[-97.3365,26.514],[-97.3374,26.5174],[-97.3376,26.5174],[-97.3382,26.5204],[-97.3385,26.5204],[-97.3388,26.5238],[-97.339,26.5238],[-97.339,26.5274],[-97.3388,26.5274],[-97.3318,26.5407],[-97.3246,26.5407]]],[[[-97.2957,26.2915],[-97.2957,26.2913],[-97.2954,26.2913],[-97.2954,26.2907],[-97.2951,26.2907],[-97.2951,26.2901],[-97.2949,26.2901],[-97.2949,26.2893],[-97.2946,26.2893],[-97.2946,26.2888],[-97.2943,26.2888],[-97.2943,26.2882],[-97.294,26.2882],[-97.294,26.2874],[-97.2937,26.2874],[-97.2937,26.2868],[-97.2935,26.2868],[-97.2935,26.2862],[-97.2932,26.2862],[-97.2932,26.2857],[-97.2929,26.2857],[-97.2929,26.2849],[-97.2926,26.2849],[-97.2926,26.2843],[-97.2924,26.2843],[-97.2924,26.2838],[-97.2921,26.2838],[-97.2921,26.2829],[-97.2918,26.2829],[-97.2918,26.2824],[-97.2915,26.2824],[-97.2915,26.2815],[-97.2913,26.2815],[-97.2913,26.2807],[-97.291,26.2807],[-97.291,26.2801],[-97.2907,26.2801],[-97.2907,26.2793],[-97.2904,26.2793],[-97.2904,26.2787],[-97.2901,26.2787],[-97.2901,26.2779],[-97.2899,26.2779],[-97.2899,26.2771],[-97.2896,26.2771],[-97.2896,26.2765],[-97.2893,26.2765],[-97.2893,26.2757],[-97.289,26.2757],[-97.289,26.2749],[-97.2887,26.2749],[-97.2887,26.2743],[-97.2885,26.2743],[-97.2885,26.2735],[-97.2887,26.2735],[-97.2887,26.2732],[-97.2896,26.2732],[-97.2896,26.2729],[-97.2901,26.2729],[-97.2901,26.2732],[-97.2904,26.2732],[-97.2904,26.2743],[-97.2907,26.2743],[-97.2907,26.2751],[-97.291,26.2751],[-97.291,26.2754],[-97.2915,26.2754],[-97.2915,26.2751],[-97.2921,26.2751],[-97.2921,26.2749],[-97.2924,26.2749],[-97.2924,26.2746],[-97.2929,26.2746],[-97.2929,26.2743],[-97.2946,26.2743],[-97.2946,26.2746],[-97.2949,26.2746],[-97.2949,26.2751],[-97.2951,26.2751],[-97.2951,26.2754],[-97.2954,26.2754],[-97.2954,26.2757],[-97.2957,26.2757],[-97.2957,26.2763],[-97.296,26.2763],[-97.296,26.2765],[-97.2962,26.2765],[-97.2962,26.2771],[-97.2965,26.2771],[-97.2965,26.2774],[-97.2968,26.2774],[-97.2968,26.2776],[-97.2974,26.2776],[-97.2974,26.2779],[-97.2976,26.2779],[-97.2976,26.2782],[-97.2979,26.2782],[-97.2979,26.2785],[-97.2982,26.2785],[-97.2982,26.2787],[-97.2988,26.2787],[-97.2988,26.279],[-97.299,26.279],[-97.299,26.2793],[-97.2993,26.2793],[-97.2993,26.2796],[-97.3012,26.2796],[-97.3012,26.2799],[-97.3029,26.2799],[-97.3029,26.2801],[-97.3035,26.2801],[-97.3035,26.2804],[-97.3037,26.2804],[-97.3037,26.2807],[-97.3043,26.2807],[-97.3043,26.281],[-97.3054,26.281],[-97.3054,26.2812],[-97.3057,26.2812],[-97.3057,26.2815],[-97.306,26.2815],[-97.306,26.2821],[-97.3063,26.2821],[-97.3063,26.2824],[-97.3065,26.2824],[-97.3065,26.2826],[-97.3068,26.2826],[-97.3068,26.2832],[-97.3071,26.2832],[-97.3071,26.2838],[-97.3074,26.2838],[-97.3074,26.286],[-97.3071,26.286],[-97.3071,26.2862],[-97.3065,26.2862],[-97.3065,26.286],[-97.3054,26.286],[-97.3054,26.2857],[-97.304,26.2857],[-97.304,26.2854],[-97.3035,26.2854],[-97.3035,26.2851],[-97.3026,26.2851],[-97.3026,26.2849],[-97.3021,26.2849],[-97.3021,26.2846],[-97.3015,26.2846],[-97.3015,26.2832],[-97.3018,26.2832],[-97.3018,26.2824],[-97.3043,26.2824],[-97.3043,26.2821],[-97.304,26.2821],[-97.304,26.2818],[-97.3037,26.2818],[-97.3037,26.2812],[-97.3035,26.2812],[-97.3035,26.281],[-97.3032,26.281],[-97.3032,26.2807],[-97.2996,26.2807],[-97.2996,26.2804],[-97.299,26.2804],[-97.299,26.2801],[-97.2985,26.2801],[-97.2985,26.2799],[-97.2976,26.2799],[-97.2976,26.2796],[-97.2965,26.2796],[-97.2965,26.2801],[-97.2962,26.2801],[-97.2962,26.2807],[-97.296,26.2807],[-97.296,26.2812],[-97.2957,26.2812],[-97.2957,26.2818],[-97.2954,26.2818],[-97.2954,26.2824],[-97.2951,26.2824],[-97.2951,26.2826],[-97.2949,26.2826],[-97.2949,26.2824],[-97.294,26.2824],[-97.294,26.2821],[-97.2935,26.2821],[-97.2935,26.2818],[-97.2929,26.2818],[-97.2929,26.2815],[-97.2924,26.2815],[-97.2924,26.2812],[-97.2918,26.2812],[-97.2918,26.2818],[-97.2921,26.2818],[-97.2921,26.2824],[-97.2924,26.2824],[-97.2924,26.2829],[-97.2926,26.2829],[-97.2926,26.2835],[-97.2929,26.2835],[-97.2929,26.284],[-97.2932,26.284],[-97.2932,26.2846],[-97.2935,26.2846],[-97.2935,26.2851],[-97.2937,26.2851],[-97.2937,26.2857],[-97.294,26.2857],[-97.294,26.2862],[-97.2943,26.2862],[-97.2943,26.2868],[-97.2946,26.2868],[-97.2946,26.2874],[-97.2949,26.2874],[-97.2949,26.2879],[-97.2951,26.2879],[-97.2951,26.2885],[-97.2954,26.2885],[-97.2954,26.289],[-97.2957,26.289],[-97.2957,26.2896],[-97.296,26.2896],[-97.296,26.2901],[-97.2962,26.2901],[-97.2962,26.2907],[-97.2965,26.2907],[-97.2965,26.2913],[-97.2968,26.2913],[-97.2968,26.2915],[-97.2957,26.2915]]],[[[-97.3037,26.2987],[-97.3037,26.2985],[-97.3029,26.2985],[-97.3029,26.2982],[-97.3024,26.2982],[-97.3024,26.2979],[-97.3015,26.2979],[-97.3015,26.2976],[-97.301,26.2976],[-97.301,26.2974],[-97.3007,26.2974],[-97.3007,26.2971],[-97.3004,26.2971],[-97.3004,26.2968],[-97.3001,26.2968],[-97.3001,26.2965],[-97.2996,26.2965],[-97.2996,26.2962],[-97.2993,26.2962],[-97.2993,26.296],[-97.299,26.296],[-97.299,26.2951],[-97.2988,26.2951],[-97.2988,26.294],[-97.2985,26.294],[-97.2985,26.2932],[-97.2988,26.2932],[-97.2988,26.2926],[-97.299,26.2926],[-97.299,26.2921],[-97.2993,26.2921],[-97.2993,26.2918],[-97.2996,26.2918],[-97.2996,26.2913],[-97.2999,26.2913],[-97.2999,26.291],[-97.3001,26.291],[-97.3001,26.2904],[-97.3004,26.2904],[-97.3004,26.2899],[-97.3007,26.2899],[-97.3007,26.289],[-97.301,26.289],[-97.301,26.2885],[-97.3012,26.2885],[-97.3012,26.2879],[-97.3015,26.2879],[-97.3015,26.2871],[-97.3018,26.2871],[-97.3018,26.2865],[-97.3021,26.2865],[-97.3021,26.286],[-97.3024,26.286],[-97.3024,26.2862],[-97.304,26.2862],[-97.304,26.2865],[-97.3054,26.2865],[-97.3054,26.2868],[-97.3068,26.2868],[-97.3068,26.2871],[-97.3071,26.2871],[-97.3071,26.2874],[-97.3074,26.2874],[-97.3074,26.2876],[-97.3076,26.2876],[-97.3076,26.2888],[-97.3085,26.2888],[-97.3085,26.2885],[-97.309,26.2885],[-97.309,26.2882],[-97.3096,26.2882],[-97.3096,26.2879],[-97.3101,26.2879],[-97.3101,26.2876],[-97.3104,26.2876],[-97.3104,26.2874],[-97.3107,26.2874],[-97.3107,26.2871],[-97.311,26.2871],[-97.311,26.2868],[-97.3112,26.2868],[-97.3112,26.2862],[-97.3115,26.2862],[-97.3115,26.286],[-97.3118,26.286],[-97.3118,26.2857],[-97.3121,26.2857],[-97.3121,26.2854],[-97.3124,26.2854],[-97.3124,26.2851],[-97.3126,26.2851],[-97.3126,26.2849],[-97.3129,26.2849],[-97.3129,26.2846],[-97.3132,26.2846],[-97.3132,26.284],[-97.3135,26.284],[-97.3135,26.2838],[-97.3138,26.2838],[-97.3138,26.2835],[-97.314,26.2835],[-97.314,26.2832],[-97.3143,26.2832],[-97.3143,26.2829],[-97.3149,26.2829],[-97.3149,26.2826],[-97.3151,26.2826],[-97.3151,26.2824],[-97.3157,26.2824],[-97.3157,26.2821],[-97.3163,26.2821],[-97.3163,26.2818],[-97.3165,26.2818],[-97.3165,26.2815],[-97.3171,26.2815],[-97.3171,26.2812],[-97.3174,26.2812],[-97.3174,26.281],[-97.3179,26.281],[-97.3179,26.2807],[-97.3185,26.2807],[-97.3185,26.2804],[-97.3187,26.2804],[-97.3187,26.2801],[-97.3193,26.2801],[-97.3193,26.2799],[-97.3199,26.2799],[-97.3199,26.2796],[-97.3201,26.2796],[-97.3201,26.2793],[-97.3207,26.2793],[-97.3207,26.2799],[-97.321,26.2799],[-97.321,26.2801],[-97.3213,26.2801],[-97.3213,26.2807],[-97.3215,26.2807],[-97.3215,26.281],[-97.3213,26.281],[-97.3213,26.2812],[-97.3207,26.2812],[-97.3207,26.2815],[-97.3204,26.2815],[-97.3204,26.2818],[-97.3201,26.2818],[-97.3201,26.2821],[-97.3199,26.2821],[-97.3199,26.2824],[-97.3193,26.2824],[-97.3193,26.2826],[-97.319,26.2826],[-97.319,26.2829],[-97.3187,26.2829],[-97.3187,26.2832],[-97.3185,26.2832],[-97.3185,26.2835],[-97.3179,26.2835],[-97.3179,26.2838],[-97.3174,26.2838],[-97.3174,26.2835],[-97.3171,26.2835],[-97.3171,26.284],[-97.3168,26.284],[-97.3168,26.2846],[-97.3165,26.2846],[-97.3165,26.2849],[-97.3163,26.2849],[-97.3163,26.2851],[-97.316,26.2851],[-97.316,26.286],[-97.3163,26.286],[-97.3163,26.2871],[-97.3165,26.2871],[-97.3165,26.2874],[-97.3163,26.2874],[-97.3163,26.2879],[-97.3157,26.2879],[-97.3157,26.2882],[-97.3151,26.2882],[-97.3151,26.2885],[-97.3146,26.2885],[-97.3146,26.2888],[-97.3143,26.2888],[-97.3143,26.2882],[-97.314,26.2882],[-97.314,26.2888],[-97.3138,26.2888],[-97.3138,26.289],[-97.3135,26.289],[-97.3135,26.2899],[-97.3132,26.2899],[-97.3132,26.2904],[-97.3129,26.2904],[-97.3129,26.2907],[-97.3126,26.2907],[-97.3126,26.291],[-97.3124,26.291],[-97.3124,26.2915],[-97.3121,26.2915],[-97.3121,26.2921],[-97.3115,26.2921],[-97.3115,26.2924],[-97.3112,26.2924],[-97.3112,26.2932],[-97.311,26.2932],[-97.311,26.2935],[-97.3107,26.2935],[-97.3107,26.2946],[-97.3104,26.2946],[-97.3104,26.2962],[-97.3096,26.2962],[-97.3096,26.2965],[-97.3085,26.2965],[-97.3085,26.2968],[-97.3076,26.2968],[-97.3076,26.2971],[-97.3068,26.2971],[-97.3068,26.2974],[-97.3063,26.2974],[-97.3063,26.2976],[-97.306,26.2976],[-97.306,26.2979],[-97.3054,26.2979],[-97.3054,26.2982],[-97.3049,26.2982],[-97.3049,26.2985],[-97.3046,26.2985],[-97.3046,26.2987],[-97.3037,26.2987]]],[[[-97.2768,26.2407],[-97.2768,26.2404],[-97.2765,26.2404],[-97.2765,26.2396],[-97.2763,26.2396],[-97.2763,26.2388],[-97.276,26.2388],[-97.276,26.2379],[-97.2757,26.2379],[-97.2757,26.2371],[-97.2754,26.2371],[-97.2754,26.2365],[-97.2751,26.2365],[-97.2751,26.2357],[-97.2749,26.2357],[-97.2749,26.2349],[-97.2746,26.2349],[-97.2746,26.234],[-97.2743,26.234],[-97.2743,26.2332],[-97.274,26.2332],[-97.274,26.2321],[-97.2738,26.2321],[-97.2738,26.2313],[-97.2735,26.2313],[-97.2735,26.2304],[-97.2732,26.2304],[-97.2732,26.2296],[-97.2729,26.2296],[-97.2729,26.2285],[-97.2726,26.2285],[-97.2726,26.2276],[-97.2724,26.2276],[-97.2724,26.2268],[-97.2721,26.2268],[-97.2721,26.2257],[-97.2718,26.2257],[-97.2718,26.2249],[-97.2715,26.2249],[-97.2715,26.224],[-97.2712,26.224],[-97.2712,26.2232],[-97.271,26.2232],[-97.271,26.2221],[-97.2707,26.2221],[-97.2707,26.2213],[-97.2704,26.2213],[-97.2704,26.2204],[-97.2701,26.2204],[-97.2701,26.2196],[-97.2699,26.2196],[-97.2699,26.2187],[-97.2696,26.2187],[-97.2696,26.2182],[-97.2693,26.2182],[-97.2693,26.2174],[-97.269,26.2174],[-97.269,26.2165],[-97.2688,26.2165],[-97.2688,26.2157],[-97.2685,26.2157],[-97.2685,26.2149],[-97.2682,26.2149],[-97.2682,26.214],[-97.2679,26.214],[-97.2679,26.2132],[-97.2676,26.2132],[-97.2676,26.2126],[-97.2674,26.2126],[-97.2674,26.2118],[-97.2671,26.2118],[-97.2671,26.211],[-97.2668,26.211],[-97.2668,26.2101],[-97.2665,26.2101],[-97.2665,26.2093],[-97.2663,26.2093],[-97.2663,26.2085],[-97.266,26.2085],[-97.266,26.2076],[-97.2657,26.2076],[-97.2657,26.2071],[-97.2654,26.2071],[-97.2654,26.2062],[-97.2651,26.2062],[-97.2651,26.2054],[-97.2649,26.2054],[-97.2649,26.2046],[-97.2646,26.2046],[-97.2646,26.2035],[-97.2643,26.2035],[-97.2643,26.2026],[-97.264,26.2026],[-97.264,26.2015],[-97.2637,26.2015],[-97.2637,26.201],[-97.2643,26.201],[-97.2643,26.2013],[-97.2646,26.2013],[-97.2646,26.2018],[-97.2649,26.2018],[-97.2649,26.2024],[-97.2651,26.2024],[-97.2651,26.2029],[-97.2654,26.2029],[-97.2654,26.2035],[-97.2657,26.2035],[-97.2657,26.204],[-97.266,26.204],[-97.266,26.2046],[-97.2663,26.2046],[-97.2663,26.2051],[-97.2665,26.2051],[-97.2665,26.2057],[-97.2668,26.2057],[-97.2668,26.2062],[-97.2671,26.2062],[-97.2671,26.2071],[-97.2674,26.2071],[-97.2674,26.2076],[-97.2676,26.2076],[-97.2676,26.2082],[-97.2679,26.2082],[-97.2679,26.209],[-97.2682,26.209],[-97.2682,26.2096],[-97.2685,26.2096],[-97.2685,26.2104],[-97.2688,26.2104],[-97.2688,26.211],[-97.269,26.211],[-97.269,26.2118],[-97.2693,26.2118],[-97.2693,26.2124],[-97.2696,26.2124],[-97.2696,26.2129],[-97.2699,26.2129],[-97.2699,26.2138],[-97.2701,26.2138],[-97.2701,26.2143],[-97.2704,26.2143],[-97.2704,26.2151],[-97.2707,26.2151],[-97.2707,26.2157],[-97.271,26.2157],[-97.271,26.2165],[-97.2712,26.2165],[-97.2712,26.2174],[-97.2715,26.2174],[-97.2715,26.2182],[-97.2718,26.2182],[-97.2718,26.219],[-97.2721,26.219],[-97.2721,26.2199],[-97.2724,26.2199],[-97.2724,26.2207],[-97.2726,26.2207],[-97.2726,26.2221],[-97.2729,26.2221],[-97.2729,26.2237],[-97.2732,26.2237],[-97.2732,26.2243],[-97.2735,26.2243],[-97.2735,26.2251],[-97.2738,26.2251],[-97.2738,26.2257],[-97.274,26.2257],[-97.274,26.2265],[-97.2743,26.2265],[-97.2743,26.2271],[-97.2746,26.2271],[-97.2746,26.2279],[-97.2749,26.2279],[-97.2749,26.2285],[-97.2751,26.2285],[-97.2751,26.2293],[-97.2754,26.2293],[-97.2754,26.2301],[-97.2757,26.2301],[-97.2757,26.2307],[-97.276,26.2307],[-97.276,26.2315],[-97.2763,26.2315],[-97.2763,26.2321],[-97.2765,26.2321],[-97.2765,26.2329],[-97.2768,26.2329],[-97.2768,26.2335],[-97.2771,26.2335],[-97.2771,26.2343],[-97.2774,26.2343],[-97.2774,26.2351],[-97.2776,26.2351],[-97.2776,26.2357],[-97.2779,26.2357],[-97.2779,26.2365],[-97.2782,26.2365],[-97.2782,26.2374],[-97.2785,26.2374],[-97.2785,26.2379],[-97.2787,26.2379],[-97.2787,26.2388],[-97.279,26.2388],[-97.279,26.2393],[-97.2785,26.2393],[-97.2785,26.2396],[-97.2782,26.2396],[-97.2782,26.2399],[-97.2776,26.2399],[-97.2776,26.2401],[-97.2774,26.2401],[-97.2774,26.2404],[-97.2771,26.2404],[-97.2771,26.2407],[-97.2768,26.2407]]],[[[-97.329,26.3363],[-97.329,26.336],[-97.3288,26.336],[-97.3288,26.3357],[-97.3285,26.3357],[-97.3285,26.3354],[-97.3282,26.3354],[-97.3282,26.3351],[-97.3279,26.3351],[-97.3279,26.3349],[-97.3276,26.3349],[-97.3276,26.3346],[-97.3274,26.3346],[-97.3274,26.3315],[-97.3268,26.3315],[-97.3268,26.3312],[-97.326,26.3312],[-97.326,26.331],[-97.3254,26.331],[-97.3254,26.3301],[-97.3251,26.3301],[-97.3251,26.329],[-97.3254,26.329],[-97.3254,26.3285],[-97.3257,26.3285],[-97.3257,26.3279],[-97.326,26.3279],[-97.326,26.3271],[-97.3262,26.3271],[-97.3262,26.3265],[-97.3265,26.3265],[-97.3265,26.326],[-97.3268,26.326],[-97.3268,26.3254],[-97.3271,26.3254],[-97.3271,26.3251],[-97.3274,26.3251],[-97.3274,26.3249],[-97.3276,26.3249],[-97.3276,26.3246],[-97.3279,26.3246],[-97.3279,26.3243],[-97.3282,26.3243],[-97.3282,26.324],[-97.3285,26.324],[-97.3285,26.3237],[-97.3288,26.3237],[-97.3288,26.3235],[-97.329,26.3235],[-97.329,26.3232],[-97.3293,26.3232],[-97.3293,26.3229],[-97.3296,26.3229],[-97.3296,26.3226],[-97.3299,26.3226],[-97.3299,26.3215],[-97.3301,26.3215],[-97.3301,26.3213],[-97.3304,26.3213],[-97.3304,26.321],[-97.3307,26.321],[-97.3307,26.3207],[-97.331,26.3207],[-97.331,26.3204],[-97.3315,26.3204],[-97.3315,26.3201],[-97.3318,26.3201],[-97.3318,26.3199],[-97.3321,26.3199],[-97.3321,26.3196],[-97.3335,26.3196],[-97.3335,26.3199],[-97.3337,26.3199],[-97.3337,26.3201],[-97.334,26.3201],[-97.334,26.3204],[-97.3343,26.3204],[-97.3343,26.3207],[-97.3346,26.3207],[-97.3346,26.321],[-97.3349,26.321],[-97.3349,26.3213],[-97.3351,26.3213],[-97.3351,26.3215],[-97.3354,26.3215],[-97.3354,26.3218],[-97.3357,26.3218],[-97.3357,26.3226],[-97.3354,26.3226],[-97.3354,26.3232],[-97.3351,26.3232],[-97.3351,26.3235],[-97.3354,26.3235],[-97.3354,26.324],[-97.3357,26.324],[-97.3357,26.3243],[-97.3367,26.3243],[-97.3368,26.3243],[-97.3368,26.3246],[-97.3367,26.3246],[-97.3365,26.3246],[-97.3365,26.3251],[-97.3363,26.3251],[-97.3363,26.3257],[-97.336,26.3257],[-97.336,26.326],[-97.3357,26.326],[-97.3357,26.3265],[-97.3354,26.3265],[-97.3354,26.3271],[-97.3351,26.3271],[-97.3351,26.3274],[-97.3343,26.3274],[-97.3343,26.3276],[-97.3335,26.3276],[-97.3335,26.3279],[-97.3329,26.3279],[-97.3329,26.3282],[-97.3324,26.3282],[-97.3324,26.3285],[-97.3315,26.3285],[-97.3315,26.3288],[-97.331,26.3288],[-97.331,26.329],[-97.3304,26.329],[-97.3304,26.3293],[-97.3299,26.3293],[-97.3299,26.3296],[-97.3296,26.3296],[-97.3296,26.3301],[-97.3293,26.3301],[-97.3293,26.3304],[-97.329,26.3304],[-97.329,26.3307],[-97.3288,26.3307],[-97.3288,26.3312],[-97.3285,26.3313],[-97.3285,26.3315],[-97.3282,26.3315],[-97.3282,26.3321],[-97.3279,26.3321],[-97.3279,26.3326],[-97.3282,26.3326],[-97.3282,26.3335],[-97.3285,26.3335],[-97.3285,26.334],[-97.3288,26.334],[-97.3288,26.3349],[-97.329,26.3349],[-97.329,26.3354],[-97.3293,26.3354],[-97.3293,26.3357],[-97.3296,26.3357],[-97.3296,26.3363],[-97.329,26.3363]]],[[[-97.2277,26.4148],[-97.226,26.4104],[-97.2262,26.4104],[-97.2262,26.4101],[-97.2265,26.4101],[-97.2265,26.4099],[-97.2268,26.4099],[-97.2268,26.4096],[-97.2274,26.4096],[-97.2274,26.4093],[-97.2276,26.4093],[-97.2276,26.409],[-97.2279,26.409],[-97.2279,26.4088],[-97.2285,26.4088],[-97.2285,26.4085],[-97.2293,26.4085],[-97.2293,26.4082],[-97.2296,26.4082],[-97.2296,26.4079],[-97.2304,26.4079],[-97.2304,26.4076],[-97.2307,26.4076],[-97.2307,26.4077],[-97.2306,26.4079],[-97.2312,26.4079],[-97.2312,26.4076],[-97.2315,26.4076],[-97.2315,26.4068],[-97.2312,26.4068],[-97.231,26.4068],[-97.231,26.4065],[-97.2307,26.4065],[-97.2307,26.4062],[-97.2312,26.4062],[-97.2312,26.406],[-97.2315,26.406],[-97.2315,26.4057],[-97.2318,26.4057],[-97.2318,26.4054],[-97.2321,26.4054],[-97.2324,26.4054],[-97.2323,26.4051],[-97.2326,26.4051],[-97.2326,26.4049],[-97.2329,26.4049],[-97.2329,26.4046],[-97.2335,26.4046],[-97.2335,26.4049],[-97.234,26.4049],[-97.234,26.4046],[-97.2346,26.4046],[-97.2346,26.4043],[-97.2349,26.4043],[-97.2349,26.4037],[-97.2354,26.4037],[-97.2354,26.4035],[-97.2363,26.4035],[-97.2363,26.4032],[-97.2365,26.4032],[-97.2365,26.4035],[-97.2368,26.4035],[-97.2368,26.4037],[-97.2371,26.4037],[-97.2371,26.404],[-97.2374,26.404],[-97.2374,26.4043],[-97.2385,26.4043],[-97.2385,26.4046],[-97.2399,26.4046],[-97.2399,26.4049],[-97.2404,26.4049],[-97.2404,26.4054],[-97.2407,26.4054],[-97.2407,26.4057],[-97.241,26.4057],[-97.241,26.406],[-97.2412,26.406],[-97.2412,26.4062],[-97.2415,26.4062],[-97.2415,26.4065],[-97.2418,26.4065],[-97.2418,26.4068],[-97.2421,26.4068],[-97.2421,26.4074],[-97.2424,26.4074],[-97.2424,26.4082],[-97.2426,26.4082],[-97.2426,26.4099],[-97.2424,26.4099],[-97.2424,26.4101],[-97.2415,26.4101],[-97.2415,26.4104],[-97.2407,26.4105],[-97.2407,26.411],[-97.2404,26.411],[-97.2404,26.4112],[-97.2401,26.4112],[-97.2401,26.4118],[-97.2399,26.4118],[-97.2399,26.4121],[-97.2396,26.4121],[-97.2396,26.4124],[-97.239,26.4124],[-97.239,26.4121],[-97.2387,26.4121],[-97.2387,26.4124],[-97.2385,26.4124],[-97.2385,26.414],[-97.2382,26.414],[-97.2382,26.4149],[-97.2379,26.4149],[-97.2379,26.415],[-97.2277,26.4148]]],[[[-97.3043,26.2738],[-97.3043,26.2735],[-97.304,26.2735],[-97.304,26.2732],[-97.3035,26.2732],[-97.3035,26.2729],[-97.3032,26.2729],[-97.3032,26.2726],[-97.3029,26.2726],[-97.3029,26.2721],[-97.3026,26.2721],[-97.3026,26.2718],[-97.3024,26.2718],[-97.3024,26.2715],[-97.3021,26.2715],[-97.3021,26.271],[-97.3018,26.271],[-97.3018,26.2707],[-97.3015,26.2707],[-97.3015,26.2701],[-97.3012,26.2701],[-97.3012,26.2696],[-97.301,26.2696],[-97.301,26.2693],[-97.3007,26.2693],[-97.3007,26.2687],[-97.3004,26.2687],[-97.3004,26.2682],[-97.3001,26.2682],[-97.3001,26.2679],[-97.2999,26.2679],[-97.2999,26.2674],[-97.2996,26.2674],[-97.2996,26.2668],[-97.2993,26.2668],[-97.2993,26.2665],[-97.299,26.2665],[-97.299,26.266],[-97.2988,26.266],[-97.2988,26.2654],[-97.2985,26.2654],[-97.2985,26.2651],[-97.2982,26.2651],[-97.2982,26.2646],[-97.2979,26.2646],[-97.2979,26.264],[-97.2976,26.264],[-97.2976,26.2635],[-97.2979,26.2635],[-97.2979,26.2626],[-97.2982,26.2626],[-97.2982,26.2615],[-97.2985,26.2615],[-97.2985,26.2607],[-97.2988,26.2607],[-97.2988,26.2601],[-97.299,26.2601],[-97.299,26.2599],[-97.2999,26.2599],[-97.2999,26.2596],[-97.301,26.2596],[-97.301,26.2593],[-97.3029,26.2593],[-97.3029,26.2599],[-97.3026,26.2599],[-97.3026,26.2601],[-97.3024,26.2601],[-97.3024,26.2604],[-97.3018,26.2604],[-97.3018,26.2607],[-97.3015,26.2607],[-97.3015,26.261],[-97.3012,26.261],[-97.3012,26.2612],[-97.301,26.2612],[-97.301,26.2615],[-97.3007,26.2615],[-97.3007,26.2618],[-97.3001,26.2618],[-97.3001,26.2621],[-97.2999,26.2621],[-97.2999,26.2624],[-97.2996,26.2624],[-97.2996,26.2629],[-97.2999,26.2629],[-97.2999,26.2638],[-97.3001,26.2638],[-97.3001,26.2646],[-97.3004,26.2646],[-97.3004,26.2651],[-97.3007,26.2651],[-97.3007,26.2654],[-97.301,26.2654],[-97.301,26.2657],[-97.3012,26.2657],[-97.3012,26.2663],[-97.3015,26.2663],[-97.3015,26.2665],[-97.3021,26.2665],[-97.3021,26.2663],[-97.3026,26.2663],[-97.3026,26.266],[-97.3046,26.266],[-97.3046,26.2668],[-97.3049,26.2668],[-97.3049,26.2682],[-97.3051,26.2682],[-97.3051,26.2715],[-97.3049,26.2715],[-97.3049,26.2738],[-97.3043,26.2738]]],[[[-97.2854,26.2815],[-97.2854,26.2812],[-97.2849,26.2812],[-97.2849,26.281],[-97.2824,26.281],[-97.2824,26.2807],[-97.2812,26.2807],[-97.2812,26.2801],[-97.281,26.2801],[-97.281,26.2774],[-97.2807,26.2774],[-97.2807,26.2768],[-97.281,26.2768],[-97.281,26.2763],[-97.2812,26.2763],[-97.2812,26.2757],[-97.2815,26.2757],[-97.2815,26.2751],[-97.2818,26.2751],[-97.2818,26.2743],[-97.2815,26.2743],[-97.2815,26.2738],[-97.2812,26.2738],[-97.2812,26.2732],[-97.281,26.2732],[-97.281,26.2726],[-97.2807,26.2726],[-97.2807,26.2724],[-97.2804,26.2724],[-97.2804,26.2721],[-97.2801,26.2721],[-97.2801,26.271],[-97.2804,26.271],[-97.2804,26.2704],[-97.2807,26.2704],[-97.2807,26.2701],[-97.281,26.2701],[-97.281,26.2696],[-97.2815,26.2696],[-97.2815,26.2699],[-97.2818,26.2699],[-97.2818,26.2701],[-97.2824,26.2701],[-97.2824,26.2704],[-97.2826,26.2704],[-97.2826,26.2707],[-97.2835,26.2707],[-97.2835,26.271],[-97.284,26.271],[-97.284,26.2712],[-97.2846,26.2712],[-97.2846,26.2721],[-97.284,26.2721],[-97.284,26.2724],[-97.2832,26.2724],[-97.2832,26.2729],[-97.2829,26.2729],[-97.2829,26.2738],[-97.2832,26.2738],[-97.2832,26.274],[-97.2835,26.274],[-97.2835,26.2746],[-97.2838,26.2746],[-97.2838,26.2749],[-97.284,26.2749],[-97.284,26.2751],[-97.2843,26.2751],[-97.2843,26.2754],[-97.2849,26.2754],[-97.2849,26.2757],[-97.2851,26.2757],[-97.2851,26.276],[-97.2857,26.276],[-97.2857,26.2763],[-97.2868,26.2763],[-97.2868,26.2768],[-97.2865,26.2768],[-97.2865,26.2771],[-97.2862,26.2771],[-97.2862,26.2774],[-97.286,26.2774],[-97.286,26.2776],[-97.2857,26.2776],[-97.2857,26.2779],[-97.2862,26.2779],[-97.2862,26.2782],[-97.2865,26.2782],[-97.2865,26.2785],[-97.2868,26.2785],[-97.2868,26.2787],[-97.2874,26.2787],[-97.2874,26.279],[-97.2876,26.279],[-97.2876,26.2793],[-97.2874,26.2793],[-97.2874,26.2796],[-97.2871,26.2796],[-97.2871,26.2801],[-97.2868,26.2801],[-97.2868,26.2804],[-97.2865,26.2804],[-97.2865,26.2807],[-97.2862,26.2807],[-97.2862,26.2812],[-97.286,26.2812],[-97.286,26.2815],[-97.2854,26.2815]]],[[[-97.2879,26.2726],[-97.2879,26.2721],[-97.2876,26.2721],[-97.2876,26.2712],[-97.2874,26.2712],[-97.2874,26.2707],[-97.2871,26.2707],[-97.2871,26.2699],[-97.2868,26.2699],[-97.2868,26.2693],[-97.2865,26.2693],[-97.2865,26.269],[-97.2868,26.269],[-97.2868,26.2682],[-97.2865,26.2682],[-97.2865,26.2679],[-97.2862,26.2679],[-97.2862,26.2676],[-97.286,26.2676],[-97.286,26.2671],[-97.2857,26.2671],[-97.2857,26.2663],[-97.2854,26.2663],[-97.2854,26.2654],[-97.2851,26.2654],[-97.2851,26.2646],[-97.2849,26.2646],[-97.2849,26.2638],[-97.2846,26.2638],[-97.2846,26.2635],[-97.2849,26.2635],[-97.2849,26.2632],[-97.2854,26.2632],[-97.2854,26.2629],[-97.2857,26.2629],[-97.2857,26.2626],[-97.2862,26.2626],[-97.2862,26.2624],[-97.2865,26.2624],[-97.2865,26.2621],[-97.2868,26.2621],[-97.2868,26.2626],[-97.2871,26.2626],[-97.2871,26.2635],[-97.2874,26.2635],[-97.2874,26.2643],[-97.2876,26.2643],[-97.2876,26.2654],[-97.2879,26.2654],[-97.2879,26.2663],[-97.2882,26.2663],[-97.2882,26.2671],[-97.2885,26.2671],[-97.2885,26.2679],[-97.2887,26.2679],[-97.2887,26.2687],[-97.289,26.2687],[-97.289,26.2699],[-97.2893,26.2699],[-97.2893,26.2707],[-97.2896,26.2707],[-97.2896,26.2715],[-97.2899,26.2715],[-97.2899,26.2718],[-97.2893,26.2718],[-97.2893,26.2721],[-97.2887,26.2721],[-97.2887,26.2724],[-97.2882,26.2724],[-97.2882,26.2726],[-97.2879,26.2726]]],[[[-97.3221,26.3474],[-97.3221,26.3471],[-97.3218,26.3471],[-97.3218,26.3468],[-97.3215,26.3468],[-97.3215,26.3465],[-97.3213,26.3465],[-97.3213,26.3463],[-97.321,26.3463],[-97.321,26.346],[-97.3207,26.346],[-97.3207,26.3454],[-97.3204,26.3454],[-97.3204,26.3449],[-97.3201,26.3449],[-97.3201,26.344],[-97.3199,26.344],[-97.3199,26.3435],[-97.3196,26.3435],[-97.3196,26.3429],[-97.3193,26.3429],[-97.3193,26.3421],[-97.319,26.3421],[-97.319,26.3415],[-97.3187,26.3415],[-97.3187,26.3407],[-97.3185,26.3407],[-97.3185,26.3401],[-97.3182,26.3401],[-97.3182,26.3396],[-97.3179,26.3396],[-97.3179,26.3376],[-97.319,26.3376],[-97.319,26.3379],[-97.3193,26.3379],[-97.3193,26.3382],[-97.3199,26.3382],[-97.3199,26.3385],[-97.3201,26.3385],[-97.3201,26.339],[-97.3204,26.339],[-97.3204,26.3396],[-97.3207,26.3396],[-97.3207,26.3401],[-97.321,26.3401],[-97.321,26.3407],[-97.3213,26.3407],[-97.3213,26.3415],[-97.3215,26.3415],[-97.3215,26.3421],[-97.3218,26.3421],[-97.3218,26.3426],[-97.3221,26.3426],[-97.3221,26.3443],[-97.3224,26.3443],[-97.3224,26.3449],[-97.3226,26.3449],[-97.3226,26.3454],[-97.3229,26.3454],[-97.3229,26.346],[-97.3232,26.346],[-97.3232,26.3465],[-97.3235,26.3465],[-97.3235,26.3471],[-97.3232,26.3471],[-97.3232,26.3474],[-97.3221,26.3474]]],[[[-97.1738,25.9815],[-97.1738,25.9813],[-97.1724,25.9813],[-97.1724,25.981],[-97.1721,25.981],[-97.1721,25.9807],[-97.1707,25.9807],[-97.1707,25.9804],[-97.1704,25.9804],[-97.1704,25.9801],[-97.1701,25.9801],[-97.1701,25.9799],[-97.1699,25.9799],[-97.1699,25.9796],[-97.1693,25.9796],[-97.1693,25.9793],[-97.1685,25.9793],[-97.1685,25.979],[-97.1682,25.979],[-97.1682,25.9785],[-97.1679,25.9785],[-97.1679,25.9779],[-97.1676,25.9779],[-97.1676,25.9765],[-97.1679,25.9765],[-97.1679,25.9762],[-97.1682,25.9762],[-97.1682,25.9757],[-97.1685,25.9757],[-97.1685,25.9754],[-97.1687,25.9754],[-97.1687,25.9751],[-97.169,25.9751],[-97.169,25.9749],[-97.1693,25.9749],[-97.1693,25.9746],[-97.1699,25.9746],[-97.1699,25.9743],[-97.1726,25.9743],[-97.1726,25.9757],[-97.1729,25.9757],[-97.1729,25.976],[-97.1735,25.976],[-97.1735,25.9762],[-97.174,25.9762],[-97.174,25.9788],[-97.1743,25.9788],[-97.1743,25.9793],[-97.1746,25.9793],[-97.1746,25.9796],[-97.1749,25.9796],[-97.1749,25.9799],[-97.1751,25.9799],[-97.1751,25.9804],[-97.1754,25.9804],[-97.1754,25.9807],[-97.1751,25.9807],[-97.1751,25.981],[-97.1749,25.981],[-97.1749,25.9813],[-97.1746,25.9813],[-97.1746,25.9815],[-97.1738,25.9815]]],[[[-97.2832,26.259],[-97.2832,26.2588],[-97.2829,26.2588],[-97.2829,26.2579],[-97.2826,26.2579],[-97.2826,26.2571],[-97.2824,26.2571],[-97.2824,26.2565],[-97.2821,26.2565],[-97.2821,26.2557],[-97.2818,26.2557],[-97.2818,26.2549],[-97.2815,26.2549],[-97.2815,26.254],[-97.2812,26.254],[-97.2812,26.2532],[-97.281,26.2532],[-97.281,26.2524],[-97.2807,26.2524],[-97.2807,26.2521],[-97.2812,26.2521],[-97.2812,26.2518],[-97.2835,26.2518],[-97.2835,26.2524],[-97.2838,26.2524],[-97.2838,26.2532],[-97.284,26.2532],[-97.284,26.254],[-97.2843,26.254],[-97.2843,26.2549],[-97.2846,26.2549],[-97.2846,26.2557],[-97.2849,26.2557],[-97.2849,26.2565],[-97.2851,26.2565],[-97.2851,26.2574],[-97.2854,26.2574],[-97.2854,26.2582],[-97.2851,26.2582],[-97.2851,26.2585],[-97.2846,26.2585],[-97.2846,26.2588],[-97.2838,26.2588],[-97.2838,26.259],[-97.2832,26.259]]],[[[-97.2804,26.2512],[-97.2804,26.2507],[-97.2801,26.2507],[-97.2801,26.2499],[-97.2799,26.2499],[-97.2799,26.249],[-97.2796,26.249],[-97.2796,26.2482],[-97.2793,26.2482],[-97.2793,26.2476],[-97.279,26.2476],[-97.279,26.2468],[-97.2787,26.2468],[-97.2787,26.246],[-97.2785,26.246],[-97.2785,26.2451],[-97.279,26.2451],[-97.279,26.2449],[-97.2796,26.2449],[-97.2796,26.2446],[-97.2801,26.2446],[-97.2801,26.2443],[-97.2807,26.2443],[-97.2807,26.244],[-97.281,26.244],[-97.281,26.2449],[-97.2812,26.2449],[-97.2812,26.2454],[-97.2815,26.2454],[-97.2815,26.2463],[-97.2818,26.2463],[-97.2818,26.2471],[-97.2821,26.2471],[-97.2821,26.2479],[-97.2824,26.2479],[-97.2824,26.2488],[-97.2826,26.2488],[-97.2826,26.2496],[-97.2829,26.2496],[-97.2829,26.2507],[-97.2824,26.2507],[-97.2824,26.251],[-97.281,26.251],[-97.281,26.2512],[-97.2804,26.2512]]],[[[-97.2779,26.2443],[-97.2779,26.2435],[-97.2776,26.2435],[-97.2776,26.2426],[-97.2774,26.2426],[-97.2774,26.2424],[-97.2776,26.2424],[-97.2776,26.2421],[-97.2779,26.2421],[-97.2779,26.2418],[-97.2785,26.2418],[-97.2785,26.2415],[-97.2787,26.2415],[-97.2787,26.2412],[-97.279,26.2412],[-97.279,26.241],[-97.2793,26.241],[-97.2793,26.2407],[-97.2796,26.2407],[-97.2796,26.241],[-97.2799,26.241],[-97.2799,26.2418],[-97.2801,26.2418],[-97.2801,26.2426],[-97.2804,26.2426],[-97.2804,26.2429],[-97.2799,26.2429],[-97.2799,26.2432],[-97.2796,26.2432],[-97.2796,26.2435],[-97.279,26.2435],[-97.279,26.2437],[-97.2787,26.2437],[-97.2787,26.244],[-97.2785,26.244],[-97.2785,26.2443],[-97.2779,26.2443]]]]}}]}","contact":"

Director, Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1505 Ferguson Lane
Austin, TX 78754–4501

Contact Us- USGS Publications Warehouse

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"publishedDate":"2026-02-04","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ockerman, Darwin J. 0000-0003-1958-1688","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1958-1688","contributorId":222708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ockerman","given":"Darwin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Choi, Namjeong 0000-0002-9526-0504","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9526-0504","contributorId":350953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choi","given":"Namjeong","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70273882,"text":"70273882 - 2026 - Ensemble methods for history matching and uncertainty quantification with a watershed model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-11T15:28:04.157861","indexId":"70273882","displayToPublicDate":"2026-02-04T08:23:01","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ensemble methods for history matching and uncertainty quantification with a watershed model","docAbstract":"

History matching of large hydrologic models is challenging due to data sparsity and non-unique process combinations (and associated parameters) that can produce similar model predictions. We develop an ensemble-based history matching (and uncertainty quantification) approach using an iterative ensemble smoother (iES) method for three cutouts of the National Hydrologic Model (NHM) and qualitatively compare the results and performance to the stepwise history matching approach. In the latter approach, subsets of parameters and observations were sequentially calibrated to a diverse range of observations to mitigate non-uniqueness and local minima. In iES, localization simulates the same causal connections between parameters and observations without the need (and computational cost) of sequential history matching steps. iES uses a weighted sum-of-squared-errors objective function which allows differential weighting of multiple data sources. Formal adoption of range observation also pushes results to within ranges of observation values rather than discrete values. Overall, the ensemble approach performs similarly to the stepwise approach. Both approaches performed poorly for the cutout representing a snowmelt-dominated watershed, indicating a structural issue in the process representation of the model. The main advantage of iES is quantification of uncertainty in both the history matching and the predictions of interest.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1752-1688.70086","usgsCitation":"Fienen, M., Long, A.J., Markovich, K.H., Haj, A.E., and Barker, M., 2026, Ensemble methods for history matching and uncertainty quantification with a watershed model: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 62, no. 1, e70086, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70086.","productDescription":"e70086, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-181945","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fienen, Michael N. 0000-0002-7756-4651","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7756-4651","contributorId":245632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fienen","given":"Michael N.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Andrew J. 0000-0001-7385-8081 ajlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-8081","contributorId":989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew","email":"ajlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markovich, Katherine H. 0000-0002-4455-8255","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-8255","contributorId":221065,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Markovich","given":"Katherine","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haj, Adel E. 0000-0002-3377-7161 ahaj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3377-7161","contributorId":147631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haj","given":"Adel","email":"ahaj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barker, Matthew Irwin 0000-0002-5286-4930","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5286-4930","contributorId":358465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Matthew Irwin","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70273955,"text":"70273955 - 2026 - Large streamflow differences between forested and urbanized watersheds in the energy-limited eastern United States: The role of evapotranspiration and impervious surfaces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-19T15:12:36.147521","indexId":"70273955","displayToPublicDate":"2026-02-03T09:07:45","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large streamflow differences between forested and urbanized watersheds in the energy-limited eastern United States: The role of evapotranspiration and impervious surfaces","docAbstract":"

Urban forests and other green infrastructures have been viewed as part of the “Nature-based Solutions” (NbS) to mitigate emerging urban environmental change. This study focuses on the role of evapotranspiration (ET) in regulating water balances of small watersheds in the eastern United States. We compared streamflow and ET patterns at daily, monthly and annual scales and linked these hydrological variables to the physical properties of 11 paired watersheds dominated by forests (FW) or urban (UW) land covers. The annual precipitation ranged from 1028 mm to 1683 mm and potential ET (PET) from 815 mm to 1450 mm. The mean annual flow/precipitation (Q/P) ratios were 0.26 ± 0.13 and 0.41 ± 0.1 for FW and UW, respectively. Overall, UW had lower annual ET (772 mm in UW vs. 947 mm in FW), but higher mean annual and (∼58% higher), monthly water yield (17%–186% higher), and peakflow rates (up to 100 times higher) than FW. The streamflow differences between FW and UW were most pronounced during the growing season and early winter (June-November). The mean Q/P ratios for 30 large hurricane events (2016–2021) were 0.12 ± 0.11 and 0.38 ± 0.23 for FW and UW, respectively. The flow rates in the dormant season (around December-May) in UW were similar or lower than FW. We developed conceptual models to explain the seasonal and storm event streamflow differences using background climate (PET), ET, and land surface characteristics. Urban NbS designs should factor in strategies that maximize ET while minimizing impervious surfaces enhancing watershed “sponge” and “pump” functions.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","doi":"10.1029/2025WR041340","usgsCitation":"Sun, G., Bian, Z., Khand, K., Caldwell, P.V., Boggs, J., Wang, C., Chen, Y., Liu, N., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Senay, G., and McNulty, S.G., 2026, Large streamflow differences between forested and urbanized watersheds in the energy-limited eastern United States: The role of evapotranspiration and impervious surfaces: Water Resources Research, v. 62, no. 2, e2025WR041340, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2025WR041340.","productDescription":"e2025WR041340, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-185235","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500255,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr041340","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":500183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"eastern United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -68.13910817442056,\n 42.504366194491354\n ],\n [\n -96.89658092237323,\n 42.504366194491354\n ],\n [\n -96.89658092237323,\n 25.74722198798669\n ],\n [\n -68.13910817442056,\n 25.74722198798669\n ],\n [\n -68.13910817442056,\n 42.504366194491354\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sun, G.","contributorId":205528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sun","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36493,"text":"USDA Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bian, Z.","contributorId":366435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bian","given":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":78585,"text":"Nanjing Normal University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Khand, K.","contributorId":366436,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khand","given":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":87483,"text":"AFDS, contractor to USGS EROS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caldwell, P. V.","contributorId":366437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caldwell","given":"P.","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":87484,"text":"Center for Integrated Forest Science, USDA Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boggs, J.","contributorId":366438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boggs","given":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":87485,"text":"Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, USDA Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wang, C.","contributorId":366439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13370,"text":"Tennessee State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chen, Y.","contributorId":272912,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":32415,"text":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Liu, N.","contributorId":366440,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":87486,"text":"CSIRO Environment Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Zhang, Y.","contributorId":274978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":13360,"text":"Auburn University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Chen, X.","contributorId":203813,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7108,"text":"Princeton Univ.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"McNulty, S. G.","contributorId":366441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McNulty","given":"S.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":87485,"text":"Eastern Forest Environmental Threat Assessment Center, USDA Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70273959,"text":"70273959 - 2026 - Environmental DNA pilot monitoring program for invasive species and biodiversity assessments on Santa Cruz Island: Interim report, September 2025","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-19T16:03:49.86085","indexId":"70273959","displayToPublicDate":"2026-02-01T09:56:48","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":18517,"text":"Science Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/SR—2026/381","title":"Environmental DNA pilot monitoring program for invasive species and biodiversity assessments on Santa Cruz Island: Interim report, September 2025","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and Southern California Coastal Water Research Project supported Channel Islands National Park, The Nature Conservancy’s (TNC) Santa Cruz Island Preserve, and University of California San Diego (UCSD) researchers in using environmental DNA sampling to monitor for invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) and to describe spatial biodiversity patterns in a freshwater stream on Santa Cruz Island that is colloquially known as Cañada del Puerto Creek (hydrologic unit code 12 number 180600140201). An eDNA autosampler was deployed May 27–June 02, 2025, which filtered and preserved four 2-L water samples every 12 hours (n = 48 samples). These samples were extracted by USGS and shipped to UCSD for targeted eDNA analyses of Argentine ant. Environmental DNA sampling kits were used to filter and preserve water samples at four sites along the creek spanning ~ 5 km of stream distance. Six 1-L samples were collected at each site May 27–28 and samples were analyzed for eDNA metabarcoding using a comprehensive panel, which encompasses species across the tree of life. In these samples, eDNA from 2,134 unique taxa spanning 30 taxonomic groups (e.g., amoebas, insects, plants) were found. These sampling efforts demonstrated how eDNA autonomous and manual sampling approaches can be applied by National Park Service, TNC, and partners at scale to provide otherwise difficult and expensive to acquire information about biological threats and biodiversity.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","doi":"10.36967/2317065","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, A., and Theroux, S., 2026, Environmental DNA pilot monitoring program for invasive species and biodiversity assessments on Santa Cruz Island: Interim report, September 2025: Science Report NPS/SR—2026/381, vii, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.36967/2317065.","productDescription":"vii, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-183212","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500193,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.9346364010192,\n 34.10158409225852\n ],\n [\n -119.9346364010192,\n 33.95495636433603\n ],\n [\n -119.5117843852133,\n 33.95495636433603\n ],\n [\n -119.5117843852133,\n 34.10158409225852\n ],\n [\n -119.9346364010192,\n 34.10158409225852\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Adam 0000-0001-7621-7028 asepulveda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7621-7028","contributorId":4187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Adam","email":"asepulveda@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Theroux, Susanna","contributorId":244544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Theroux","given":"Susanna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":955925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70273948,"text":"70273948 - 2026 - Modeling carbon fluxes in tidal forested wetlands in the Mississippi river deltaic plain under various hydrologic conditions: Implications for river diversions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-02T17:49:22.623453","indexId":"70273948","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-24T09:23:03","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling carbon fluxes in tidal forested wetlands in the Mississippi river deltaic plain under various hydrologic conditions: Implications for river diversions","docAbstract":"

Our understanding of the impacts of climate change, sea-level rise (SLR), and freshwater management on the magnitude and variability of carbon fluxes in tidal forested wetlands remains limited. In this study, we applied a process-driven wetland biogeochemistry model, Wetland Carbon Assessment Tool—DeNitrification-DeComposition (WCAT-DNDC) model to explore responses of carbon fluxes in tidal swamp forests to climate change-induced alterations in hydrologic conditions and to predict impacts of planned reintroduction of river flows. We selected twelve sites in three habitats (throughput, relict, degraded) inside the Lake Maurepas swamp forests (Louisiana, USA) to represent various hydrological and salinity regimes. Environmental scenarios included dry, average, and wet conditions, SLR (low and high), and a Mississippi River (MR) diversion. Simulation results showed that the responses of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem respiration (ER), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the Lake Maurepas swamp forests varied substantially among sites. However, the overall net carbon uptake capacity of the Lake Maurepas swamp forests was high (NEE: − 1143 to − 1650 g C m−2 yr−1), suggesting that Lake Maurepas swamp forests are large carbon sinks. The high net carbon uptake capacity could be significantly affected by climate change induced drought, flooding, and SLR with the bi-directional changes (increase or decrease) depending on the direction and magnitude of the hydrologic regime changes. The response of the net carbon uptake capacity to MR diversion is also bi-directional and site-specific, but enhancement of the capacity of NEE of up to − 1957 g C m2 yr−1 is possible, implying that MR diversion into the swamp forests could be beneficial in the context of carbon cycling and carbon sequestration.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s11273-026-10111-5","usgsCitation":"Wang, H., Krauss, K.W., Shaffer, G.P., Patton, B., Kroes, D., Noe, G.E., Dai, Z., Dettwiller, L., and Trettin, C.C., 2026, Modeling carbon fluxes in tidal forested wetlands in the Mississippi river deltaic plain under various hydrologic conditions: Implications for river diversions: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 34, no. 1, 11, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-026-10111-5.","productDescription":"11, 27 p.","ipdsId":"IP-180681","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500188,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":500214,"rank":2,"type":{"id":42,"text":"Open Access USGS Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70273948/full"},{"id":500215,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70273948/70273948.XML"},{"id":500683,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ja/70273948/images"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Lake Maurepas swamp forests","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.21451630425345,\n 30.450162758345343\n ],\n [\n -90.90340771654913,\n 30.450162758345343\n ],\n [\n -90.90340771654913,\n 29.978620193311116\n ],\n [\n -90.21451630425345,\n 29.978620193311116\n ],\n [\n -90.21451630425345,\n 30.450162758345343\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-24","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Hongqing 0000-0002-2977-7732","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2977-7732","contributorId":222377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Hongqing","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krauss, Ken W.","contributorId":366426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krauss","given":"Ken","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12699,"text":"Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaffer, Gary P.","contributorId":366427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaffer","given":"Gary","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":28058,"text":"Southeastern Louisiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patton, Brett 0000-0002-7396-3452 pattonb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7396-3452","contributorId":5458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"Brett","email":"pattonb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kroes, Daniel 0000-0001-9104-9077 dkroes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-9077","contributorId":3830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroes","given":"Daniel","email":"dkroes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Noe, Gregory E. 0000-0002-6661-2646 gnoe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-2646","contributorId":139100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noe","given":"Gregory","email":"gnoe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dai, Zhaohua 0000-0002-0941-8345","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0941-8345","contributorId":290409,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dai","given":"Zhaohua","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16203,"text":"Michigan Technological university","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dettwiller, Lindsey","contributorId":360880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettwiller","given":"Lindsey","affiliations":[{"id":28058,"text":"Southeastern Louisiana University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Trettin, Carl C.","contributorId":366432,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trettin","given":"Carl","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36493,"text":"USDA Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70273771,"text":"70273771 - 2026 - Surface variable‐based machine learning for scalable arsenic prediction in undersampled areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T15:44:10.069314","indexId":"70273771","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-23T08:36:18","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":16135,"text":"GeoHealth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface variable‐based machine learning for scalable arsenic prediction in undersampled areas","docAbstract":"

In the United States, private wells are not federally regulated, and many households do not test for Arsenic (As). Chronic exposure is linked with multiple health outcomes, and risk can change sharply over short distances and with well depth. Coarse maps or sparse sampling often miss exceedances. Most existing models operate at ∼1 km resolution and use groundwater chemistry or detailed geologic logs, which limits their use in undersampled areas where improved guidance is most needed. We overcome these limitations by developing a machine learning model for Minnesota, USA, that predicts As exposure risk using only surficial variables from remote sensing and global data sets. Variables related to surface water hydrology and geomorphology are selected based on mechanistic links that control redox conditions and As mobilization. Local training was essential, and surficial geology variables that are more sensitive to local conditions were needed to maximize model accuracy. The resulting complete model was sufficiently sensitive to generate accurate and detailed risk maps and depth profiles of As concentrations above the 10 μg/L maximum contaminant level. Accuracy depended on local training data density. We identified a training data density of 0.07 wells/km2 as a practical target for stable county-level performance. Maps of exceedance probabilities highlight priority areas for testing that are particularly important in rural communities that have received less sampling. These results support public health action by guiding where to install wells and where to test them, how much new sampling is needed, and where treatment outreach is most urgent.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2025GH001666","usgsCitation":"Azad, S., Stahl, M.O., Erickson, M., DeYoung, B.A., Connolly, C.T., Chillrud, L., Schilling, K., Navas-Acien, A., Basu, A., Mailloux, B., Bostick, B.C., and Chillrud, S.N., 2026, Surface variable‐based machine learning for scalable arsenic prediction in undersampled areas: GeoHealth, v. 10, no. 1, e2025GH001666, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GH001666.","productDescription":"e2025GH001666, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-177700","costCenters":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499326,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025gh001666","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":499171,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-92.204691,46.704041],[-92.205192,46.698341],[-92.183091,46.695241],[-92.176091,46.686341],[-92.204092,46.666941],[-92.201592,46.656641],[-92.207092,46.651941],[-92.242493,46.649241],[-92.256592,46.658741],[-92.270592,46.650741],[-92.274392,46.657441],[-92.286192,46.660342],[-92.287392,46.667342],[-92.291292,46.668142],[-92.292192,46.663308],[-92.294033,46.074377],[-92.332912,46.062697],[-92.35176,46.015685],[-92.372717,46.014198],[-92.410649,46.027259],[-92.428555,46.024241],[-92.442259,46.016177],[-92.453373,45.992913],[-92.464512,45.985038],[-92.461138,45.980216],[-92.469354,45.973811],[-92.527052,45.983245],[-92.548459,45.969056],[-92.551186,45.95224],[-92.60246,45.940815],[-92.614314,45.934529],[-92.638824,45.934166],[-92.638474,45.925971],[-92.659549,45.922937],[-92.676167,45.912072],[-92.675737,45.907478],[-92.707702,45.894901],[-92.734039,45.868108],[-92.739278,45.84758],[-92.765146,45.830183],[-92.757815,45.806574],[-92.776496,45.790014],[-92.784621,45.764196],[-92.809837,45.744172],[-92.869193,45.717568],[-92.870025,45.697272],[-92.875488,45.689014],[-92.887929,45.639006],[-92.882529,45.610216],[-92.886442,45.598679],[-92.883749,45.575483],[-92.871082,45.567581],[-92.823309,45.560934],[-92.770223,45.566939],[-92.726082,45.541112],[-92.726677,45.514462],[-92.702224,45.493046],[-92.680234,45.464344],[-92.653549,45.455346],[-92.646602,45.441635],[-92.650422,45.398507],[-92.664102,45.393309],[-92.676961,45.380137],[-92.678223,45.373604],[-92.70272,45.358472],[-92.698967,45.336374],[-92.709968,45.321302],[-92.737122,45.300459],[-92.761013,45.289028],[-92.760615,45.278827],[-92.751659,45.26591],[-92.760249,45.2496],[-92.751708,45.218666],[-92.763908,45.204866],[-92.767408,45.190166],[-92.764872,45.182812],[-92.752404,45.173916],[-92.757707,45.155466],[-92.739584,45.115598],[-92.744938,45.108309],[-92.791528,45.079647],[-92.803079,45.060978],[-92.793282,45.047178],[-92.770362,45.033803],[-92.76206,45.02432],[-92.771231,45.001378],[-92.769445,44.97215],[-92.754603,44.955767],[-92.750645,44.937299],[-92.758701,44.908979],[-92.774571,44.898084],[-92.773946,44.889997],[-92.764133,44.875905],[-92.769102,44.862167],[-92.765278,44.837186],[-92.78043,44.812589],[-92.785206,44.792303],[-92.805287,44.768361],[-92.807988,44.75147],[-92.787906,44.737432],[-92.737259,44.717155],[-92.700948,44.693751],[-92.660988,44.660884],[-92.632105,44.649027],[-92.619779,44.634195],[-92.621456,44.615017],[-92.601516,44.612052],[-92.586216,44.600088],[-92.569434,44.603539],[-92.549777,44.58113],[-92.549957,44.568988],[-92.540551,44.567258],[-92.518358,44.575183],[-92.493808,44.566063],[-92.481001,44.568276],[-92.455105,44.561886],[-92.433256,44.5655],[-92.399281,44.558292],[-92.361518,44.558935],[-92.336114,44.554004],[-92.314071,44.538014],[-92.302466,44.516487],[-92.302215,44.500298],[-92.291005,44.485464],[-92.232472,44.445434],[-92.195378,44.433792],[-92.124513,44.422115],[-92.111085,44.413948],[-92.078605,44.404869],[-92.056486,44.402729],[-92.038147,44.388731],[-91.970266,44.365842],[-91.941311,44.340978],[-91.92559,44.333548],[-91.918625,44.322671],[-91.913534,44.311392],[-91.924613,44.291815],[-91.896388,44.27469],[-91.896008,44.262871],[-91.88704,44.251772],[-91.892698,44.231105],[-91.877429,44.212921],[-91.872369,44.199167],[-91.829167,44.17835],[-91.808064,44.159262],[-91.751747,44.134786],[-91.721552,44.130342],[-91.710597,44.12048],[-91.708207,44.105186],[-91.69531,44.09857],[-91.68153,44.0974],[-91.667006,44.086964],[-91.647873,44.064109],[-91.638115,44.063285],[-91.610487,44.04931],[-91.59207,44.031372],[-91.507121,44.01898],[-91.48087,44.008145],[-91.463515,44.009041],[-91.432522,43.996827],[-91.407395,43.965148],[-91.385785,43.954239],[-91.366642,43.937463],[-91.357426,43.917231],[-91.347741,43.911964],[-91.338141,43.897664],[-91.320605,43.888491],[-91.310991,43.867381],[-91.284138,43.847065],[-91.262436,43.792166],[-91.244135,43.774667],[-91.255431,43.744876],[-91.255932,43.729849],[-91.268455,43.709824],[-91.273252,43.666623],[-91.271749,43.654929],[-91.262397,43.64176],[-91.268748,43.615348],[-91.232707,43.583533],[-91.232812,43.564842],[-91.243214,43.550722],[-91.243183,43.540309],[-91.232941,43.523967],[-91.218292,43.514434],[-91.217706,43.50055],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.453067,45.298115],[-96.489065,45.357071],[-96.521787,45.375645],[-96.562142,45.38609],[-96.617726,45.408092],[-96.680454,45.410499],[-96.692541,45.417338],[-96.731396,45.45702],[-96.76528,45.521414],[-96.857751,45.605962],[-96.844211,45.639583],[-96.835769,45.649648],[-96.760866,45.687518],[-96.745086,45.701576],[-96.662595,45.738682],[-96.641941,45.759871],[-96.627778,45.786239],[-96.583085,45.820024],[-96.574517,45.843098],[-96.561334,45.945655],[-96.57035,45.963595],[-96.57794,46.026874],[-96.559271,46.058272],[-96.554507,46.083978],[-96.557952,46.102442],[-96.56692,46.11475],[-96.563043,46.119512],[-96.571439,46.12572],[-96.56926,46.133686],[-96.579453,46.147601],[-96.577952,46.165843],[-96.587408,46.178164],[-96.584372,46.204155],[-96.59755,46.227733],[-96.598645,46.241626],[-96.590942,46.250183],[-96.59887,46.26069],[-96.595014,46.275135],[-96.60136,46.30413],[-96.599761,46.330386],[-96.619991,46.340135],[-96.618147,46.344295],[-96.629211,46.352654],[-96.644335,46.351908],[-96.646341,46.360982],[-96.655206,46.365964],[-96.658436,46.373391],[-96.666028,46.374566],[-96.669132,46.390037],[-96.680687,46.407383],[-96.688082,46.40788],[-96.701358,46.420584],[-96.703078,46.429467],[-96.718074,46.438255],[-96.715557,46.463232],[-96.73627,46.48138],[-96.737798,46.489785],[-96.733612,46.497224],[-96.737702,46.50077],[-96.738475,46.525793],[-96.744341,46.533006],[-96.743003,46.54294],[-96.74883,46.558127],[-96.744436,46.56596],[-96.746442,46.574078],[-96.772446,46.600129],[-96.774094,46.613288],[-96.78995,46.631531],[-96.790663,46.649112],[-96.798823,46.658071],[-96.792958,46.677427],[-96.784339,46.685054],[-96.790906,46.70297],[-96.779252,46.727429],[-96.784279,46.732993],[-96.781216,46.740944],[-96.787466,46.756753],[-96.784314,46.766973],[-96.796195,46.789881],[-96.795756,46.807795],[-96.801446,46.810401],[-96.80016,46.819664],[-96.787657,46.827817],[-96.789663,46.832306],[-96.779347,46.843672],[-96.781358,46.879363],[-96.768458,46.879563],[-96.767358,46.883663],[-96.773558,46.884763],[-96.776558,46.895663],[-96.759241,46.918223],[-96.761757,46.934663],[-96.78312,46.925482],[-96.79038,46.929398],[-96.791558,46.944464],[-96.797734,46.9464],[-96.798737,46.962399],[-96.821852,46.969372],[-96.82318,46.999965],[-96.834221,47.006671],[-96.829499,47.021537],[-96.818557,47.02778],[-96.821422,47.032842],[-96.819321,47.0529],[-96.824479,47.059682],[-96.818175,47.104193],[-96.827344,47.120144],[-96.824807,47.124968],[-96.831547,47.142017],[-96.822377,47.162744],[-96.829637,47.17497],[-96.826962,47.182802],[-96.838806,47.197894],[-96.832789,47.203911],[-96.838806,47.22502],[-96.832946,47.237588],[-96.83766,47.240876],[-96.835368,47.250428],[-96.841672,47.258164],[-96.838997,47.267716],[-96.842531,47.269531],[-96.844088,47.289981],[-96.832884,47.30449],[-96.841958,47.316907],[-96.835845,47.321014],[-96.835845,47.335914],[-96.852417,47.366241],[-96.848907,47.370565],[-96.852676,47.374973],[-96.846925,47.376891],[-96.840621,47.389881],[-96.845492,47.394179],[-96.844919,47.399815],[-96.863593,47.418775],[-96.85748,47.440457],[-96.859868,47.470926],[-96.85471,47.478281],[-96.85853,47.489934],[-96.851653,47.497098],[-96.851367,47.509037],[-96.866363,47.524893],[-96.85471,47.535973],[-96.859153,47.566355],[-96.853689,47.570381],[-96.856373,47.575749],[-96.851293,47.589264],[-96.856903,47.602329],[-96.855421,47.60875],[-96.873671,47.613654],[-96.871005,47.616832],[-96.879496,47.620576],[-96.882393,47.633489],[-96.888573,47.63845],[-96.882376,47.649025],[-96.88697,47.653049],[-96.887126,47.666369],[-96.895271,47.67357],[-96.899352,47.689473],[-96.908928,47.688722],[-96.907266,47.693976],[-96.920119,47.710383],[-96.923544,47.718201],[-96.919471,47.722515],[-96.932809,47.737139],[-96.928505,47.748037],[-96.934173,47.752412],[-96.939179,47.768397],[-96.9644,47.782995],[-96.957283,47.790147],[-96.966068,47.797297],[-96.975131,47.798326],[-96.980579,47.805614],[-96.979327,47.824533],[-96.986685,47.837639],[-96.998295,47.841724],[-96.998144,47.858882],[-97.005557,47.863977],[-97.002456,47.868677],[-97.023156,47.874978],[-97.019355,47.880278],[-97.024955,47.886878],[-97.019155,47.889778],[-97.024955,47.894978],[-97.020155,47.900478],[-97.024955,47.908178],[-97.017254,47.905678],[-97.015354,47.910278],[-97.023754,47.915878],[-97.018054,47.918078],[-97.035754,47.930179],[-97.036054,47.939379],[-97.054554,47.946279],[-97.052454,47.957179],[-97.061454,47.96358],[-97.053553,47.991612],[-97.064289,47.998508],[-97.066762,48.009558],[-97.063012,48.013179],[-97.072239,48.019107],[-97.068987,48.026267],[-97.072257,48.048068],[-97.097772,48.07108],[-97.103052,48.071669],[-97.099431,48.082106],[-97.105226,48.09044],[-97.104872,48.097851],[-97.109535,48.104723],[-97.123205,48.106648],[-97.120702,48.114987],[-97.131956,48.139563],[-97.141401,48.14359],[-97.138911,48.157793],[-97.146745,48.168556],[-97.141474,48.179099],[-97.146233,48.186054],[-97.134372,48.210434],[-97.136304,48.228984],[-97.141254,48.234668],[-97.135763,48.237596],[-97.138765,48.244991],[-97.127276,48.253323],[-97.131846,48.267589],[-97.11657,48.279661],[-97.12216,48.290056],[-97.128862,48.292882],[-97.122072,48.300865],[-97.132443,48.315489],[-97.127601,48.323319],[-97.134854,48.331314],[-97.131145,48.339722],[-97.147748,48.359905],[-97.140106,48.380479],[-97.145592,48.394195],[-97.135012,48.406735],[-97.142849,48.419471],[-97.1356,48.424369],[-97.139173,48.430528],[-97.134229,48.439797],[-97.137689,48.447583],[-97.132746,48.459942],[-97.144116,48.469212],[-97.141397,48.476256],[-97.144981,48.481571],[-97.140291,48.484722],[-97.138864,48.494362],[-97.148133,48.503384],[-97.153076,48.524148],[-97.150481,48.536877],[-97.163105,48.543855],[-97.160863,48.549236],[-97.152459,48.552326],[-97.158638,48.564067],[-97.149616,48.569876],[-97.14974,48.579516],[-97.142915,48.583733],[-97.143684,48.597066],[-97.137504,48.612268],[-97.132931,48.61338],[-97.130089,48.621166],[-97.125639,48.620919],[-97.125269,48.629694],[-97.108466,48.632658],[-97.111921,48.642918],[-97.100551,48.658614],[-97.102652,48.664793],[-97.097708,48.68395],[-97.118286,48.700573],[-97.116185,48.709348],[-97.136083,48.727763],[-97.139488,48.746611],[-97.151289,48.757428],[-97.147478,48.763698],[-97.154854,48.774515],[-97.157093,48.790024],[-97.163535,48.79507],[-97.165624,48.809627],[-97.180028,48.81845],[-97.177747,48.824815],[-97.181116,48.832741],[-97.173811,48.838309],[-97.175618,48.853105],[-97.187362,48.867598],[-97.185738,48.87222],[-97.197982,48.880341],[-97.197982,48.898332],[-97.210541,48.90439],[-97.211161,48.916649],[-97.217992,48.919735],[-97.218666,48.931781],[-97.224505,48.9341],[-97.232147,48.948955],[-97.230859,48.960891],[-97.239209,48.968684],[-97.237297,48.985696],[-97.230833,48.991303],[-97.229039,49.000687],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.15335,49.383079],[-95.126467,49.369439],[-95.058404,49.35317],[-95.014415,49.356405],[-94.988908,49.368897],[-94.957465,49.370186],[-94.854245,49.324154],[-94.816222,49.320987],[-94.824291,49.308834],[-94.82516,49.294283],[-94.797244,49.214284],[-94.797527,49.197791],[-94.773223,49.120733],[-94.750221,49.099763],[-94.750218,48.999992],[-94.718932,48.999991],[-94.683069,48.883929],[-94.684217,48.872399],[-94.692527,48.86895],[-94.693044,48.853392],[-94.685681,48.840119],[-94.701968,48.831778],[-94.704284,48.824284],[-94.694974,48.809206],[-94.694312,48.789352],[-94.690889,48.778066],[-94.651765,48.755913],[-94.645164,48.749975],[-94.645083,48.744143],[-94.61901,48.737374],[-94.58715,48.717599],[-94.549069,48.714653],[-94.533057,48.701262],[-94.452332,48.692444],[-94.438701,48.694889],[-94.416191,48.710948],[-94.384221,48.711806],[-94.342758,48.703382],[-94.308446,48.710239],[-94.290737,48.707747],[-94.260541,48.696381],[-94.251169,48.683514],[-94.254643,48.663888],[-94.250497,48.656654],[-94.224276,48.649527],[-94.091244,48.643669],[-94.065775,48.646104],[-94.035616,48.641018],[-94.006933,48.643193],[-93.944221,48.632294],[-93.91153,48.634673],[-93.840754,48.628548],[-93.824144,48.610724],[-93.806763,48.577616],[-93.811201,48.542385],[-93.818253,48.530046],[-93.794454,48.516021],[-93.656652,48.515731],[-93.643091,48.518294],[-93.628865,48.53121],[-93.612844,48.521876],[-93.60587,48.522472],[-93.594379,48.528793],[-93.547191,48.528684],[-93.467504,48.545664],[-93.460798,48.550552],[-93.456675,48.561834],[-93.465199,48.590659],[-93.438494,48.59338],[-93.405269,48.609344],[-93.395022,48.603303],[-93.371156,48.605085],[-93.362132,48.613832],[-93.35324,48.613378],[-93.349095,48.624935],[-93.254854,48.642784],[-93.207398,48.642474],[-93.178095,48.623339],[-93.088438,48.627597],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.954876,48.631493],[-92.95012,48.630419],[-92.949839,48.608269],[-92.929614,48.606874],[-92.909947,48.596313],[-92.894687,48.594915],[-92.728046,48.53929],[-92.657881,48.546263],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.625739,48.518189],[-92.631117,48.508252],[-92.627237,48.503383],[-92.636696,48.499428],[-92.654039,48.501635],[-92.661418,48.496557],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.712562,48.463013],[-92.687998,48.443889],[-92.656027,48.436709],[-92.507285,48.447875],[-92.475585,48.418793],[-92.456325,48.414204],[-92.456389,48.401134],[-92.47675,48.37176],[-92.469948,48.351836],[-92.437825,48.309839],[-92.416285,48.295463],[-92.369174,48.220268],[-92.336831,48.235383],[-92.269742,48.248241],[-92.273706,48.256747],[-92.294541,48.27156],[-92.292999,48.276404],[-92.301451,48.288608],[-92.294527,48.306454],[-92.306309,48.316442],[-92.304561,48.322977],[-92.295412,48.323957],[-92.288994,48.342991],[-92.26228,48.354933],[-92.222813,48.349203],[-92.216983,48.345114],[-92.206803,48.345596],[-92.203684,48.352063],[-92.178418,48.351881],[-92.177354,48.357228],[-92.145049,48.365651],[-92.143583,48.356121],[-92.083513,48.353865],[-92.077961,48.358253],[-92.055228,48.359213],[-92.045734,48.347901],[-92.046562,48.33474],[-92.037721,48.333183],[-92.030872,48.325824],[-92.000133,48.321355],[-92.01298,48.297391],[-92.006577,48.265421],[-91.989545,48.260214],[-91.976903,48.244626],[-91.971056,48.247667],[-91.971779,48.252977],[-91.954432,48.251678],[-91.952209,48.244394],[-91.957683,48.242683],[-91.957798,48.232989],[-91.941838,48.230602],[-91.915772,48.238871],[-91.89347,48.237699],[-91.884691,48.227321],[-91.867882,48.219095],[-91.864382,48.207031],[-91.815772,48.211748],[-91.809038,48.206013],[-91.79181,48.202492],[-91.789011,48.196549],[-91.756637,48.205022],[-91.749075,48.198844],[-91.741932,48.199122],[-91.742313,48.204491],[-91.714931,48.19913],[-91.711611,48.1891],[-91.721413,48.180255],[-91.724584,48.170657],[-91.705318,48.170775],[-91.70726,48.153661],[-91.698174,48.141643],[-91.699981,48.13184],[-91.712226,48.116883],[-91.703524,48.113548],[-91.682845,48.122118],[-91.687623,48.111698],[-91.676876,48.107264],[-91.665208,48.107011],[-91.653261,48.114137],[-91.653571,48.109567],[-91.640175,48.096926],[-91.559272,48.108268],[-91.552962,48.103012],[-91.569746,48.093348],[-91.575471,48.066294],[-91.575672,48.048791],[-91.567254,48.043719],[-91.488646,48.068065],[-91.45033,48.068806],[-91.437582,48.049248],[-91.429642,48.048608],[-91.391128,48.057075],[-91.370872,48.06941],[-91.365143,48.066968],[-91.340159,48.073236],[-91.332589,48.069331],[-91.26638,48.078713],[-91.214428,48.10294],[-91.190461,48.124891],[-91.183207,48.122235],[-91.176181,48.125811],[-91.137733,48.14915],[-91.139402,48.154738],[-91.092258,48.173101],[-91.082731,48.180756],[-91.024208,48.190072],[-90.976955,48.219452],[-90.914971,48.230603],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.875107,48.237784],[-90.847352,48.244443],[-90.839176,48.239511],[-90.836313,48.176963],[-90.832589,48.173765],[-90.821115,48.184709],[-90.817698,48.179569],[-90.804207,48.177833],[-90.796596,48.159373],[-90.777917,48.163801],[-90.778031,48.148723],[-90.79797,48.136894],[-90.787305,48.134196],[-90.789919,48.129902],[-90.76911,48.116585],[-90.761555,48.100133],[-90.751608,48.090968],[-90.641596,48.103515],[-90.626886,48.111846],[-90.59146,48.117546],[-90.582217,48.123784],[-90.55929,48.121683],[-90.555845,48.117069],[-90.569763,48.106951],[-90.567482,48.101178],[-90.556838,48.096008],[-90.487077,48.099082],[-90.467712,48.108818],[-90.438449,48.098747],[-90.403219,48.105114],[-90.374542,48.090942],[-90.367658,48.094577],[-90.344234,48.094447],[-90.330052,48.102399],[-90.312386,48.1053],[-90.289337,48.098993],[-90.224692,48.108148],[-90.188679,48.107947],[-90.176605,48.112445],[-90.136191,48.112136],[-90.116259,48.104303],[-90.073873,48.101138],[-90.023595,48.084708],[-90.015057,48.067188],[-90.008446,48.068396],[-89.997852,48.057567],[-89.99305,48.028404],[-89.97718,48.023501],[-89.968255,48.014482],[-89.954605,48.011516],[-89.95059,48.015901],[-89.934489,48.015628],[-89.915341,47.994866],[-89.897414,47.987599],[-89.873286,47.985419],[-89.868153,47.989898],[-89.847571,47.992442],[-89.842568,48.001368],[-89.830385,48.000284],[-89.820483,48.014665],[-89.797744,48.014505],[-89.763967,48.022969],[-89.724048,48.018996],[-89.721038,48.017965],[-89.724044,48.013675],[-89.716114,48.016441],[-89.716417,48.010251],[-89.702528,48.006325],[-89.673798,48.01151],[-89.667128,48.007421],[-89.657051,48.009954],[-89.649057,48.003853],[-89.617867,48.010947],[-89.611678,48.017529],[-89.607821,48.006566],[-89.594749,48.004332],[-89.582117,47.996314],[-89.564288,48.00293],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-89.495344,48.002356],[-89.541521,47.992841],[-89.551555,47.987305],[-89.555015,47.974849],[-89.572315,47.967238],[-89.58823,47.9662],[-89.611412,47.980731],[-89.624559,47.983153],[-89.631825,47.980039],[-89.640129,47.96793],[-89.638285,47.954275],[-89.697619,47.941288],[-89.793539,47.891358],[-89.85396,47.873997],[-89.87158,47.874194],[-89.923649,47.862062],[-89.930844,47.857723],[-89.92752,47.850825],[-89.933899,47.84676],[-89.974296,47.830514],[-90.072025,47.811105],[-90.075559,47.803303],[-90.1168,47.79538],[-90.16079,47.792807],[-90.178755,47.786414],[-90.187636,47.77813],[-90.248794,47.772763],[-90.323446,47.753771],[-90.332686,47.746387],[-90.437712,47.731612],[-90.441912,47.726404],[-90.458365,47.7214],[-90.537105,47.703055],[-90.551291,47.690266],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-90.907494,47.532873],[-90.914247,47.522639],[-90.939072,47.514532],[-91.032945,47.458236],[-91.045646,47.456525],[-91.097569,47.413888],[-91.128131,47.399619],[-91.146958,47.381464],[-91.156513,47.378816],[-91.188772,47.340082],[-91.238658,47.304976],[-91.262512,47.27929],[-91.288478,47.26596],[-91.326019,47.238993],[-91.357803,47.206743],[-91.418805,47.172152],[-91.477351,47.125667],[-91.497902,47.122579],[-91.518793,47.108121],[-91.573817,47.089917],[-91.591508,47.068684],[-91.626824,47.049953],[-91.644564,47.026491],[-91.666477,47.014297],[-91.704649,47.005246],[-91.780675,46.945881],[-91.806851,46.933727],[-91.841349,46.925215],[-91.883238,46.905728],[-91.914984,46.883836],[-91.952985,46.867037],[-92.094089,46.787839],[-92.088289,46.773639],[-92.06449,46.745439],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-92.01529,46.706469],[-92.020289,46.704039],[-92.03399,46.708939],[-92.08949,46.74924],[-92.10819,46.74914],[-92.13789,46.73954],[-92.14329,46.73464],[-92.141291,46.72524],[-92.146291,46.71594],[-92.167291,46.719941],[-92.189091,46.717541],[-92.204691,46.704041]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Minnesota\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Azad, Shams","contributorId":365738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Azad","given":"Shams","affiliations":[{"id":40291,"text":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stahl, Mason O.","contributorId":365739,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stahl","given":"Mason","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":87203,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Union College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erickson, Melinda L. 0000-0002-1117-2866 merickso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-2866","contributorId":206446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Melinda","email":"merickso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeYoung, Beck A.","contributorId":365740,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DeYoung","given":"Beck","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":87203,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Union College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Connolly, Craig T.","contributorId":255063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Connolly","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":36422,"text":"University of Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chillrud, Lawrence","contributorId":365741,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chillrud","given":"Lawrence","affiliations":[{"id":87204,"text":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Northwestern University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schilling, Kathrin","contributorId":318215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schilling","given":"Kathrin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7171,"text":"Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Navas-Acien, Ana","contributorId":257950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Navas-Acien","given":"Ana","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":52179,"text":"Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Basu, Anirban","contributorId":318223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Basu","given":"Anirban","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7171,"text":"Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mailloux, Brian","contributorId":365762,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mailloux","given":"Brian","affiliations":[{"id":82397,"text":"Department of Environmental Science, Barnard College, Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bostick, Benjamin C.","contributorId":365742,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bostick","given":"Benjamin","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40291,"text":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Chillrud, Steven N.","contributorId":365743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chillrud","given":"Steven","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":40291,"text":"Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70273700,"text":"70273700 - 2026 - Compilation of a nationwide river image dataset for identifying river channels and river rapids via deep learning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-26T14:20:22.073435","indexId":"70273700","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-22T08:44:42","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3250,"text":"Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compilation of a nationwide river image dataset for identifying river channels and river rapids via deep learning","docAbstract":"

Remote sensing enables large-scale, image-based assessments of river dynamics, offering new opportunities for hydrological monitoring. We present a publicly available dataset consisting of 281,024 satellite and aerial images of U.S. rivers, constructed using an Application Programming Interface (API) and the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Hydrography Dataset. The dataset includes images, primary keys, and ancillary geospatial information. We use a manually labeled subset of the images to train models for detecting rapids, defined as areas where high velocity and turbulence lead to a wavy, rough, or even broken water surface visible in the imagery. To demonstrate the utility of this dataset, we develop an image segmentation model to identify rivers within images. This model achieved a mean test intersection-over-union (\uD835\uDC3C\uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC48) of 0.57, with performance rising to an actual \uD835\uDC3C\uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC48 of 0.89 on the subset of predictions with high confidence (predicted \uD835\uDC3C\uD835\uDC5C\uD835\uDC48 > 0.9). Following this initial segmentation of river channels within the images, we trained several convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures to classify the presence or absence of rapids. Our selected model reached an accuracy and F1 score of 0.93, indicating strong performance for the classification of rapids that could support consistent, efficient inventory and monitoring of rapids. These data provide new resources for recreation planning, habitat assessment, and discharge estimation. Overall, the dataset and tools offer a foundation for scalable, automated identification of geomorphic features to support riverine science and resource management.

","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/rs18020375","usgsCitation":"Brimhall, N., Bladen, K.K., Kerby, T., Legleiter, C.J., Swapp, C., Fluckiger, H., Bahr, J.E., Roberts, M., Hart, K., Stegman, C.L., Bean, B., and Moon, K., 2026, Compilation of a nationwide river image dataset for identifying river channels and river rapids via deep learning: Remote Sensing, v. 18, no. 2, 375, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020375.","productDescription":"375, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-182435","costCenters":[{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499312,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18020375","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498989,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n -131.9677734375,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -135.3076171875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -136.38427734375,\n 59.65664225341022\n ],\n [\n -136.6259765625,\n 59.23217626921806\n ],\n [\n -137.52685546875,\n 58.938673187948304\n ],\n [\n -137.65869140625,\n 59.33318942659219\n ],\n [\n -138.8232421875,\n 60.009970961180386\n ],\n [\n -139.21874999999997,\n 60.108670463036\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 60.403001945865476\n ],\n [\n -139.85595703125,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -140.99853515625,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -143.4375,\n 70.17020068549206\n ],\n [\n -145.1953125,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 70.58341752317065\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -152.314453125,\n 70.95969716686398\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 70.8734913192635\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 70.31873847853124\n ],\n [\n -163.916015625,\n 69.06856318696033\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.942606818121\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.26938680456564\n ],\n [\n -163.30078125,\n 66.86108230224609\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.08936427047088\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.6181218846659\n ],\n [\n -165.76171875,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -168.0908203125,\n 65.69447579373418\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 65.14611484756372\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 65.05360170595502\n ],\n [\n -166.3330078125,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -162.861328125,\n 64.39693778132846\n ],\n [\n -160.927734375,\n 64.90491004905083\n ],\n [\n -161.0595703125,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -161.4990234375,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -160.8837890625,\n 63.87939001720202\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 63.470144746565424\n ],\n [\n -162.6416015625,\n 63.64625919492172\n ],\n [\n -163.212890625,\n 63.05495931065107\n ],\n [\n -164.2236328125,\n 63.37183226679281\n ],\n [\n -166.1572265625,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -165.3662109375,\n 60.54377524118842\n ],\n [\n -167.431640625,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 59.866883195210214\n ],\n [\n -165.8935546875,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -162.68554687499997,\n 59.734253447591364\n ],\n [\n -162.3779296875,\n 60.174306261926034\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 59.46740794183739\n ],\n [\n -162.0263671875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 58.768200159239576\n ],\n [\n -162.20214843749997,\n 58.65408464530598\n ],\n [\n -160.83984375,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 58.309488840677645\n ],\n [\n -156.88476562499997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 58.516651799363785\n ],\n [\n -157.8076171875,\n 57.61010702068388\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -168.6181640625,\n 53.4357192066942\n ],\n [\n -174.9462890625,\n 52.26815737376817\n ],\n [\n -178.2421875,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -173.1884765625,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n -162.5537109375,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n -155.302734375,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -151.4794921875,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -146.9970703125,\n 60.08676274626006\n ],\n [\n -145.546875,\n 60.21799073323445\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 59.93300042374631\n ],\n [\n -138.3837890625,\n 58.83649009392136\n ],\n [\n -135.6591796875,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.521081495443596\n ],\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -82.68310546875,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -83.49609375,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -90.76904296874999,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 48.37084770238366\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 48.23930899024907\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 48.61838518688487\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 49.23912083246698\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.396675075193976\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.66194284607006\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 48.32703913063476\n ],\n [\n -124.78271484375,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 41.22824901518529\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.297327991404266\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -103.20556640625,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -102.65625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.49169921875,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 28.246327971048842\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -99.47021484375,\n 27.31321389856826\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.52956523826758\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -97.75634765625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 27.858503954841247\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.22021484375,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 27.800209937418252\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 25.264568475331583\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 25.34402602913433\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 34.07086232376631\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -73.58642578125,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -69.63134765625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -67.0166015625,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brimhall, Nicholas 0009-0008-7410-0166","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7410-0166","contributorId":365452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brimhall","given":"Nicholas","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bladen, Kelvyn K.","contributorId":364634,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bladen","given":"Kelvyn","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":86880,"text":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kerby, Tom 0009-0002-1189-3820","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1189-3820","contributorId":365453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kerby","given":"Tom","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Legleiter, Carl J. 0000-0003-0940-8013 cjl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-8013","contributorId":169002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legleiter","given":"Carl","email":"cjl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swapp, Cameron 0009-0004-9019-1097","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9019-1097","contributorId":365454,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swapp","given":"Cameron","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fluckiger, Hannah 0009-0004-8246-1376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8246-1376","contributorId":365455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fluckiger","given":"Hannah","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bahr, Julie E 0009-0005-9937-5885","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9937-5885","contributorId":365457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bahr","given":"Julie","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Roberts, Makenna 0009-0002-7084-3276","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7084-3276","contributorId":365462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roberts","given":"Makenna","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hart, Kaden 0009-0001-0652-9242","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0652-9242","contributorId":365468,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hart","given":"Kaden","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stegman, Christina L.","contributorId":365580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stegman","given":"Christina","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Bean, Brennan 0000-0002-2853-0455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2853-0455","contributorId":365485,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bean","given":"Brennan","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Moon, Kevin 0000-0002-4457-9988","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4457-9988","contributorId":365486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moon","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[{"id":6682,"text":"Utah State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70273754,"text":"70273754 - 2026 - Widespread terrestrial ecosystem disruption at the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T17:02:45.63779","indexId":"70273754","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-20T10:58:29","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3164,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Widespread terrestrial ecosystem disruption at the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum","docAbstract":"

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~56 Mya) interval was marked by massive 13C-depleted carbon emissions into the ocean/atmosphere system, manifested as a negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in sedimentary components, and ~5 °C global average warming. Episodes of hydrological perturbations and soil-erosion have been widely documented for the PETM but their link with vegetation- and carbon cycle changes remain poorly constrained. Here, we present organic microfossil evidence showing a strong increase in fern-dominated pioneer vegetation that replaced coniferous forests on the margin of the Norwegian Sea during the first millennia of the CIE. With the present stratigraphic constraints, the “fern spike” occurred simultaneously in terrestrial settings along the North Sea, Arctic Ocean, the US east coast and in southern Australia, indicating that pioneer vegetation persisted for several millennia following a partial collapse of previously stable terrestrial ecosystems. Both the ferns and influx of microcharcoal imply recurrent physical disturbance, including soil destabilization and erosion, potentially linked to droughts, wildfires, and strong hydrological forcing resulting from extreme climate change. Together with evidence for reworked clay minerals and ancient organic matter (kerogen), these findings show that highly disturbed terrestrial ecosystems were widespread across mid- and high-latitude regions globally. Carbon cycle model simulations suggest that a substantial loss of standing and buried biomass, along with oxidation of soil organic matter, acted as important positive feedbacks during the onset of the CIE. Additionally, enhanced kerogen weathering likely contributed as another major positive feedback throughout both the onset and main phase of the CIE.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2509231122","usgsCitation":"Nelissen, M., Willard, D., Konijnenburg-van Cittert, H., Bowen, G.J., Hollaar, T., Sluijs, A., Frieling, J., and Brinkhuis, H., 2026, Widespread terrestrial ecosystem disruption at the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 123, no. 4, e2509231122, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2509231122.","productDescription":"e2509231122, 8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-177301","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2509231122","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":499184,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelissen, Mei","contributorId":362170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelissen","given":"Mei","affiliations":[{"id":36885,"text":"Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":269840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":954542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Konijnenburg-van Cittert, Han","contributorId":365651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Konijnenburg-van Cittert","given":"Han","affiliations":[{"id":36885,"text":"Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowen, Gabriel J.","contributorId":365652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowen","given":"Gabriel","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13252,"text":"University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hollaar, Teuntje","contributorId":365653,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hollaar","given":"Teuntje","affiliations":[{"id":36885,"text":"Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sluijs, Appy","contributorId":215371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sluijs","given":"Appy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36885,"text":"Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Frieling, Joost","contributorId":365654,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frieling","given":"Joost","affiliations":[{"id":25447,"text":"University of Oxford","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Brinkhuis, Henk","contributorId":328591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brinkhuis","given":"Henk","affiliations":[{"id":36885,"text":"Utrecht University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70273680,"text":"70273680 - 2026 - Hydrologic dynamics of ephemerally flooded playas in a dryland environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T15:09:31.639574","indexId":"70273680","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-16T09:04:13","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic dynamics of ephemerally flooded playas in a dryland environment","docAbstract":"

Ephemerally flooded playas are common in the southwestern United States and globally in drylands. Often formed in closed basins, playas are depressions which inundate infrequently from local precipitation and streamflow produced near the playa or from upland areas. Few studies have quantified the hydrologic connectivity between upland catchments and playas using observations. Here, we used rain gauge-corrected precipitation from weather radar and water level measurements in 18 playas of the Chihuahuan Desert to identify precipitation thresholds leading to playa inundation over a 6.4-year period. Geospatial data sets on topography, soil properties, and vegetation cover were employed to determine the controls on inundation. Only 9.4% of all precipitation events above 1 mm led to inundation, with 69.8% of all inundations occurring during the North American monsoon (NAM, July-September). Mean and standard deviations (Std) of runoff ratios at all playas were 2.74 ± 4.08% and 3.29 ± 5.19% for annual and NAM periods. At the annual scale, playa inundation occurred when mean precipitation thresholds of 18.3 ± 7.5 mm (event total) and 12.0 ± 4.5 mm/hr (60-min intensity) were exceeded. Across all playas, inundation occurrence and volume were related most strongly to precipitation metrics and catchment area, with secondary controls of soil and terrain properties. The explanatory power of the derived regressions describing the inundation response across the playas were significantly improved when considering their geological origin. As a result, the inundation response classification system could be applied to ephemeral playas in other arid and semiarid landscapes.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2024WR038848","usgsCitation":"Kimsal, C.R., Vivoni, E.R., Sala, O.E., Monger, H.C., and McKenna, O.P., 2026, Hydrologic dynamics of ephemerally flooded playas in a dryland environment: Water Resources Research, v. 62, no. 1, e2024WR038848, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2024WR038848.","productDescription":"e2024WR038848, 29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-171696","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr038848","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498832,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Jornada Experimental Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.95352847780691,\n 32.77776073898063\n ],\n [\n -106.95352847780691,\n 32.38877769427931\n ],\n [\n -106.58893585904038,\n 32.38877769427931\n ],\n [\n -106.58893585904038,\n 32.77776073898063\n ],\n [\n -106.95352847780691,\n 32.77776073898063\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimsal, Charles R.","contributorId":365427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimsal","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vivoni, Enrique R.","contributorId":365428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vivoni","given":"Enrique","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sala, Osvaldo E.","contributorId":365429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sala","given":"Osvaldo","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monger, H. Curtis","contributorId":365430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monger","given":"H.","middleInitial":"Curtis","affiliations":[{"id":12628,"text":"New Mexico State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McKenna, Owen P. 0000-0002-5937-9436 omckenna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5937-9436","contributorId":198598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"Owen","email":"omckenna@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":954292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70273386,"text":"sir20255084 - 2026 - Groundwater tracing used to delineate recharge areas and map karst groundwater pathways for subterranean streams at Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T17:07:56.82459","indexId":"sir20255084","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-15T10:31:24","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2025-5084","displayTitle":"Groundwater Tracing Used to Delineate Recharge Areas and Map Karst Groundwater Pathways for Subterranean Streams at Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve","title":"Groundwater tracing used to delineate recharge areas and map karst groundwater pathways for subterranean streams at Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve","docAbstract":"

Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve in southwestern Oregon is a 4,554-​acre area managed by the National Park Service that is home to several cave systems, including Oregon Caves, which is the longest cave in Oregon, with 3.03 miles of mapped passages. Because of the interconnected nature of karst hydrologic systems, it is critical to understand the areas that can influence water quality and quantity in karst environments. Toward this goal, dye tracing was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey from 2021 to 2024 to better understand the pathways that karst groundwater follows at Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve and to delineate recharge areas for two caves, Oregon Caves and Cave Next Door. During the project, eight dye injections were conducted, delineating a 0.51-​square-​mile recharge area for Oregon Caves and a 0.69-​square-​mile recharge area for Cave Next Door. Additionally, the study helped to identify three resurgences associated with Oregon Caves that were previously unknown and showed that the recharge areas for the two caves were distinct from one another. The dye traces also illuminated some unique recharge characteristics of the karst at Oregon Caves, including a high variance in karst groundwater velocities, retention within the karst aquifers, and a significant diffuse-​flow component.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20255084","issn":"2328-​0328","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","programNote":"Water Availability and Use Science Program","usgsCitation":"Miller, B.V., 2026, Groundwater tracing used to delineate recharge areas and map karst groundwater pathways for subterranean streams at Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025–5084, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20255084.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 33 p.; 2 Figures: 17.00 x 11.00 inches ; 3 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-168194","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498893,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119160.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":498644,"rank":10,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5084/sir20255084_fig17.pdf","text":"Figure 17, 17\" X 11\"","size":"7.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5084, fig. 17"},{"id":498643,"rank":9,"type":{"id":29,"text":"Figure"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5084/sir20255084_fig05.pdf","text":"Figure 5, 17\" X 11\"","size":"4.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5084, fig. 5"},{"id":498496,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5084/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":498503,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KZCM54","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"- National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2019 Products (ver. 3.0, February 2024)"},{"id":498497,"rank":2,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5084/images"},{"id":498505,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13QGEZH","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"- Groundwater tracing used to delineate recharge areas for subterranean streams at Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve"},{"id":498504,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13PDGYP","text":"USGS Data Release","linkHelpText":"- Seepage investigations and discharge measurements at Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve, 2021–2024"},{"id":498502,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20255084/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2025-5084 HTML"},{"id":498501,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5084/sir20255084.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2025-5084 XML"},{"id":498498,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2025/5084/sir20255084.pdf","size":"46.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2025-5084 pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.44730735633678,\n 42.13760286236689\n ],\n [\n -123.44730735633678,\n 42.06950359251863\n ],\n [\n -123.33965249541374,\n 42.06950359251863\n ],\n [\n -123.33965249541374,\n 42.13760286236689\n ],\n [\n -123.44730735633678,\n 42.13760286236689\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Contact Us- USGS Publications Warehouse

Director, Lower Mississippi-​Gulf Water Science Center 
U.S. Geological Survey 
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100 
Nashville, TN 37211 

","tableOfContents":"","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"publishedDate":"2026-01-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Benjamin V. 0000-0003-4795-3442","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4795-3442","contributorId":346449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70273763,"text":"70273763 - 2026 - A review and synthesis of post-wildfire shifts in hydrologic processes and streamflow generation mechanisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T17:02:04.427675","indexId":"70273763","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-15T09:55:04","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":23283,"text":"Environmental Research: Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review and synthesis of post-wildfire shifts in hydrologic processes and streamflow generation mechanisms","docAbstract":"

Critical water supply watersheds in the western United States (WUS) are impacted by wildfires, with potential negative effects on water quality and quantity. Scientific understanding is currently insufficient to deliver estimates of wildfire consequences for water quantity that are regionally accurate. Regional variability in the directionality and magnitude of post-wildfire shifts in streamflow generation fuels uncertainty in estimates of wildfire effects on water supply. In this work we provide a narrative review of wildfire effects on hydrologic processes and the resulting changes in streamflow generation mechanisms with a focus on the WUS, incorporating other global regions when pertinent. A conceptual model summary of wildfire effects on streamflow generation emphasizes: (1) precipitation seasonality, (2) synchrony of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, (3) net shifts in interception, evaporation, and transpiration relative to total annual precipitation, (4) vegetation changes, including compensatory uptake and type conversion, (5) degree of overlap in rainfall rates and infiltration, (6) fire extent and severity, (7) burn scar positioning (e.g. in headwaters or proximal to watershed outlet), (8) scale-dependent groundwater leakage, (9) near-surface water storage reduction, and (10) soil to groundwater connectivity. Ongoing gaps and challenges include separating the influences of precipitation variability, water withdrawals, and post-fire land management; compound and overlapping disturbances; and lack of pre-fire data. Notable future opportunities include: harnessing ever-improving gridded and remotely sensed precipitation and fire-effects data; linking geophysical, isotopic tracer, and geochemical signatures to diagnose hydrologic changes; leveraging physically based and data-driven model advancements; and analyzing streamflow generation recovery trajectories across diverse watersheds.

","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Publishing","doi":"10.1088/3033-4942/ae2a64","usgsCitation":"Ebel, B.A., Hammond, J., Walvoord, M.A., Partridge, T.F., Rey, D., and Murphy, S.F., 2026, A review and synthesis of post-wildfire shifts in hydrologic processes and streamflow generation mechanisms: Environmental Research: Water, v. 1, no. 4, 042001, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/3033-4942/ae2a64.","productDescription":"042001, 29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-178244","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/3033-4942/ae2a64","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":499183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -127.12193959016071,\n 49.09854340485592\n ],\n [\n -127.12193959016071,\n 31.217992482905444\n ],\n [\n -103.12645954620436,\n 31.217992482905444\n ],\n [\n -103.12645954620436,\n 49.09854340485592\n ],\n [\n -127.12193959016071,\n 49.09854340485592\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963 bebel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":218151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian","email":"bebel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hammond, John C. 0000-0002-4935-0736","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4935-0736","contributorId":223108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"John C.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle A. 0000-0003-4269-8366","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":211843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Partridge, Trevor Fuess 0000-0003-1589-4783","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1589-4783","contributorId":302668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Partridge","given":"Trevor","email":"","middleInitial":"Fuess","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rey, David M. 0000-0003-2629-365X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-365X","contributorId":211848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rey","given":"David M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Murphy, Sheila F. 0000-0002-5481-3635 sfmurphy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5481-3635","contributorId":1854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"Sheila","email":"sfmurphy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70273745,"text":"70273745 - 2026 - More water, more of the time: Spatial changes in flooding over 83 years in the upper Mississippi River floodplain and relationships with streamgage-derived proxies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-27T17:06:11.432618","indexId":"70273745","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-14T11:01:24","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"More water, more of the time: Spatial changes in flooding over 83 years in the upper Mississippi River floodplain and relationships with streamgage-derived proxies","docAbstract":"

The hydrologic regime of the upper Mississippi River (UMR) has become wetter, with greater discharges, longer-lasting high-flow conditions, and seasonal shifts in these patterns over the past several decades. How these changes are expressed spatially as floodplain inundation area, frequency, depth, duration, and timing is not well understood. It is also unclear to what degree spatial patterns of submergence are represented by examining discharge data alone. We assessed changes in floodplain inundation characteristics from 1940 to 2022 in navigation pools 3–10 of the UMR using a geospatial model to simulate daily inundation depths. Inundation characteristics shifted significantly across pools, but the direction and magnitude of change varied by pool and metric. Characteristics summarized at the pool scale correlated with streamgage-derived proxies but the strength of the relationship varied. Within pools, variability in inundation trends highlighted the importance of spatially explicit modeling. Our study demonstrates that changes in discharge over 83 years have manifested across the UMR floodplain in ways that may have consequences for ecological patterns and processes. By mapping hydrologically sensitive areas, we can anticipate which areas may be susceptible to additional shifts in river discharge in a climatically uncertain future.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2025WR040614","usgsCitation":"Van Appledorn, M., De Jager, N.R., Rohweder, J.J., Windmuller-Campione, M., and Griffin, D., 2026, More water, more of the time: Spatial changes in flooding over 83 years in the upper Mississippi River floodplain and relationships with streamgage-derived proxies: Water Resources Research, v. 62, no. 1, e2025WR040614, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2025WR040614.","productDescription":"e2025WR040614, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-177472","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr040614","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":499099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, Wiscosnin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River floodplain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.18148467325908,\n 45.61816060242495\n ],\n [\n -94.18148467325908,\n 42.68629353773204\n ],\n [\n -90.60968047878275,\n 42.68629353773204\n ],\n [\n -90.60968047878275,\n 45.61816060242495\n ],\n [\n -94.18148467325908,\n 45.61816060242495\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Appledorn, Molly 0000-0002-8029-0014","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8029-0014","contributorId":205785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Appledorn","given":"Molly","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"De Jager, Nathan R. 0000-0002-6649-4125 ndejager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-4125","contributorId":3717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Jager","given":"Nathan","email":"ndejager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rohweder, Jason J. 0000-0001-5131-9773 jrohweder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5131-9773","contributorId":150539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohweder","given":"Jason","email":"jrohweder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Windmuller-Campione, Marcella","contributorId":292936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Windmuller-Campione","given":"Marcella","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6626,"text":"University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Griffin, Daniel","contributorId":203862,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffin","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36733,"text":"Department of Geography, Environment &Society, University of Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70273496,"text":"70273496 - 2026 - Identifying headwater streams across the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T16:52:21.390954","indexId":"70273496","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-13T08:44:42","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying headwater streams across the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"

Headwater streams play critical roles in hydrologic and biogeochemical processes and functions, yet their spatial distribution and land cover context remain poorly understood at continental scales, and no dedicated geospatial dataset exists. Building from a high-resolution conterminous United States (CONUS) hydrography network dataset, we quantified the spatial extent, density, and upstream catchment characteristics of headwater stream segments across the CONUS. We identified approximately 8.4 million kilometers of headwater streams, finding that 77% of the total stream network consists of headwaters, nearly double the total length represented in prior estimates. Stream density varied fivefold across regions, from < 1 km·km−2 in arid basins to > 5 km·km−2 in humid, forested areas. Over 73% of the CONUS landmass drains from headwater streams. The majority of headwater stream length occurred in forested and cultivated catchments across the CONUS, while substantial regional differences were evident for headwater stream distribution in other land cover classes (for example, wetlands, urban areas, shrublands, and herbaceous-dominated catchments). The dedicated and novel geospatial dataset, HELiOS (HEadwater streams and Low-Order Systems) is introduced for management and research use. The HELiOS dataset provides the first continental-scale, high-resolution characterization of headwater streams, offering new insights and opportunities for hydrologic modeling, ecological assessments, and environmental policy.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/s10021-025-01041-z","usgsCitation":"Lane, C.R., D’Amico, E., Christensen, J.R., Golden, H.E., Cheng, F.Y., Hammond, J., Husic, A., Jaeger, K.L., Jones, C., Kelleher, C.A., Li Li, Mahoney, D., McMillan, H.K., Price, A.N., Sando, R., Segura, C., Seybold, E.C., Ward, A.S., and Zimmer, M., 2026, Identifying headwater streams across the conterminous United States: Ecosystems, v. 29, 22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-025-01041-z.","productDescription":"22","ipdsId":"IP-178147","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498777,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, Charles R.","contributorId":365251,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lane","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":87101,"text":"Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Athens, Georgia, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Amico, Ellen","contributorId":365252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Amico","given":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":87102,"text":"Pegasus Technical Services, Ltd., c/o Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH, 45219, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christensen, Jay R.","contributorId":365253,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Jay","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":87103,"text":"Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Golden, Heather E.","contributorId":365254,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golden","given":"Heather","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":87103,"text":"Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cheng, Frederick Y.","contributorId":365255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cheng","given":"Frederick","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":87104,"text":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hammond, John C. 0000-0002-4935-0736","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4935-0736","contributorId":223108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"John C.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Husic, Admin","contributorId":365256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Husic","given":"Admin","affiliations":[{"id":87105,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jaeger, Kristin L. 0000-0002-1209-8506","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-8506","contributorId":206935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaeger","given":"Kristin","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jones, C. Nathan","contributorId":365257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"C. Nathan","affiliations":[{"id":87106,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kelleher, Christa A.","contributorId":365258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelleher","given":"Christa","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":87107,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lafayette University, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Li Li","contributorId":365259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Li Li","affiliations":[{"id":87108,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mahoney, D. Tyler","contributorId":365260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mahoney","given":"D. Tyler","affiliations":[{"id":87109,"text":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"McMillan, Hilary K.","contributorId":365261,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McMillan","given":"Hilary","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":87110,"text":"Department of Geography, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Price, Adam N.","contributorId":365262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Price","given":"Adam","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":87111,"text":"Pacific Northwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture, Seattle, WA, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Sando, Roy 0000-0003-0704-6258","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-6258","contributorId":3874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Roy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Segura, Catalina","contributorId":365263,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segura","given":"Catalina","affiliations":[{"id":87113,"text":"Department of Forest Engineering, Resources & Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Seybold, Erin C.","contributorId":365264,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seybold","given":"Erin","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":87114,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Ward, Adam S.","contributorId":365265,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ward","given":"Adam","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":87115,"text":"Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Zimmer, Margaret","contributorId":365266,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmer","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[{"id":87116,"text":"Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":70273461,"text":"70273461 - 2026 - Characterizing the influence of remotely sensed wetland and lake water storage on discharge using LSTM models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-24T16:41:06.858881","indexId":"70273461","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-12T07:44:52","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterizing the influence of remotely sensed wetland and lake water storage on discharge using LSTM models","docAbstract":"

Globally, many wetlands and lakes are at risk for further loss, which can amplify downstream consequences of flood and drought events. We derived remotely sensed based time series of surface water storage (SWstorage) to determine when and where accounting for SWstorage dynamics improves predictions of river discharge. We trained four long short-term memory (LSTM) models, that differed in their inclusion of storage data and catchment characteristics, to simulate daily river discharge (2016–2023) for select watersheds across the conterminous United States. Adding SWstorage to a meteorology-only or meteorology-and-catchment characteristics model improved upon model Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) in 80.6% of the watersheds. Residuals during low-flow (Q70) events decreased by 47.6% when adding storage to meteorological data. Improvements were most consistent in ecoregions with a greater abundance of non-floodplain lakes and wetlands. This effort represents the first exploration to train a multi-watershed LSTM on landscape-scale remotely sensed time series of SWstorage.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626667.2025.2593333","usgsCitation":"Vanderhoof, M.K., Keenan, W., Dolan, W., Golden, H.E., Lane, C., Christensen, J.R., Solvik, K., and Rajib, A., 2026, Characterizing the influence of remotely sensed wetland and lake water storage on discharge using LSTM models: Hydrological Sciences Journal, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2593333.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"410","endPage":"436","ipdsId":"IP-175368","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498711,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2025.2593333","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498647,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"71","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vanderhoof, Melanie K. 0000-0002-0101-5533 mvanderhoof@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-5533","contributorId":168395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vanderhoof","given":"Melanie","email":"mvanderhoof@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keenan, William","contributorId":365156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keenan","given":"William","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolan, Wayana 0000-0001-8405-4302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8405-4302","contributorId":354442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"Wayana","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Golden, Heather E.","contributorId":364787,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Golden","given":"Heather","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13226,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lane, Charles R.","contributorId":138991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lane","given":"Charles R.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Christensen, Jay R.","contributorId":238115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Jay","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":953816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Solvik, Kylen 0000-0001-6537-1791","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-1791","contributorId":303316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solvik","given":"Kylen","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36627,"text":"University of Colorado, Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rajib, Adnan","contributorId":365158,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rajib","given":"Adnan","affiliations":[{"id":50034,"text":"University of Texas, Arlington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70273363,"text":"70273363 - 2026 - Assessing future hydrologic extremes using an integrated hydrology and river operations model in the Russian River watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-09T17:31:50.365144","indexId":"70273363","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-06T11:26:38","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3823,"text":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing future hydrologic extremes using an integrated hydrology and river operations model in the Russian River watershed","docAbstract":"

Study region

The Russian River watershed, situated in coastal, northern California, experiences hydrologic extremes, including periodic droughts and flooding. Water managers are working to maintain sustainable water supplies and environmental flows, while mitigating flood risks.

Study focus

This paper introduces an integrated hydrology and river operations model for the Russian River watershed. This model is distinct from models in previous studies because it represents surface-groundwater interactions and uses climate forcings to estimate dynamic water use demands that are superimposed onto both reservoir operations and water supply constraints. The model was used to examine three historical (1990–2015) and eight future (2016–2099) water use and climate change scenarios.

New hydrological insights for the region

The direct connection between streams and aquifers facilitated both annual aquifer replenishment by high winter streamflows and streamflow depletion by groundwater wells (19 % of pumped groundwater in alluvial aquifers from stream leakage) during critical low flow periods. Simulated streamflow changes included 59 % longer and 54 % more severe streamflow droughts, 26 % lower seasonal low streamflows, and up to 125 % higher peak streamflows, averaged over future climate and water use scenarios, suggesting increased future flood and water availability risks. Results showed the importance of reservoir operations for mitigating the impacts of increased hydroclimatic volatility, despite a decrease in reservoir reliability at Lake Mendocino, suggesting that reservoir management may be used to decrease future risks.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103016","usgsCitation":"Adera, S.T., Alzraiee, A.H., Niswonger, R.G., Triana, E., Ryter, D.W., and Engott, J.A., 2026, Assessing future hydrologic extremes using an integrated hydrology and river operations model in the Russian River watershed: Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, v. 63, 103016, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103016.","productDescription":"103016, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-165923","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.103016","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498621,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P149F9SB","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Russian River Integrated Hydrologic Model: an integrated hydrology and river operations model used to evaluate water use and climate change scenarios in the Russian River watershed"},{"id":498517,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Russian River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.667,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -123.667,\n 38.333\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 38.333\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -123.667,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"63","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adera, Saalem Tilahun 0000-0002-1333-7281","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1333-7281","contributorId":360769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adera","given":"Saalem","middleInitial":"Tilahun","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alzraiee, Ayman H. 0000-0001-7576-3449","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7576-3449","contributorId":272120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alzraiee","given":"Ayman","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G. 0000-0001-6397-2403 rniswon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6397-2403","contributorId":197892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard","email":"rniswon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Triana, Enrique","contributorId":169532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Triana","given":"Enrique","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25556,"text":"MWH Global, Fort Collins, CO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ryter, Derek W. 0000-0002-2488-626X dryter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2488-626X","contributorId":3395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryter","given":"Derek","email":"dryter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Engott, John A. 0000-0003-1889-4519 jaengott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1889-4519","contributorId":1142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engott","given":"John","email":"jaengott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70273983,"text":"70273983 - 2026 - Season and antecedent conditions impact concentration-discharge relationships for dissolved organic carbon and alkalinity in southeast Alaskan watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-23T16:39:57.697198","indexId":"70273983","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-06T09:32:45","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9326,"text":"JGR Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Season and antecedent conditions impact concentration-discharge relationships for dissolved organic carbon and alkalinity in southeast Alaskan watershed","docAbstract":"

Fluvial export of dissolved carbon plays an important role in watershed-scale biogeochemistry. Predicted changes in climate are expected to impact watershed hydrologic regimes, and in turn, the sources and export of dissolved carbon from watersheds. Here, we utilize high resolution measurements of discharge and dissolved carbon concentration to examine how concentration-discharge (CQ) relationships vary seasonally and during high flow events over the main runoff season (May–October) in a temperate forested watershed in Southeast Alaska. Concentration-discharge relationships for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and alkalinity demonstrated strong seasonal patterns, with more linear relationships in May and June versus other months. Changing power law model slopes (b values; the exponent in a power law regression between runoff and carbon yields) indicated potentially shifting watershed sources (biogenic vs. geologic) and contrasting dominant flowpaths (shallow vs. deeper groundwater) for DOC and alkalinity over the sampling period. During the largest storm event of the study, DOC and alkalinity b values shifted from an overall pattern of transport (mean b = 1.58 values >1.0 indicate transport limitation) and source limitation (mean b = 0.48, values <1.0 indicate source limitation) to chemostatic (DOC, b = 0.99; alkalinity, b = 1.019). In June through August, patterns in hysteresis index suggest that CQ relationships were altered when storms followed in close succession to each other. Together, these findings indicate that seasonal and antecedent flow conditions play a role in dissolved carbon export from forested watersheds. Understanding these dynamics, particularly during winter months, will become increasingly important as changes to hydroclimate impact riverine carbon export.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2025JG009090","usgsCitation":"Delbecq, C., Fellman, J.B., Bellmore, J.R., Whitney, E.J., Fitzgerald, K., Falke, J.A., 2026, Season and antecedent conditions impact concentration-discharge relationships for dissolved organic carbon and alkalinity in southeast Alaskan watershed: JGR Biogeosciences, v. 131, no. 1, e2025JG009090, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JG009090.","productDescription":"e2025JG009090, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-174690","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jg009090","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":500420,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Montana Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -136.63915248759182,\n 59.21990475595436\n ],\n [\n -136.63915248759182,\n 57.522914720234525\n ],\n [\n -134.63466688093874,\n 57.522914720234525\n ],\n [\n -134.63466688093874,\n 59.21990475595436\n ],\n [\n -136.63915248759182,\n 59.21990475595436\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"131","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delbecq, Claire","contributorId":337162,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delbecq","given":"Claire","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellman, Jason B.","contributorId":366494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fellman","given":"Jason","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":16298,"text":"University of Alaska Southeast","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellmore, J. Ryan","contributorId":366495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellmore","given":"J.","middleInitial":"Ryan","affiliations":[{"id":27863,"text":"U. S. Forest Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitney, Emily J.","contributorId":366496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitney","given":"Emily","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16298,"text":"University of Alaska Southeast","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitzgerald, Kevin","contributorId":332288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Kevin","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":955994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Falke, Jeffrey A. 0000-0002-6670-8250 jfalke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-8250","contributorId":5195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falke","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jfalke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":955995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70273497,"text":"70273497 - 2026 - Machine learning generated streamflow drought forecasts for the conterminous United States (CONUS): developing and evaluating an operational tool to enhance sub-seasonal to seasonal streamflow drought early warning for gaged locations","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70271720,"text":"70271720 - 2025 - Machine learning generated streamflow drought forecasts for the Conterminous United States (CONUS): Developing and evaluating an operational tool to enhance sub-seasonal to seasonal streamflow drought early warning for gaged locations","indexId":"70271720","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"title":"Machine learning generated streamflow drought forecasts for the Conterminous United States (CONUS): Developing and evaluating an operational tool to enhance sub-seasonal to seasonal streamflow drought early warning for gaged locations"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70273497,"text":"70273497 - 2026 - Machine learning generated streamflow drought forecasts for the conterminous United States (CONUS): developing and evaluating an operational tool to enhance sub-seasonal to seasonal streamflow drought early warning for gaged locations","indexId":"70273497","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"title":"Machine learning generated streamflow drought forecasts for the conterminous United States (CONUS): developing and evaluating an operational tool to enhance sub-seasonal to seasonal streamflow drought early warning for gaged locations"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-20T15:17:42.806547","indexId":"70273497","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-06T08:09:21","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7170,"text":"Frontiers in Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Machine learning generated streamflow drought forecasts for the conterminous United States (CONUS): developing and evaluating an operational tool to enhance sub-seasonal to seasonal streamflow drought early warning for gaged locations","docAbstract":"

Forecasts of streamflow drought, when streamflow declines below typical levels, are notably less available than for floods or meteorological drought, despite widespread impacts. We apply machine learning (ML) models to forecast streamflow drought 1–13 weeks ahead at 3,219 streamgages across the conterminous United States. We applied two ML methods (Long short-term memory neural networks; Light Gradient-Boosting Machine) and two benchmark models (persistence; Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) to predict weekly streamflow percentiles with independent models for each forecast horizon. ML models outperformed benchmarks in predicting continuous streamflow percentiles below 30%. ML models generally performed worse than persistence models for discrete classification (moderate, severe, extreme) but exceeded the benchmark models for drought onset/termination. Performance was better for less intense droughts and shorter horizons, with predictive power for 1–4 weeks for severe droughts (10% threshold). This work highlights challenges and opportunities to advance hydrological drought forecasting and supports a new experimental forecasting tool.

","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/frwa.2025.1709138","usgsCitation":"Hammond, J., Goodling, P.J., Diaz, J.A., Corson-Dosch, H.R., Heldmyer, A.J., Hamshaw, S.D., McShane, R., Ross, J.C., Sando, R., Simeone, C., Smith, E.A., Staub, L.E., Watkins, D., Wieczorek, M., Wnuk, K., and Zwart, J.A., 2026, Machine learning generated streamflow drought forecasts for the conterminous United States (CONUS): developing and evaluating an operational tool to enhance sub-seasonal to seasonal streamflow drought early warning for gaged locations: Frontiers in Water, v. 7, 1709138, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2025.1709138.","productDescription":"1709138, 32 p.","ipdsId":"IP-182990","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2025.1709138","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, John C. 0000-0002-4935-0736","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4935-0736","contributorId":223108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"John C.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodling, Phillip J. 0000-0001-5715-8579","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-8579","contributorId":239738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodling","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diaz, Jeremy Alejandro 0000-0001-7087-7949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7087-7949","contributorId":302986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diaz","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"Alejandro","affiliations":[{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Corson-Dosch, Hayley R. 0000-0001-8695-1584","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8695-1584","contributorId":244707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corson-Dosch","given":"Hayley","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heldmyer, Aaron Joseph 0000-0001-8608-4927","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8608-4927","contributorId":302944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heldmyer","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"Joseph","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hamshaw, Scott Douglas 0000-0002-0583-4237","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0583-4237","contributorId":305601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamshaw","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"Douglas","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McShane, Ryan R. 0000-0002-3128-0039","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3128-0039","contributorId":219009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McShane","given":"Ryan R.","affiliations":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ross, Jesse Cleveland 0000-0002-5422-8284","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5422-8284","contributorId":304193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Jesse","email":"","middleInitial":"Cleveland","affiliations":[{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Sando, Roy 0000-0003-0704-6258","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0704-6258","contributorId":3874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sando","given":"Roy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Simeone, Caelan 0000-0003-3263-6452","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3263-6452","contributorId":221008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simeone","given":"Caelan","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Smith, Erik A.","contributorId":365267,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Erik","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":87117,"text":"Former USGS, was with USGS when work completed.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Staub, Leah Ellen 0000-0002-1460-6084","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1460-6084","contributorId":299035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staub","given":"Leah","email":"","middleInitial":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Watkins, David 0000-0002-7544-0700","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-0700","contributorId":317375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watkins","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Wieczorek, Michael 0000-0003-0999-5457","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0999-5457","contributorId":207911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Wnuk, Kendall C. 0000-0001-7499-5256","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7499-5256","contributorId":305486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wnuk","given":"Kendall C.","affiliations":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Zwart, Jacob Aaron 0000-0002-3870-405X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3870-405X","contributorId":237809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwart","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"Aaron","affiliations":[{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":70273434,"text":"70273434 - 2026 - Distinguishing natural from mining-related metal sources by including streambank groundwater data in a stream mass loading study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-22T16:48:36.836817","indexId":"70273434","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-05T09:12:17","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinguishing natural from mining-related metal sources by including streambank groundwater data in a stream mass loading study","docAbstract":"

Distinguishing stream metal loading caused by mine features from that caused by natural background sources remains challenging, yet this distinction is essential for making effective remedial decisions at many legacy mine sites. We combine a stream tracer injection and synoptic sampling study with data from shallow near-stream groundwater wells to estimate left-bank versus right-bank metal loading contributions at the 100-m spatial scale. The study was performed in the East Mancos River, a mountain headwater stream in Colorado, USA. The dominant source of elevated stream metal concentrations could be either groundwater infiltration through right-bank Doyle Mine waste piles or natural acid rock drainage from hydrothermally altered bedrock located mainly on the left bank. For the five metals of concern (Cu, Al, Zn, Cd, and Mn), we find that 15 % of the load contributed by diffuse groundwater inputs in the section potentially influenced by Doyle mine waste originates from the right bank. This right-bank potential mine contribution equates to only 3 % of the total watershed instream load for these metals. Furthermore, apparent 3H/3He groundwater ages in segments contributing most of the right-bank metal loading are sufficiently old (9–12 yr) to suggest that infiltration through the waste piles, located only 140–180 m from the stream, is unlikely. Estimated potential Doyle mine loading contributions can therefore be considered maximum values. Study results thus indicate that Doyle mine waste piles are a minor source of metal loading under low-flow conditions, and streambank groundwater data can provide valuable additional information in stream mass loading studies.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104841","usgsCitation":"Manning, A.H., Runkel, R.L., Morrison, J.M., Warix, S., Wanty, R.B., Walton-Day, K., and Snook, M., 2026, Distinguishing natural from mining-related metal sources by including streambank groundwater data in a stream mass loading study: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 277, 104841, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2026.104841.","productDescription":"104841, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-180763","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498582,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"East Mancos River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.095,\n 37.42811837014183\n ],\n [\n -108.11,\n 37.42811837014183\n ],\n [\n -108.11,\n 37.41818534993749\n ],\n [\n -108.095,\n 37.41818534993749\n ],\n [\n -108.095,\n 37.42811837014183\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"277","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manning, Andrew H. 0000-0002-6404-1237 amanning@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6404-1237","contributorId":1305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"Andrew","email":"amanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morrison, Jean M. 0000-0002-6614-8783 jmorrison@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6614-8783","contributorId":994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"Jean","email":"jmorrison@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warix, Sara","contributorId":355736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warix","given":"Sara","affiliations":[{"id":13252,"text":"University of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wanty, Richard B.","contributorId":365089,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wanty","given":"Richard","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Walton-Day, Katherine 0000-0002-9146-6193","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-6193","contributorId":336569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walton-Day","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":953690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Snook, Michael 0009-0005-5660-086X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5660-086X","contributorId":360715,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snook","given":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":27526,"text":"Georgia Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":953691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70274154,"text":"70274154 - 2026 - Bridging ecology and geosciences in riverscapes: Implications for process-based restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-02T14:54:49.796661","indexId":"70274154","displayToPublicDate":"2026-01-04T08:51:29","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1461,"text":"Ecological Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bridging ecology and geosciences in riverscapes: Implications for process-based restoration","docAbstract":"

There has been a growing interest in integrating geological and ecological processes for sustainable river management and restoration. Lotic systems are shaped by diverse physical processes, including geology, geomorphology, hydrology, and interactions with terrestrial processes. However, restoration practices often prioritize specific habitats or river forms without fully considering the underlying physical processes that support biological communities and ecosystem functions. In this paper, we synthesize studies that integrally examine geological and ecological processes across different scales and components of riverscapes, including geohydrological processes, which have been less investigated in riverscape studies. We begin by examining processes at broader spatial scales, including river–watershed and river–riparian interactions, and gradually narrow our focus to the dynamics that occur among habitats within river channels, through which we highlight the significance of conceptualizing rivers as dynamic “networks” rather than linear features. Finally, we identify both scientific and practical challenges that can be addressed to bridge the gap between basic-science implications and their implementation in riverscape restorations.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/1440-1703.70028","usgsCitation":"Uno, H., Nakagawa, H., Ishiyama, N., Sakai, M., Mori, T., Terui, A., Scholl, E.A., Wohl, E., and Baxter, C.V., 2026, Bridging ecology and geosciences in riverscapes: Implications for process-based restoration: Ecological Research, v. 41, no. 1, e70028, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.70028.","productDescription":"e70028, 19 p.","ipdsId":"IP-179877","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.70028","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":500669,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-01-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uno, Hiromi","contributorId":367076,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Uno","given":"Hiromi","affiliations":[{"id":87535,"text":"Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University; 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan, 980-0845","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nakagawa, Hikaru","contributorId":367077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nakagawa","given":"Hikaru","affiliations":[{"id":87536,"text":"Aqua Restoration Research Center, Public Works Research Institute; Kawashima-Kasada-machi, Kakamigahara, Gifu, Japan, 501-6021","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ishiyama, Nobuo","contributorId":367078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ishiyama","given":"Nobuo","affiliations":[{"id":87537,"text":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University; N9 W9 Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589, Japan, 060-8589","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sakai, Masaru","contributorId":367079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sakai","given":"Masaru","affiliations":[{"id":87538,"text":"Fukushima Regional Collaborative Research Center, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 10-2 Fukasaku, Miharu, Tamura District, Fukushima 963-7700, Japan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mori, Terutaka","contributorId":367080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mori","given":"Terutaka","affiliations":[{"id":87537,"text":"Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University; N9 W9 Sapporo, Hokkaido 060–8589, Japan, 060-8589","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Terui, Akira","contributorId":367081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Terui","given":"Akira","affiliations":[{"id":87539,"text":"Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, NC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scholl, Eric Arthur 0000-0003-3028-9979","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3028-9979","contributorId":329480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"Arthur","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":956711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wohl, Ellen","contributorId":313566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wohl","given":"Ellen","affiliations":[{"id":6621,"text":"Colorado State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Baxter, Colden V.","contributorId":367082,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baxter","given":"Colden","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":87542,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":956713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70273255,"text":"70273255 - 2026 - A 10-year continuous daily simulation of chloride flux from a suburban watershed in Fairfax County, Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-29T15:17:40.106052","indexId":"70273255","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-23T09:14:45","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3709,"text":"Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 10-year continuous daily simulation of chloride flux from a suburban watershed in Fairfax County, Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"

Increasing levels of chloride in surface water are associated with detrimental effects on water quality, aquatic ecosystems, infrastructure, and human health. Numerous mass-balance studies have inferred watershed transport processes by interpreting chloride inputs and outputs, but few represent internal dynamics explicitly. We constructed a coupled water/chloride mass balance model to gain insights into storage, residence time, and transport processes in a 10-km2 urban watershed. The model, which operates over a 10-year period at a daily time scale, represents storage in a dynamic soil-moisture reservoir, quick-flow runoff from storm events, and slow-flow runoff that sustains streamflow in dry weather. The calibrated model accurately represented (a)the observed transition from a streamflow enrichment regime in cold months to a dilution regime in warmer months, (b) the observed tendency for late-summer concentrations to be higher after winters with heavy snowfall, and (c) a period-of-record downward trend in chloride concentration likely associated with a downward trend in annual snowfall. Estimated chloride inputs averaged 195 metric tons per year, while the average output was 270 metric tons per year. In contrast, estimated storage was only 107 metric tons. The estimated mean residence time in groundwater was 1.27 years. This short residence time indicates that efforts to reduce inputs will manifest as decreased concentrations in streamflow on a management-relevant time scale of several years. The coupled mass balance model yielded insights into internal watershed dynamics that would not be possible from simple input/output analysis; such models can be useful tools for gaining insight into small watershed hydrology and pollutant transport.

","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/w18010043","usgsCitation":"Chanat, J.G., and Custer, C.A., 2026, A 10-year continuous daily simulation of chloride flux from a suburban watershed in Fairfax County, Virginia, USA: Water, v. 18, no. 1, 43, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010043.","productDescription":"43, 25 p.","ipdsId":"IP-184027","costCenters":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/w18010043","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":498099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Fairfax County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.1702,38.9682],[-77.1624,38.9678],[-77.16,38.9678],[-77.1553,38.9674],[-77.1548,38.9674],[-77.1488,38.9646],[-77.1472,38.9636],[-77.1455,38.9622],[-77.1413,38.9584],[-77.1409,38.958],[-77.1361,38.9523],[-77.1352,38.9507],[-77.1343,38.9488],[-77.1341,38.9482],[-77.1323,38.9455],[-77.1308,38.9438],[-77.1294,38.9423],[-77.1279,38.9411],[-77.1258,38.9391],[-77.1234,38.9365],[-77.1229,38.936],[-77.1253,38.9296],[-77.1277,38.9279],[-77.1611,38.9018],[-77.172,38.8934],[-77.1891,38.896],[-77.1916,38.891],[-77.1941,38.8861],[-77.1896,38.8783],[-77.1878,38.8787],[-77.1807,38.8795],[-77.1778,38.8794],[-77.1736,38.8789],[-77.1631,38.8751],[-77.1579,38.8731],[-77.1549,38.8726],[-77.1537,38.8731],[-77.1531,38.8731],[-77.1519,38.8735],[-77.1502,38.8735],[-77.1496,38.8739],[-77.1495,38.8757],[-77.1104,38.8437],[-77.1277,38.8372],[-77.1416,38.827],[-77.1423,38.8239],[-77.1432,38.8148],[-77.1445,38.8103],[-77.139,38.798],[-77.1153,38.8021],[-77.084,38.801],[-77.0723,38.7971],[-77.0618,38.7947],[-77.0554,38.7921],[-77.0556,38.792],[-77.0523,38.7886],[-77.0523,38.7876],[-77.0529,38.787],[-77.0535,38.7862],[-77.0537,38.7837],[-77.0533,38.7827],[-77.0503,38.7797],[-77.0495,38.7787],[-77.049,38.7784],[-77.0479,38.7766],[-77.0482,38.7763],[-77.0492,38.7714],[-77.0489,38.7717],[-77.0486,38.7717],[-77.0481,38.7711],[-77.0481,38.7717],[-77.0478,38.7725],[-77.0478,38.7728],[-77.0481,38.7731],[-77.0475,38.7733],[-77.0461,38.7733],[-77.0444,38.7717],[-77.0444,38.7711],[-77.0453,38.7703],[-77.0456,38.7703],[-77.0458,38.77],[-77.0461,38.77],[-77.0467,38.7694],[-77.0472,38.7694],[-77.0475,38.7692],[-77.0481,38.7692],[-77.0483,38.7694],[-77.0486,38.7692],[-77.0492,38.7689],[-77.0489,38.7686],[-77.0486,38.7687],[-77.0481,38.7683],[-77.0471,38.7668],[-77.0471,38.7655],[-77.0475,38.7625],[-77.0469,38.7619],[-77.0469,38.7617],[-77.0467,38.7608],[-77.0469,38.7606],[-77.0469,38.76],[-77.0472,38.7597],[-77.0475,38.7597],[-77.0481,38.7592],[-77.0483,38.7592],[-77.0467,38.7579],[-77.0464,38.7571],[-77.0474,38.7549],[-77.0472,38.7544],[-77.0459,38.7526],[-77.0461,38.7521],[-77.0466,38.7517],[-77.0476,38.7508],[-77.0475,38.7504],[-77.0472,38.7494],[-77.0434,38.7444],[-77.0423,38.741],[-77.0431,38.7388],[-77.0428,38.7384],[-77.042,38.7368],[-77.0414,38.7304],[-77.0416,38.7274],[-77.0416,38.7267],[-77.0417,38.725],[-77.0426,38.7206],[-77.0445,38.7168],[-77.0459,38.7149],[-77.0526,38.7105],[-77.064,38.7099],[-77.0646,38.71],[-77.0657,38.7102],[-77.0669,38.71],[-77.0675,38.71],[-77.0692,38.7099],[-77.0728,38.7106],[-77.0733,38.7106],[-77.0742,38.7114],[-77.0739,38.7117],[-77.0747,38.7125],[-77.075,38.7125],[-77.0753,38.7128],[-77.0764,38.7128],[-77.0767,38.7129],[-77.0792,38.7125],[-77.0803,38.7087],[-77.0807,38.7084],[-77.0851,38.7066],[-77.0993,38.6985],[-77.1015,38.6981],[-77.1041,38.6976],[-77.107,38.6975],[-77.109,38.6976],[-77.1097,38.6977],[-77.111,38.6981],[-77.117,38.6995],[-77.1177,38.6997],[-77.1191,38.7001],[-77.1197,38.7005],[-77.12,38.7011],[-77.121,38.7029],[-77.1215,38.7033],[-77.1221,38.7036],[-77.1231,38.7043],[-77.1238,38.7051],[-77.1244,38.7053],[-77.1251,38.7053],[-77.129,38.7052],[-77.1296,38.7048],[-77.1299,38.7043],[-77.1299,38.7038],[-77.1297,38.7033],[-77.1289,38.7025],[-77.1275,38.7014],[-77.1273,38.7008],[-77.1269,38.6995],[-77.126,38.6985],[-77.125,38.6974],[-77.1232,38.6936],[-77.1228,38.6915],[-77.1224,38.6901],[-77.1222,38.687],[-77.1222,38.6864],[-77.1329,38.6739],[-77.135,38.6734],[-77.1365,38.6731],[-77.1369,38.6732],[-77.1382,38.6737],[-77.1391,38.6736],[-77.1398,38.6724],[-77.1441,38.6753],[-77.1452,38.676],[-77.1481,38.6776],[-77.1487,38.6778],[-77.153,38.6791],[-77.1536,38.6794],[-77.1538,38.6798],[-77.1535,38.6802],[-77.1532,38.6816],[-77.1537,38.6819],[-77.1545,38.6818],[-77.1551,38.6816],[-77.1557,38.6816],[-77.1562,38.6819],[-77.1568,38.6839],[-77.1566,38.6844],[-77.1552,38.6857],[-77.1536,38.6883],[-77.1553,38.6908],[-77.156,38.6915],[-77.1594,38.6917],[-77.16,38.6911],[-77.16,38.6906],[-77.1611,38.6894],[-77.1614,38.6894],[-77.1622,38.6892],[-77.1628,38.6886],[-77.1631,38.6886],[-77.1633,38.688],[-77.1636,38.6867],[-77.1638,38.6853],[-77.1641,38.6848],[-77.1649,38.6841],[-77.1655,38.6843],[-77.1656,38.6845],[-77.1671,38.6856],[-77.1677,38.6855],[-77.169,38.685],[-77.1697,38.6848],[-77.1712,38.6844],[-77.1732,38.6842],[-77.1764,38.6847],[-77.1779,38.6849],[-77.1795,38.6841],[-77.1822,38.6842],[-77.1831,38.6842],[-77.1833,38.6839],[-77.1836,38.6839],[-77.1842,38.6844],[-77.185,38.6844],[-77.1853,38.6842],[-77.1858,38.6839],[-77.1861,38.6839],[-77.1864,38.6836],[-77.1883,38.6831],[-77.1889,38.6825],[-77.1889,38.6822],[-77.1878,38.6811],[-77.1872,38.6811],[-77.1869,38.6808],[-77.1864,38.6808],[-77.1861,38.6806],[-77.1853,38.6806],[-77.185,38.6803],[-77.1847,38.6803],[-77.1844,38.68],[-77.1828,38.6803],[-77.1825,38.68],[-77.1822,38.68],[-77.1819,38.6803],[-77.1811,38.68],[-77.1772,38.6788],[-77.1763,38.6787],[-77.1737,38.6794],[-77.1674,38.6758],[-77.1624,38.6712],[-77.1582,38.6702],[-77.1578,38.6698],[-77.1571,38.6689],[-77.1566,38.6686],[-77.1555,38.6681],[-77.1515,38.6664],[-77.1509,38.6662],[-77.15,38.6653],[-77.1498,38.6647],[-77.1497,38.664],[-77.149,38.6572],[-77.1485,38.657],[-77.1478,38.6569],[-77.1465,38.6567],[-77.1459,38.6564],[-77.1452,38.6563],[-77.1446,38.656],[-77.1431,38.6549],[-77.1406,38.6523],[-77.1395,38.6518],[-77.1372,38.6506],[-77.1362,38.6489],[-77.1358,38.647],[-77.1354,38.6465],[-77.1349,38.6461],[-77.1343,38.6458],[-77.1334,38.6452],[-77.133,38.6423],[-77.1313,38.6384],[-77.1308,38.6369],[-77.1307,38.6359],[-77.1311,38.6354],[-77.1318,38.6351],[-77.1348,38.6351],[-77.137,38.6353],[-77.1389,38.6351],[-77.1413,38.6355],[-77.143,38.6357],[-77.1497,38.6352],[-77.1519,38.6355],[-77.1541,38.6358],[-77.1572,38.6367],[-77.1575,38.6369],[-77.1581,38.6372],[-77.1583,38.6369],[-77.1586,38.6369],[-77.1594,38.6361],[-77.1597,38.6361],[-77.1608,38.635],[-77.1611,38.635],[-77.1617,38.6344],[-77.1619,38.6344],[-77.1625,38.6331],[-77.1628,38.6331],[-77.1636,38.6322],[-77.1636,38.6308],[-77.1633,38.6306],[-77.1636,38.6303],[-77.1639,38.6303],[-77.1639,38.63],[-77.1661,38.6278],[-77.1665,38.6278],[-77.1665,38.6275],[-77.1764,38.6239],[-77.1808,38.6226],[-77.1813,38.6223],[-77.1824,38.6219],[-77.1837,38.6217],[-77.1857,38.6214],[-77.1864,38.6213],[-77.187,38.6211],[-77.1901,38.6198],[-77.1908,38.6195],[-77.1915,38.6194],[-77.193,38.6194],[-77.1986,38.6192],[-77.2005,38.6186],[-77.2021,38.6177],[-77.2027,38.6178],[-77.2038,38.6184],[-77.2048,38.6199],[-77.2049,38.6212],[-77.2043,38.6239],[-77.2047,38.6243],[-77.205,38.6248],[-77.2062,38.6267],[-77.208,38.628],[-77.2108,38.6302],[-77.213,38.6328],[-77.2139,38.6356],[-77.2139,38.6361],[-77.2144,38.6367],[-77.2147,38.6367],[-77.2151,38.637],[-77.215,38.6375],[-77.2147,38.6375],[-77.2144,38.6378],[-77.2128,38.6375],[-77.2117,38.6375],[-77.211,38.6374],[-77.2009,38.6418],[-77.1935,38.649],[-77.1905,38.6487],[-77.1894,38.6493],[-77.1888,38.6496],[-77.1882,38.6497],[-77.1875,38.6496],[-77.1844,38.6494],[-77.1814,38.6491],[-77.181,38.6506],[-77.1838,38.6511],[-77.1877,38.6514],[-77.1889,38.6516],[-77.1894,38.6514],[-77.192,38.6506],[-77.193,38.6508],[-77.1934,38.6512],[-77.1937,38.6517],[-77.1938,38.6522],[-77.1945,38.6537],[-77.1954,38.6544],[-77.1963,38.6551],[-77.199,38.657],[-77.2029,38.6586],[-77.2125,38.6567],[-77.2128,38.6564],[-77.2139,38.6564],[-77.2142,38.6567],[-77.2144,38.6564],[-77.2147,38.6564],[-77.215,38.6567],[-77.2156,38.6567],[-77.2169,38.6569],[-77.2172,38.6572],[-77.2175,38.6572],[-77.2209,38.6578],[-77.2214,38.6578],[-77.2235,38.658],[-77.224,38.6587],[-77.2238,38.659],[-77.2215,38.6612],[-77.2214,38.6618],[-77.2211,38.6624],[-77.221,38.663],[-77.2198,38.6666],[-77.2203,38.667],[-77.221,38.6671],[-77.2215,38.6668],[-77.2219,38.6662],[-77.224,38.6626],[-77.2254,38.6611],[-77.226,38.6608],[-77.2273,38.6607],[-77.2279,38.6609],[-77.2284,38.6613],[-77.229,38.6615],[-77.231,38.662],[-77.2316,38.6624],[-77.2322,38.6626],[-77.2333,38.6631],[-77.2339,38.6632],[-77.2358,38.6636],[-77.2362,38.664],[-77.2364,38.6645],[-77.2369,38.6654],[-77.2383,38.6665],[-77.2391,38.6671],[-77.2406,38.6689],[-77.2406,38.6692],[-77.2414,38.67],[-77.2446,38.6724],[-77.2489,38.6747],[-77.2492,38.6747],[-77.2494,38.675],[-77.2522,38.6792],[-77.2522,38.6794],[-77.2533,38.6806],[-77.2536,38.6806],[-77.2542,38.6811],[-77.2542,38.6814],[-77.2569,38.6842],[-77.2572,38.6839],[-77.2575,38.6839],[-77.2578,38.6836],[-77.2578,38.6833],[-77.2581,38.6831],[-77.2581,38.6828],[-77.2578,38.6828],[-77.2564,38.6814],[-77.2564,38.6811],[-77.2553,38.68],[-77.2547,38.68],[-77.2544,38.6797],[-77.252,38.676],[-77.2508,38.6744],[-77.2508,38.6742],[-77.2503,38.6733],[-77.2494,38.6728],[-77.2481,38.6731],[-77.2478,38.6728],[-77.2478,38.6722],[-77.2475,38.6719],[-77.245,38.6708],[-77.2447,38.6706],[-77.2436,38.6697],[-77.2433,38.6697],[-77.2431,38.6694],[-77.2428,38.6694],[-77.2417,38.6683],[-77.24,38.6664],[-77.24,38.6661],[-77.2397,38.6658],[-77.2394,38.665],[-77.2396,38.6643],[-77.2398,38.6638],[-77.244,38.6689],[-77.2498,38.6717],[-77.2527,38.6745],[-77.2549,38.6786],[-77.2659,38.6847],[-77.2728,38.6903],[-77.2786,38.6931],[-77.3018,38.7058],[-77.3077,38.7059],[-77.3137,38.7024],[-77.3256,38.7003],[-77.3291,38.7031],[-77.3242,38.7089],[-77.3247,38.7112],[-77.3323,38.7131],[-77.3316,38.7158],[-77.341,38.7183],[-77.355,38.723],[-77.3597,38.7236],[-77.3641,38.7164],[-77.3678,38.7106],[-77.373,38.7111],[-77.3777,38.7144],[-77.3828,38.7212],[-77.3796,38.7294],[-77.3801,38.7343],[-77.3853,38.7376],[-77.391,38.744],[-77.3944,38.7491],[-77.3985,38.751],[-77.4037,38.7524],[-77.4067,38.7507],[-77.4062,38.7484],[-77.4081,38.7453],[-77.411,38.7439],[-77.4128,38.7458],[-77.4126,38.7503],[-77.4101,38.7553],[-77.4147,38.7594],[-77.4176,38.7626],[-77.4134,38.7653],[-77.4162,38.7685],[-77.4173,38.7735],[-77.4219,38.7772],[-77.4271,38.7796],[-77.4307,38.7805],[-77.4341,38.7856],[-77.4357,38.7897],[-77.4379,38.7952],[-77.4402,38.7997],[-77.4442,38.8021],[-77.4495,38.8017],[-77.455,38.7986],[-77.4645,38.7956],[-77.4651,38.7956],[-77.4781,38.7963],[-77.484,38.7941],[-77.4887,38.7946],[-77.4922,38.797],[-77.4927,38.8015],[-77.4896,38.8046],[-77.4895,38.8083],[-77.4912,38.8101],[-77.4924,38.8115],[-77.5018,38.8143],[-77.5046,38.8171],[-77.5039,38.8248],[-77.5055,38.8271],[-77.5084,38.8317],[-77.5083,38.8344],[-77.5064,38.8385],[-77.5081,38.8407],[-77.52,38.8378],[-77.5271,38.8379],[-77.5324,38.8389],[-77.5347,38.8416],[-77.5358,38.8457],[-77.5369,38.8475],[-77.4747,38.9155],[-77.4705,38.9204],[-77.4291,38.9609],[-77.3273,39.0611],[-77.3267,39.061],[-77.3202,39.0593],[-77.3114,39.0564],[-77.3064,39.055],[-77.3048,39.0546],[-77.2989,39.0524],[-77.2944,39.0502],[-77.2891,39.0467],[-77.2829,39.0424],[-77.2787,39.0397],[-77.2746,39.037],[-77.2741,39.0367],[-77.2706,39.0348],[-77.2676,39.0342],[-77.2635,39.0333],[-77.2598,39.0324],[-77.2551,39.031],[-77.2508,39.0295],[-77.2483,39.0281],[-77.2457,39.026],[-77.2433,39.0233],[-77.2426,39.0198],[-77.2427,39.0175],[-77.2433,39.0148],[-77.245,39.0124],[-77.2463,39.0093],[-77.2471,39.0067],[-77.2478,39.0058],[-77.2485,39.0027],[-77.2489,39.0007],[-77.2493,38.9966],[-77.2482,38.9918],[-77.2447,38.9868],[-77.2401,38.9839],[-77.2345,38.9798],[-77.2271,38.9767],[-77.2257,38.9761],[-77.2235,38.9757],[-77.2203,38.9754],[-77.2161,38.9753],[-77.2114,38.9748],[-77.2073,38.9738],[-77.205,38.9729],[-77.2008,38.9711],[-77.1949,38.9692],[-77.192,38.9688],[-77.1902,38.9685],[-77.1885,38.9685],[-77.1731,38.9682],[-77.1702,38.9682]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Fairfax\",\"state\":\"VA\"}}]}","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chanat, Jeffrey G. 0000-0002-3629-7307 jchanat@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3629-7307","contributorId":5062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chanat","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jchanat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, Christopher Allan 0000-0003-2072-1414","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-1414","contributorId":364564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christopher","middleInitial":"Allan","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70272750,"text":"70272750 - 2026 - Environmental tradeoffs of urban stream restoration in Fairfax County, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-09T14:24:46.399188","indexId":"70272750","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-05T09:59:04","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1454,"text":"Ecological Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental tradeoffs of urban stream restoration in Fairfax County, Virginia","docAbstract":"

Regulatory mandates to improve water quality and stream health have driven substantial investment in stream restoration. Most projects aim to improve channel-floodplain connectivity, reduce sediment erosion, and enhance habitat for aquatic organisms, yet few include adequate pre- and post-restoration monitoring to assess outcomes. Since 2007, Fairfax County, Virginia, and the U.S. Geological Survey have partnered to monitor and evaluate water-quality conditions in Flatlick Branch. In 2018, a 1.72-km reach of stream above the monitoring station was restored using a Natural Channel Design approach. This study applied the Stream Functions Pyramid (SFP) framework to evaluate restoration tradeoffs. Post-restoration, watershed hydrology remained largely unchanged, but channel modifications increased flow capacity, reduced velocity, and further disconnected the channel from the floodplain. Nutrient and sediment reductions exceeded expected amounts, but the removal of over 20 % of riparian tree canopy increased physicochemical variability and the frequency and magnitude of water temperature heatwaves. Post-restoration, state standards for low dissolved oxygen and elevated pH were exceeded 2.5 and 7.5 times more often, respectively. Gross primary production and ecosystem respiration increased and organic matter sources supporting metabolism shifted from allochthonous to autochthonous. Trends in several benthic macroinvertebrate metrics, which were improving prior to construction, have since plateaued or declined, and the fish assemblage shifted from a native minnow dominated community to non-native, warmwater tolerant taxa. This study highlights the need for comprehensive assessments of stream restoration and benefits of using the SFP to understand the consequences and possible tradeoffs of different ecosystem management decisions.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107866","usgsCitation":"Porter, A.J., Ruck, C.M., and Tassone, S.J., 2026, Environmental tradeoffs of urban stream restoration in Fairfax County, Virginia: Ecological Engineering, v. 224, 107866, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107866.","productDescription":"107866, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-179952","costCenters":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497417,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2025.107866","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497191,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Fairfax County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-77.1702,38.9682],[-77.1624,38.9678],[-77.16,38.9678],[-77.1553,38.9674],[-77.1548,38.9674],[-77.1488,38.9646],[-77.1472,38.9636],[-77.1455,38.9622],[-77.1413,38.9584],[-77.1409,38.958],[-77.1361,38.9523],[-77.1352,38.9507],[-77.1343,38.9488],[-77.1341,38.9482],[-77.1323,38.9455],[-77.1308,38.9438],[-77.1294,38.9423],[-77.1279,38.9411],[-77.1258,38.9391],[-77.1234,38.9365],[-77.1229,38.936],[-77.1253,38.9296],[-77.1277,38.9279],[-77.1611,38.9018],[-77.172,38.8934],[-77.1891,38.896],[-77.1916,38.891],[-77.1941,38.8861],[-77.1896,38.8783],[-77.1878,38.8787],[-77.1807,38.8795],[-77.1778,38.8794],[-77.1736,38.8789],[-77.1631,38.8751],[-77.1579,38.8731],[-77.1549,38.8726],[-77.1537,38.8731],[-77.1531,38.8731],[-77.1519,38.8735],[-77.1502,38.8735],[-77.1496,38.8739],[-77.1495,38.8757],[-77.1104,38.8437],[-77.1277,38.8372],[-77.1416,38.827],[-77.1423,38.8239],[-77.1432,38.8148],[-77.1445,38.8103],[-77.139,38.798],[-77.1153,38.8021],[-77.084,38.801],[-77.0723,38.7971],[-77.0618,38.7947],[-77.0554,38.7921],[-77.0556,38.792],[-77.0523,38.7886],[-77.0523,38.7876],[-77.0529,38.787],[-77.0535,38.7862],[-77.0537,38.7837],[-77.0533,38.7827],[-77.0503,38.7797],[-77.0495,38.7787],[-77.049,38.7784],[-77.0479,38.7766],[-77.0482,38.7763],[-77.0492,38.7714],[-77.0489,38.7717],[-77.0486,38.7717],[-77.0481,38.7711],[-77.0481,38.7717],[-77.0478,38.7725],[-77.0478,38.7728],[-77.0481,38.7731],[-77.0475,38.7733],[-77.0461,38.7733],[-77.0444,38.7717],[-77.0444,38.7711],[-77.0453,38.7703],[-77.0456,38.7703],[-77.0458,38.77],[-77.0461,38.77],[-77.0467,38.7694],[-77.0472,38.7694],[-77.0475,38.7692],[-77.0481,38.7692],[-77.0483,38.7694],[-77.0486,38.7692],[-77.0492,38.7689],[-77.0489,38.7686],[-77.0486,38.7687],[-77.0481,38.7683],[-77.0471,38.7668],[-77.0471,38.7655],[-77.0475,38.7625],[-77.0469,38.7619],[-77.0469,38.7617],[-77.0467,38.7608],[-77.0469,38.7606],[-77.0469,38.76],[-77.0472,38.7597],[-77.0475,38.7597],[-77.0481,38.7592],[-77.0483,38.7592],[-77.0467,38.7579],[-77.0464,38.7571],[-77.0474,38.7549],[-77.0472,38.7544],[-77.0459,38.7526],[-77.0461,38.7521],[-77.0466,38.7517],[-77.0476,38.7508],[-77.0475,38.7504],[-77.0472,38.7494],[-77.0434,38.7444],[-77.0423,38.741],[-77.0431,38.7388],[-77.0428,38.7384],[-77.042,38.7368],[-77.0414,38.7304],[-77.0416,38.7274],[-77.0416,38.7267],[-77.0417,38.725],[-77.0426,38.7206],[-77.0445,38.7168],[-77.0459,38.7149],[-77.0526,38.7105],[-77.064,38.7099],[-77.0646,38.71],[-77.0657,38.7102],[-77.0669,38.71],[-77.0675,38.71],[-77.0692,38.7099],[-77.0728,38.7106],[-77.0733,38.7106],[-77.0742,38.7114],[-77.0739,38.7117],[-77.0747,38.7125],[-77.075,38.7125],[-77.0753,38.7128],[-77.0764,38.7128],[-77.0767,38.7129],[-77.0792,38.7125],[-77.0803,38.7087],[-77.0807,38.7084],[-77.0851,38.7066],[-77.0993,38.6985],[-77.1015,38.6981],[-77.1041,38.6976],[-77.107,38.6975],[-77.109,38.6976],[-77.1097,38.6977],[-77.111,38.6981],[-77.117,38.6995],[-77.1177,38.6997],[-77.1191,38.7001],[-77.1197,38.7005],[-77.12,38.7011],[-77.121,38.7029],[-77.1215,38.7033],[-77.1221,38.7036],[-77.1231,38.7043],[-77.1238,38.7051],[-77.1244,38.7053],[-77.1251,38.7053],[-77.129,38.7052],[-77.1296,38.7048],[-77.1299,38.7043],[-77.1299,38.7038],[-77.1297,38.7033],[-77.1289,38.7025],[-77.1275,38.7014],[-77.1273,38.7008],[-77.1269,38.6995],[-77.126,38.6985],[-77.125,38.6974],[-77.1232,38.6936],[-77.1228,38.6915],[-77.1224,38.6901],[-77.1222,38.687],[-77.1222,38.6864],[-77.1329,38.6739],[-77.135,38.6734],[-77.1365,38.6731],[-77.1369,38.6732],[-77.1382,38.6737],[-77.1391,38.6736],[-77.1398,38.6724],[-77.1441,38.6753],[-77.1452,38.676],[-77.1481,38.6776],[-77.1487,38.6778],[-77.153,38.6791],[-77.1536,38.6794],[-77.1538,38.6798],[-77.1535,38.6802],[-77.1532,38.6816],[-77.1537,38.6819],[-77.1545,38.6818],[-77.1551,38.6816],[-77.1557,38.6816],[-77.1562,38.6819],[-77.1568,38.6839],[-77.1566,38.6844],[-77.1552,38.6857],[-77.1536,38.6883],[-77.1553,38.6908],[-77.156,38.6915],[-77.1594,38.6917],[-77.16,38.6911],[-77.16,38.6906],[-77.1611,38.6894],[-77.1614,38.6894],[-77.1622,38.6892],[-77.1628,38.6886],[-77.1631,38.6886],[-77.1633,38.688],[-77.1636,38.6867],[-77.1638,38.6853],[-77.1641,38.6848],[-77.1649,38.6841],[-77.1655,38.6843],[-77.1656,38.6845],[-77.1671,38.6856],[-77.1677,38.6855],[-77.169,38.685],[-77.1697,38.6848],[-77.1712,38.6844],[-77.1732,38.6842],[-77.1764,38.6847],[-77.1779,38.6849],[-77.1795,38.6841],[-77.1822,38.6842],[-77.1831,38.6842],[-77.1833,38.6839],[-77.1836,38.6839],[-77.1842,38.6844],[-77.185,38.6844],[-77.1853,38.6842],[-77.1858,38.6839],[-77.1861,38.6839],[-77.1864,38.6836],[-77.1883,38.6831],[-77.1889,38.6825],[-77.1889,38.6822],[-77.1878,38.6811],[-77.1872,38.6811],[-77.1869,38.6808],[-77.1864,38.6808],[-77.1861,38.6806],[-77.1853,38.6806],[-77.185,38.6803],[-77.1847,38.6803],[-77.1844,38.68],[-77.1828,38.6803],[-77.1825,38.68],[-77.1822,38.68],[-77.1819,38.6803],[-77.1811,38.68],[-77.1772,38.6788],[-77.1763,38.6787],[-77.1737,38.6794],[-77.1674,38.6758],[-77.1624,38.6712],[-77.1582,38.6702],[-77.1578,38.6698],[-77.1571,38.6689],[-77.1566,38.6686],[-77.1555,38.6681],[-77.1515,38.6664],[-77.1509,38.6662],[-77.15,38.6653],[-77.1498,38.6647],[-77.1497,38.664],[-77.149,38.6572],[-77.1485,38.657],[-77.1478,38.6569],[-77.1465,38.6567],[-77.1459,38.6564],[-77.1452,38.6563],[-77.1446,38.656],[-77.1431,38.6549],[-77.1406,38.6523],[-77.1395,38.6518],[-77.1372,38.6506],[-77.1362,38.6489],[-77.1358,38.647],[-77.1354,38.6465],[-77.1349,38.6461],[-77.1343,38.6458],[-77.1334,38.6452],[-77.133,38.6423],[-77.1313,38.6384],[-77.1308,38.6369],[-77.1307,38.6359],[-77.1311,38.6354],[-77.1318,38.6351],[-77.1348,38.6351],[-77.137,38.6353],[-77.1389,38.6351],[-77.1413,38.6355],[-77.143,38.6357],[-77.1497,38.6352],[-77.1519,38.6355],[-77.1541,38.6358],[-77.1572,38.6367],[-77.1575,38.6369],[-77.1581,38.6372],[-77.1583,38.6369],[-77.1586,38.6369],[-77.1594,38.6361],[-77.1597,38.6361],[-77.1608,38.635],[-77.1611,38.635],[-77.1617,38.6344],[-77.1619,38.6344],[-77.1625,38.6331],[-77.1628,38.6331],[-77.1636,38.6322],[-77.1636,38.6308],[-77.1633,38.6306],[-77.1636,38.6303],[-77.1639,38.6303],[-77.1639,38.63],[-77.1661,38.6278],[-77.1665,38.6278],[-77.1665,38.6275],[-77.1764,38.6239],[-77.1808,38.6226],[-77.1813,38.6223],[-77.1824,38.6219],[-77.1837,38.6217],[-77.1857,38.6214],[-77.1864,38.6213],[-77.187,38.6211],[-77.1901,38.6198],[-77.1908,38.6195],[-77.1915,38.6194],[-77.193,38.6194],[-77.1986,38.6192],[-77.2005,38.6186],[-77.2021,38.6177],[-77.2027,38.6178],[-77.2038,38.6184],[-77.2048,38.6199],[-77.2049,38.6212],[-77.2043,38.6239],[-77.2047,38.6243],[-77.205,38.6248],[-77.2062,38.6267],[-77.208,38.628],[-77.2108,38.6302],[-77.213,38.6328],[-77.2139,38.6356],[-77.2139,38.6361],[-77.2144,38.6367],[-77.2147,38.6367],[-77.2151,38.637],[-77.215,38.6375],[-77.2147,38.6375],[-77.2144,38.6378],[-77.2128,38.6375],[-77.2117,38.6375],[-77.211,38.6374],[-77.2009,38.6418],[-77.1935,38.649],[-77.1905,38.6487],[-77.1894,38.6493],[-77.1888,38.6496],[-77.1882,38.6497],[-77.1875,38.6496],[-77.1844,38.6494],[-77.1814,38.6491],[-77.181,38.6506],[-77.1838,38.6511],[-77.1877,38.6514],[-77.1889,38.6516],[-77.1894,38.6514],[-77.192,38.6506],[-77.193,38.6508],[-77.1934,38.6512],[-77.1937,38.6517],[-77.1938,38.6522],[-77.1945,38.6537],[-77.1954,38.6544],[-77.1963,38.6551],[-77.199,38.657],[-77.2029,38.6586],[-77.2125,38.6567],[-77.2128,38.6564],[-77.2139,38.6564],[-77.2142,38.6567],[-77.2144,38.6564],[-77.2147,38.6564],[-77.215,38.6567],[-77.2156,38.6567],[-77.2169,38.6569],[-77.2172,38.6572],[-77.2175,38.6572],[-77.2209,38.6578],[-77.2214,38.6578],[-77.2235,38.658],[-77.224,38.6587],[-77.2238,38.659],[-77.2215,38.6612],[-77.2214,38.6618],[-77.2211,38.6624],[-77.221,38.663],[-77.2198,38.6666],[-77.2203,38.667],[-77.221,38.6671],[-77.2215,38.6668],[-77.2219,38.6662],[-77.224,38.6626],[-77.2254,38.6611],[-77.226,38.6608],[-77.2273,38.6607],[-77.2279,38.6609],[-77.2284,38.6613],[-77.229,38.6615],[-77.231,38.662],[-77.2316,38.6624],[-77.2322,38.6626],[-77.2333,38.6631],[-77.2339,38.6632],[-77.2358,38.6636],[-77.2362,38.664],[-77.2364,38.6645],[-77.2369,38.6654],[-77.2383,38.6665],[-77.2391,38.6671],[-77.2406,38.6689],[-77.2406,38.6692],[-77.2414,38.67],[-77.2446,38.6724],[-77.2489,38.6747],[-77.2492,38.6747],[-77.2494,38.675],[-77.2522,38.6792],[-77.2522,38.6794],[-77.2533,38.6806],[-77.2536,38.6806],[-77.2542,38.6811],[-77.2542,38.6814],[-77.2569,38.6842],[-77.2572,38.6839],[-77.2575,38.6839],[-77.2578,38.6836],[-77.2578,38.6833],[-77.2581,38.6831],[-77.2581,38.6828],[-77.2578,38.6828],[-77.2564,38.6814],[-77.2564,38.6811],[-77.2553,38.68],[-77.2547,38.68],[-77.2544,38.6797],[-77.252,38.676],[-77.2508,38.6744],[-77.2508,38.6742],[-77.2503,38.6733],[-77.2494,38.6728],[-77.2481,38.6731],[-77.2478,38.6728],[-77.2478,38.6722],[-77.2475,38.6719],[-77.245,38.6708],[-77.2447,38.6706],[-77.2436,38.6697],[-77.2433,38.6697],[-77.2431,38.6694],[-77.2428,38.6694],[-77.2417,38.6683],[-77.24,38.6664],[-77.24,38.6661],[-77.2397,38.6658],[-77.2394,38.665],[-77.2396,38.6643],[-77.2398,38.6638],[-77.244,38.6689],[-77.2498,38.6717],[-77.2527,38.6745],[-77.2549,38.6786],[-77.2659,38.6847],[-77.2728,38.6903],[-77.2786,38.6931],[-77.3018,38.7058],[-77.3077,38.7059],[-77.3137,38.7024],[-77.3256,38.7003],[-77.3291,38.7031],[-77.3242,38.7089],[-77.3247,38.7112],[-77.3323,38.7131],[-77.3316,38.7158],[-77.341,38.7183],[-77.355,38.723],[-77.3597,38.7236],[-77.3641,38.7164],[-77.3678,38.7106],[-77.373,38.7111],[-77.3777,38.7144],[-77.3828,38.7212],[-77.3796,38.7294],[-77.3801,38.7343],[-77.3853,38.7376],[-77.391,38.744],[-77.3944,38.7491],[-77.3985,38.751],[-77.4037,38.7524],[-77.4067,38.7507],[-77.4062,38.7484],[-77.4081,38.7453],[-77.411,38.7439],[-77.4128,38.7458],[-77.4126,38.7503],[-77.4101,38.7553],[-77.4147,38.7594],[-77.4176,38.7626],[-77.4134,38.7653],[-77.4162,38.7685],[-77.4173,38.7735],[-77.4219,38.7772],[-77.4271,38.7796],[-77.4307,38.7805],[-77.4341,38.7856],[-77.4357,38.7897],[-77.4379,38.7952],[-77.4402,38.7997],[-77.4442,38.8021],[-77.4495,38.8017],[-77.455,38.7986],[-77.4645,38.7956],[-77.4651,38.7956],[-77.4781,38.7963],[-77.484,38.7941],[-77.4887,38.7946],[-77.4922,38.797],[-77.4927,38.8015],[-77.4896,38.8046],[-77.4895,38.8083],[-77.4912,38.8101],[-77.4924,38.8115],[-77.5018,38.8143],[-77.5046,38.8171],[-77.5039,38.8248],[-77.5055,38.8271],[-77.5084,38.8317],[-77.5083,38.8344],[-77.5064,38.8385],[-77.5081,38.8407],[-77.52,38.8378],[-77.5271,38.8379],[-77.5324,38.8389],[-77.5347,38.8416],[-77.5358,38.8457],[-77.5369,38.8475],[-77.4747,38.9155],[-77.4705,38.9204],[-77.4291,38.9609],[-77.3273,39.0611],[-77.3267,39.061],[-77.3202,39.0593],[-77.3114,39.0564],[-77.3064,39.055],[-77.3048,39.0546],[-77.2989,39.0524],[-77.2944,39.0502],[-77.2891,39.0467],[-77.2829,39.0424],[-77.2787,39.0397],[-77.2746,39.037],[-77.2741,39.0367],[-77.2706,39.0348],[-77.2676,39.0342],[-77.2635,39.0333],[-77.2598,39.0324],[-77.2551,39.031],[-77.2508,39.0295],[-77.2483,39.0281],[-77.2457,39.026],[-77.2433,39.0233],[-77.2426,39.0198],[-77.2427,39.0175],[-77.2433,39.0148],[-77.245,39.0124],[-77.2463,39.0093],[-77.2471,39.0067],[-77.2478,39.0058],[-77.2485,39.0027],[-77.2489,39.0007],[-77.2493,38.9966],[-77.2482,38.9918],[-77.2447,38.9868],[-77.2401,38.9839],[-77.2345,38.9798],[-77.2271,38.9767],[-77.2257,38.9761],[-77.2235,38.9757],[-77.2203,38.9754],[-77.2161,38.9753],[-77.2114,38.9748],[-77.2073,38.9738],[-77.205,38.9729],[-77.2008,38.9711],[-77.1949,38.9692],[-77.192,38.9688],[-77.1902,38.9685],[-77.1885,38.9685],[-77.1731,38.9682],[-77.1702,38.9682]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Fairfax\",\"state\":\"VA\"}}]}","volume":"224","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, Aaron J. 0000-0002-0781-3309","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-3309","contributorId":239980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruck, Christopher M.","contributorId":363394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruck","given":"Christopher","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":86691,"text":"Fairfax County Department of Public Works and Environmental Services","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":951599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tassone, Spencer John 0000-0002-9340-7170","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9340-7170","contributorId":363395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tassone","given":"Spencer","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":951600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70273093,"text":"70273093 - 2026 - Restoring the Florida Everglades: Insights on integrating sea level rise into decision-support tools","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-15T15:39:54.921371","indexId":"70273093","displayToPublicDate":"2025-12-02T09:35:55","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Restoring the Florida Everglades: Insights on integrating sea level rise into decision-support tools","docAbstract":"

Although coastal ecosystems are impacted by climate change and sea-level rise, many ecological and hydrological models do not yet incorporate sea-level rise projections in their modeling outputs. Therefore, this research examined the various challenges that may prevent sea-level rise from being effectively incorporated in modeling and decision-support tools. We conducted semi-structured interviews with twenty-six professionals involved in Florida’s Everglades restoration. We applied the Diffusions of Innovations Theory to better understand factors that can impact practitioners’ adoption of newly designed decision-support tools that examine sea-level rise in the freshwater Everglades. The Diffusions of Innovations Theory provided insights into practitioners’ perceptions of these tools. We found that these practitioners have a strong interest in using dynamic decision-support tools to plan for sea-level rise impacts on Everglades restoration, particularly when they receive information at appropriate geographic and temporal scales and are given hands-on tools and training. However, challenges that prevent developing these tools include outdated data, limited organizational capacity and funding, limited use of long-term indicators, uncertainty about climate change impacts on local ecosystems, and lack of integration between hydrological and ecological models. Our research also highlights that greater availability of different types of tools can help to meet the needs of the scientific and non-scientific audiences involved in Everglades restoration.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-025-02320-0","usgsCitation":"Castellano, S., Clarke, M., D’Acunto, L., Romanach, S., and Cadaval, S., 2026, Restoring the Florida Everglades: Insights on integrating sea level rise into decision-support tools: Environmental Management, v. 76, 28, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-025-02320-0.","productDescription":"28, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-178284","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-025-02320-0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497522,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.69704710537333,\n 26.24594963141459\n ],\n [\n -81.83007585797539,\n 26.06420285323432\n ],\n [\n -81.11975251860886,\n 25.0512667434422\n ],\n [\n -80.33663986178148,\n 25.19217542692222\n ],\n [\n -80.18604127393009,\n 26.735626731938453\n ],\n [\n -81.69704710537333,\n 26.24594963141459\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castellano, Stephanie","contributorId":353362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Castellano","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, Mysha","contributorId":353361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Mysha","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Acunto, Laura 0000-0001-6227-0143","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6227-0143","contributorId":215343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Acunto","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Romañach, Stephanie S. 0000-0003-0271-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0271-7825","contributorId":213745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romañach","given":"Stephanie","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cadaval, Stephanie","contributorId":364187,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cadaval","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[{"id":36221,"text":"University of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70273757,"text":"70273757 - 2026 - Water residence time and water depth influence on nutrient conditions, eutrophication endpoints and habitat quality in backwater lakes of a large floodplain river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-09T14:48:05.557391","indexId":"70273757","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-25T09:43:15","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water residence time and water depth influence on nutrient conditions, eutrophication endpoints and habitat quality in backwater lakes of a large floodplain river","docAbstract":"

Many eutrophication studies focus on the external supply of critical nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus, but hydrology and geomorphology can enhance or dampen the effects of excessive nutrient supply. We studied six backwater lakes in the Upper Mississippi River that varied in water residence time and water depth. Eutrophication in these systems is responsible for negative impacts such as cyanobacterial blooms and toxicity, and floating plant and algal mats that disrupt recreational water uses. Increasing backwater residence time was associated with more nitrate removal and a greater likelihood of nitrogen limitation, as well as greater accumulations of duckweed. Backwaters with greater depth and lower nitrogen concentration had less likelihood of filamentous algal accumulations. The median water residence time of backwaters with low duckweed (11.7 days) and no filamentous algae (16.9 days) approached the 12-day target to maintain overwintering conditions in backwaters for fisheries survival, supporting that water residence times in this range would likely improve both winter and summer water quality. Mean depth in backwaters with low duckweed and no filamentous algae was ~1.3 m, while shallower backwaters were more likely to produce duckweed and filamentous algae mats. This indicates that deeper backwaters might reduce the likelihood of eutrophication impacts. Natural resource management at the local level may not always be able to answer global and regional threats, but habitat restoration of hydrology and geomorphology can possibly alleviate or reduce large-scale threats at the local level.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.70083","usgsCitation":"Giblin, S.M., Larson, J.H., and King, J.D., 2026, Water residence time and water depth influence on nutrient conditions, eutrophication endpoints and habitat quality in backwater lakes of a large floodplain river: River Research and Applications, v. 42, no. 3, p. 547-563, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.70083.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"563","ipdsId":"IP-177500","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499173,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.94320139911451,\n 44.27154014954243\n ],\n [\n -91.95438545368775,\n 44.21619328991649\n ],\n [\n -91.82576882609426,\n 44.11674648947249\n ],\n [\n -91.41795726779453,\n 43.914853669211254\n ],\n [\n -91.3181962287206,\n 43.55922418216956\n ],\n [\n -91.18629456902488,\n 43.56018234845769\n ],\n [\n -91.23103078731836,\n 43.9624257686493\n ],\n [\n -91.90306563491376,\n 44.27334527127165\n ],\n [\n -91.94320139911451,\n 44.27154014954243\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giblin, Shawn M.","contributorId":365669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giblin","given":"Shawn","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":82352,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WI DNR)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, James H. 0000-0002-6414-9758 jhlarson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-9758","contributorId":4250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"James","email":"jhlarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":954587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"King, Jeremy D.","contributorId":365670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"Jeremy","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":87185,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WI DNR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":954588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70273249,"text":"70273249 - 2026 - Assessing the topographic distribution of legacy soil phosphorus in agricultural fields of the Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-23T15:04:34.80313","indexId":"70273249","displayToPublicDate":"2025-11-25T08:51:42","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing the topographic distribution of legacy soil phosphorus in agricultural fields of the Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA","docAbstract":"

Phosphorus (P) management remains a challenge in agricultural watersheds. The Choptank River Conservation Effects Assessment Project watershed, located in Maryland and Delaware and draining to the Chesapeake Bay, contains legacy soil P from historical dairy and poultry manure applications. These practices elevated soil P beyond crop needs, contributing to persistent P export to aquatic ecosystems. We assessed spatial P distribution and analyzed GIS (Geographic Information Systems)-derived landscape features driving legacy P movement on a farm (47 ha). We hypothesized that P accumulates in drained lowlands and depressional areas due to gravity-driven processes that accelerate P-enriched water to receiving waters via overland flow. In collaboration with the US Department of Agriculture Legacy P project, we collected 105 soil samples (0- to 5-cm and 5- to 15-cm depths) and 14 ditch sediment samples across five topographic openness classes from a farm with >100 years of dairy manure application. Average Mehlich-III P concentrations were 218 and 179 mg kg−1 at 0- to 5-cm and 5- to 15-cm depths, respectively, with legacy areas defined by P content > 100 mg kg−1. Soil P and clay particle size were positively correlated (r = 0.42, p < 0.05), increased as landscape openness decreased, and were negatively correlated with topographic openness (ranging from −0.2 to −0.4, p < 0.05), indicating accumulation of P and clay in low-lying areas. These patterns suggest that historical field-level managements have primarily shaped P distribution, while hydrologic and landscape properties further influence its redistribution via transport pathways and drainage. These findings support the development of landscape models to map critical source areas in low-relief watersheds and guide targeted mitigation in high-risk P export zones.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.1002/jeq2.70101","usgsCitation":"Foroughi, M., Du, L., Scott, I.P., Hively, W.D., Simpson, Z.P., Smith, Z.J., Hapeman, C.J., Rabenhorst, M.C., Weil, R.R., and McCarty, G.W., 2026, Assessing the topographic distribution of legacy soil phosphorus in agricultural fields of the Delmarva Peninsula, Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 55, no. 1, e70101, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.70101.","productDescription":"e70101, 15 p.","ipdsId":"IP-179707","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":498053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.70101","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":497935,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Tuckahoe Creek watershed","volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foroughi, Maryam","contributorId":364546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foroughi","given":"Maryam","affiliations":[{"id":86840,"text":"University of Maryland (UMD), Department of Environmental Science & Technology, College Park, Maryland, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Du, Ling","contributorId":224056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Du","given":"Ling","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6758,"text":"USDA-ARS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, Isis P","contributorId":364547,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"Isis","middleInitial":"P","affiliations":[{"id":86842,"text":"Kansas State University, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Manhattan, Kansas, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hively, W. Dean 0000-0002-5383-8064","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-8064","contributorId":201565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hively","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Dean","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":952854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Simpson, Zachary P. 0000-0001-8075-810X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-810X","contributorId":364548,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simpson","given":"Zachary","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":86843,"text":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Sustainable Water Management Research Unit, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Zacharias J. 0000-0002-6347-9325","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6347-9325","contributorId":364549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Zacharias","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":86844,"text":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hapeman, Cathleen J. 0000-0003-3439-2826","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3439-2826","contributorId":364550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hapeman","given":"Cathleen","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":86844,"text":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rabenhorst, Martin C. 0000-0002-1664-7242","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1664-7242","contributorId":364551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rabenhorst","given":"Martin","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":86840,"text":"University of Maryland (UMD), Department of Environmental Science & Technology, College Park, Maryland, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Weil, Raymond R. 0000-0001-9658-7966","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9658-7966","contributorId":364552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weil","given":"Raymond","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":86840,"text":"University of Maryland (UMD), Department of Environmental Science & Technology, College Park, Maryland, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"McCarty, Greg W.","contributorId":131149,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCarty","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7262,"text":"USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":952860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ]}