This report describes the methodology used for the construction of a digital three-layer geologic model of the conterminous United States by mapping the altitude of three surfaces: land surface, the top of bedrock, and the top of basement. These surfaces are mapped through the compilation and synthesis of published stratigraphic horizons from numerous topical studies. The mapped surfaces create a three-layer geologic model with three geomaterial-based subdivisions: unconsolidated to weakly consolidated sediment; layered consolidated rock strata that constitute bedrock; and crystalline rocks that are described as “basement,” consisting of either igneous, metamorphic, or highly deformed rocks. The data compilation and synthesis are highly dependent on the definition of the informal terms “bedrock” and “basement,” which may describe different ages or types of rock in different parts of the conterminous United States. This report presents the conceptualization of the three mapped layers, describes the datasets used, and summarizes the decisions made while compiling the three-layer model from the various sources. This digital dataset was created as part of efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey to develop subsurface geologic data in geospatial form as part of a broad directive to develop two-dimensional and three-dimensional geologic information at detailed, national, and continental scales. This digital dataset partly fulfills the goal of the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program to construct a national-scale three-dimensional geologic model.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston VA","doi":"10.3133/dr1220","programNote":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program","usgsCitation":"Sweetkind, D.S., 2026, Methodology for construction of a three-layer geologic model of the conterminous United States using land surface, top of bedrock, and top of basement: U.S. Geological Survey Data Report 1220, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/dr1220.","productDescription":"Report; vii, 43 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-175653","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502721,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1220/images"},{"id":504713,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119449.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":502722,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1220/dr1220.xml"},{"id":504030,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/dr1220/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"DR 1220"},{"id":502718,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1220/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":502719,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dr/1220/dr1220.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.2 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502720,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LGSI6Q","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Preliminary digital data for a 3-layer geologic model of the conterminous United States using land surface, top of bedrock, and top of basement (ver. 1.1, April 2025)"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"conterminous United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Box 25046, Mail Stop 980
Denver, CO 80225
This report is a companion to a digital dataset created as part of U.S. Geological Survey National Cooperative Geologic Mapping Program efforts to develop subsurface geologic data in geospatial form at regional to national scales. The report describes data sources and methods used to construct a digital three-layer geologic model of the conterminous United States by mapping the altitude of three surfaces: land surface, top of bedrock, and top of basement.
","publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. 0000-0003-0892-4796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0892-4796","contributorId":210808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":959223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70275743,"text":"sir20265012 - 2026 - Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the San Joaquin Valley Kern County subbasin domestic-supply aquifer study unit, 2022—California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-10T14:49:39.907674","indexId":"sir20265012","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-19T10:38:00","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026-5012","displayTitle":"Status and Understanding of Groundwater Quality in the San Joaquin Valley Kern County Subbasin Domestic-Supply Aquifer Study Unit, 2022: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","title":"Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the San Joaquin Valley Kern County subbasin domestic-supply aquifer study unit, 2022—California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"The quality of water accessed by domestic wells (here referred to as domestic groundwater resources) in the San Joaquin Valley Kern County subbasin (basin number 5-022.14) was assessed as part of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program Priority Basin Project (GAMA-PBP), in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board. Kern County is at the southern end of the San Joaquin Valley in California, and about 30,000 residents are estimated to use privately owned domestic wells for drinking water. Domestic wells typically draw from shallower parts of the aquifer system than public-supply wells and can be more vulnerable to effects from surface activities. Kern County is host to a highly productive agricultural industry, with Bakersfield as the main urban center. The Kern River runs through Bakersfield from the southern Sierra Nevada and intersects the Kern Water Bank, one of the largest groundwater banking operations in California, at the Kern River Intertie. The section of the Kern River running through the Kern Water Bank is dry most years. Kern County also encompasses some of the most productive oil and gas basins in California, with extensive underground and surface disposal of oil-field wastewater.
This study was based on data collected from 33 sites sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey for the GAMA-PBP in 2022. To provide context for the water quality assessment, measured concentrations were compared to regulatory and non-regulatory health-based and aesthetic benchmarks. A grid-based method was used to estimate the proportions of the groundwater resources used for domestic-supply wells that have water-quality constituents below (low relative concentration), approaching (moderate relative concentration), or above (high relative concentration) benchmark concentrations. At least one measured constituent with a regulatory benchmark was categorized as having a high relative concentration in 72 percent of the aquifer area used for domestic groundwater resources. Inorganic constituents were detected at high concentrations in 45 percent of the domestic groundwater resources, and the constituents detected above regulatory benchmarks were arsenic, nitrate, and uranium. At least one organic constituent was detected at high concentrations in 41 percent of the domestic groundwater resources, and the constituents exceeding regulatory benchmarks were the fumigants 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP), 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (dibromochloropropane [DBCP]), 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB), and the per-and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) perfluorooctanesulfonate. The disinfection by-product chloroform, the fumigant 1,2-dichloropropane, the herbicides atrazine and hexazinone, and the herbicide degradates 2-chloro-6-ethylamino-4-amino-s-triazine, 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-s-triazine, 4-hydroxychlorothalonil, and metolachlor sulfonic acid were detected in more than 10 percent of domestic groundwater resources, but concentrations did not exceed regulatory benchmarks.
Land use, groundwater age (fraction of modern water and mean age), and geochemical environment (oxic or anoxic conditions, pH, alkalinity) were associated with the distribution of high relative concentrations of inorganic and organic constituents. Young, oxygenated water is recharged along the Kern River and adjacent recharge ponds, or as irrigation water in the agricultural areas. High concentrations of nitrate and volatile organic compounds occurred in the oxic water in urban and agricultural areas. The fumigants 1,2,3-TCP, DBCP, and EDB were reported throughout the agricultural areas, whereas chloroform, tetrachloroethene, and PFAS were associated with urban land use. High uranium concentrations were associated with young, modern groundwater in agricultural areas with low pH and high bicarbonate. Total dissolved solids increased with distance from the Kern River, as the contributions of fresh, oxic water decreased. High concentrations of arsenic were present in older anoxic or alkaline groundwater away from areas of recharge. Overall, groundwater age, redox conditions, and the source of recharge as a result of different land uses contribute to large aquifer-scale portions of domestic groundwater resources that exceed health-based benchmarks for nitrate, uranium, and fumigant concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265012","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Harkness, J.S., Faulkner, K.E., and Jurgens, B.C., 2026, Status and understanding of groundwater quality\nin the San Joaquin Valley Kern County subbasin domestic-supply aquifer study unit, 2022—California\nGAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5012, 53 p.,\nhttps://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265012.","productDescription":"Report: x, 53 p.; 3 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"53","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-169250","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504423,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5012/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":504424,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5012/sir20265012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"37.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2026-5012 PDF"},{"id":504427,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5012/images"},{"id":504711,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119448.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":504430,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13WQA8P","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Potential explanatory variables for groundwater quality in the San Joaquin Valley Kern County subbasin domestic well study unit, 2022"},{"id":504429,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13ISEGA","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Data for assessing the susceptibility of groundwater used for domestic-supply, California"},{"id":504428,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GGNIQI","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Groundwater-quality data in the Kern County Domestic-Supply Aquifer Study Unit, 2022—Results from the California GAMA Priority Basin Project"},{"id":504426,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5012/sir20265012.XML","description":"OFR 2026-5012 XML"},{"id":504425,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265012/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2026-5012 HTML"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley Kern County subbasin study unit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.2,\n 35.8\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 35.8\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.9\n ],\n [\n -120.2,\n 34.9\n ],\n [\n -120.2,\n 35.8\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Lee’s Summit, Missouri, assessed flooding of the East Fork Little Blue River and tributaries for varying precipitation magnitudes and durations, varying antecedent runoff conditions, and projected climate-change conditions. The precipitation scenarios were used to develop a library of flood-inundation maps for a 2.95-mile reach of the East Fork Little Blue River and tributaries within the city.
A two-dimensional U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center–River Analysis System (HEC–RAS; ver. 6.5) rain-on-grid model was calibrated to selected runoff events representing a range of antecedent runoff conditions and hydrologic responses. Lowest adjacent grades for structures within the nearby study area were incorporated into the terrain, and depth grids and water-surface elevation grids were developed for the study area. Simulated velocities at selected bridge locations were also developed from the model. The model was calibrated using water-surface elevation data collected from water-level loggers (pressure transducers) and streamflow measurements and water-surface elevation measurements made at a reference point during runoff events. The calibrated HEC–RAS model was used to simulate streamflows from design rainfall events of 15-minute to 24-hour durations and ranging from a 100- to 0.1-percent annual exceedance probability (1-year to 1,000-year recurrence intervals). Flood-inundation maps were produced for depths at a reference location of 3 to 16 feet, or a depth exceeding the 0.1-percent annual exceedance probability interval precipitation. The results of each precipitation duration-frequency value were represented by a 1-foot-increment inundation map based on the generated peak streamflow from that rainfall event and the corresponding water-surface elevation at the East Fork Little Blue River reference location.
Within the HEC–RAS model, 240 scenarios were developed from the design rainfall events with each of 3 antecedent conditions. Additional scenarios were created to simulate the effects of projected precipitation scenarios on the 100-year recurrence interval, 24-hour storm and the 100-year recurrence interval, 6-hour storm. All simulation results were assigned to a flood-inundation map condition based on the generated peak flow and corresponding water-surface elevation at the East Fork Little Blue River reference location.
The flood-inundation maps are shown on a web mapping application made available to the public through the City of Lee’s Summit (hyperlink will be added when available). The flood-inundation maps are tied to real-time precipitation data obtained from the Automated Surface Observing System weather station at the Lee’s Summit Municipal Airport, accessible at https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/request/download.phtml?network=MO_ASOS. The availability of these maps, along with information regarding observed rainfall, could help provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood-response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, and for postflood recovery efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Lee’s Summit, Missouri","usgsCitation":"Atkinson, A.A., 2026, Precipitation-based flood-inundation maps for the East Fork Little Blue River and tributaries at Lee’s Summit, Missouri, 2024: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5017, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265017.","productDescription":"Report: viii; 24 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"24","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-161724","costCenters":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504709,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119450.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":504500,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5017/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":504501,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5017/sir20265017.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.31 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5017 PDF"},{"id":504502,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265017/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2026-5017"},{"id":504503,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5017/sir20265017.XML","description":"SIR 2026-5017"},{"id":504504,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5017/images"},{"id":504505,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13NSPHQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Geospatial data and model archives associated with precipitation-driven flood-inundation mapping of the East Fork Little Blue River and associated tributaries at Lee’s Summit, Missouri"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","otherGeospatial":"East Fork Little Blue River and Tributaries at Lee’s Summit","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.4,\n 38.95\n ],\n [\n -94.3,\n 38.95\n ],\n [\n -94.3,\n 38.9\n ],\n [\n -94.4,\n 38.9\n ],\n [\n -94.4,\n 38.95\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Central Midwest Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1400 Independence Road
Rolla, MO 65401
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Lee’s Summit, Missouri, assessed flooding of the East Fork Little Blue River and tributaries for varying precipitation magnitudes and durations, varying antecedent runoff conditions, and projected climate-change conditions. The precipitation scenarios were used to develop a library of flood-inundation maps that included a 2.95-mile reach of the East Fork Little Blue River and tributaries within the city. The availability of these maps, along with information regarding observed rainfall, could help provide emergency management personnel and residents with information that is critical for flood-response activities, such as evacuations and road closures, and for postflood recovery efforts.
","publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkinson, Allison A. 0009-0001-7572-0729 aatkinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7572-0729","contributorId":330979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Allison","email":"aatkinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70276240,"text":"70276240 - 2026 - Remote sensing enables basin-scale inventories of coal mine methane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-02T16:30:40.572619","indexId":"70276240","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-19T09:28:33","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5925,"text":"Environmental Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing enables basin-scale inventories of coal mine methane","docAbstract":"Underground coal mines are important global sources of methane, but emission estimates are uncertain. We show that emission estimates for individual mines from aircraft remote-sensing surveys in the United States agree within 40% with direct measurements used for national emission reporting (IPCC Tier 3 estimate). Such direct measurements are unavailable in most countries, which rely on estimated emission factors (EFs) applied to coal-production rates. We find that EFs from IPCC Tier 1 and the Model for Calculating Coal Mine Methane (MC2M) methods overestimate U.S. emissions 3-fold due to incorrect dependence on mine depth. An IPCC Tier 2 method using measured basin-specific mine gas content agrees with direct emission measurements but does not account for gob well emissions and requires gas content data that are generally unavailable. We show that aircraft remote sensing for a small sample of mines can successfully estimate basin-specific EFs for ventilation shafts and gob wells, enabling estimates of basin- and national-scale emissions. We discuss how the method can be applied with satellite remote sensing to quantify coal emissions worldwide.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c14976","usgsCitation":"Penn, E., Jacob, D.J., Bon, D.M., Howell, K., O’Neill, K., Scarpelli, T., Chen, Z., Field, R.A., Karacan, C.O., Roy, E., and Cusworth, D., 2026, Remote sensing enables basin-scale inventories of coal mine methane: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 60, no. 21, p. 14924-14933, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c14976.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"14924","endPage":"14933","ipdsId":"IP-177546","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504550,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":504654,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c14976","text":"Publisher Index Page"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Colorado, Kentucky, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 39.75\n ],\n [\n -107,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -111,\n 39.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.5,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -79.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -79.5,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.5,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -86.75,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -86.75,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -87.5,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -87.5,\n 33.75\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Penn, Elise","contributorId":371414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penn","given":"Elise","affiliations":[{"id":16811,"text":"Harvard University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacob, Daniel J.","contributorId":371424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jacob","given":"Daniel","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16811,"text":"Harvard University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bon, Daniel M.","contributorId":371448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bon","given":"Daniel","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":961845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Howell, Kate","contributorId":371416,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howell","given":"Kate","affiliations":[{"id":88137,"text":"Carbon Mapper","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Neill, Kelly","contributorId":371418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Neill","given":"Kelly","affiliations":[{"id":88137,"text":"Carbon Mapper","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scarpelli, Tia","contributorId":371419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scarpelli","given":"Tia","affiliations":[{"id":88137,"text":"Carbon Mapper","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chen, Zichong","contributorId":371420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Zichong","affiliations":[{"id":79448,"text":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Field, Robert A.","contributorId":371421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Field","given":"Robert","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":82714,"text":"UNEP, International Methane Emission Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Karacan, C. Ozgen 0000-0002-0947-8241","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-8241","contributorId":201991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karacan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ozgen","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Roy, Elfie","contributorId":371423,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roy","given":"Elfie","affiliations":[{"id":12483,"text":"ETH Zurich","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Cusworth, Daniel","contributorId":371415,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cusworth","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":88137,"text":"Carbon Mapper","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70276362,"text":"70276362 - 2026 - Tringa flavipes (Lesser Yellowlegs) from separate breeding sites subdivides the Prairie Pothole Region in space and time during southbound migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-02T15:08:54.691242","indexId":"70276362","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-19T07:54:45","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9101,"text":"Ornithological Applications","printIssn":"0010-5422","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Tringa flavipes (Lesser Yellowlegs) from separate breeding sites subdivides the Prairie Pothole Region in space and time during southbound migration","title":"Tringa flavipes (Lesser Yellowlegs) from separate breeding sites subdivides the Prairie Pothole Region in space and time during southbound migration","docAbstract":"Some staging regions support multiple groups of the same migratory species, each of which may use the region differently. Characterizing the ways, in which separate groups use such regions can therefore help to identify vulnerabilities during this sensitive period of the annual cycle. The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is a massive wetland complex in the northern Great Plains of North America used by ∼11 million shorebirds during migration. The PPR has been heavily modified by agriculture and is experiencing varied effects of global climate change, threatening the health of the shorebirds that rely on it. Here, we used 6 seasons of southbound tracking data of Tringa flavipes (Lesser Yellowlegs)—a long-distance migratory shorebird species with an estimated population decline of 63% over the last 4 decades—from 9 sites across their breeding range to explore differences in migratory behavior within this important staging region. We found that 75% of tracked individuals used the region during southbound migration, and T. flavipes from different breeding sites detoured 110–875 km from their most direct migratory route to access the PPR. Individuals that arrived later stayed longer and made more stops within the region than those that arrived early. Individuals originating from different breeding sites also displayed spatial and temporal segregation within the region: T. flavipes from southwest and central Alaska relied heavily on the northwestern PPR, while those from Canada used the central and southeastern portions of the PPR. Finally, timing of use varied among groups, but the southeastern PPR became increasingly important over the course of the southbound migratory window, as other wetlands likely dried out. Our study highlights the portions of the PPR of critical importance to migrating T. flavipes and the diversity of ways, in which different groups from within the same species can use a single staging region.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1093/ornithapp/duag048","usgsCitation":"Bathrick, R.E., Johnson, J.A., Ruthrauff, D.R., Christie, K., Courtemanche, A., Gesmundo, C., McDuffie, L.A., and Senner, N.R., 2026, Tringa flavipes (Lesser Yellowlegs) from separate breeding sites subdivides the Prairie Pothole Region in space and time during southbound migration: Ornithological Applications, duag048, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duag048.","productDescription":"duag048, 24 p.","ipdsId":"IP-177674","costCenters":[{"id":65299,"text":"Alaska Science Center Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":505048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duag048","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -178.61294404587605,\n 70.26060914187471\n ],\n [\n -38.61717673771537,\n 55.24053351141086\n ],\n [\n -67.10126030863589,\n 43.64317292849029\n ],\n [\n -147.96801136415814,\n 54.299133028206484\n ],\n [\n -178.61294404587605,\n 70.26060914187471\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online First","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bathrick, Rosalyn E. 0009-0006-4097-3079","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4097-3079","contributorId":371638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bathrick","given":"Rosalyn","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":34616,"text":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, James A. 0000-0002-2312-0633","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2312-0633","contributorId":299054,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36188,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruthrauff, Daniel R. 0000-0003-1355-9156 druthrauff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1355-9156","contributorId":244581,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruthrauff","given":"Daniel","email":"druthrauff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":962214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christie, Katherine","contributorId":340821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christie","given":"Katherine","affiliations":[{"id":81671,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Threatened","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Courtemanche, Anna","contributorId":371235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Courtemanche","given":"Anna","affiliations":[{"id":34616,"text":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gesmundo, Callie","contributorId":127437,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gesmundo","given":"Callie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":962212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McDuffie, Laura Anne 0000-0003-2071-7204","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2071-7204","contributorId":299040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDuffie","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Senner, Nathan R. 0000-0003-2236-2697","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-2697","contributorId":371641,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senner","given":"Nathan","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":34616,"text":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70275744,"text":"ofr20261014 - 2026 - ECCOE Landsat quarterly calibration and validation report—Quarter 4, 2025","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-10T13:12:17.993353","indexId":"ofr20261014","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-18T11:29:58","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026-1014","displayTitle":"ECCOE Landsat Quarterly Calibration and Validation Report—Quarter 4, 2025","title":"ECCOE Landsat quarterly calibration and validation report—Quarter 4, 2025","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science Calibration and Validation (Cal/Val) Center of Excellence (ECCOE) focuses on improving the accuracy, precision, calibration, and product quality of remote-sensing data, leveraging years of multiscale optical system geometric and radiometric calibration and characterization experience. The ECCOE Landsat Cal/Val Team continually monitors the geometric and radiometric performance of active Landsat missions and makes calibration adjustments, as needed, to maintain data quality at the highest level.
This report provides observed geometric and radiometric analysis results for Landsats 8 and 9 for quarter 4 (October–December) of 2025. All data used to compile the Cal/Val analysis results presented in this report are freely available from the U.S. Geological Survey EarthExplorer website: https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
One specific activity that the ECCOE Landsat Cal/Val Team closely monitored was a Landsat 9 safehold anomaly. On October 17, 2025, Landsat 9 experienced a Solar Array Drive Assembly potentiometer fault. The onboard fault response put both the Operational Land Imager sensor and the Thermal Infrared Sensor into safe mode. Additionally, the Thermal Infrared Sensor focal plane assembly was turned off, but the cryocooler remained on. On October 20, 2025, the Solar Array Drive Assembly recovery commanding was successfully performed to put the spacecraft into nadir viewing mode. The following day, Operational Land Imager activation and recovery started, including focal plane assembly warmup. After reaching nominal operational temperatures and achieving thermal stability, science imaging resumed on October 23, 2025. Additional information about the Landsat 9 safehold anomaly is here: https://www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions/news/landsat-9-returns-normal-operations-following-brief-safehold.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20261014","usgsCitation":"Haque, M.O., Hasan, M.N., Shrestha, A., Rengarajan, R., Lubke, M., Steinwand, D., Bresnahan, P., Shaw, J.L., Ruslander, K., Micijevic, E., Choate, M.J., Anderson, C., Clauson, J., Thome, K., Angal, A., Levy, R., Miller, J., and Teixeira Pinto, C., 2026, ECCOE Landsat quarterly calibration and validation report—Quarter 4, 2025 (ver.1.1, May 20, 2026: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2026–1014, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20261014.","productDescription":"Report: viii; 57 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"57","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-186051","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504442,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1014/images"},{"id":504438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1014/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":504440,"rank":2,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20261014/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2026-1014 HTML"},{"id":504441,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1014/ofr20261014.XML","description":"OFR 2026-1014 XML"},{"id":504443,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/","text":"USGS Database","linkHelpText":"- EarthExplorer"},{"id":504573,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1014/ofr20261014.pdf","text":"Report","size":"11.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2026-1014 PDF"},{"id":504572,"rank":6,"type":{"id":25,"text":"Version History"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2026/1014/versionHist.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0: May 18, 2026; Version 1.1: May 20, 2026","contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
The U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science Calibration and Validation Center of Excellence Team assesses and calibrates Landsat remote-sensing data to ensure that high-quality data products are publicly available. These data products are used to make informed decisions about natural resources and the environment. This report is part of a series of quarterly reports intended to provide updated observed geometric and radiometric analysis results for Landsats 8 and 9.
","publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haque, Md Obaidul 0000-0002-0914-1446","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0914-1446","contributorId":290335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haque","given":"Md Obaidul","affiliations":[{"id":54490,"text":"KBR, Inc., under contract to USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hasan, Nahid 0000-0002-0463-601X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0463-601X","contributorId":292342,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hasan","given":"Nahid","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40546,"text":"KBR, Contractor to the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shrestha, Ashish 0000-0002-9407-5462","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9407-5462","contributorId":298063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shrestha","given":"Ashish","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40546,"text":"KBR, Contractor to the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rengarajan, Rajagopalan 0000-0003-1860-7110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1860-7110","contributorId":242014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rengarajan","given":"Rajagopalan","affiliations":[{"id":48475,"text":"KBR, Contractor to USGS EROS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lubke, Mark 0000-0002-7257-2337","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-2337","contributorId":261911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lubke","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":53079,"text":"KBR, contractor to U.S. Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Steinwand, Daniel 0009-0008-6588-9775","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6588-9775","contributorId":357557,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steinwand","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":54490,"text":"KBR, Inc., under contract to USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bresnahan, Paul 0000-0002-3491-0956","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3491-0956","contributorId":306120,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bresnahan","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":27608,"text":"Contractor to the USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shaw, Jerad L. 0000-0002-8319-2778","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8319-2778","contributorId":270396,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaw","given":"Jerad L.","affiliations":[{"id":40546,"text":"KBR, Contractor to the USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ruslander, Kathryn 0000-0003-3036-1731","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3036-1731","contributorId":330181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruslander","given":"Kathryn","affiliations":[{"id":54490,"text":"KBR, Inc., under contract to USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Micijevic, Esad 0000-0002-3828-9239 emicijevic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3828-9239","contributorId":3075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micijevic","given":"Esad","email":"emicijevic@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Choate, Michael J. 0000-0002-8101-4994","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-4994","contributorId":268248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Choate","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Anderson, Cody 0000-0001-5612-1889 chanderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5612-1889","contributorId":195521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Cody","email":"chanderson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Clauson, Jeff 0000-0003-3406-4988 jclauson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3406-4988","contributorId":5230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clauson","given":"Jeff","email":"jclauson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":54490,"text":"KBR, Inc., under contract to USGS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":961606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Thome, Kurt","contributorId":140792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thome","given":"Kurt","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Angal, Amit","contributorId":360771,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Angal","given":"Amit","affiliations":[{"id":78842,"text":"SSAI, under contract to NASA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Levy, Raviv","contributorId":131008,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levy","given":"Raviv","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7209,"text":"SSAI / NASA / GSFC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Miller, Jeff","contributorId":204570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36245,"text":"NPS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Teixeira Pinto, Cibele","contributorId":357558,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Teixeira Pinto","given":"Cibele","affiliations":[{"id":78842,"text":"SSAI, under contract to NASA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18}]}} ,{"id":70275746,"text":"ofr20211030W - 2026 - System characterization report on Tanager","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70275746,"text":"ofr20211030W - 2026 - System characterization report on Tanager","indexId":"ofr20211030W","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"chapter":"W","displayTitle":"System Characterization Report on Tanager","title":"System characterization report on Tanager"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70221266,"text":"ofr20211030 - 2021 - System characterization of Earth observation sensors","indexId":"ofr20211030","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"System characterization of Earth observation sensors"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70221266,"text":"ofr20211030 - 2021 - System characterization of Earth observation sensors","indexId":"ofr20211030","publicationYear":"2021","noYear":false,"title":"System characterization of Earth observation sensors"},"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-10T13:03:45.632082","indexId":"ofr20211030W","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-18T11:04:45","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-1030","chapter":"W","displayTitle":"System Characterization Report on Tanager","title":"System characterization report on Tanager","docAbstract":"This report addresses the system characterization of the Tanager satellite hyperspectral sensor created by Planet Labs PBC. and is part of a series of system characterization reports produced and delivered by the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science Cal/Val Center of Excellence. These reports present and detail the methodology and procedures for characterization; present technical and operational information about the Tanager hyperspectral sensor; and provide a summary of test measurements, data retention practices, data analysis results, and conclusions.
This report summarizes the sensor performance of the Tanager based on the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Resources Observation and Science Cal/Val Center of Excellence system characterization process. In summary, we determined that the Tanager exhibits a band-to-band geometric error ranging from -0.074 to 0.097 pixels. Compared to the Landsat Operational Land Imager, geometric offsets ranged from -5.980 meters (-0.20 pixels) to 11.348 meters (0.40 pixels). Radiometric comparisons showed offsets between -0.004 and 0.056 with slopes from 0.830 to 1.066. Spectral shifts are found between 0.65 and 0.75 nanometers. Finally, spatial performance evaluation yielded a PSF full width at half maximum of 1.27 to 1.75 pixels, a relative edge response of 0.802 to 0.651, and a modulation transfer function at Nyquist of 0.488 to 0.253.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20211030W","usgsCitation":"Kim, M., Park, S., Anderson, C., Clauson, J., Vrabel, J., and Sampath, A., 2026, System characterization report on Tanager, chap. W of Ramaseri Chandra, S.N., ed., System characterization of Earth observation sensors: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2021–1030, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211030W.","productDescription":"Report: vi; 45 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"45","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-185810","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504452,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://www.planet.com/constellations/tanager/","text":"Planet Labs PBC dataset","linkHelpText":"- Tanager—Cutting-edge hyperspectral from orbit"},{"id":504451,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1030/w/images"},{"id":504449,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20211030W/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2021-1030W HTML"},{"id":504444,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1030/w/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":504450,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1030/w/ofr20211030W.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"OFR 2021-1030W XML"},{"id":504446,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2021/1030/w/ofr20211030W.pdf","text":"Report","size":"9.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2021-1030W PDF"}],"contact":"Director, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
47914 252nd Street
Sioux Falls, SD 57198
Oil spills are well-known for causing acute mortality of birds, but sublethal and delayed impacts are less understood. Focusing on the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), we used simulation modeling to explore how sublethal oiling may affect avian survival and breeding ground body condition. We used empirically informed migration and energetics simulations to model hypothetical spills occurring in northern Arkansas, USA occurring in either January to simulate thermoregulatory stress or March to simulate pre-migration effects. We modeled trace and lightly oiled female mallards (≤5% or 6 to 20% of feather area oiled, respectively), incorporating oiling-induced energetic effects on thermoregulation, flight, and energetic gain. We found that mortality was generally higher for simulated spills occurring in January versus March. In the simulations, mallards lost body mass due to oiling, but surviving individuals could partially recover body mass before arriving at the breeding grounds. Including oiling-induced energetic gain effects in simulations increased mortality as well as increased overall variability of simulation results. This modeling effort identified an important gap in knowledge regarding oiled bird energetics, specifically a need to better quantify oiling-induced energetic gain changes. Although the model is currently limited to a specific species and geographic area, it serves as a proof-of-concept for future research and modeling efforts aimed at understanding more broadly the impacts of oil spills on avian populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111616","usgsCitation":"West, B.M., Wildhaber, M.L., Thogmartin, W.E., and Hooper, M.J., 2026, Bird migration and energetics simulations incorporating oil spill effects: Ecological Modelling, v. 519, 111616, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111616.","productDescription":"111616, 37 p.","ipdsId":"IP-180363","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111616","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504553,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Pothole region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.86261355030844,\n 55.10357739657181\n ],\n [\n -89.15962207917798,\n 55.10357739657181\n ],\n [\n -89.15962207917798,\n 34.95822740848739\n ],\n [\n -106.86261355030844,\n 34.95822740848739\n ],\n [\n -106.86261355030844,\n 55.10357739657181\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"519","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"West, Benjamin M 0000-0001-8355-0013","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-0013","contributorId":298588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"West","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thogmartin, Wayne E. 0000-0002-2384-4279 wthogmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-4279","contributorId":2545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thogmartin","given":"Wayne","email":"wthogmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hooper, Michael J.","contributorId":371425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hooper","given":"Michael","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":88140,"text":"(retired) Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70275772,"text":"70275772 - 2026 - Simulating past and future refugia for temperate trees in northern Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-20T13:25:16.504458","indexId":"70275772","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-17T09:07:15","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1445,"text":"Ecography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulating past and future refugia for temperate trees in northern Italy","docAbstract":"During the Quaternary, trees responded to the climatic changes of glacial–interglacial cycles with large-scale range shifts. Over cold glacials, temperate tree species contracted their ranges and survived in areas known as refugia. Several studies point to the Euganean Hills (Colli Euganei), in Veneto, northern Italy, as one of the northernmost European refugia of temperate tree species during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca 23 000–19 000 calibrated years BP). Using LandClim, a spatially explicit, dynamic forest landscape model, we demonstrate that climate conditions during the LGM likely allowed temperate tree species to persist in the Euganean Hills. The identified refugial locations lie at intermediate to high elevations and in sheltered valleys within the hilly complex. Therefore, the combined palaeoecological and modelling evidence suggests that today's temperate forests of the Euganean Hills have a full glacial legacy.
Simulations under future climate conditions suggest a collapse of the sub-mediterranean and oro-mediterranean deciduous forests that are prevalent today and the expansion of thermo-mediterranean evergreen forests (with e.g. Quercus ilex, Q. suber, Olea europaea and Pinus sp.). Specifically, the extrazonal population of oro-mediterranean Fagus sylvatica, which is unique to the Po Plain and likely persisted locally through several glacial–interglacial cycles, is predicted to sharply decline and face local extinction, underscoring a conservation hazard.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nordic Society Oikos","doi":"10.1002/ecog.08367","usgsCitation":"Pistone, A., Henne, P., Boltshauser-Kaltenrieder, P., Tinner, W., and Schworer, C., 2026, Simulating past and future refugia for temperate trees in northern Italy: Ecography, https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08367.","ipdsId":"IP-183022","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504651,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ecog.08367","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504524,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Italy","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 8.8266148,\n 44.5731361\n ],\n [\n 12.3078331,\n 45.3691838\n ],\n [\n 13.520985,\n 45.7875902\n ],\n [\n 13.4330754,\n 46.5425429\n ],\n [\n 12.0265226,\n 46.8921108\n ],\n [\n 10.356241,\n 46.735688\n ],\n [\n 10.0573485,\n 46.2879934\n ],\n [\n 9.4068178,\n 46.3001417\n ],\n [\n 8.9145243,\n 45.9345188\n ],\n [\n 8.0881745,\n 45.9834087\n ],\n [\n 7.0684237,\n 45.6402734\n ],\n [\n 6.998096,\n 44.8604876\n ],\n [\n 7.7189544,\n 44.145742\n ],\n [\n 8.8266148,\n 44.5731361\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online First","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pistone, Azzurra 0009-0004-9848-6121","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9848-6121","contributorId":371376,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pistone","given":"Azzurra","affiliations":[{"id":38843,"text":"University of Bern, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henne, Paul 0000-0003-1211-5545 phenne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1211-5545","contributorId":222618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henne","given":"Paul","email":"phenne@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boltshauser-Kaltenrieder, Petra","contributorId":210164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boltshauser-Kaltenrieder","given":"Petra","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34056,"text":"Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tinner, Willy 0000-0001-7352-0144","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7352-0144","contributorId":169167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinner","given":"Willy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25430,"text":"University of Bern","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schworer, Christoph 0000-0002-8884-8852","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-8852","contributorId":210163,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schworer","given":"Christoph","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34056,"text":"Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":961743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70276269,"text":"70276269 - 2026 - Multi-proxy thermal history of basin heating during Cordilleran orogenesis in the Magallanes-Austral retroarc foreland basin, Patagonian Andes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-21T15:02:01.848366","indexId":"70276269","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-15T09:56:04","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":972,"text":"Basin Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multi-proxy thermal history of basin heating during Cordilleran orogenesis in the Magallanes-Austral retroarc foreland basin, Patagonian Andes","docAbstract":"Resolving thermal histories in sedimentary basins is crucial for interpreting orogenic growth, basin burial, and tectonic processes during Cordilleran orogenesis. In the Magallanes–Austral Basin, Patagonian Andes, we integrate new (U-Th)/He thermochronology, vitrinite reflectance (%Ro), calcite-cement clumped isotope data and thermal history modelling to resolve the origin of the regionally extensive Paleogene unconformity (51°S–50°S). Thermal history modelling results require post-depositional heating of Palaeocene (Danian–Selandian) strata below the unconformity and suggest maximum burial temperatures of 87°C–101°C (55–52 Ma) and 89°C–92°C (18–16 Ma). For lower Eocene strata above the unconformity, Miocene burial temperatures (89°C–92°C) are consistent with calcite cement formation temperatures (~62°C–92°C) from carbonate clumped isotopes. Our results indicate that basin burial and heating between ca. 60 and 52 Ma were likely driven by shallowing of the subducting Farallon plate and enhanced plate coupling preceding arrival of the Farallon–Phoenix mid-ocean ridge. Subsequent basin inversion and cooling from ca. 52 to 44 Ma correspond with subduction of this mid-ocean ridge. Refined thermal models, constrained by expanded thermochronometric and organic maturation datasets, indicate that up to ~1.7–2.0 km of proximal foreland basin strata were removed during uplift and erosion across the Paleogene basin margin. A return to basin subsidence beginning ca. 44 Ma may reflect dynamic subsidence after passage of the mid-ocean ridge and renewed coupling between the fold-thrust belt and foreland basin system. Neogene thermal histories document continued subsidence, localized hot orogenic fluid flow along stratigraphic boundaries, followed by a final phase of basin inversion and cooling at ca. 18–16 Ma, which we attribute to regional uplift associated with Chile ridge subduction. Altogether, this study demonstrates that multiple thermal indices when analysed and modelled can provide clarity for tectonic and stratigraphic events that affect foreland basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/bre.70111","usgsCitation":"VanderLeest, R.A., Fosdick, J.C., Schwartz, T.M., Hyland, E., and Mastalerz, M., 2026, Multi-proxy thermal history of basin heating during Cordilleran orogenesis in the Magallanes-Austral retroarc foreland basin, Patagonian Andes: Basin Research, v. 38, no. 3, e70111, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70111.","productDescription":"e70111, 29 p.","ipdsId":"IP-179074","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504602,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina, Chile","otherGeospatial":"Patagonian Andes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n -44\n ],\n [\n -60,\n -44\n ],\n [\n -60,\n -56\n ],\n [\n -76,\n -56\n ],\n [\n -76,\n -44\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanderLeest, Rebecca A.","contributorId":371494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"VanderLeest","given":"Rebecca","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":88162,"text":"CSU Fort Collins","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fosdick, Julie C.","contributorId":371495,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fosdick","given":"Julie","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36710,"text":"University of Connecticut","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwartz, Theresa Maude 0000-0001-6606-4072","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6606-4072","contributorId":245180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Theresa","email":"","middleInitial":"Maude","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hyland, E.G.","contributorId":371496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hyland","given":"E.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":961905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mastalerz, M.","contributorId":217905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":33640,"text":"Indiana Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70275782,"text":"70275782 - 2026 - Spawning habitat suitability models for Lake Erie cisco (Coregonus artedi) during the historical period of pre- and post-population declines 1877–1957","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-19T14:46:14.973856","indexId":"70275782","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-15T09:41:36","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Spawning habitat suitability models for Lake Erie cisco (Coregonus artedi) during the historical period of pre- and post-population declines 1877–1957","title":"Spawning habitat suitability models for Lake Erie cisco (Coregonus artedi) during the historical period of pre- and post-population declines 1877–1957","docAbstract":"Coregonine fishes play a key role in the food webs and fisheries of the Laurentian Great Lakes and are a major focus of basin-wide conservation efforts. In Lake Erie, management goals prioritize rebuilding spawning populations of cisco (Coregonus artedi). However, the historical distribution of cisco spawning habitat and the environmental conditions that influence early life-stage success remain poorly defined. We used a novel database of historical coregonine spawning observations as well as novel habitat variables to describe historical conditions to model and determine where and what habitat was historically most suitable for spawning cisco in Lake Erie. The environmental predictors that produced the best model included reefs, distance to rivers, historical substrate, coefficient of variation of ice duration, fetch, and circulation. The highest suitability occurred in areas of high reef probability, near river mouths, in rocky and sandy substrate, and in areas of low variability in historical ice, fetch, and circulation. Suitable spawning habitat is predicted mostly around reefs in the western basin as well as along the coast and near rivers lake-wide. Our model identifies important habitat features and allows managers to envision relevant scales and locations at which to focus restoration efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2026.102839","usgsCitation":"King, K., Brant, C., Cooper, A., Annis, G., Herbert, M., and Alofs, K., 2026, Spawning habitat suitability models for Lake Erie cisco (Coregonus artedi) during the historical period of pre- and post-population declines 1877–1957: Journal of Great Lakes Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2026.102839.","ipdsId":"IP-184803","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504650,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2026.102839","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.90437674926393,\n 42.88573072124271\n ],\n [\n -79.52141499356523,\n 42.87769210959476\n ],\n [\n -80.22678399206747,\n 42.79281581499302\n ],\n [\n -80.51880625151767,\n 42.57814946253396\n ],\n [\n -81.02026663661093,\n 42.67543230196293\n ],\n [\n -81.30128454543694,\n 42.67543535756306\n ],\n [\n -81.53822853578485,\n 42.56596464399709\n ],\n [\n -81.9019334399238,\n 42.33014170165541\n ],\n [\n -81.95153424579222,\n 42.26492779780335\n ],\n [\n -82.12236039987853,\n 42.236375180224144\n ],\n [\n -82.45298532777961,\n 42.08524033767702\n ],\n [\n -82.5191058069868,\n 41.92964634487325\n ],\n [\n -82.61828632462084,\n 42.04024072452731\n ],\n [\n -82.91034362126736,\n 41.987015817617134\n ],\n [\n -83.11972864041921,\n 42.077062926530004\n ],\n [\n -83.10317152070901,\n 42.24453450962994\n ],\n [\n -83.29610139408294,\n 41.9419412108324\n ],\n [\n -83.3622121286252,\n 41.92964573816295\n ],\n [\n -83.51644448225035,\n 41.69555451568095\n ],\n [\n -82.9488535420495,\n 41.41103910261083\n ],\n [\n -82.71193183972241,\n 41.41929329585025\n ],\n [\n -82.47491670465367,\n 41.35733064230888\n ],\n [\n -81.99008606791249,\n 41.477110666960954\n ],\n [\n -81.70899983775189,\n 41.46067864477564\n ],\n [\n -81.25720217469238,\n 41.736707291689584\n ],\n [\n -80.6842102922714,\n 41.88460348122109\n ],\n [\n -79.96258495960994,\n 42.16700280222196\n ],\n [\n -79.42295622097835,\n 42.38302164176207\n ],\n [\n -79.37861904307078,\n 42.4440510296389\n ],\n [\n -79.15795348814065,\n 42.52534601120243\n ],\n [\n -79.00930804606551,\n 42.69563463834368\n ],\n [\n -78.83853732874603,\n 42.76038448982763\n ],\n [\n -78.84931646792415,\n 42.86956831700121\n ],\n [\n -78.90437674926393,\n 42.88573072124271\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online First","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Katelyn","contributorId":348081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"King","given":"Katelyn","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brant, Cory 0000-0002-0919-1566","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0919-1566","contributorId":223422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brant","given":"Cory","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, Arthur","contributorId":184194,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"Arthur","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":961758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Annis, Gust","contributorId":146673,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Annis","given":"Gust","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":961759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Herbert, Matthew","contributorId":275306,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herbert","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[{"id":7041,"text":"The Nature Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Alofs, Karen M","contributorId":293588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alofs","given":"Karen M","affiliations":[{"id":37387,"text":"University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70276599,"text":"70276599 - 2026 - Unraveling protracted modification of Archean and Paleoproterozoic crust in central Laurentia, Penokean orogen, with garnet and accessory mineral geochronology and microstructural analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-11T14:31:45.386584","indexId":"70276599","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-15T09:26:10","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unraveling protracted modification of Archean and Paleoproterozoic crust in central Laurentia, Penokean orogen, with garnet and accessory mineral geochronology and microstructural analysis","docAbstract":"Proterozoic metamorphism and deformation of the southern margin of the Superior craton in the Lake Superior region is attributed to the Penokean orogeny (1890−1830 Ma). This model includes a period of crustal inversion in which Archean basement blocks were exhumed through overlying Paleoproterozoic strata, producing the corridor of gneiss domes that parallels the trend of the Penokean orogen across the northern Midcontinent, USA. However, recent geologic mapping and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology challenge this interpretation, suggesting instead that the gneiss dome structures reflect younger episodes of tectonic activity along the southern margin of Laurentia. In absence of integrated pressure-temperature-time-deformation constraints for these rocks, interpretations are largely limited to their final cooling history, making it difficult to both identify the tectonic forces that shaped the architecture of the Penokean orogenic belt and assess the extent to which later Proterozoic tectonism modified the southern Superior craton. We address this problem with an approach joining thermodynamic modeling, garnet and accessory mineral geochronology, and microstructural analysis for several metamorphic rocks across the gneiss dome corridor. The U-Pb ages of titanite reveal that the Proterozoic geometries of exhumed basement gneiss domes are governed by preexisting Archean structures. Garnet Lu-Hf geochronology constrains the timing of prograde-to-peak metamorphism in the Penokean orogenic belt. Granulite facies metamorphism is related to the final stages of the Penokean orogeny at 1837 Ma and localized in a belt of high-grade rocks near a major Penokean suture. Garnet Lu-Hf ages of samples adjacent to gneiss domes reflect regional metamorphism following the accretionary phase of the Penokean orogeny, between 1825 Ma and 1782 Ma, which we suggest reflects continued crustal thickening related to convergence farther south during this time interval. Combination of garnet microstructures and Sm-Nd ages reflects later exhumation of gneiss domes and buried metasedimentary rocks by ca. 1750 Ma, consistent with previously published 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages across the region. Reset Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd garnet ages and U-Pb ages of syn-kinematic titanite reflect reactivation of primary Penokean structures during this period of basement uplift. These data document significant modification of the Penokean orogen and the Archean crust of the southern Superior province between 1800 Ma and 1700 Ma. Tectonic activity during this interval coincides with collisional events recognized in western Laurentia, suggesting that the period immediately following the Penokean orogeny may be a broadly important time for crustal growth and modification in proto-North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/B38894.1","usgsCitation":"Salerno, R., Cannon, W.F., Thompson, J.M., Souders, A., Vervoort, J.D., and Hillenbrand, I.W., 2026, Unraveling protracted modification of Archean and Paleoproterozoic crust in central Laurentia, Penokean orogen, with garnet and accessory mineral geochronology and microstructural analysis: GSA Bulletin, https://doi.org/10.1130/B38894.1.","ipdsId":"IP-183410","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":505404,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.48962706382174,\n 46.896507553743476\n ],\n [\n -87.34154559432955,\n 46.896507553743476\n ],\n [\n -87.34154559432955,\n 45.38836552590365\n ],\n [\n -90.48962706382174,\n 45.38836552590365\n ],\n [\n -90.48962706382174,\n 46.896507553743476\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online First","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Salerno, Ross Anthony 0000-0002-0053-5668","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0053-5668","contributorId":347832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salerno","given":"Ross Anthony","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cannon, William F. 0000-0002-2699-8118","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2699-8118","contributorId":201972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thompson, Jay M. 0000-0003-3322-0870","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3322-0870","contributorId":329664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Jay","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Souders, Amanda Kate 0000-0002-1367-8924","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1367-8924","contributorId":296423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souders","given":"Amanda Kate","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vervoort, Jeffrey D 0000-0002-1138-4527","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1138-4527","contributorId":372113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vervoort","given":"Jeffrey","middleInitial":"D","affiliations":[{"id":37380,"text":"Washington State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hillenbrand, Ian William 0000-0003-2801-3674","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2801-3674","contributorId":299032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillenbrand","given":"Ian","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70275759,"text":"70275759 - 2026 - Baseflow and snowmelt sustained streamflow in the Upper Colorado River Basin, 1986-2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-18T15:41:10.864479","indexId":"70275759","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-15T08:34:21","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":23283,"text":"Environmental Research: Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Baseflow and snowmelt sustained streamflow in the Upper Colorado River Basin, 1986-2020","docAbstract":"The Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) faces substantial water availability limitations. Although most streamflow originates as snowmelt, the partitioning of snowmelt between surface runoff and groundwater recharge and subsequent groundwater discharge to streams is highly uncertain. On average, over half of the streamflow in the UCRB is estimated to originate from groundwater discharge to streams, highlighting the importance of baseflow in sustaining surface water. However, the historical patterns of baseflow and streamflow, along with their variability over space and time and their specific sources, remain unknown at the basin scale. This study addresses those gaps by characterizing the sources and transport pathways of both baseflow and streamflow in the UCRB at a seasonal timestep from 1986 to 2020, including the lagged delivery of subsurface water to streams beyond the current season, using coupled models of baseflow and streamflow. Between 1986 and 2020, on average 63% of UCRB streamflow originated from baseflow. About half of this baseflow took longer than one season to reach streams, and outside the snowmelt season, baseflow was the dominant source of streamflow. Snowmelt was a key source of both baseflow and streamflow. Current season snowmelt contributed 33% of streamflow via runoff, and 22% of the 29% of streamflow that originated as current season baseflow via subsurface flow to streams. Over the study period, baseflow index (BFI) declined in headwaters and increased at mid-elevations. Springtime increases in BFI demonstrate the increasingly important role baseflow plays in water supply. Identifying the sources, locations, and timing of water that contributed to the UCRB outlet can inform management of water resources in the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"IOP Publishing","doi":"10.1088/3033-4942/ae6727","usgsCitation":"Miller, O.L., Miller, M., Longley, P.C., Schmadel, N.M., Wise, D.R., McDonnell, M.C., and Alder, J.R., 2026, Baseflow and snowmelt sustained streamflow in the Upper Colorado River Basin, 1986-2020: Environmental Research: Water, v. 2, no. 2, 021002, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1088/3033-4942/ae6727.","productDescription":"021002, 17 p.","ipdsId":"IP-179869","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504646,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/3033-4942/ae6727","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504482,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Upper Colorado River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.23469117797453,\n 41.9044248068121\n ],\n [\n -110.99513783185529,\n 36.15308652392842\n ],\n [\n -106.93457051483014,\n 35.85407686457539\n ],\n [\n -107.51160326104215,\n 40.752398955601954\n ],\n [\n -109.46008888645216,\n 42.06477413129022\n ],\n [\n -111.23469117797453,\n 41.9044248068121\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Olivia L. 0000-0002-8846-7048","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8846-7048","contributorId":216556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Olivia","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Matthew P. 0000-0002-2537-1823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-1823","contributorId":220622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Matthew P.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Longley, Patrick C. 0000-0001-8767-5577","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8767-5577","contributorId":268147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longley","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schmadel, Noah M. 0000-0002-2046-1694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2046-1694","contributorId":219105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmadel","given":"Noah","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wise, Daniel R. 0000-0002-1215-9612","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1215-9612","contributorId":217259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wise","given":"Daniel","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McDonnell, Morgan C. 0000-0001-6946-9286","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6946-9286","contributorId":359926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Morgan","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":36523,"text":"University of Montana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Alder, Jay R. 0000-0003-2378-2853 jalder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2378-2853","contributorId":5118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alder","given":"Jay","email":"jalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70276340,"text":"70276340 - 2026 - Quantifying southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) reactions to a quadcopter drone in central California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-02T13:15:14.573686","indexId":"70276340","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-15T08:25:13","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Quantifying southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) reactions to a quadcopter drone in central California","title":"Quantifying southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) reactions to a quadcopter drone in central California","docAbstract":"Drones are useful for wildlife research and management, but they can cause disturbance and harassment to wildlife. Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are candidates for drone-based observation and monitoring but are vulnerable to disturbance. No studies have evaluated drone effects on sea otter behavior, but based on prior disturbance studies, we hypothesized: (1) sea otters would exhibit behaviors indicating higher reactivity in the presence of drones than when drones were absent and (2) drone disturbance to sea otters would be greater when drones were closer. At two sites in Monterey Bay, CA, we conducted 37 observational sessions, recording behavior codes for focal sea otters during a baseline (no drone) period and three consecutive drone flights. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and ordinal logistic regression models. At both locations, focal sea otters had higher behavior codes during drone trials compared to baseline, and behavior codes increased with descending drone altitude. Pup presence, group size, flight trial number, and gull presence were significant covariables. We calculated multipliers to predict drone-mediated behavioral responses at a range of drone altitudes. Our findings can inform best practices for a variety of uses of drones around sea otters, including population monitoring, oil spill response, and drone photography/videography.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/mms.70185","usgsCitation":"Young, C., Yee, J.L., Bentall, G., Staedler, M.M., Carswell, L., and Daly, M., 2026, Quantifying southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) reactions to a quadcopter drone in central California: Marine Mammal Science, v. 42, no. 3, e70185, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70185.","productDescription":"e70185, 13 p.","ipdsId":"IP-180352","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":505042,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70185","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504896,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Cannery Row, Monterey Bay, Otter Point","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.93774385203962,\n 36.64933945734312\n ],\n [\n -121.8646359044277,\n 36.64933945734312\n ],\n [\n -121.8646359044277,\n 36.59354914819261\n ],\n [\n -121.93774385203962,\n 36.59354914819261\n ],\n [\n -121.93774385203962,\n 36.64933945734312\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Young, Colleen","contributorId":337989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Colleen","affiliations":[{"id":6952,"text":"California Department of Fish and Wildlife","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yee, Julie L. 0000-0003-1782-157X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-157X","contributorId":370734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yee","given":"Julie","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":88067,"text":"USGS- Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bentall, Gena","contributorId":214297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bentall","given":"Gena","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Staedler, Michelle M. 0000-0002-1101-6580","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1101-6580","contributorId":222317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staedler","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6953,"text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":962170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carswell, Lilian P.","contributorId":221789,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carswell","given":"Lilian P.","affiliations":[{"id":40429,"text":"USFWS - Ventura FWO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Daly, Margaret","contributorId":268065,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daly","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70275763,"text":"70275763 - 2026 - VegET evapotranspiration for Africa: Continental-scale simulation, multi-product evaluation, and drought assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-18T15:28:47.067505","indexId":"70275763","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-15T08:10:36","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3823,"text":"Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"VegET evapotranspiration for Africa: Continental-scale simulation, multi-product evaluation, and drought assessment","docAbstract":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103511","usgsCitation":"Akpoti, K., Velpuri, N., Leh, M., Kagone, S., Mekonnen, K., Owusu, A., Tadesse, M., Prabhath, P.T., Madushanka, L., Perera, T., Parrish, G.E., Nangia, V., Sy, S., Bliefernicht, J., Guug, S., Seid, A., and Senay, G.B., 2026, VegET evapotranspiration for Africa: Continental-scale simulation, multi-product evaluation, and drought assessment: Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, v. 66, 103511, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103511.","productDescription":"103511, 46 p.","ipdsId":"IP-176068","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504645,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2026.103511","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504479,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -14.747952563170372,\n 31.335771644077468\n ],\n [\n -22.664246394525506,\n 10.948239374823473\n ],\n [\n 11.11513704629678,\n -10.725838574231446\n ],\n [\n 13.158303570246815,\n -37.861741555737794\n ],\n [\n 34.63730551938298,\n -37.562848915776705\n ],\n [\n 44.12580048498752,\n -6.417320250342552\n ],\n [\n 53.563141982753706,\n 12.238383793840669\n ],\n [\n 45.299696935257145,\n 12.065044271878094\n ],\n [\n 29.051640812054558,\n 33.74787321886676\n ],\n [\n 1.1392832718646702,\n 38.7995199360837\n ],\n [\n -14.747952563170372,\n 31.335771644077468\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961697,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":17}],"authors":[{"text":"Akpoti, Komlavi","contributorId":333421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Akpoti","given":"Komlavi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":79870,"text":"International Water Management Institute, Ghana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Velpuri, Naga Manohar 0000-0002-6370-1926","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6370-1926","contributorId":222983,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Velpuri","given":"Naga Manohar","affiliations":[{"id":40633,"text":"CIGAR","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leh, Mansoor","contributorId":330583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leh","given":"Mansoor","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":61564,"text":"International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kagone, Stefanie 0000-0002-2979-4655","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-4655","contributorId":199091,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kagone","given":"Stefanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":961684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mekonnen, Kirubel","contributorId":333422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mekonnen","given":"Kirubel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":79873,"text":"International Water Management Institute, Ethiopia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Owusu, Afua","contributorId":330582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owusu","given":"Afua","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78937,"text":"International Water Management Institute, Accra, Ghana","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tadesse, Mulugeta","contributorId":371364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tadesse","given":"Mulugeta","affiliations":[{"id":80437,"text":"IWMI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Prabhath, Paranamana T.","contributorId":335566,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prabhath","given":"Paranamana","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":80437,"text":"IWMI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Madushanka, Lahiru","contributorId":335564,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Madushanka","given":"Lahiru","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":80437,"text":"IWMI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Perera, Tharindu","contributorId":335565,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perera","given":"Tharindu","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":80437,"text":"IWMI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Parrish, Gabriel Edwin Lee 0000-0003-4078-3516","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4078-3516","contributorId":267751,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parrish","given":"Gabriel","email":"","middleInitial":"Edwin Lee","affiliations":[{"id":55490,"text":"Innovate! Inc., Contractor to the USGS EROS Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Nangia, Vinay","contributorId":371365,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nangia","given":"Vinay","affiliations":[{"id":88121,"text":"ICARDA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Sy, Souleymane","contributorId":371366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sy","given":"Souleymane","affiliations":[{"id":88122,"text":"Institute of Geography, Augsburg, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Bliefernicht, Jan","contributorId":371367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bliefernicht","given":"Jan","affiliations":[{"id":88122,"text":"Institute of Geography, Augsburg, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Guug, Samuel","contributorId":216630,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guug","given":"Samuel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39490,"text":"The West African Science Service Center on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Seid, Abdulkarim","contributorId":335567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seid","given":"Abdulkarim","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":80437,"text":"IWMI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Senay, Gabriel B. 0000-0002-8810-8539 senay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-8539","contributorId":166812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Senay","given":"Gabriel","email":"senay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70275716,"text":"pp1906 - 2026 - Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, middle Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-10T12:41:22.496665","indexId":"pp1906","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-14T10:40:52","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1906","displayTitle":"Evaluation of Stream Capture Related to Groundwater Pumping, Middle Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","title":"Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, middle Humboldt River Basin, Nevada","docAbstract":"
Historical, future, and potential stream capture from groundwater pumping in the middle Humboldt River Basin (MHRB), Nevada, is estimated using a calibrated numerical groundwater flow model. The model was developed to estimate (1) stream capture, which is the change in flux between the groundwater system and the Humboldt River and tributaries, and (2) change in streamflow, which is the change in streamflow estimated for the Imlay gage on the Humboldt River (U.S. Geological Survey streamgage 10333000). Historical stream capture for water years (WYs) 1961–2015 is estimated using recorded and estimated groundwater pumping during that period. Future (predictive) stream capture was based on historical stresses (WYs 1961–2015) using a scenario that simulated non-mine pumping from WY 2015 at a uniform rate for 100 years into the future. Potential stream capture throughout the middle Humboldt River Basin from groundwater pumping during varying durations of time are presented in a series of capture maps. Maps also are presented that show the potential to capture from groundwater evapotranspiration, as well as the storage changes for pumping duration of 100 years.
Estimates of historical stream capture from the mainstem Humboldt River during the early 1960s are less than 400 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) when groundwater withdrawals and pumping rates were relatively small compared to more recent times. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, groundwater withdrawals increased and estimated historical stream capture also increased from about 4,000 acre-ft/yr in the late 1980s and early 1990s to as much as 18,800 acre-feet (acre-ft) in WY 1998. In WY 2015, estimated historical stream capture declined to about 13,000 acre-ft because of decreasing groundwater withdrawals and lower streamflow during the drought of WYs 2012–15, resulting in less stream water available for capture. Stream capture was estimated for 100 years into the future based on WY 2015 non-mine pumping rates and mine-dewatering activity through WY 2015. Stream capture is forecast to increase to about 23,000 acre-ft/yr, and streamflow in the Humboldt River could decrease by as much as 19,000 acre-ft/yr.
Pumping for mine-dewatering and the associated discharge of that water affects streamflow in the Humboldt River at Imlay, Nevada (U.S. Geological Survey streamgage 10333000). Historically, from WYs 1991 to 2015, streamflow was greater at Imlay gage during active mine-dewatering from mine-water discharge operations and increased by as much as 105,000 acre-ft in WY 1998. The increase was attributed mostly to the discharge of groundwater from mine-related dewatering operations directly into the mainstem Humboldt River or its tributaries, with some of this increase associated with return flows from discharge to rapid infiltration basins. Results indicate that streamflow at Imlay gage is expected to decrease by as much as 1,600 acre-ft/yr 30 years after mine-related pumping and discharge are discontinued. The streamflow reductions at the Imlay gage are expected to then decrease to around 500 acre-ft/yr, 100 years after mine-related pumping and discharge are discontinued.
Potential capture maps were produced for pumping durations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. Capture map results indicate that areas of greater potential stream capture occur adjacent to the Humboldt River and for upstream tributaries areas north of the Humboldt River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1906","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Division of Water Resources","programNote":"Water Resources Mission Area—Cooperative Water Program and Hydrologic Research and Development","usgsCitation":"Davis, K.W., Eldridge, W.G., Allander, K.K., Prudic, D.E., Gardner, M.A., Pavelko, M.T., and Nadler, C.A., 2026, Evaluation of stream capture related to groundwater pumping, middle Humboldt River Basin, Nevada: U.S. Geological\nSurvey Professional Paper 1906, 176 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1906.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 176 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"176","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-089162","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504433,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119414.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":504309,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YZUT70","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Humboldt River Basin model grids and potential groundwater capture results"},{"id":504308,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9UPZJJH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"MODFLOW-6 models to evaluate stream capture related to groundwater pumping, middle Humboldt River Basin, Nevada"},{"id":504305,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp1906/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"PP 1906 HTML"},{"id":504304,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1906/pp1906.pdf","text":"Report","size":"50 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PP 1906 PDF"},{"id":504303,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1906/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":504307,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1906/images"},{"id":504306,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1906/pp1906.XML","description":"PP 1906 XML"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"middle Humboldt River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.5,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 42\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 42\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Nevada Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2730 N. Deer Run Road, Suite 3
Carson City, Nevada 89701
The Humboldt River in the middle Humboldt River Basin (MHRB) is a water source that supports substantial agricultural development in northern Nevada. Additionally, groundwater in the MRHB is pumped to support agriculture, energy, municipal, and mining operations. This study evaluates the effects of groundwater pumping on streamflow and estimates stream capture for the Humboldt River and MHRB. A calibrated numerical groundwater-flow model was used in this study to estimate historical and future stream capture from groundwater pumping in the MHRB. Historical stream capture for the Humboldt River and its tributaries, specifically from water year 1961 to water year 2015, was determined based on recorded and estimated groundwater pumping during that period and was about 400 acre-feet per year during the early 1960s, 4,000 acre-feet per year in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and 13,000 acre-feet per year in water year 2015. Stream capture from the Humboldt River is forecasted to increase to as much as 23,000 acre-feet per year 100 years into the future, an increase from the estimated historical stream capture. Forecasted streamflow in the Humboldt River could decrease by as much as 19,000 acre-feet per year after 100 years of pumping for agricultural, municipal, and energy-related uses. Historical pumping for mine-dewatering and the associated mine-water discharge are forecasted to reduce streamflow at the Imlay streamgage in the Humboldt River by as much as 1,600 acre-feet per year 30 years after mining operations are discontinued. Streamflow reductions from historical mining operations are forecasted to be 500 acre-feet per year 100 years after mining operations are discontinued.
","publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Kyle W. 0000-0002-8723-0110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8723-0110","contributorId":201549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"Kyle W.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eldridge, William G. 0000-0002-3562-728X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3562-728X","contributorId":208529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eldridge","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allander, Kip K. 0000-0002-3317-298X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3317-298X","contributorId":371314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allander","given":"Kip","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":88112,"text":"Nevada Division of Water Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prudic, David E.","contributorId":371315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12608,"text":"USGS, retired","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gardner, Murphy A. 0000-0002-3951-6667","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3951-6667","contributorId":279996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Murphy","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":961515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pavelko, Michael T. 0000-0002-8323-3998 mpavelko@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-3998","contributorId":2321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavelko","given":"Michael","email":"mpavelko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nadler, Cara A. 0000-0002-8711-7249","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8711-7249","contributorId":371316,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nadler","given":"Cara","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16138,"text":"Desert Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70276297,"text":"70276297 - 2026 - Predictable seismic cycles result from structural rupture barriers on oceanic transform faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-27T14:26:16.078038","indexId":"70276297","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-14T09:22:59","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predictable seismic cycles result from structural rupture barriers on oceanic transform faults","docAbstract":"Earthquakes of magnitude (M) >5.5 on oceanic transform faults (OTFs) repeatedly rupture the same locked patches, sometimes quasiperiodically. These patches are separated by “barriers” that halt earthquake propagation and slip mostly aseismically. However, the physical processes governing this systematic behavior remain unclear. We analyzed two barriers along the Gofar transform fault that have arrested ~15 M6 earthquakes over the past three decades. Ocean bottom seismometer data indicate that the barriers hosted intense microseismicity before the mainshocks and comprise multistrand faults and transtensional stepovers with 100- to 400-m lateral offset. These characteristics contradict earthquake rupture termination models invoking velocity-strengthening friction or large geometric steps and instead point to damage-enhanced porosity and dilatancy-strengthening mechanisms. By isolating rupture segments, the barriers regulate the quasiperiodic recurrence of OTF earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.ady6190","usgsCitation":"Gong, J., Fan, W., McGuire, J.J., Behn, M.D., Warren, J.M., Roland, E., Boettcher, M.S., Collins, J.A., Liu, Y., and German, C.R., 2026, Predictable seismic cycles result from structural rupture barriers on oceanic transform faults: Science, v. 392, p. 718-723, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ady6190.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"718","endPage":"723","ipdsId":"IP-183378","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504733,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gofar transform fault, Pacific Ocean","volume":"392","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gong, Jianhua","contributorId":317847,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gong","given":"Jianhua","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34004,"text":"Scripps Institute of Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fan, Wenyuan","contributorId":174007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fan","given":"Wenyuan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6728,"text":"Scripps Inst Oceanography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, Jeffrey J. 0000-0001-9235-2166","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-2166","contributorId":220939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jeffrey","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Behn, Mark D.","contributorId":371550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Behn","given":"Mark","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13422,"text":"Boston College","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Warren, Jessica M. 0000-0002-4046-4200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4046-4200","contributorId":206098,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warren","given":"Jessica","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13359,"text":"University of Delaware","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Roland, Emily","contributorId":247881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roland","given":"Emily","affiliations":[{"id":6934,"text":"University of Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Boettcher, M. S.","contributorId":371551,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boettcher","given":"M.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":38082,"text":"Univ. of New Hampshire","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Collins, J. A.","contributorId":371552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"J.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36711,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Liu, Y.","contributorId":127400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liu","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6940,"text":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"German, C. R.","contributorId":371555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"German","given":"C.","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":36711,"text":"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70276331,"text":"70276331 - 2026 - Syn-magmatic subsidence during the early stages of continental rifting in the Mesoproterozoic—A reanalysis of legacy data for the Midcontinent Rift, western Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-29T13:44:35.665335","indexId":"70276331","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-14T08:37:49","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1820,"text":"Geosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Syn-magmatic subsidence during the early stages of continental rifting in the Mesoproterozoic—A reanalysis of legacy data for the Midcontinent Rift, western Lake Superior","docAbstract":"The Midcontinent Rift system (ca. 1.1 Ga) is a 2000-km-long series of elongated volcanic and sedimentary troughs and associated intrusive centers exposed chiefly in the Lake Superior region of North America. The rift system represents a long history of intense magmatism and subsequent sedimentation that was arrested by far-field tectonic events before sea-floor spreading was established. The premature cessation preserved a record of processes related to the beginning of continental rifting.
The rift system under Lake Superior has been long studied using seismic-reflection data collected as part of the Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution (GLIMPCE). We reexamine GLIMPCE Line C by developing a detailed velocity model for time to depth conversion constrained by other legacy data. We corroborate the model and develop a geologic interpretation using gravity and magnetic modeling and ties to geology mapped onshore.
We recognize superposed subsiding sedimentary and volcanic basins for the southern half of the Line C depth section. This interpretation differs from previous paradigms that show major crustal faults that bound half-grabens or full grabens. We conclude that high-velocity (6.9 km/s) intrusive zones rather than major crustal faults border the sides of the basins. We speculate that the volcanic basin represents the initiation of seaward dipping reflectors.
The syn-magmatic subsidence can be explained by dike injection and volcanic loading. Discrete lava basins throughout the region likely subsided at different times in a disorganized manner along the rift trend, raising questions about the long-term role of lithospheric thinning and melt generation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/GES02899.1","usgsCitation":"Grauch, V.J., Woodruff, L.G., Heller, S.J., and Stewart, E.K., 2026, Syn-magmatic subsidence during the early stages of continental rifting in the Mesoproterozoic—A reanalysis of legacy data for the Midcontinent Rift, western Lake Superior: Geosphere, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES02899.1.","ipdsId":"IP-170910","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":505038,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/ges02899.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, Minnesota, Ontario, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Superior","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.0406105319069,\n 49.21454141131284\n ],\n [\n -93.54881325461385,\n 49.21454141131284\n ],\n [\n -93.54881325461385,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -87.0406105319069,\n 46\n ],\n [\n -87.0406105319069,\n 49.21454141131284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online First","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grauch, V. J. 0000-0002-0761-3489 tien@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":152256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"tien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heller, Samuel J. 0000-0002-6579-5620 sheller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6579-5620","contributorId":201350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heller","given":"Samuel","email":"sheller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":962125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, Esther K. 0000-0001-7362-3020","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7362-3020","contributorId":371613,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"Esther","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":39043,"text":"Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":962126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70275765,"text":"70275765 - 2026 - Timing, uncertainty, and opportunity cost: Lessons for ecosystem modification on the Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-18T14:54:02.129332","indexId":"70275765","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-13T09:43:02","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2254,"text":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing, uncertainty, and opportunity cost: Lessons for ecosystem modification on the Colorado River","docAbstract":"While conservation goals have long been pursued through traditional species-augmenting actions, a broader set of episodic ecosystem modification (EEM) actions, such as hydropower dam releases, prescribed fire, and beach nourishment, is garnering attention. EEM actions face several implementation challenges stemming from high opportunity costs, delayed effect mechanisms, reliance on monitoring for deployment timing, and outcome uncertainty due to infrequent use. In this paper, we study the use of EEM actions in the form of designer flows—ecologically-motivated releases of water into regulated river segments—to maintain a viable population of a threatened native fish species in the Colorado River. We demonstrate how the cost-effectiveness of EEM actions can be hampered by the complex and delayed effects on species viability, but enhanced through targeted monitoring for timing deployment and experimentation for reducing uncertainty about effectiveness.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103358","usgsCitation":"Donovan, P., Bair, L., Reimer, M.N., Springborn, M.R., and Yackulic, C.B., 2026, Timing, uncertainty, and opportunity cost: Lessons for ecosystem modification on the Colorado River: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, v. 139, 103358, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103358.","productDescription":"103358, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-173247","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Little Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.92578388894441,\n 36.31842888072495\n ],\n [\n -111.64115996990965,\n 36.31842888072495\n ],\n [\n -111.64115996990965,\n 36.080581116654784\n ],\n [\n -111.92578388894441,\n 36.080581116654784\n ],\n [\n -111.92578388894441,\n 36.31842888072495\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.24642454429791,\n 37.03707643041851\n ],\n [\n -111.65363184207222,\n 37.03707643041851\n ],\n [\n -111.65363184207222,\n 36.808423431037184\n ],\n [\n -111.24642454429791,\n 36.808423431037184\n ],\n [\n -111.24642454429791,\n 37.03707643041851\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"139","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donovan, Pierce","contributorId":216838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donovan","given":"Pierce","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":39527,"text":"University of California, Davis, CA; Agricultural and Resource Economics","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bair, Lucas 0000-0002-9911-3624","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9911-3624","contributorId":248714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"Lucas","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reimer, Matthew N.","contributorId":200052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reimer","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":961714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Springborn, Michael R.","contributorId":207552,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springborn","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37562,"text":"University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70276253,"text":"70276253 - 2026 - Integrating mark-recapture, catch, and expert habitat assessments to quantify recent increases in humpback chub abundance over a 200 km long river segment of the Colorado River in western Grand Canyon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-20T14:27:41.016836","indexId":"70276253","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-13T09:20:46","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating mark-recapture, catch, and expert habitat assessments to quantify recent increases in humpback chub abundance over a 200 km long river segment of the Colorado River in western Grand Canyon","docAbstract":"Humpback chub, Gila cypha, were historically distributed throughout large portions of the Colorado River basin and were federally listed in 1967. In the Grand Canyon segment of the Colorado River, located below Glen Canyon Dam, chub abundances continued to decline through the early 2000s. Recently, catch has increased substantially, especially in the western Grand Canyon. Here, we integrate mark-recapture and catch data of subadult and adult humpback chub, with expert assessments of habitat suitability and an underlying model of spatial autocorrelation, to estimate abundance in western Grand Canyon from 2010 to 2024, a time of rapid population increase and expansion. Our model suggests that adult abundance grew ∼160 fold during this 15-year period, with a median adult population abundance of 70 000 (40 000–200 000; 95% credible interval) in 2024. Our approach identifies years with high population growth and indicates that the spatial distribution has changed over time. We test the sensitivity of our results to movement into sampling reaches during sampling with baited hoop nets. Despite rapid population growth, the resilience of humpback chub in western Grand Canyon is unknown.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2025-0169","usgsCitation":"Dzul, M.C., Van Haverbeke, D.R., Young, K., Yackulic, C.B., Rinker, P., and Yard, M., 2026, Integrating mark-recapture, catch, and expert habitat assessments to quantify recent increases in humpback chub abundance over a 200 km long river segment of the Colorado River in western Grand Canyon: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 83, p. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2025-0169.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"13","ipdsId":"IP-178563","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2025-0169","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.34788327857946,\n 36.947330456174\n ],\n [\n -114.00462379390913,\n 36.947330456174\n ],\n [\n -114.00462379390913,\n 35.57748137962305\n ],\n [\n -111.34788327857946,\n 35.57748137962305\n ],\n [\n -111.34788327857946,\n 36.947330456174\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dzul, Maria C. 0000-0002-4798-5930 mdzul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4798-5930","contributorId":5469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzul","given":"Maria","email":"mdzul@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Haverbeke, David R.","contributorId":371444,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Haverbeke","given":"David","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":88144,"text":"retired, US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, Kirk","contributorId":139191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yackulic, Charles B. 0000-0001-9661-0724","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9661-0724","contributorId":218825,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yackulic","given":"Charles","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rinker, Pilar","contributorId":333651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rinker","given":"Pilar","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yard, Michael D. 0000-0002-6580-6027","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6580-6027","contributorId":291738,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yard","given":"Michael D.","affiliations":[{"id":62744,"text":"Retired, US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70275725,"text":"70275725 - 2026 - Storm surge barriers reduce seaward sediment supply to lagoonal estuaries","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-14T13:56:24.356393","indexId":"70275725","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-13T08:51:43","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5053,"text":"Earth's Future","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Storm surge barriers reduce seaward sediment supply to lagoonal estuaries","docAbstract":"Numerical simulations with realistic forcing of fixed infrastructure for a proposed storm surge barrier for a lagoonal estuary, Jamaica Bay (New York, USA), are analyzed during typical forcing conditions to assess alterations to flow and sediment transport with the barrier open. Lagoonal estuaries are shallow and have modest watershed freshwater and sediment inputs, so sediment delivery is primarily from offshore by tidal transport. The storm surge barrier infrastructure across the inlet channel reduces cross-sectional area and increases tidal velocities, increasing frictional and form drag. The overall reduction in tidal amplitude is about 1%, but the quarterdiurnal M4 component decreases by 11%. The salinity and stratification in the estuary are only slightly modified by mixing by stronger velocities near the barrier. Sediment transport in the inlet scales approximately with tidal velocity cubed and net landward transport is driven by flood-dominant tidal asymmetry. Additionally, tidal asymmetry in the jet flow through barrier openings causes a divergence in sediment transport within several kilometers. The alterations to the tidal currents reduce sediment import to the bay by 20% for fine sand; transport of sediment with slower settling velocities is less affected, with reductions of 3% for medium silt and <1% for fine silt. The study examined tidal exchange with an open barrier, but the overall impact also depends on barrier operations during major storm events. The impacts of barrier infrastructure on lagoonal estuaries are distinct from other estuary types due to their modest freshwater input, predominance of tidal transport, and offshore sediment supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2025EF007875","usgsCitation":"Ralston, D.K., Orton, P.M., Warner, J., and Kasaei, S., 2026, Storm surge barriers reduce seaward sediment supply to lagoonal estuaries: Earth's Future, v. 14, no. 5, e2025EF007875, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EF007875.","productDescription":"e2025EF007875, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-183962","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025ef007875","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Jamaica Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.74586877963497,\n 40.67986236990268\n ],\n [\n -73.95095086054383,\n 40.67986236990268\n ],\n [\n -73.95095086054383,\n 40.52706254930354\n ],\n [\n -73.74586877963497,\n 40.52706254930354\n ],\n [\n -73.74586877963497,\n 40.67986236990268\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ralston, David K.","contributorId":371319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ralston","given":"David","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":88115,"text":"Applied Ocean Physics & Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orton, Philip M.","contributorId":371320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Orton","given":"Philip","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":88116,"text":"Civil, Environmental & Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warner, John C. 0000-0002-3734-8903 jcwarner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3734-8903","contributorId":2681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warner","given":"John C.","email":"jcwarner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kasaei, Shima","contributorId":369142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kasaei","given":"Shima","affiliations":[{"id":28243,"text":"Stevens Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70275668,"text":"sir20265005 - 2026 - Salinas Valley integrated hydrologic and reservoir operations models, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70265808,"text":"70265808 - 2025 - Salinas Valley integrated hydrologic and reservoir operations models, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California","indexId":"70265808","publicationYear":"2025","noYear":false,"title":"Salinas Valley integrated hydrologic and reservoir operations models, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70275668,"text":"sir20265005 - 2026 - Salinas Valley integrated hydrologic and reservoir operations models, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California","indexId":"sir20265005","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"title":"Salinas Valley integrated hydrologic and reservoir operations models, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-15T17:52:16.098628","indexId":"sir20265005","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-12T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026-5005","displayTitle":"Salinas Valley Integrated Hydrologic and Reservoir Operations Models, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California","title":"Salinas Valley integrated hydrologic and reservoir operations models, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California","docAbstract":"The area surrounding the Salinas Valley groundwater basin in Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties of California is a highly productive agricultural area, contributes substantially to the local economy, and provides a substantial portion of vegetables and other agricultural commodities to the Nation. This region of California provides about half of the Nation’s lettuce, celery, broccoli, and spinach each year. Thus, this agricultural area provides substantial volumes of agricultural products not just for California but for the United States.
Changes in population and increased agricultural development, which includes a shift toward more water-intensive crops, and climate variability, have put increasing demand on both surface-water and groundwater resources in the valley. This situation has resulted in water management challenges in the Salinas Valley that generally relate to the distribution of the water supply throughout the basin. Where and when the water is present in the surface and subsurface does not coincide with where and when the water is needed. Historically, to deal with the distribution issue, water has been used conjunctively in the valley. Conjunctive use is a water management strategy that coordinates surface-water and groundwater use to maximize water availability. Groundwater is used throughout the Salinas Valley to meet water demands when surface-water supplies are insufficient. The availability of surface water is constrained by climate. Precipitation and streamflow vary seasonally and year to year. Although there are two reservoirs in the Salinas Valley to capture and store water during wet periods, the only conveyance of reservoir water to coastal agricultural areas is the Salinas River. Increasing demand for groundwater and surface-water resources throughout the Salinas Valley has resulted in undesirable effects from unsustainable water use, such as surface-water depletion, groundwater-level declines, storage depletion in the principal aquifers, and seawater intrusion. To address these escalating issues, local communities, water management agencies, and groundwater sustainability agencies are evaluating how to sustainably manage both their surface-water and groundwater resources. To meet water demands and reduce the undesirable effects of unsustainable water use, continued conjunctive management of surface water and groundwater would ideally incorporate strategies to deal with increases in demand and climate variability.
To evaluate the challenging water management issues in the Salinas Valley, the U.S. Geological Survey, Monterey County Water Resources Agency, and the Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency developed a comprehensive suite of models that represent the Salinas Valley hydrogeologic system called the Salinas Valley System Model. The geologic framework is known as the Salinas Valley Geologic Framework and was developed to characterize the subsurface using various topographic and geologic data sources, including information on hydrogeologic units, their surfaces and extents, geologic structures, lithology, and elevations from borehole data and cross sections, as well as details on faults and existing models. The surface-water model is called the Salinas Valley Watershed Model and simulates the Salinas River watershed. Monthly surface-water inflows into the integrated hydrologic model domain were simulated using the Salinas Valley Watershed Model. The historical model uses historical climate data, water and land use data, and reservoir releases to simulate agricultural operations, including landscape water demands, diversions, and reclaimed wastewater. The operational model adds an embedded reservoir operations framework to the simulation of the historical model that allows specified operational rules to simulate reservoir releases and changes in reservoir storage. The operational model assumes current reservoir operations and constant land use, which differs from historical conditions. Thus, the operational model is a hypothetical baseline model that can be used by local water managers to evaluate and quantify potential benefits of water supply projects. Together, the geologic framework, watershed, historical, and operational models form a tool that can be used to simulate irrigated agriculture and associated reservoir operations of the integrated hydrologic system of the Salinas Valley.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Monterey County Resources Agency, Monterey County, and the Salinas Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency","usgsCitation":"Henson, W.R., Hanson, R., Boyce, S., Hevesi, J., Earll, M.M., Herbert, D.M., and Jachens, E.R., 2026, Salinas Valley integrated hydrologic and reservoir operations models, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5005, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265005. [Supersedes preprint https://doi.org/10.31223/X5ZD9N.]","productDescription":"Report: xii, 166 p.; 6 Data Releases; 1 Software Release","numberOfPages":"166","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-106916","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504432,"rank":13,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119413.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":504142,"rank":12,"type":{"id":35,"text":"Software Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GUWKZZ","text":"USGS Software release","linkHelpText":"CalPUR- LUE, version 1.0"},{"id":504141,"rank":11,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9850MAK","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Lower Salinas Valley hydrologic models—Discretization data (ver. 1.2, August 2024)"},{"id":504140,"rank":10,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9GTQCCF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Lower Salinas Valley hydrologic models—Climate data (ver. 2.0, March 2025)"},{"id":504139,"rank":9,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P93COXL6","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Salinas Valley hydrologic models—Surface water data (ver.1.1, September 2024)"},{"id":504138,"rank":8,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9U67MIQ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Lower Salinas Valley Hydrologic Models: Agricultural and Municipal Water Supply and Groundwater Data (ver. 2.1, August 2024)"},{"id":504137,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13U6JPT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Salinas Valley Integrated Hydrologic and Reservoir Operations Model, Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California"},{"id":504136,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CWNHN3","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Salinas Valley Operational Model: Input Operational Data (ver. 2.0, September 2023)"},{"id":504135,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5005/images"},{"id":504134,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5005/sir20265005.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2026-5005 XML"},{"id":504133,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265005/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2026-5005 HTML"},{"id":504132,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5005/sir20265005.pdf","text":"Report","size":"45 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5005 PDF"},{"id":504131,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5005/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Monterey County, San Luis Obispo County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-121.643,36.8935],[-121.64,36.8786],[-121.642,36.8731],[-121.622,36.8463],[-121.599,36.8385],[-121.525,36.7768],[-121.508,36.7621],[-121.497,36.7627],[-121.483,36.7652],[-121.475,36.7594],[-121.476,36.7522],[-121.471,36.7459],[-121.464,36.7433],[-121.461,36.7379],[-121.461,36.732],[-121.449,36.7245],[-121.454,36.7217],[-121.465,36.7183],[-121.472,36.7164],[-121.482,36.7144],[-121.485,36.7121],[-121.477,36.7005],[-121.465,36.6857],[-121.451,36.6791],[-121.444,36.6738],[-121.431,36.6776],[-121.418,36.6751],[-121.412,36.672],[-121.411,36.6661],[-121.407,36.6576],[-121.4,36.655],[-121.379,36.6535],[-121.371,36.6541],[-121.369,36.6559],[-121.362,36.6565],[-121.359,36.652],[-121.349,36.6458],[-121.341,36.6368],[-121.338,36.6256],[-121.32,36.61],[-121.321,36.604],[-121.323,36.5981],[-121.322,36.5877],[-121.325,36.579],[-121.332,36.5712],[-121.328,36.5568],[-121.326,36.5536],[-121.319,36.5501],[-121.31,36.5484],[-121.296,36.5318],[-121.296,36.5269],[-121.3,36.5227],[-121.312,36.5067],[-121.311,36.5031],[-121.309,36.5026],[-121.307,36.5013],[-121.303,36.5045],[-121.296,36.506],[-121.289,36.5065],[-121.283,36.5044],[-121.277,36.5049],[-121.266,36.5033],[-121.259,36.5061],[-121.245,36.5063],[-121.238,36.5041],[-121.237,36.5014],[-121.235,36.4983],[-121.231,36.4888],[-121.229,36.4752],[-121.225,36.4717],[-121.213,36.4714],[-121.198,36.4503],[-121.191,36.4454],[-121.17,36.4275],[-121.153,36.4155],[-121.041,36.3231],[-121.039,36.2719],[-121.033,36.2747],[-121.024,36.2752],[-121.025,36.2716],[-121.026,36.2612],[-121.012,36.2654],[-120.999,36.2701],[-120.989,36.2757],[-120.989,36.2748],[-120.986,36.2911],[-120.968,36.2878],[-120.964,36.2828],[-120.955,36.2752],[-120.95,36.2785],[-120.945,36.2835],[-120.939,36.2881],[-120.936,36.2949],[-120.933,36.3004],[-120.927,36.3082],[-120.922,36.3096],[-120.92,36.3115],[-120.911,36.3088],[-120.906,36.3044],[-120.894,36.2977],[-120.891,36.2914],[-120.876,36.2934],[-120.864,36.2926],[-120.856,36.2868],[-120.847,36.281],[-120.84,36.2747],[-120.827,36.2608],[-120.821,36.2568],[-120.816,36.2541],[-120.809,36.2411],[-120.796,36.2344],[-120.787,36.2277],[-120.774,36.2188],[-120.766,36.2116],[-120.763,36.2043],[-120.757,36.1999],[-120.747,36.1982],[-120.731,36.2015],[-120.722,36.1993],[-120.716,36.1971],[-120.709,36.2004],[-120.706,36.204],[-120.705,36.2118],[-120.707,36.2172],[-120.707,36.2267],[-120.72,36.262],[-120.732,36.2773],[-120.743,36.2976],[-120.758,36.3083],[-120.753,36.3088],[-120.744,36.3089],[-120.737,36.3044],[-120.722,36.296],[-120.71,36.2884],[-120.697,36.283],[-120.695,36.2799],[-120.674,36.2601],[-120.672,36.257],[-120.68,36.2533],[-120.681,36.2478],[-120.671,36.2416],[-120.666,36.2366],[-120.651,36.2304],[-120.641,36.2192],[-120.63,36.2093],[-120.627,36.2039],[-120.63,36.2002],[-120.639,36.1943],[-120.65,36.1765],[-120.652,36.1687],[-120.664,36.1695],[-120.67,36.1636],[-120.666,36.1536],[-120.668,36.1463],[-120.668,36.1382],[-120.656,36.1301],[-120.652,36.1188],[-120.645,36.1153],[-120.647,36.1075],[-120.642,36.1026],[-120.63,36.0995],[-120.626,36.0959],[-120.617,36.0947],[-120.606,36.1016],[-120.601,36.1012],[-120.598,36.098],[-120.59,36.0908],[-120.593,36.084],[-120.595,36.0767],[-120.585,36.0646],[-120.566,36.052],[-120.547,36.0431],[-120.54,36.0332],[-120.53,36.0301],[-120.529,36.0201],[-120.515,36.028],[-120.513,36.0203],[-120.497,36.0172],[-120.489,36.0114],[-120.48,36.0074],[-120.473,35.9975],[-120.466,35.9925],[-120.453,35.989],[-120.449,35.985],[-120.448,35.9818],[-120.437,35.9751],[-120.431,35.9674],[-120.423,35.9716],[-120.412,35.9748],[-120.387,35.9669],[-120.373,35.9669],[-120.368,35.9643],[-120.363,35.9625],[-120.357,35.9494],[-120.348,35.9435],[-120.337,35.9386],[-120.337,35.935],[-120.336,35.9259],[-120.333,35.9155],[-120.318,35.9052],[-120.308,35.9075],[-120.301,35.9062],[-120.289,35.9045],[-120.277,35.9054],[-120.26,35.8919],[-120.245,35.8771],[-120.245,35.8712],[-120.242,35.8648],[-120.252,35.8593],[-120.258,35.852],[-120.26,35.8448],[-120.255,35.8394],[-120.25,35.8308],[-120.246,35.8217],[-120.239,35.824],[-120.229,35.8223],[-120.22,35.8187],[-120.217,35.801],[-120.215,35.7938],[-120.217,35.7883],[-120.195,35.788],[-120.194,35.7626],[-120.195,35.7481],[-120.195,35.6151],[-120.088,35.6139],[-120.088,35.5276],[-120.071,35.5268],[-120.07,35.5128],[-120.053,35.5124],[-120.052,35.4974],[-120.036,35.497],[-120.036,35.4834],[-120.019,35.4835],[-120.017,35.469],[-120.001,35.4695],[-120,35.4396],[-119.883,35.4377],[-119.882,35.4246],[-119.882,35.3501],[-119.812,35.3508],[-119.811,35.2641],[-119.775,35.2633],[-119.757,35.2633],[-119.669,35.2617],[-119.668,35.2049],[-119.668,35.1908],[-119.61,35.1773],[-119.577,35.1787],[-119.555,35.1791],[-119.557,35.1601],[-119.558,35.1369],[-119.563,35.0883],[-119.509,35.0906],[-119.5,35.0915],[-119.491,35.092],[-119.491,35.077],[-119.475,35.077],[-119.475,35.0184],[-119.474,34.9721],[-119.474,34.9576],[-119.475,34.9136],[-119.475,34.9005],[-119.491,34.8999],[-119.491,34.8994],[-119.498,34.8981],[-119.539,34.8991],[-119.562,34.9131],[-119.563,34.914],[-119.579,34.9227],[-119.592,34.9317],[-119.598,34.9399],[-119.617,34.9499],[-119.635,34.9531],[-119.643,34.9531],[-119.651,34.9595],[-119.662,34.9661],[-119.671,34.9729],[-119.673,34.9729],[-119.681,34.9717],[-119.691,34.9725],[-119.704,34.9765],[-119.715,34.9733],[-119.729,34.9747],[-119.747,34.9747],[-119.769,34.9841],[-119.778,34.9888],[-119.8,34.9935],[-119.805,34.9963],[-119.811,35.0012],[-119.816,35.0035],[-119.82,35.0043],[-119.823,35.0053],[-119.833,35.0069],[-119.835,35.0076],[-119.845,35.0167],[-119.851,35.0285],[-119.851,35.0293],[-119.856,35.0324],[-119.866,35.0338],[-119.874,35.0392],[-119.882,35.0419],[-119.898,35.0365],[-119.911,35.0401],[-119.912,35.0441],[-119.918,35.0495],[-119.928,35.0563],[-119.94,35.0545],[-119.948,35.0556],[-119.964,35.0561],[-119.976,35.0593],[-119.99,35.0637],[-119.996,35.0642],[-120.002,35.0709],[-120.004,35.072],[-120.013,35.0755],[-120.018,35.0804],[-120.038,35.0863],[-120.043,35.0873],[-120.054,35.0916],[-120.063,35.0943],[-120.072,35.1015],[-120.076,35.1065],[-120.087,35.1096],[-120.083,35.1137],[-120.084,35.1151],[-120.095,35.1146],[-120.105,35.1118],[-120.113,35.1063],[-120.12,35.1053],[-120.127,35.0989],[-120.143,35.0961],[-120.146,35.0884],[-120.145,35.0862],[-120.15,35.0825],[-120.159,35.0811],[-120.164,35.0779],[-120.171,35.0747],[-120.175,35.0687],[-120.177,35.0651],[-120.186,35.0554],[-120.186,35.0547],[-120.19,35.0497],[-120.186,35.0437],[-120.186,35.0414],[-120.191,35.0355],[-120.196,35.0332],[-120.207,35.0295],[-120.216,35.0249],[-120.221,35.0244],[-120.23,35.0275],[-120.233,35.0245],[-120.24,35.0238],[-120.245,35.0256],[-120.247,35.0254],[-120.253,35.0269],[-120.257,35.0274],[-120.258,35.0267],[-120.271,35.0241],[-120.276,35.02],[-120.282,35.0172],[-120.287,35.0163],[-120.298,35.0167],[-120.305,35.0139],[-120.312,35.0098],[-120.322,35.016],[-120.328,35.0169],[-120.336,35.0105],[-120.337,35.0023],[-120.337,34.9996],[-120.33,34.9883],[-120.32,34.9857],[-120.317,34.9821],[-120.317,34.9769],[-120.313,34.9723],[-120.309,34.9685],[-120.307,34.9657],[-120.305,34.9639],[-120.305,34.9567],[-120.301,34.9545],[-120.297,34.9513],[-120.297,34.9499],[-120.294,34.9355],[-120.295,34.9245],[-120.298,34.9219],[-120.302,34.9081],[-120.309,34.9053],[-120.311,34.9056],[-120.322,34.9152],[-120.324,34.9225],[-120.333,34.9292],[-120.339,34.9328],[-120.355,34.9404],[-120.362,34.9481],[-120.375,34.9575],[-120.383,34.9597],[-120.393,34.9647],[-120.435,34.9875],[-120.444,34.9902],[-120.457,34.9914],[-120.475,34.9949],[-120.498,34.9951],[-120.532,34.984],[-120.534,34.9843],[-120.546,34.9839],[-120.552,34.9775],[-120.559,34.9737],[-120.568,34.9768],[-120.572,34.9777],[-120.573,34.9769],[-120.582,34.9726],[-120.585,34.9667],[-120.597,34.9661],[-120.6,34.9674],[-120.603,34.9712],[-120.603,34.972],[-120.611,34.9729],[-120.617,34.9709],[-120.621,34.9651],[-120.624,34.9645],[-120.63,34.9691],[-120.634,34.9654],[-120.634,34.9649],[-120.64,34.9648],[-120.649,34.9736],[-120.636,35.0181],[-120.629,35.0864],[-120.63,35.0892],[-120.631,35.1046],[-120.631,35.1087],[-120.638,35.1324],[-120.657,35.1496],[-120.657,35.1499],[-120.662,35.1518],[-120.666,35.1522],[-120.67,35.1507],[-120.672,35.1511],[-120.674,35.1511],[-120.674,35.1517],[-120.682,35.1578],[-120.684,35.1578],[-120.688,35.1605],[-120.699,35.1708],[-120.713,35.1752],[-120.716,35.1748],[-120.717,35.1737],[-120.722,35.1745],[-120.722,35.1747],[-120.726,35.1745],[-120.727,35.1759],[-120.734,35.1781],[-120.735,35.1781],[-120.741,35.1747],[-120.741,35.1736],[-120.74,35.1722],[-120.74,35.17],[-120.741,35.1692],[-120.741,35.1703],[-120.742,35.1706],[-120.742,35.1719],[-120.741,35.1722],[-120.742,35.1725],[-120.742,35.1747],[-120.743,35.175],[-120.742,35.1758],[-120.742,35.1761],[-120.749,35.1771],[-120.756,35.1734],[-120.755,35.1714],[-120.753,35.1689],[-120.753,35.1675],[-120.754,35.1672],[-120.754,35.1681],[-120.755,35.1689],[-120.755,35.1692],[-120.756,35.1625],[-120.759,35.1592],[-120.761,35.1594],[-120.766,35.1612],[-120.783,35.173],[-120.792,35.1784],[-120.794,35.178],[-120.797,35.1793],[-120.796,35.18],[-120.797,35.1812],[-120.807,35.1845],[-120.814,35.1888],[-120.816,35.1886],[-120.821,35.1918],[-120.826,35.1932],[-120.831,35.1958],[-120.835,35.1967],[-120.836,35.1972],[-120.838,35.197],[-120.838,35.1964],[-120.839,35.1965],[-120.839,35.1973],[-120.84,35.1992],[-120.842,35.2012],[-120.847,35.2022],[-120.847,35.2028],[-120.846,35.2031],[-120.847,35.204],[-120.854,35.2047],[-120.859,35.2086],[-120.862,35.2117],[-120.861,35.2157],[-120.867,35.2184],[-120.869,35.219],[-120.873,35.2217],[-120.874,35.2219],[-120.876,35.2233],[-120.873,35.2251],[-120.874,35.2257],[-120.874,35.2261],[-120.877,35.2286],[-120.879,35.2308],[-120.883,35.2329],[-120.896,35.2441],[-120.897,35.246],[-120.898,35.247],[-120.898,35.2476],[-120.897,35.248],[-120.896,35.2493],[-120.896,35.2498],[-120.9,35.2519],[-120.896,35.26],[-120.896,35.2627],[-120.895,35.2646],[-120.895,35.2678],[-120.898,35.2711],[-120.898,35.272],[-120.89,35.2749],[-120.891,35.2775],[-120.887,35.2842],[-120.882,35.2903],[-120.88,35.2923],[-120.877,35.3033],[-120.875,35.3094],[-120.873,35.3126],[-120.872,35.3133],[-120.872,35.3158],[-120.871,35.3203],[-120.871,35.3231],[-120.869,35.3269],[-120.868,35.3297],[-120.868,35.3306],[-120.867,35.3308],[-120.868,35.3314],[-120.867,35.3347],[-120.867,35.34],[-120.866,35.3422],[-120.865,35.3425],[-120.862,35.3625],[-120.86,35.3633],[-120.858,35.3583],[-120.858,35.3422],[-120.859,35.3375],[-120.859,35.3347],[-120.862,35.3211],[-120.862,35.3167],[-120.842,35.3325],[-120.841,35.3331],[-120.839,35.3325],[-120.839,35.3322],[-120.837,35.3319],[-120.835,35.3311],[-120.835,35.3314],[-120.834,35.3314],[-120.834,35.3319],[-120.833,35.3319],[-120.832,35.3331],[-120.831,35.3336],[-120.831,35.3339],[-120.829,35.3356],[-120.829,35.3372],[-120.828,35.3381],[-120.83,35.3394],[-120.831,35.3408],[-120.832,35.3408],[-120.834,35.3422],[-120.834,35.3428],[-120.836,35.3425],[-120.837,35.3414],[-120.839,35.3411],[-120.839,35.3414],[-120.84,35.3414],[-120.841,35.3428],[-120.841,35.3436],[-120.84,35.3444],[-120.84,35.345],[-120.841,35.3456],[-120.841,35.3453],[-120.844,35.3458],[-120.844,35.3494],[-120.869,35.3725],[-120.873,35.4083],[-120.874,35.4125],[-120.88,35.4231],[-120.884,35.429],[-120.893,35.4371],[-120.894,35.4374],[-120.9,35.4427],[-120.901,35.4445],[-120.905,35.4466],[-120.909,35.4481],[-120.913,35.4481],[-120.915,35.4487],[-120.916,35.4484],[-120.918,35.447],[-120.927,35.4467],[-120.928,35.446],[-120.929,35.4461],[-120.943,35.4444],[-120.943,35.4447],[-120.948,35.4438],[-120.948,35.4442],[-120.949,35.4448],[-120.95,35.4464],[-120.952,35.4468],[-120.952,35.4473],[-120.954,35.4496],[-120.952,35.4508],[-120.953,35.4516],[-120.96,35.4534],[-120.961,35.4525],[-120.986,35.46],[-120.994,35.4627],[-121.001,35.4603],[-121.001,35.46],[-121.001,35.4603],[-121.015,35.4722],[-121.016,35.4726],[-121.019,35.4755],[-121.019,35.4767],[-121.025,35.4822],[-121.025,35.4828],[-121.029,35.4846],[-121.037,35.4893],[-121.04,35.4935],[-121.043,35.4961],[-121.054,35.5075],[-121.057,35.508],[-121.071,35.5197],[-121.071,35.5207],[-121.081,35.5299],[-121.081,35.5309],[-121.082,35.5312],[-121.098,35.5456],[-121.1,35.548],[-121.104,35.5541],[-121.104,35.5567],[-121.115,35.5766],[-121.118,35.5792],[-121.119,35.5811],[-121.122,35.582],[-121.124,35.5903],[-121.127,35.5964],[-121.129,35.5972],[-121.133,35.6],[-121.149,35.6153],[-121.154,35.6197],[-121.162,35.6297],[-121.173,35.6385],[-121.186,35.6425],[-121.195,35.6402],[-121.195,35.6342],[-121.202,35.6381],[-121.202,35.6389],[-121.212,35.6471],[-121.218,35.65],[-121.218,35.6497],[-121.227,35.6516],[-121.236,35.6529],[-121.261,35.6639],[-121.27,35.6657],[-121.271,35.6664],[-121.272,35.6663],[-121.277,35.667],[-121.28,35.667],[-121.284,35.6636],[-121.286,35.6633],[-121.287,35.6661],[-121.286,35.6717],[-121.285,35.6739],[-121.285,35.6747],[-121.288,35.6766],[-121.287,35.6788],[-121.288,35.6847],[-121.289,35.6852],[-121.291,35.6919],[-121.315,35.7146],[-121.315,35.7234],[-121.318,35.7256],[-121.316,35.7316],[-121.316,35.7389],[-121.317,35.7407],[-121.318,35.7444],[-121.318,35.7483],[-121.316,35.7488],[-121.317,35.7548],[-121.322,35.7571],[-121.322,35.7569],[-121.324,35.7567],[-121.328,35.7594],[-121.326,35.7603],[-121.325,35.7615],[-121.33,35.7767],[-121.333,35.7789],[-121.333,35.7816],[-121.343,35.7916],[-121.325,35.7983],[-121.353,35.7996],[-121.353,35.8003],[-121.356,35.8027],[-121.36,35.8053],[-121.366,35.8084],[-121.367,35.8086],[-121.388,35.8244],[-121.392,35.8264],[-121.393,35.8289],[-121.4,35.8368],[-121.403,35.8389],[-121.404,35.8425],[-121.406,35.8434],[-121.409,35.8461],[-121.409,35.8495],[-121.41,35.85],[-121.412,35.8528],[-121.416,35.8572],[-121.435,35.8651],[-121.447,35.8719],[-121.448,35.8747],[-121.452,35.8786],[-121.452,35.8795],[-121.453,35.8798],[-121.461,35.8842],[-121.464,35.8881],[-121.466,35.8883],[-121.463,35.8917],[-121.464,35.9047],[-121.468,35.9092],[-121.468,35.9103],[-121.469,35.9106],[-121.473,35.9164],[-121.475,35.9208],[-121.468,35.9229],[-121.469,35.9269],[-121.472,35.929],[-121.473,35.9294],[-121.474,35.9294],[-121.475,35.93],[-121.475,35.9339],[-121.476,35.9367],[-121.476,35.94],[-121.48,35.9444],[-121.48,35.9483],[-121.482,35.9494],[-121.482,35.9515],[-121.483,35.953],[-121.486,35.9678],[-121.486,35.9689],[-121.488,35.9706],[-121.489,35.9744],[-121.489,35.9758],[-121.49,35.9763],[-121.49,35.9789],[-121.492,35.9818],[-121.492,35.9828],[-121.493,35.9831],[-121.497,35.9889],[-121.503,36.0003],[-121.509,36.0047],[-121.51,36.0047],[-121.522,36.0088],[-121.526,36.0114],[-121.541,36.0153],[-121.544,36.0167],[-121.548,36.0172],[-121.553,36.0192],[-121.576,36.0269],[-121.576,36.0281],[-121.583,36.0378],[-121.583,36.0403],[-121.584,36.0408],[-121.586,36.0433],[-121.586,36.0439],[-121.591,36.0472],[-121.594,36.0653],[-121.597,36.0668],[-121.603,36.0691],[-121.607,36.0725],[-121.608,36.0744],[-121.608,36.0756],[-121.613,36.0797],[-121.619,36.0864],[-121.62,36.0919],[-121.623,36.0967],[-121.622,36.0978],[-121.627,36.1056],[-121.632,36.1161],[-121.635,36.121],[-121.646,36.1278],[-121.646,36.1294],[-121.648,36.1311],[-121.66,36.1467],[-121.665,36.1497],[-121.67,36.1547],[-121.675,36.1579],[-121.675,36.1597],[-121.676,36.1609],[-121.677,36.1631],[-121.681,36.1631],[-121.68,36.1639],[-121.681,36.1647],[-121.694,36.1711],[-121.699,36.175],[-121.7,36.176],[-121.706,36.1847],[-121.711,36.1889],[-121.711,36.1892],[-121.713,36.1899],[-121.715,36.1895],[-121.715,36.1898],[-121.716,36.1904],[-121.716,36.1936],[-121.719,36.1949],[-121.723,36.1977],[-121.729,36.199],[-121.732,36.2022],[-121.736,36.2036],[-121.738,36.2033],[-121.738,36.2036],[-121.742,36.2075],[-121.746,36.21],[-121.753,36.2102],[-121.756,36.2114],[-121.756,36.2118],[-121.757,36.2128],[-121.757,36.214],[-121.759,36.2147],[-121.762,36.2165],[-121.763,36.2168],[-121.767,36.2197],[-121.767,36.2201],[-121.771,36.2225],[-121.771,36.2228],[-121.776,36.2242],[-121.787,36.2284],[-121.819,36.2381],[-121.827,36.2422],[-121.828,36.2431],[-121.837,36.2489],[-121.857,36.2806],[-121.86,36.2794],[-121.868,36.2861],[-121.873,36.288],[-121.873,36.2883],[-121.876,36.29],[-121.883,36.2978],[-121.893,36.3033],[-121.897,36.3047],[-121.901,36.3035],[-121.903,36.3075],[-121.895,36.3183],[-121.896,36.3442],[-121.899,36.3467],[-121.906,36.3547],[-121.905,36.3603],[-121.904,36.3639],[-121.904,36.3689],[-121.903,36.3701],[-121.904,36.3711],[-121.908,36.3725],[-121.905,36.3783],[-121.902,36.3817],[-121.903,36.3869],[-121.915,36.4019],[-121.917,36.4084],[-121.918,36.4139],[-121.917,36.4156],[-121.92,36.4189],[-121.919,36.4189],[-121.919,36.4317],[-121.926,36.4411],[-121.926,36.4438],[-121.928,36.446],[-121.932,36.4547],[-121.931,36.4547],[-121.927,36.4536],[-121.926,36.4547],[-121.926,36.4575],[-121.927,36.4608],[-121.938,36.4719],[-121.938,36.475],[-121.94,36.4781],[-121.941,36.4814],[-121.941,36.4833],[-121.942,36.4864],[-121.942,36.4875],[-121.947,36.4906],[-121.94,36.5055],[-121.941,36.5063],[-121.944,36.5113],[-121.944,36.5117],[-121.955,36.5231],[-121.955,36.5238],[-121.954,36.5243],[-121.951,36.5229],[-121.95,36.523],[-121.95,36.5234],[-121.947,36.5247],[-121.943,36.5217],[-121.941,36.5233],[-121.94,36.5195],[-121.939,36.5192],[-121.938,36.5195],[-121.938,36.5237],[-121.934,36.5244],[-121.93,36.5236],[-121.926,36.5294],[-121.926,36.5307],[-121.927,36.5311],[-121.931,36.538],[-121.93,36.5471],[-121.936,36.5622],[-121.939,36.5595],[-121.941,36.5596],[-121.942,36.5605],[-121.942,36.562],[-121.94,36.5634],[-121.94,36.5651],[-121.941,36.5654],[-121.945,36.565],[-121.953,36.5602],[-121.956,36.5612],[-121.959,36.5647],[-121.966,36.5683],[-121.971,36.5689],[-121.972,36.5721],[-121.974,36.5747],[-121.976,36.5814],[-121.976,36.5825],[-121.971,36.5839],[-121.948,36.6086],[-121.947,36.6111],[-121.945,36.6125],[-121.945,36.6136],[-121.942,36.625],[-121.939,36.6275],[-121.94,36.6383],[-121.935,36.638],[-121.934,36.6377],[-121.932,36.6378],[-121.931,36.6383],[-121.922,36.6331],[-121.918,36.6314],[-121.918,36.6274],[-121.915,36.6268],[-121.914,36.6242],[-121.913,36.6241],[-121.908,36.622],[-121.907,36.6222],[-121.903,36.6214],[-121.902,36.6192],[-121.896,36.6104],[-121.89,36.6077],[-121.89,36.6064],[-121.888,36.6014],[-121.88,36.6017],[-121.87,36.6055],[-121.864,36.6095],[-121.862,36.6104],[-121.861,36.6117],[-121.861,36.613],[-121.856,36.6169],[-121.846,36.6261],[-121.845,36.6261],[-121.833,36.6427],[-121.828,36.6509],[-121.81,36.6993],[-121.809,36.7056],[-121.808,36.7089],[-121.806,36.7297],[-121.801,36.7369],[-121.806,36.745],[-121.804,36.7553],[-121.796,36.7806],[-121.791,36.7983],[-121.791,36.8156],[-121.796,36.8219],[-121.805,36.8422],[-121.807,36.8486],[-121.808,36.8489],[-121.807,36.8542],[-121.807,36.856],[-121.801,36.8589],[-121.804,36.867],[-121.803,36.8679],[-121.793,36.8808],[-121.785,36.8859],[-121.778,36.8829],[-121.775,36.8829],[-121.768,36.8858],[-121.762,36.8936],[-121.758,36.8973],[-121.757,36.9005],[-121.754,36.9024],[-121.746,36.9089],[-121.734,36.9082],[-121.73,36.911],[-121.724,36.9143],[-121.714,36.9095],[-121.71,36.915],[-121.699,36.9188],[-121.7,36.9138],[-121.706,36.911],[-121.704,36.9083],[-121.699,36.9107],[-121.685,36.9073],[-121.684,36.9059],[-121.68,36.9024],[-121.665,36.9136],[-121.662,36.9141],[-121.657,36.9141],[-121.652,36.9111],[-121.653,36.9038],[-121.651,36.9002],[-121.65,36.8997],[-121.647,36.9025],[-121.646,36.9021],[-121.643,36.8935]]],[[[-120.8722,35.2158],[-120.8725,35.2158],[-120.8739,35.2172],[-120.8739,35.2181],[-120.8731,35.2186],[-120.8728,35.2186],[-120.8714,35.2172],[-120.8717,35.2167],[-120.8711,35.2158],[-120.8722,35.2158]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Monterey\",\"state\":\"CA\"}}]}","contact":"Director, California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
The City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, requested the U.S. Geological Survey perform electrical resistivity surveys on three parcels of land north of the city. Electrical resistivity data were collected along a total of 22 transects during March 14–18, 2022, and November 17–21, 2025. Results from electrical resistivity surveys were used to delineate the top of glacial till deposits for the purpose of characterizing the Big Sioux aquifer near the city. Delineating geologic contacts provides important information on groundwater storage, flow dynamics, well design and placement, contaminant transport, groundwater–surface-water interactions, and regional water modeling. The top elevation of glacial till and the thickness of the Big Sioux aquifer varied among the three survey areas. The interpreted top elevation of glacial till in the North survey area decreases from east to west toward a slough, with elevations ranging from 1,403 to 1,418 feet (ft). The estimated thickness of the Big Sioux aquifer in the North survey area increased from east to west, with thicknesses ranging from 23 to 38 ft. The top elevation of glacial till in the Well 72 survey area generally decreases from northwest to southeast. Top elevations of the glacial till in the Well 72 survey area ranged from 1,400 to 1,409 ft along the southern end of transect W72_2. The estimated thickness of the Big Sioux aquifer in the Well 72 survey area was greatest along a southeast to northwest trending channel, with thicknesses ranging from 28 to 40 ft. The top elevation of glacial till in the Nose survey area generally decreases west toward the Big Sioux River. Top elevations of the glacial till in the Nose survey area ranged from 1,362 to 1,395 ft. The estimated thickness of the Big Sioux aquifer in the Nose survey area ranged from 33 to 70 ft.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20265023","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with City of Sioux Falls, South Dakota","usgsCitation":"Medler, C.J., and Anderson, T.M., 2026, Top elevation of glacial till and thickness of the Big Sioux aquifer delineated from electrical resistivity tomography surveys near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 2022 and 2025: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2026–5023, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20265023.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 29 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-183750","costCenters":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504431,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_119412.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":504116,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5023/sir20265023.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2026-5023 XML"},{"id":504120,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P18XCLZT","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data collected March 14–18 and November 17–21 north of Sioux Falls, South Dakota"},{"id":504119,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5023/images"},{"id":504115,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20265023/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2026-5023 HTML"},{"id":504113,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5023/sir20265023.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2026-5023"},{"id":504112,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2026/5023/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Big Sioux Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.783333,\n 43.58\n ],\n [\n -96.683333,\n 43.58\n ],\n [\n -96.683333,\n 43.666667\n ],\n [\n -96.783333,\n 43.666667\n ],\n [\n -96.783333,\n 43.8\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Dakota Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
821 East Interstate Avenue
Bismarck, ND 58503
1608 Mountain View Road
Rapid City, SD 57702
Wildfires can substantially impact the hydrology of forested watersheds, increasing the risk of hydrologic hazards such as flash floods and debris flows. Soil hydraulic properties related to infiltration are a key control in determining the timing and magnitude of these hydrogeomorphic events. In our study, we collected 445 soil cores from burned (216 cores) and unburned (229 cores) reference catchments and analyzed them for soil hydraulic properties 10 months after the 2022 Cedar Creek Fire in Oregon, USA. We observed significantly greater field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), sorptivity (S), and wetting front potential (Ψf) in burned soils relative to unburned soils, with median ratios of 5.7, 4.4, and 5.0, respectively. Among low-, moderate-, and high burn severity groups, soil hydraulic properties were not statistically different. Reductions in median soil bulk density with increasing burn severity suggested an expansion of pore sizes, which may have been partially responsible for increasing Kfs and S. Additionally, in some burned soil samples, the increase in soil hydraulic properties may have been partially related to a concurrent reduction in “natural background” water repellency that is characteristic of dry, unburned soils in the Western Cascades. We observed no evidence of spatial autocorrelation in Kfs using semivariogram analysis. Principal component analysis paired with a k-means cluster analysis suggested that soil physical properties explained variations in soil hydraulic properties better than landscape attributes. Although there is a lack of regional results for comparison, our results trend in the opposite direction from drier, lower net primary productivity regions that are typically studied for post-wildfire soil hydraulic properties.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2025JG009611","usgsCitation":"Pimont, C., Thaler, E.A., Ebel, B., and Bladon, K.D., 2026, Effects of wildfire on soil hydraulic properties in the western Oregon Cascades: JGR Biogeosciences, v. 131, no. 5, e2025JG009611, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JG009611.","productDescription":"e2025JG009611, 20 p.","ipdsId":"IP-184231","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":504374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025jg009611","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":504323,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"western Oregon Cascades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.3784,\n 43.8\n ],\n [\n -122.23,\n 43.8\n ],\n [\n -122.23,\n 43.62\n ],\n [\n -122.3784,\n 43.62\n ],\n [\n -122.3784,\n 43.8\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"131","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2026-05-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pimont, Cedric","contributorId":371321,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pimont","given":"Cedric","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thaler, Evan A.","contributorId":371322,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thaler","given":"Evan","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ebel, Brian A. 0000-0002-5413-3963","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-3963","contributorId":211845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebel","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":961543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bladon, Kevin D.","contributorId":371323,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bladon","given":"Kevin","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":961544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70275060,"text":"sir20265009 - 2026 - Hydrogeologic framework and conceptual groundwater-flow model of the panhandle and northwest parts of the High Plains (Ogallala) aquifer in Oklahoma, 1998–2022","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-05-11T17:07:27.925508","indexId":"sir20265009","displayToPublicDate":"2026-05-11T11:05:55","publicationYear":"2026","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2026-5009","displayTitle":"Hydrogeologic Framework and Conceptual Groundwater-Flow Model of the Panhandle and Northwest Parts of the High Plains (Ogallala) Aquifer in Oklahoma, 1998–2022","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and conceptual groundwater-flow model of the panhandle and northwest parts of the High Plains (Ogallala) aquifer in Oklahoma, 1998–2022","docAbstract":"This study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Oklahoma Water Resources Board, to update the hydrogeologic framework and conceptual flow model for the panhandle and northwest parts of the High Plains (Ogallala) aquifer in Oklahoma, which together compose the Ogallala aquifer focus area. The study included the construction of a potentiometric surface, and available geologic and hydrologic data were used to evaluate saturated thickness of the aquifer. The water budget for the updated conceptual groundwater-flow model was based on estimated inflows and outflows for the 1998–2022 study period.
Saturated thickness of the Ogallala aquifer averaged 127 and 116 feet for the panhandle and northwest parts, respectively. Groundwater withdrawals from the Ogallala aquifer for 1998–2022 averaged 422,054 and 39,645 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) for the panhandle and northwest parts, respectively. Recharge, the primary inflow, was estimated at 0.63 inch per year for the 1998–2022 study period, with the panhandle part of the Ogallala aquifer receiving 175,068 acre-ft/yr and the northwest part of the Ogallala aquifer receiving 49,376 acre-ft/yr. Additional inflows included irrigation return flows, estimated at 8,111 and 642 acre-ft/yr for the panhandle and northwest parts, respectively, of the Ogallala aquifer. Net lateral groundwater flows, considered to be aquifer outflows, were estimated to account for 31,908 acre-ft/yr for the Ogallala aquifer focus area. Streambed seepage, which was an outflow of 5,535 acre-ft/yr, was only present in the northwest part of the Ogallala aquifer. Vertical leakage and saturated-zone evapotranspiration were considered negligible outflows. These findings provide a revised conceptual groundwater-flow model water budget for the Ogallala aquifer focus area in Oklahoma.