This study describes and validates a new method for extracting perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from whole-body fish tissue, demonstrates that freeze-dry preservation of tissue conserves bioaccumulative PFAS, and details a method demonstration on Lake Michigan fish. While fish filets are more commonly analyzed for their significance to human health, whole fish are useful to determine ecological impacts, but published methods such as EPA 1633 do not produce reliable results for this more challenging matrix. Here we show that lipid removal technology produces clean extracts without the need for solid-phase extraction or evaporative concentration, which often lead to loss of some PFAS. This method achieves an accuracy of 96 ± 9% for the detection of 45 PFAS while also offering benefits of a simple procedure, reduced processing time, and decreased waste generation compared to multistep cleanup and concentration methods. A test of freeze-drying demonstrated that compounds detected in Great Lakes fish were retained, but volatile compounds including sulfonamide precursors and ethanols were lost. To demonstrate field performance, the entire method was applied to whole-fish composites from Lake Michigan. Results from these samples reveal that the PFAS concentration was driven by collection location, while the distribution of PFAS was dictated by fish species.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.4c10001","usgsCitation":"Balgooyen, S., Scott, M., Blackwell, B., Pulster, E.L., Mahon, M.B., Lepak, R., and Backe, W., 2025, A high efficiency method for the extraction and quantitative analysis of 45 PFAS in whole fish: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 59, no. 7, p. 3759-3770, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c10001.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3759","endPage":"3770","ipdsId":"IP-168887","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500227,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12351992/","text":"External Repository"},{"id":482378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balgooyen, Sarah","contributorId":351231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balgooyen","given":"Sarah","affiliations":[{"id":65526,"text":"SpecPro Professional Services","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, Madelynn","contributorId":351232,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"Madelynn","affiliations":[{"id":39337,"text":"Oak Ridge Associated Universities","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blackwell, Brett R.","contributorId":173601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blackwell","given":"Brett R.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pulster, Erin L. 0000-0003-4574-8613","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-8613","contributorId":300266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pulster","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":928246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mahon, Michael B. 0000-0002-9436-2998","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9436-2998","contributorId":304824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mahon","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":39516,"text":"University of Notre Dame","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lepak, Ryan F. 0000-0003-2806-1895","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2806-1895","contributorId":210990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lepak","given":"Ryan F.","affiliations":[{"id":16925,"text":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Backe, Will","contributorId":351233,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Backe","given":"Will","affiliations":[{"id":6784,"text":"US EPA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":928249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70261830,"text":"ofr20241080 - 2024 - Hydrologic investigations and a preliminary conceptual model of the groundwater system at North Penn Area 1 Superfund Site, Souderton, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T16:08:29.355622","indexId":"ofr20241080","displayToPublicDate":"2024-12-30T12:40:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-1080","displayTitle":"Hydrogeologic Investigations and a Preliminary Conceptual Model of the Groundwater System at North Penn Area 1 Superfund Site, Souderton, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","title":"Hydrologic investigations and a preliminary conceptual model of the groundwater system at North Penn Area 1 Superfund Site, Souderton, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted hydrogeologic investigations, reviewed existing data, and developed a preliminary conceptual model of the groundwater system as part of technical support of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) at the North Penn Area 1 Superfund Site (hereafter, the NP1 Site) located within the Borough of Souderton in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Field work and monitoring took place during 2012–18. The area is underlain by sedimentary formations that form a fractured-rock aquifer used for drinking water and industrial supply. The EPA placed the Site on the National Priorities List in 1989, identifying tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) as contaminants of concern.
During 2012–18, the USGS conducted field activities that included drilling an 82-foot (ft)-deep monitoring well (MG 2220) in 2016, reconstructing a 208-ft-deep former industrial production well (MG 668 [Granite Knitting Mill]), and collecting borehole geophysical and video logs and water levels from those and five additional wells, which ranged in depth from about 50 to 200 ft below land surface. Continuous water levels were collected during 2014–17, and a synoptic set of water levels were measured in April 2018 in the seven wells.
The borehole geophysical logs (caliper, acoustic televiewer, natural gamma, single-point resistance, vertical flow, and fluid temperature and resistivity) and borehole video logs in the seven wells were evaluated to assess potential for lithologic correlation and to identify and describe water-bearing features, which included both low- and high-angle fractures and other openings oriented along dipping bedding planes, joints, or possible faults. Borehole geophysical logs collected by USGS in 1992 in a 300-ft-deep former production well near the Site were also evaluated. Few to no distinctive features were identified on geophysical logs (natural gamma and single-point resistance) that could be used for correlation, thus limiting this approach to determining local geologic structure. Extensive fracturing in the upper 62 ft of monitoring well MG 2220 indicates that the well was likely drilled through a zone of faulting, and other evidence of faulting is present in the area near the Site. Assessment of continuous water levels showed hydraulic connections among some wells as indicated by rising or falling water levels in response to changes in pumping rates at nearby wells. A map of water levels measured in April 2018 indicates potential for groundwater flow generally toward the stream to the south and southwest of the Site, but the limited water-level data are insufficient to describe vertical groundwater gradients or lateral gradients in any detail.
Review of 1999–2022 volatile organic compound (VOC) monitoring data collected by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection for five monitoring wells indicates that the highest groundwater concentrations of PCE and TCE were found in samples from extraction well MG 2201 (S-1) downgradient from, and nearest to, the previously identified Site contaminant source area, and these concentrations fluctuated through time. PCE concentrations were higher than TCE concentrations in samples from all five monitoring wells and were much higher than TCE concentrations in samples from extraction well MG 2201 (S-1). Temporally variable recharge is a possible factor affecting observed fluctuations in PCE concentrations in groundwater samples from well extraction MG 2201 (S-1), as indicated by a general inverse relation between PCE concentrations and water levels in a nearby long-term observation well. The PCE concentration of 1,830 micrograms per liter (μg/L) in a May 2018 water sample from monitoring well MG 2220 was more than four times the PCE concentration of 444 μg/L in a December 2017 sample from the nearby extraction well MG 2201 (S-1), which is open to fewer fractures. Low concentrations of VOCs were measured in surface water at two stream sites downgradient from wells with the highest groundwater VOC concentrations at the Site, indicating that discharge of contaminated groundwater to the stream is likely.
Development of a conceptual model of the groundwater system was constrained by limited data. In areas with no pumping, groundwater-flow directions generally are thought to be controlled by topography and geologic structure (bedding orientation) and likely to the south and southwest of the Site, with local flow directions affected by orientations of fractures, joints, and local faults. Additional investigations that could help improve the conceptual model of the groundwater system and help delineate the extent of groundwater contamination and its transport are discussed.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241080","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Senior, L.A., Risser, D.W., Goode, D.J., and Bird, P.H., 2024, Hydrologic investigations and a preliminary conceptual model of the groundwater system at North Penn Area 1 Superfund Site, Souderton, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1080, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241080.","productDescription":"xi, 78 p.","numberOfPages":"78","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-151018","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":494216,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_118273.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465486,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1080/ofr20241080.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"OFR 2024-1080 XML"},{"id":465485,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241080/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2024-1080 HTML"},{"id":465479,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1080/images/"},{"id":465476,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1080/ofr20241080.pdf","text":"Report","size":"18.0 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2024-1080 PDF"},{"id":465475,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1080/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Montgomery County","city":"Souderton","otherGeospatial":"North Penn Area 1 Superfund Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.33380565402877,\n 40.30337215850042\n ],\n [\n -75.33067431094733,\n 40.30297414782885\n ],\n [\n -75.32310689850118,\n 40.30864557850933\n ],\n [\n -75.32121504538941,\n 40.31133187946756\n ],\n [\n -75.32415067952832,\n 40.31496319053656\n ],\n [\n -75.33002194780529,\n 40.3133714069823\n ],\n [\n -75.33432754454195,\n 40.307053646040714\n ],\n [\n -75.33380565402877,\n 40.30337215850042\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, Pennsylvania 17070
Layered intrusions are plutonic bodies of cumulates that form by the crystallization of mantle-derived melts. These intrusions are characterized by igneous layering distinguishable by shifts in mineralogy, texture, or composition. Layered intrusions have been fundamental to our understanding of igneous petrology; however, it is their status as important repositories of critical metals – such as platinum-group elements, chromium, and vanadium – that has predominantly driven associated research in recent decades. Many layered intrusions were emplaced during the Precambrian, predominantly at the margins of ancient cratons during intervals of supercontinent accretion and destruction. It appears that large, layered intrusions require rigid crust to ensure their preservation, and their geometry and layering is primarily controlled by the nature of melt emplacement.
Layered intrusions are best investigated by integrating observations from various length-scales. At the macroscale, intrusion geometries can be discerned, and their presence understood in the context of the regional geology. At the mesoscale, the layering of an intrusion may be characterized, intrusion-host rock contact relationships studied, and the nature of stratiform mineral occurrences described. At the microscale, the mineralogy and texture of cumulate rocks and any mineralization are elucidated, particularly when novel microtextural and mineral chemical datasets are integrated. For example, here we demonstrate how mesoscale observations and microscale datasets can be combined to understand the petrogenesis of the perplexing snowball oiks outcrop located in the Upper Banded Series of the Stillwater Complex. Our data suggest that the orthopyroxene oikocrysts did not form in their present location, but rather formed in a dynamic magma chamber where crystals were transported either by convective currents or within crystal-rich slurries.
Critical metals may be transported to the level of a nascent intrusion as dissolved components in the melt. Alternatively, ore minerals are entrained from elsewhere in a plumbing system, potentially facilitated by volatile-rich phases. There are many ore-forming processes propounded by researchers to occur at the level of emplacement; however, each must address the arrival of the ore mineral, its concentration of metals, and its accumulation into orebodies. In this contribution, several of these processes are described as well as our perspectives on the future of layered intrusion research.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107615","usgsCitation":"Smith, W.D., Jenkins, M., Augustin, C.T., Virtanen, V.J., Vukmanovic, Z., and O’Driscoll, B., 2024, Layered intrusions in the Precambrian: Observations and perspectives: Precambrian Research, v. 415, 107615, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107615.","productDescription":"107615, 31 p.","ipdsId":"IP-169762","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":466760,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107615","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":464288,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"415","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, William D.","contributorId":335361,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":918775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenkins, Michael 0000-0002-4261-409X mjenkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4261-409X","contributorId":172433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"Michael","email":"mjenkins@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":918776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Augustin, Claudia T.","contributorId":346348,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Augustin","given":"Claudia","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":82834,"text":"Mineral Deposits Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":918777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Virtanen, Ville J.","contributorId":346349,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Virtanen","given":"Ville","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82835,"text":"Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans; Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":918778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vukmanovic, Zoja","contributorId":346350,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vukmanovic","given":"Zoja","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":82836,"text":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":918779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"O’Driscoll, Brian","contributorId":346351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Driscoll","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35511,"text":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":918780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70260822,"text":"sir20245098 - 2024 - Water-quality comparisons in the Greater Mooses Tooth unit of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2010 and 2023","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-22T21:27:01.378005","indexId":"sir20245098","displayToPublicDate":"2024-11-12T13:16:24","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5098","displayTitle":"Water-Quality Comparisons in the Greater Mooses Tooth Unit of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2010 and 2023","title":"Water-quality comparisons in the Greater Mooses Tooth unit of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2010 and 2023","docAbstract":"The United States has long held oil reserves in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPR–A), but oil production did not begin until 2015. The waters of the NPR–A are generally considered “pristine,” but water quality has not been characterized temporally or spatially in a rigorous manner. In 2010 and 2023, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management, collected water-quality samples from four small, beaded streams in the NPR–A, three of which currently (2024) have oil and gas infrastructure within their drainage. Samples collected preconstruction and postconstruction were analyzed and compared to determine concentration changes in nutrients, major ions, trace elements, and volatile organic compounds to evaluate the effectiveness of required operating procedures designed to minimize potential effects to water quality from oil and gas activities.
The four small streams in the Greater Mooses Tooth unit of the NPR–A had similar water-quality characteristics in the 2010 and 2023 samples. Most analytes were measured at low concentrations or below the reporting level for both samples. For analytes that were detected, variability between the two samples was generally low and mostly showed lower concentrations in the 2023 samples, possibly partially because of recent rainfall that led to streamflow being much higher at the time of the 2023 sample. Trichloromethane was present in the sample at one site in both years and at a second site in the 2023 sample. All three detections of trichloromethane were within the expected natural background range for the area. The few increases in analyte concentrations in the watersheds with oil and gas facilities were all within the range of predevelopment concentrations or background concentrations for the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Hall, B.M., 2024, Water-quality comparisons in the Greater Mooses Tooth unit of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, 2010 and 2023: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5098, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245098.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 11 p.; Dataset","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-162398","costCenters":[{"id":464,"text":"Nebraska Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497913,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117793.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463853,"rank":6,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245098/full"},{"id":463848,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5098/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":463849,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5098/sir20245098.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024–5098"},{"id":463850,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5098/sir20245098.XML"},{"id":463851,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5098/images/"},{"id":463852,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"- USGS water data for the Nation"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Greater Mooses Tooth Unit of the National Petroleum Reserve","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.66,\n 70.5\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 70.5\n ],\n [\n -152,\n 70\n ],\n [\n -150.66,\n 70\n ],\n [\n -150.66,\n 70.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Nebraska Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5231 South 19th Street
Lincoln, NE 68512
More than 2 million Californians rely on groundwater from privately owned domestic wells for drinking-water supply. This report summarizes a water-quality survey of domestic and small-system drinking-water supply wells in the eastern Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills where more than 25,000 residents are estimated to use privately owned domestic wells. Study results show that inorganic and organic constituents in groundwater were present above regulatory (maximum contaminant level, MCL) benchmarks for public drinking-water quality in 8 and 3 percent, respectively, of the aquifer area used for domestic drinking-water supply (herein, “domestic groundwater resources”; fig. 1).
The only inorganic constituent detected above regulatory benchmarks was arsenic. The only organic constituent exceeding regulatory benchmarks was the fumigant 1,2,3-trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP). Three additional organic constituents—the disinfection by-product chloroform, the gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and the solvent tetrachloroethene (PCE)—were detected at low concentrations below one-tenth of regulatory benchmarks in 34, 10, and 10 percent of domestic groundwater resources, respectively. Total dissolved solids (TDS), iron, and manganese exceeded non-regulatory aesthetic guidelines for drinking water in 5, 10, and 26 percent of domestic groundwater resources, respectively. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were detected in 29 percent of domestic groundwater resources,with 5 percent exceeding the recently enacted (April 2024) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MCLs. Total coliform and enterococci bacteria were detected in 13 and 8 percent of domestic groundwater resources, respectively.
Redox sensitive constituents in this study included arsenic, manganese, nitrate, and iron. In the lower elevation portions of the eastern Sacramento Valley study area, reducing conditions in groundwater aquifers promote elevated arsenic, iron, and manganese, and conversely lower concentrations of nitrate. The presence of the volatile organic compound (VOC) 1,2,3-TCP was related to its past history in select agricultural land uses (on orchards or vineyards) in the Sacramento Valley; however, unlike in the San Joaquin Valley where orchards and vineyards are more common, its detection frequency was low (only detected in one well in this study). Chloroform was frequently detected in this study at low levels. Chloroform is a disinfection byproduct commonly found in domestic wells treated by shock chlorination. The solvent PCE is among the most frequently detected VOCs in groundwater, which is primarily related to its long history of use and its persistence in groundwater in oxic conditions. The gasoline oxygenate MTBE was a contaminant introduced to groundwater through atmospheric exchange when it was used as a fuel additive to decrease smog inducing emissions from vehicles. Its occurrence in groundwater at low levels is expected and makes it a potentially useful tracer of relatively recent recharge water being withdrawn from wells. The PFASs are anthropogenic chemicals with hundreds of uses, and they have been incorporated into many different products, processes, and applications worldwide. Like MTBE, the occurrence of PFASs in groundwater may be in part due to atmospheric exchange, but there are several other pathways that contribute PFASs to the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241061","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with California State Water Resources Control Board","usgsCitation":"Bennett, G.L., V, 2024, Quality of groundwater used for domestic supply in the eastern Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1061, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241061.","productDescription":"15 p.","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-150528","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":497891,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117769.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463494,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1061/images"},{"id":463493,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1061/ofr20241061.xml"},{"id":463495,"rank":5,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241061/full"},{"id":463492,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1061/ofr20241061.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":463491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1061/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Sacramento Valley and adjacent foothills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.25,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 38.666\n ],\n [\n -120.5,\n 38.666\n ],\n [\n -120.5,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -122.25,\n 40\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
California Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
Volcanic unrest can trigger appreciable change to surface waters such as streams, springs, and volcanic lakes. Magma degassing produces gases and soluble salts that are absorbed into groundwater that feeds streams and lakes. As magma ascends, the amount of heat and degassing will increase, and so will any related geochemical and thermal signal. Subsurface magma movement can cause pressurization that alters hydrostatic head and may induce groundwater discharge. Fluid-pressure changes have been linked to distal volcano-tectonic earthquakes (White and McCausland, 2016; Coulon and others, 2017) and phreatic eruptions (for example, Yamaoka and others, 2016). Clearly, changes in groundwater and surface waters are both indicators of unrest and clues to how and where magma is rising toward the surface. Where possible, it is prudent to incorporate real-time hydrologic data into multiparameter monitoring of restless volcanoes. Hydrologic dynamics can also be tracked by changes in groundwater levels that are commonly measured in shallow boreholes (see of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–K, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062k. \">chapter K, this volume, on boreholes; Hurwitz and Lowenstern, 2024).
Although inferred to be common, relatively few volcano-hydrology anomalies are well documented, and many are essentially anecdotal (Newhall and others, 2001), reflecting the fact that high-resolution time series remain rare. Extreme examples include the 2008 eruption of Nevado del Huila, Colombia, where relatively minor phreatomagmatic eruptions were accompanied by expulsion of as much as 300 million cubic meters of groundwater from fissures high on the volcano (Worni and others, 2011), generating large lahars. Substantial decreases in flow rate from springs about 8 kilometers from the summit of Mayon Volcano, Philippines, have been noted before most eruptions in the 20th century (Newhall and others, 2001). Stream monitoring at Redoubt Volcano in 2009 allowed Werner and others (2012) to recognize that groundwater was unable to absorb (or scrub) the high flux of volcanic gas and that a high CO2/SO2 precursor signal had been evident for 5 months prior to the eruption. A key to better interpreting hydrologic anomalies—or even identifying them—is therefore obtaining adequate baseline data.
Most hydrologic monitoring at U.S. volcanoes has been accomplished by intermittent sampling surveys with annual or less frequent sampling (for example, https://hotspringchem.wr.usgs.gov/index.php). More frequent sampling, however, generally is needed to establish reliable baselines. A recent hydrologic and hydrothermal monitoring experiment at 25 sites and 10 of the 12 level 4 (very high threat) volcanoes in the U.S. portion of the Cascade Range demonstrated that there is sufficient temporal variability in hydrothermal fluxes, even during quiescent periods, that one-time measurements will commonly have limited interpretive value (Crankshaw and others, 2018). Thus, surveys are best augmented with data from streamgages (for example, Evans and others, 2004; Bergfeld and others, 2008). Streamflow (water discharge) data allow measured temperature and specific conductance to be converted to heat and solute mass fluxes, which could be insightful parameters for detecting anomalous activity (McCleskey and others, 2012). At the Yellowstone Caldera, long-term monitoring of river solutes has allowed calculation of the chloride flux, a proxy for heat discharge (Hurwitz and others, 2007; McCleskey and others, 2016) from the subsurface magma. This is readily accomplished because data from streamgages are continuously recorded and archived by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Information System (NWIS) (USGS, 2024).
Similar studies on stratovolcanoes or shield volcanoes would be scientifically useful, and yet are logistically challenging, requiring streamgages on numerous radial drainages complemented by either frequent manual sampling or numerous deployments of equipment to measure water temperature and specific conductance as a proxy for water chemistry. Another challenge is that some volcanic areas, especially shield volcanoes, are characterized by near-surface porous rocks and soils, such that surface streams are rare and replaced by distant, dilute large-volume springs with only a trace of any original volcanically sourced water (Manga, 2001; Hurwitz and others, 2021).
Volcanic lakes are worthy of special attention for monitoring efforts, as their temperature and composition can provide evidence of increased flux of volatile-rich fluids from below. Quantifying changes in volatile and heat release from magma can be simpler in lakes than for volcanoes with radial drainages and no major lakes. Moreover, volcanic lakes pose a range of hazards themselves, including phreatomagmatic eruptions, debris flows, flank collapse, tsunamis, and toxic gas release (Mastin and Witter, 2000; Delmelle and others, 2015; Manville, 2015; Rouwet and others, 2015)—hazards that have historically been responsible for substantial loss of life at many volcanoes worldwide (Manville, 2015). Catastrophic CO2 release at Lake Nyos, Cameroon, in 1986 suffocated about 1,750 people and about 3,500 livestock and was probably triggered by a large landslide into the gas-saturated lake (Kling and others, 1987; Evans and others, 1993). Gas-charged springs in Soda Bay within Clear Lake (California) have caused almost a dozen deaths to bathers in the past hundred years (ABC News, 2000). A 2005 example of lake overturn and abundant gas release was documented at Mount Chiginagak in Alaska (Schaefer and others, 2008) but did not result in any human casualties. Although thermally stratified lakes, which promote trapping of exsolved magmatic gas, tend to develop in tropical regions, the phenomenon can also arise where salinity creates meromixis (a condition in which a lake does not mix completely), as occurs in Mono Lake, California (Jellison and Melack, 1993; Jellison and others, 1998).
If magma erupts or flows into a lake, the interaction between hot magma and cold water can be explosive (Mastin and others, 2004; Zimanowski and others, 2015) and substantially expand the area affected by the eruption. Another hazard is the breaching of crater rims by landslides triggered by volcanic and (or) seismic activity. Under some circumstances, substantial volumes of water can be displaced, leading to large floods and lahars. Late Holocene lake flooding from Aniakchak Crater in the Alaska Peninsula (Waythomas, 2022) and from Paulina Lake in Newberry Crater, Oregon (Chitwood and Jensen, 2000), caused by the failure of outlet sills, testify to the substantial hazards at lake-filled calderas.
Several volcanic systems in the United States host lakes known to receive heat and gas from underlying magma. These lakes vary widely in area, depth, and chemical composition. Lakes are present at level 4 volcanoes, including Crater Lake and Newberry Volcano in Oregon; Yellowstone Caldera in Wyoming; Long Valley Caldera, Clear Lake volcanic field, Medicine Lake, and Salton Buttes in California; and Aniakchak Crater, Mount Katmai, Fisher Caldera, Mount Okmok, and Kaguyak Crater, among others, in Alaska. A water lake was present in Halemaʻumaʻu, the crater of Kīlauea, Hawai‘i (fig. F1), from October 2019 to December 2020. Level 3 volcanoes with lakes include Mono Lake volcanic field (Calif.), Mount Bachelor (Ore.), Ukinrek Maars and Mount Chiginagak (Alaska), and Soda Lake (Nevada). In addition, there are lakes at many levels 1 and 2 volcanoes. In the United States, there are no strongly acidic lakes that receive abundant input of magmatic gas, such as those found at Mount Ruapehu (New Zealand), Ijen and Kelud (Indonesia), and Poás (Costa Rica). Nevertheless, many contain fluids that provide clues to magmatic processes below.
Since publication of a previous report on recommended instrumentation for volcano monitoring (Moran and others, 2008), continuous hydrologic monitoring has become increasingly feasible. However, changes in water pressure, temperature, and chemistry remain, in general, poorly studied phenomena at volcanoes (Sparks, 2003; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017). Recent efforts by the USGS have included the temporary study of Cascade Range volcanoes, which included frequent (15 minute to hourly) temporal sampling of temperature, depth, and conductivity (Crankshaw and others, 2018; Ingebritsen and Evans, 2019). At Yellowstone Caldera, many streamgages have now added thermistors and specific conductance sensors, allowing estimation of time-dependent chloride flux as a proxy for variations in subsurface heat flux (McCleskey and others, 2012, 2016). Efforts to better understand lakes have also accelerated, with bathymetric mapping and sampling carried out at several locations in the United States. Especially thorough work was done at Yellowstone Lake thanks to the Hydrothermal Dynamics of Yellowstone Lake (HD-YLAKE, https://hdylake.org) project, funded primarily by the National Science Foundation. In addition to geophysical surveys and recovery of cores and other samples, HD-YLAKE investigations included remotely operated vehicle (ROV) investigations of hydrothermal vents on the lake floor (fig. F2). Data collected by the ROV provided a better understanding of the thermal and chemical influx from lake-bottom hydrothermal systems (Sohn and others, 2017).
In this chapter, we focus on detecting changes in the chemistry, temperature, discharge, or water levels of streams, springs, and lakes that can be caused by seismicity, volumetric strains, or increases in gas flux associated with ascending magma. There is unavoidable overlap with other chapters of this report. Samples of water and gas can also be obtained in boreholes (of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–K, 5 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062k. \">chapter K, this volume; Hurwitz and Lowenstern, 2024), both shallow and deep. Gas monitoring (of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–E, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062e.\">chapter E, this volume; Lewicki and others, 2024) relies in part on samples from springs and wells, particularly where measurable gas plumes are absent. Water acts as a trigger and lubricant for landslides and sediment-rich floods, and so hydrology has obvious relevance for lahar monitoring, as discussed in of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–H, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062h. \">chapter H (this volume; Thelen and others, 2024). Shared situational awareness among scientists engaged in geophysical, gas, and hydrologic monitoring will improve overall understanding of the volcanic hazard.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245062F","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Hurwitz, S., 2024, Streams, springs, and volcanic lakes for volcano monitoring, chap. F of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–F, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062F.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-149695","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462449,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/f/covrthbf.jpg"},{"id":462450,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/f/sir20245062f.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director,
Volcano Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4230 University Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
As magma rises through the crust, decreasing pressure conditions allow volatiles to exsolve from the magma. These volatiles then migrate upward through the crust, where they can be stored at shallower levels or escape to the atmosphere. Rising magma also heats rock masses beneath volcanic centers, causing water in shallow aquifers and hydrothermal systems to boil and release additional gases and steam (see chapter F, this volume; Ingebritsen and Hurwitz, 2024). The chemistry and quantity of gases that reach the surface during periods of quiescence or volcanic unrest can reveal that gas-rich magma is ascending, crystallizing, or alternatively stalling, with important implications for volcanic hazard (for example, Sutton and others, 1992; Aiuppa and others, 2007, 2021; Werner and others, 2009, 2011, 2012; Moretti and others, 2013; de Moor and others, 2016; Lewicki and others, 2019; Edmonds and others, 2022; Kern and others, 2022; Kunrat and others, 2022).
Most volcanoes in Alaska and the western United States are characterized by weak degassing, with one or more low-temperature fumaroles (typically near the local boiling temperature of water) and connect to a deeper and sometimes extensive hydrothermal system (for example, McGee and others, 2001; Symonds and others, 2003a, b). Hydrothermal systems will affect the chemistry of rising gases exsolved from deeper magma (Symonds and others, 2001), including sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), and water vapor (for example, Doukas and Gerlach, 1995; Gerlach and others, 1998, 2008; Symonds and others, 2001; Werner and others, 2013). As an example, depending on factors such as temperature, pressure, and oxidation state, rising SO2 will react with groundwater to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, dissolved sulfate (SO42−), or elemental sulfur (Christenson, 2000; Symonds and others, 2001; Werner and others, 2008). The reaction and dissolution of SO2 into shallow groundwater is commonly referred to as scrubbing, and can reduce the likelihood that ascending, degassing magma can be detected. Carbon dioxide, however, in addition to exsolving from magma early in the ascent process, is not easily removed by hydrothermal fluids (Lowenstern, 2001). As scrubbing and other processes take place, the SO2/H2S, CO2/SO2, and CO2/H2S ratios may change. High rates of SO2 emission indicate that magma has moved to relatively shallow levels in the volcano and that the system has heated up enough to establish dry pathways from depth to the surface. Monitoring multiple gas species and the total output of those species is thereby useful for volcano monitoring during both periods of quiescence, to establish background degassing conditions, and during unrest, when gas geochemistry and emission rates can provide information on changing conditions, such as magma ascent.
To provide context for multidisciplinary volcano forecasts, we focus on the following two key required capabilities: (1) characterizing baseline geochemistry and gas discharge from volcanoes and volcanic regions and (2) monitoring changes in gas geochemistry and discharge to inform forecasts of volcanic eruptions and their effects. Sufficient baseline data must be collected to identify and interpret anomalous degassing associated with volcanic unrest (for example, Sorey and others, 1998; Rouwet and others, 2014). Differences in volcano type, baseline degassing rates, local hydrology, and geography (for example, high versus low latitude) will result in a different baseline for each volcano. Volcanoes of any threat level that exhibit one or more degassing phenomena would ideally be monitored by techniques needed to establish baseline degassing data, with the sampling frequency of baseline data dictated by the threat level (table E1). Additional monitoring techniques become necessary during periods of unrest.
In general, three of the most important techniques for gas monitoring are (1) direct sampling of fumarole, spring, and soil gases for laboratory geochemical measurements, (2) measurements of the chemical composition of the volcanic plume and emission rates of major gas species (for example, H2O, CO2, SO2, and H2S) by satellite, airborne, or ground-based techniques, and (3) measurements of diffuse emissions of CO2 and other gases through soils. Various methods and instruments may be useful both for baseline studies and during unrest.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245062E","usgsCitation":"Lewicki, J.L., Kern, C., Kelly, P.J., Nadeau, P.A., Elias, T., and Clor, L.E., 2024, Volcanic gas monitoring, chap. E of Flinders, A.F., Lowenstern, J.B., Coombs, M.L., and Poland, M.P., eds., Recommended capabilities and instrumentation for volcano monitoring in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5062–E, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245062E.","productDescription":"iv, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150252","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":462452,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/e/sir20245062e.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":462451,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5062/e/covrthbe.jpg"}],"contact":"Director,
Volcano Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
4230 University Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
Carbon dioxide is Mars' most active volatile. The seasonal and diurnal processes of when and where it condenses and sublimates are determined by energy balance between the atmosphere and surface ice in Mars' vapor pressure equilibrium climate. Mars' current obliquity ensures that the polar caps are stable locations for seasonal condensation. The eccentricity of Mars' orbit is the major driver of differences in seasonal behavior of CO2 between the northern vs southern hemisphere. In particular, the current positions of perihelion and aphelion, in addition to the large elevation difference between the poles, dominate the ways seasonal processes transpire in the two hemispheres. We summarize and discuss the unprecedented observations of these processes that have been collected by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter over the last 8.5 Mars Years. The longer southern fall and winter allows more time for CO2 ice to accumulate and densify in the southern hemisphere. Northern winter coincides with the perihelion dust storm season, thus the north polar seasonal ice deposits are expected to contain a greater concentration of dust in relation to CO2 and H2O ices. With less time for densification and more contaminants the northern seasonal layer of CO2 ice is likely weaker than the southern layer.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115801","usgsCitation":"Hansen, C.J., Byrne, S., Calvin, W.M., Diniega, S., Dundas, C., Hayne, P.O., McEwen, A.S., McKeown, L.E., Piqueux, S., Portyankina, G., Schwamb, M.E., Titus, T.N., and Widmer, J.M., 2024, A comparison of CO2 seasonal activity in Mars' northern and southern hemispheres: Icarus, v. 419, 115801, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115801.","productDescription":"115801, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-153781","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":439276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115801","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":432999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"419","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hansen, Candice J.","contributorId":70235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"Candice","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byrne, Shane","contributorId":53513,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byrne","given":"Shane","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M. 0000-0002-6097-9586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6097-9586","contributorId":189159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Diniega, Serina","contributorId":212017,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diniega","given":"Serina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36276,"text":"JPL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":237028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":911285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hayne, Paul O.","contributorId":174125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayne","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":27365,"text":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McKeown, Lauren E","contributorId":343515,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKeown","given":"Lauren","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":36392,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Piqueux, Sylvain","contributorId":56986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piqueux","given":"Sylvain","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7023,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Portyankina, Ganna","contributorId":200703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Portyankina","given":"Ganna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Schwamb, Meg E","contributorId":343518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwamb","given":"Meg","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":66112,"text":"Queen's University Belfast","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Titus, Timothy N. 0000-0003-0700-4875 ttitus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0700-4875","contributorId":146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"Timothy","email":"ttitus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":911292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Widmer, Jacob M","contributorId":343520,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Widmer","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"M","affiliations":[{"id":33607,"text":"University of California Los Angeles","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70257652,"text":"70257652 - 2024 - Polar science results from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Multiwavelength, multiyear insights","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-21T13:59:25.718737","indexId":"70257652","displayToPublicDate":"2024-07-17T08:55:44","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polar science results from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Multiwavelength, multiyear insights","docAbstract":"Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), with its arrival in 2006 and nearly continuous operation since, has provided data for the study of martian polar processes spanning nine Mars years. Mars' polar deposits have long been thought to preserve records of past climates, potentially readable like terrestrial ice cores. However, unraveling millions of years of history in the ice depends on understanding Mars' current and recent-past climate, including the interactions of atmospheric and surface processes. MRO has allowed for revolutionary discoveries, long-term monitoring of ongoing processes, and multiple complementary datasets to address the question of how the polar ice deposits reflect climatological changes. In part, MRO has been able to do this from its variety of instrumentation simultaneously observing interannual changes in geomorphology of the surface in up to ∼25 cm/pixel detail, repeatable processes and changes in the atmosphere, and surface composition, as well as investigating signs of past changes recorded in the icy polar layered deposits. In this paper, we summarize the contribution of MRO to our current understanding of Mars polar science, and in particular how MRO's long-duration mission has improved our understanding of the fundamental volatile cycles on Mars.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115794","usgsCitation":"Landis, M., Acharya, P.J., Alsaeed, N.R., Andres, C., Becerra, P., Calvin, W.M., Cangi, E.M., Cartwright, S.F., Chaffin, M.S., Diniega, S., Dundas, C., Hansen, C.J., Hayne, P.O., Herkenhoff, K., Kass, D., Khuller, A.R., McKeown, L., Russell, P.S., Smith, I.B., Sutton, S.S., Widmer, J.M., and Whitten, J., 2024, Polar science results from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter: Multiwavelength, multiyear insights: Icarus, v. 419, 115794, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115794.","productDescription":"115794, 27 p.","ipdsId":"IP-152544","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":490982,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115794","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":432997,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"419","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landis, Margaret E.","contributorId":176713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landis","given":"Margaret E.","affiliations":[{"id":25655,"text":"Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, 1629 E. University Blvd., The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acharya, P. J.","contributorId":343482,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Acharya","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16184,"text":"York University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alsaeed, N. R.","contributorId":343484,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alsaeed","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":36621,"text":"University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Andres, C.","contributorId":241818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andres","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13255,"text":"University of Western Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Becerra, Patricio","contributorId":173341,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Becerra","given":"Patricio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M. 0000-0002-6097-9586","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6097-9586","contributorId":189159,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cangi, E. M.","contributorId":343486,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cangi","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36621,"text":"University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Cartwright, S. F. A.","contributorId":343488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cartwright","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. A.","affiliations":[{"id":36621,"text":"University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Chaffin, M. S.","contributorId":343490,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chaffin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":36621,"text":"University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Diniega, Serina","contributorId":212017,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diniega","given":"Serina","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36276,"text":"JPL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Dundas, Colin M. 0000-0003-2343-7224","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2343-7224","contributorId":237028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dundas","given":"Colin M.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":911239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Hansen, Candice J.","contributorId":70235,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hansen","given":"Candice","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Hayne, Paul O.","contributorId":174125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hayne","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":27365,"text":"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":206170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":911242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Kass, David M.","contributorId":343492,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kass","given":"David M.","affiliations":[{"id":36276,"text":"JPL","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Khuller, Aditya R.","contributorId":343494,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Khuller","given":"Aditya","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":6607,"text":"Arizona State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"McKeown, Lauren","contributorId":258303,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKeown","given":"Lauren","affiliations":[{"id":39858,"text":"Natural History Museum London","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Russell, Patrich S.","contributorId":343496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Patrich","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":13399,"text":"UCLA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Smith, Isaac B.","contributorId":200695,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Isaac","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Sutton, Sarah S.","contributorId":203706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sutton","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Widmer, J. M.","contributorId":343500,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Widmer","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13399,"text":"UCLA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Whitten, Jennifer L","contributorId":237951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitten","given":"Jennifer L","affiliations":[{"id":47657,"text":"National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":911250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22}]}} ,{"id":70254789,"text":"ofr20241031 - 2024 - Environmental monitoring of groundwater, surface water, and soil at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2021","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T19:44:39.237909","indexId":"ofr20241031","displayToPublicDate":"2024-06-11T13:55:00","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-1031","displayTitle":"Environmental Monitoring of Groundwater, Surface Water, and Soil at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2021","title":"Environmental monitoring of groundwater, surface water, and soil at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2021","docAbstract":"Letterkenny Army Depot in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, built an Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction (ARMD) Facility in 2016 to centralize rocket motor destruction and contain all waste during the destruction process. The U.S. Geological Survey has collected environmental samples from groundwater, surface water, and soils at ARMD since 2016.
During 2021, samples were collected from four groundwater wells in September, one surface-water site in October, and five soil sites in November near the facility. Samples were analyzed for nutrients, trace metals, major ions, total volatile organic compounds, and perchlorate. Perchlorate was not detected in any 2021 samples.
Groundwater results showed no constituents exceeded any U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL). Dissolved arsenic (As) was detected in one well above the reporting detection level (RDL) of 3 micrograms per liter (μg/L) at 5.4 μg/L but below its MCL of 10 μg/L. Dissolved iron (Fe) was the only inorganic constituent measured above an EPA secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL). All groundwater samples collected in 2021 exceeded the Fe SMCL of 300 μg/L, with concentrations ranging from 390 μg/L to 3,500 μg/L.
Surface-water data collected during 2021 showed no measured constituents in the surface-water sample that exceeded any EPA MCL or SMCL.
Soil samples collected from 2016 through 2021 showed all concentrations of As exceeded the EPA soil screening levels of 3 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) but did not exceed the Pennsylvania medium-specific concentrations for As of 61 mg/kg. Arsenic concentrations in 2021 ranged from 9.1 mg/kg to 12.9 mg/kg.
The 2021 results for the ARMD Facility indicate no increases in concentrations of reported compounds compared to data from 2016 to 2020. The contained burn treatment facility for demilitarization of rocket motors during 2021 appears to have operated without elevating concentrations of target compounds compared to previous years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20241031","collaboration":"Prepared in Cooperation with the Letterkenny Army Depot","usgsCitation":"Galeone, D.G., and Donmoyer, S.J., 2024, Environmental monitoring of groundwater, surface water, and soil at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction Facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 2021: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2024–1031, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241031","productDescription":"Report: vii, 31 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"31","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-148346","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499252,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_117074.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":429681,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1031/ofr20241031.XML","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"OFR 2024-1031 XML"},{"id":429679,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92YIATZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Groundwater, surface water, and soil data collected near and at the Ammonium Perchlorate Rocket Motor Destruction (ARMD) facility at the Letterkenny Army Depot, Chambersburg, Pennsylvania"},{"id":429680,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1031/images/"},{"id":429677,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1031/ofr20241031.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.38 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2024-1031 PDF"},{"id":429678,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20241031/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2024-1031 HTML"},{"id":429676,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2024/1031/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Letterkenny Army Depot","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.7937803364734,\n 40.07953712912567\n ],\n [\n -77.7937803364734,\n 39.95565132046923\n ],\n [\n -77.61334530644311,\n 39.95565132046923\n ],\n [\n -77.61334530644311,\n 40.07953712912567\n ],\n [\n -77.7937803364734,\n 40.07953712912567\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
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Several powerful explosive eruptions have taken place in the populated lower East Rift Zone of Kīlauea within the past ∼750 years. These have created distinctive landforms, including a tephra rim enclosing Puʻulena Crater immediately south of the Puna Geothermal Venture power station, a tuff cone at Kapoho Crater near the eastern cape of the Island of Hawaiʻi, and a set of littoral cones, the Sand Hill in Nānāwale, where the 1840 lava flow poured into the ocean. Kapoho Crater tuff cone is the largest of these recent pyroclastic features. Mineral, glass, and melt inclusion analyses of tuff cone ash and later fissure-related scoriaceous materials also found within the crater indicate slightly evolved basaltic magmas (1120–1130 °C) that are compositionally similar to parts of the effusive lower East Rift Zone eruptions in 1955 and 2018. Tuff cone magmas were stored at depths of ∼2.5–3.5 km and had pre-eruptive volatile contents (0.5–0.8 wt% H2O, 280–340 ppm CO2, 1400–1800 ppm S) similar to other Kīlauea eruptions (e.g., 1959, 1960), suggesting that internal magma properties were unlikely to account for the unusual explosiveness of this eruption. Tephra componentry, grain-size analyses, and field observations confirm that the cone grew during a phreatomagmatic eruption mostly of vitric ash, probably where a fissure opened across the coastline or shallow ocean floor nearby. Supporting this hypothesis is the identification of at least two genera of marine diatoms within tuff cone strata. Sand Hill littoral cone ash is also vitric like that of Kapoho Crater, but distinctly coarser with abundant fluidal ejecta represented. In contrast, the Puʻulena Crater eruption deposited lithic ash and related blocks with minor juvenile magmatic contribution; a phreatomagmatic eruption that was dominantly phreatic. Differences in eruption styles are related to unique mechanics that tephra analyses help us interpret. While powerful explosive eruptions in the lower East Rift Zone are rare, they present a definite future hazard for inhabitants in this part of Hawaii.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2024.108114","usgsCitation":"Hazlett, R.W., Schmith, J., Lerner, A., Downs, D.T., Fitch, E.P., Parcheta, C., Gansecki, C., and Spaulding, S., 2024, Origins and nature of large explosive eruptions in the lower East Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii: Insights from ash characterization and geochemistry: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 452, 108114, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2024.108114.","productDescription":"108114, 21 p.","ipdsId":"IP-157881","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":434947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P13WW9NZ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Whole rock and micro-analytical geochemistry of minerals, melt inclusions, and matrix glasses from Kapoho Crater and Puʻulena Crater, Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi"},{"id":429568,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"East Rift Zone of Kīlauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.333,\n 19.60833820451697\n ],\n [\n -155.333,\n 19.414265921910896\n ],\n [\n -154.79886041637545,\n 19.414265921910896\n ],\n [\n -154.79886041637545,\n 19.60833820451697\n ],\n [\n -155.333,\n 19.60833820451697\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"452","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hazlett, Richard W. 0000-0002-8841-0906","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-0906","contributorId":214066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hazlett","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":38976,"text":"Pomona College, Claremont, CA; UH Hilo, Hilo HI; Department of Interior","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmith, Johanne 0000-0002-0912-7441","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0912-7441","contributorId":334956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmith","given":"Johanne","affiliations":[{"id":80292,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":902207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lerner, Allan 0000-0001-7208-1493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7208-1493","contributorId":229362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lerner","given":"Allan","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Downs, Drew T. 0000-0002-9056-1404 ddowns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9056-1404","contributorId":173516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Downs","given":"Drew","email":"ddowns@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fitch, Erin P.","contributorId":337215,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fitch","given":"Erin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6604,"text":"University of Oregon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parcheta, Carolyn E.","contributorId":337216,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parcheta","given":"Carolyn E.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gansecki, Cheryl A.","contributorId":337218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gansecki","given":"Cheryl A.","affiliations":[{"id":34677,"text":"University of Hawai‘i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":902212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Spaulding, Sarah A. 0000-0002-9787-7743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9787-7743","contributorId":223186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spaulding","given":"Sarah","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":902213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70254166,"text":"sir20245019 - 2024 - Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Mojave Basin Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit, 2018—California GAMA Priority Basin Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-03T17:58:01.071409","indexId":"sir20245019","displayToPublicDate":"2024-05-14T14:02:09","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2024-5019","displayTitle":"Status and Understanding of Groundwater Quality in the Mojave Basin Domestic-Supply Aquifer Study Unit, 2018: California GAMA Priority Basin Project","title":"Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Mojave Basin Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit, 2018—California GAMA Priority Basin Project","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality in the western part of the Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California, was investigated in 2018 as part of the California State Water Resources Control Board Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment Program Priority Basin Project. The Mojave Basin Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit (MOBS) region was divided into two study areas—floodplain and regional—to assess differences between the two major aquifers used for drinking water supply in the area. This assessment characterized the quality of ambient groundwater and not the quality of treated drinking water.
The study included three components: (1) a status assessment, which characterized the quality of groundwater resources used for domestic drinking-water supply in the floodplain and regional study areas; (2) a brief understanding assessment, which evaluated factors that could potentially affect the quality of groundwater used by domestic wells in the region; and (3) a comparative assessment between the groundwater resources used by domestic wells and public-supply wells in the two study areas. The domestic-well assessment was based on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 48 domestic wells in January–May 2018. The public-supply assessment was based on data for samples from 322 public-supply wells in 2008–18, either collected by the U.S. Geological Survey or compiled from the California State Water Resources Control Boards Division of Drinking Water publicly available database.
Concentrations of water-quality constituents in ambient groundwater were compared to regulatory and non-regulatory benchmarks typically used by the State of California and Federal agencies as health-based or aesthetic standards for public drinking water. Relative concentrations, defined as the measured concentration divided by the benchmark concentration, were classified as high (greater than 1.0), moderate (greater than 0.5 for inorganic constituents or 0.1 for organic and special-interest constituents, and not high), or low (concentrations lower than moderate). The floodplain and regional study areas were divided into 15 and 35 grid cells, respectively, and grid-based methods were used to compute the areal proportions of the two study areas with high, moderate, or low relative concentrations of individual constituents and classes of constituents.
For the domestic-supply assessment, one or more inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks were detected at high relative concentrations in 58 percent of the regional study area and 13 percent of the floodplain study area. The inorganic constituents with health-based benchmarks detected at high relative concentrations in the regional study area were arsenic, chromium and hexavalent chromium, fluoride, adjusted gross alpha particle activity, uranium, molybdenum, strontium, and nitrate; only arsenic was detected at high relative concentrations in the floodplain study area. One or more inorganic constituents with secondary maximum contaminant level benchmarks were detected at high concentrations in 15 and 6.7 percent of the regional and floodplain study areas, respectively. The constituents detected at high relative concentrations in the regional study area were total dissolved solids, chloride, sulfate, and iron; only total dissolved solids and sulfate were detected at high relative concentrations in the floodplain study area.
Organic constituents were not detected at moderate or high relative concentrations in either the regional or floodplain study areas. Volatile organic compounds were detected at low relative concentrations in 21 and 27 percent of the regional and floodplain study areas, respectively, and pesticides were detected at low relative concentrations in 9.1 and 20 percent of the regional and floodplain study areas, respectively. The only individual organic constituent detected in more than 10 percent of either study area was the trihalomethane trichloromethane. Total coliform bacteria were detected in 15 and 27 percent of the grid wells in the regional and floodplain study areas, respectively.
The greater prevalence of high relative concentrations of many inorganic constituents in the regional study area compared to the floodplain area likely indicates the greater diversity of geologic material at depth in aquifer material and generally finer-grained alluvium compared to the floodplain study area combined with generally older groundwater that has had more contact time with aquifer materials. In general, trace element concentrations (1) increased with increasing groundwater age, (2) increased with distance from recharge sources in the mountains, and (3) increased with closer proximity to some types of geological units. In general, groundwater from domestic wells in the floodplain study area is young, with most samples containing a component of modern groundwater based on tritium and unadjusted carbon-14 activities, whereas groundwater from domestic wells in the regional study area generally is old, with most samples having unadjusted carbon-14 ages of 5,000–40,000 years.
Public-supply wells in MOBS generally were deeper than domestic wells and presumably are in contact with older, more weathered alluvium that may have more mobile trace elements, such as arsenic or uranium. However, only 26 percent of the public-supply regional study area had high relative concentrations of inorganic constituents, compared to 58 percent for the domestic regional study area. The percentages of the public-supply and domestic floodplain study areas with high relative concentrations of inorganic constituents were 11 and 13 percent, respectively. The ages of groundwater used by public-supply and domestic wells in each study area were similar, which was not expected given the greater depth of the public-supply wells. Three potential factors may contribute to these results: (1) greater spatial footprint of domestic well network, which may result in domestic wells pumping groundwater from fractured bedrock or mineralized areas not used by public-supply wells; (2) greater pumping rates in public-supply wells, resulting in more water being withdrawn from coarse-grained, heterogeneous alluvium than finer-grained layers, which may have higher concentrations of (or more mobile) inorganic constituents; and (3) a greater degree of well management with public-supply wells, which may include pausing use of or decommissioning wells if treating or blending water is not feasible to lower constituent concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20245019","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the California State Water Resources Control Board","programNote":"A product of the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program","usgsCitation":"Groover, K.D., Fram, M.S., and Levy, Z.F., 2024, Status and understanding of groundwater quality in the Mojave Basin Domestic-Supply Aquifer study unit, 2018—California GAMA Priority Basin Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2024–5019, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20245019.","productDescription":"x, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-110004","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499448,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_116979.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":428611,"rank":5,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5019/sir20245019.XML"},{"id":428610,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5019/images"},{"id":428608,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20245019/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2024-5019"},{"id":428607,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5019/sir20245019.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2024-5019"},{"id":428606,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2024/5019/sir20245019.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.51859835894652,\n 35.183647408915874\n ],\n [\n -117.51859835894652,\n 34.28986048082601\n ],\n [\n -116.15629367144663,\n 34.28986048082601\n ],\n [\n -116.15629367144663,\n 35.183647408915874\n ],\n [\n -117.51859835894652,\n 35.183647408915874\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director,
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6000 J Street, Placer Hall
Sacramento, California 95819
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), one of the most frequently detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) occurring in soil, surface water, and groundwater near sites contaminated with aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), has proven to be recalcitrant to many destructive remedies, including chemical oxidation. We investigated the potential to utilize microbially mediated reduction (bioreduction) to degrade PFOS and other PFAS through addition of a known dehalogenating culture, WBC-2, to soil obtained from an AFFF-contaminated site. A substantial decrease in total mass of PFOS (soil and water) was observed in microcosms amended with WBC-2 and chlorinated volatile organic compound (cVOC) co-contaminants — 46.4 ± 11.0 % removal of PFOS over the 45-day experiment. In contrast, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS) concentrations did not decrease in the same microcosms. The low or non-detectable concentrations of potential metabolites in full PFAS analyses, including after application of the total oxidizable precursor assay, indicated that defluorination occurred to non-fluorinated compounds or ultrashort-chain PFAS. Nevertheless, additional research on the metabolites and degradation pathways is needed. Population abundances of known dehalorespirers did not change with PFOS removal during the experiment, making their association with PFOS removal unclear. An increased abundance of sulfate reducers in the genus Desulfosporosinus (Firmicutes) and Sulfurospirillum (Campilobacterota) was observed with PFOS removal, most likely linked to initiation of biodegradation by desulfonation. These results have important implications for development of in situ bioremediation methods for PFAS and advancing knowledge of natural attenuation processes.
Less than a year after the 2018 Kīlauea caldera collapse and eruption, water appeared in newly deepened Halemaʻumaʻu crater. The lake—unprecedented in the written record—grew to a depth of ∼50 m before lava from the December 2020 eruption boiled it away. Surface water heightened concerns of potential phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions but also offered a new means of possibly identifying eruption precursors. The U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) monitored the lake via direct visual observation, webcams, thermal imaging, colorimetry, and laser rangefinders. HVO also employed uncrewed aircraft systems to sample the water and measure near-lake gas composition. The lake's δD and δ18O indicate a groundwater source with substantial evaporation. The initial sample had a salinity (total dissolved solids concentration) of 71,000 mg/L and was rich in sulfate (∼53,000 mg/L), iron (∼500 mg/L), and magnesium (∼10,000 mg/L). Subsequent samples were slightly more dilute. The water's pH (∼4), δ34S (+4.3‰), and surface temperatures (up to 85°C) suggest, rather than significant scrubbing of magmatic volatiles, leaching of basalt and reactions with sulfate minerals resulted in high concentrations of sulfate and other solutes. Thermodynamic modeling and precipitate mineralogy indicate that water composition was controlled by iron oxidation and sulfate dissolution. Although the lake exhibited no detectable precursors before the next eruption, and phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions did not materialize, our multi-parameter approach to monitoring yielded an enhanced understanding of the hydrologic, geologic, and magmatic conditions that led to the formation of the unique and short-lived lake.
Redox conditions in groundwater may markedly affect the fate and transport of nutrients, volatile organic compounds, and trace metals, with significant implications for human health. While many local assessments of redox conditions have been made, the spatial variability of redox reaction rates makes the determination of redox conditions at regional or national scales problematic. In this study, redox conditions in groundwater were predicted for the contiguous United States using random forest classification by relating measured water quality data from over 30,000 wells to natural and anthropogenic factors. The model correctly predicted the oxic/suboxic classification for 78 and 79% of the samples in the out-of-bag and hold-out data sets, respectively. Variables describing geology, hydrology, soil properties, and hydrologic position were among the most important factors affecting the likelihood of oxic conditions in groundwater. Important model variables tended to relate to aquifer recharge, groundwater travel time, or prevalence of electron donors, which are key drivers of redox conditions in groundwater. Partial dependence plots suggested that the likelihood of oxic conditions in groundwater decreased sharply as streams were approached and gradually as the depth below the water table increased. The probability of oxic groundwater increased as base flow index values increased, likely due to the prevalence of well-drained soils and geologic materials in high base flow index areas. The likelihood of oxic conditions increased as topographic wetness index (TWI) values decreased. High topographic wetness index values occur in areas with a propensity for standing water and overland flow, conditions that limit the delivery of dissolved oxygen to groundwater by recharge; higher TWI values also tend to occur in discharge areas, which may contain groundwater with long travel times. A second model was developed to predict the probability of elevated manganese (Mn) concentrations in groundwater (i.e., ≥50 μg/L). The Mn model relied on many of the same variables as the oxic/suboxic model and may be used to identify areas where Mn-reducing conditions occur and where there is an increased risk to domestic water supplies due to high Mn concentrations. Model predictions of redox conditions in groundwater produced in this study may help identify regions of the country with elevated groundwater vulnerability and stream vulnerability to groundwater-derived contaminants.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.3c07576","usgsCitation":"Tesoriero, A.J., Wherry, S., Dupuy, D., and Johnson, T., 2024, Predicting redox conditions in groundwater at a national scale using random forest classification: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 58, no. 11, p. 5079-5092, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c07576.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5079","endPage":"5092","ipdsId":"IP-154897","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":440191,"rank":3,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c07576","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435024,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DVPJIX","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Input and results from a random forest 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]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tesoriero, Anthony J. 0000-0003-4674-7364 tesorier@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4674-7364","contributorId":2693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesoriero","given":"Anthony","email":"tesorier@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wherry, Susan 0000-0002-6749-8697 swherry@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6749-8697","contributorId":140159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wherry","given":"Susan","email":"swherry@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dupuy, Danielle 0000-0001-9007-641X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9007-641X","contributorId":222277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupuy","given":"Danielle","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Tyler D. 0000-0002-7334-9188","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-9188","contributorId":201888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Tyler D.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":896394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70251323,"text":"sir20235128 - 2024 - An update of hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected constituents in water, eastern Snake River aquifer and perched groundwater zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis 2019–21","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T19:23:32.558092","indexId":"sir20235128","displayToPublicDate":"2024-02-06T10:35:55","publicationYear":"2024","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-5128","displayTitle":"An Update of Hydrologic Conditions and Distribution of Selected Constituents in Water, Eastern Snake River Aquifer and Perched Groundwater Zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, Emphasis 2019–21","title":"An update of hydrologic conditions and distribution of selected constituents in water, eastern Snake River aquifer and perched groundwater zones, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho, emphasis 2019–21","docAbstract":"Since 1952, wastewater discharged to infiltration ponds (also called “percolation ponds”) and disposal wells at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has affected water quality in the eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP) aquifer and perched groundwater zones underlying the INL. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), maintains groundwater-monitoring networks at the INL to determine hydrologic trends and to delineate the movement of radiochemical and chemical wastes in both the aquifer and perched groundwater zones. This report presents an analysis of water-level and water-quality data collected from the ESRP aquifer and perched groundwater wells from the USGS groundwater monitoring networks during 2019–21.
From March–May 2018 to March–May 2021, water levels in wells completed in the ESRP aquifer increased in the northern part of the INL and decreased in the southwestern part. Water-level increases ranged from 0.02 to 1.04 feet in the northern part and decreases ranged from 0.03 to 2.94 feet in the southwestern part of the INL.
Detectable concentrations of radiochemical constituents in water samples from wells in the ESRP aquifer at the INL generally decreased or remained constant during 2019–21. Decreases in concentrations were attributed to radioactive decay, changes in waste-disposal methods, and dilution from recharge and underflow.
In 2021, tritium was detected above reporting levels in water samples collected from 46 of 105 aquifer wells and ranged from 150±50 to 4,280±150 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). Tritium concentrations from eight wells completed in deep perched groundwater near the Advanced Test Reactor Complex (ATRC) generally were greater than or equal to the reporting level during at least one sampling event during 2019–21, and concentrations ranged from 160±50 to 2,097±107 pCi/L. Concentrations of strontium-90 in water from 12 of 45 aquifer wells sampled in 2021 exceeded the reporting level, and concentrations ranged from 2.5±0.7 to 299±6 pCi/L. During 2021, concentrations of strontium-90 from five wells completed in deep perched groundwater at the ATRC equaled or exceeded the reporting levels, and concentrations ranged from 3±0.9 pCi/L to 27.8±1.3 pCi/L. Concentrations of cesium-137 were less than the reporting level in all but one aquifer well, and concentrations of plutonium-238, plutonium-239, -240 (undivided), and americium-241 were less than the reporting level in water samples from all aquifer wells sampled during this study period.
Dissolved chromium concentrations in water samples from 64 ESRP aquifer wells ranged from less than (<) 0.5 to 76.4 micrograms per liter (μg/L). During 2019–21, dissolved chromium was detected in water from wells completed in deep perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer at the ATRC, and concentrations ranged from <1 to 82.1 μg/L.
In 2021, concentrations of dissolved sodium in water from most ESRP aquifer wells in the southern part of the INL were greater than the western tributary groundwater background concentration of 8.3 milligrams per liter (mg/L). During 2021, dissolved sodium concentrations in water from 15 wells completed in deep perched groundwater ranged from 11.7 to 122.5 mg/L. Variations in sodium concentrations in aquifer wells and perched groundwater zones are attributed to either migration of remnant water from the former chemical-waste ponds or disposal volume and composition variability in percolation ponds installed in 2008.
In 2021, concentrations of chloride in most water samples from ESRP aquifer wells south of the Idaho Nuclear Technology and Engineering Center (INTEC) and at the Central Facilities Area (CFA) exceeded background concentrations. Chloride concentrations in water from wells south of the INTEC have generally decreased because of discontinued chloride disposal to the legacy percolation ponds since 2002 when the discharge of wastewater was discontinued. During 2019–21, dissolved chloride concentrations in deep perched groundwater above the ESRP aquifer from 18 wells at the ATRC ranged from 8.15 to 231 mg/L.
In 2021, sulfate concentrations in water samples from ESRP aquifer wells in the south-central part of the INL that exceeded the background concentration of sulfate, ranged from 21 to 141 mg/L. The greater-than-background concentrations in water from these wells are attributed to sulfate disposal at the ATRC infiltration ponds or the legacy INTEC percolation ponds. In 2021, sulfate concentrations in water samples from aquifer wells near the Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC) were mostly greater than background concentrations. The maximum dissolved sulfate concentration in shallow perched groundwater near the ATRC was 575 mg/L in 2021. During 2021, dissolved sulfate concentrations in water from wells completed in deep perched groundwater near the cold waste ponds at the ATRC ranged from 22.3 to 519 mg/L.
In 2021, concentrations of nitrate in water from most ESRP aquifer wells at and near the INTEC exceeded the western tributary groundwater background concentration of 0.655 mg/L. Concentrations of nitrate in aquifer wells southwest of INTEC and farther away from the influence of disposal areas and the Big Lost River, in intermittent source of surface water recharge to the aquifer, show a general decrease in nitrate concentration over time. Two aquifer wells south of INTEC show increasing trends that could result from wastewater beneath the INTEC tank farm being mobilized to the aquifer.
During 2019–21, water samples from several ESRP aquifer wells were collected and analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Twelve VOCs were detected, and 1–4 VOCs were detected in water samples from 10 wells. The most frequently detected VOCs include carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane), trichloromethane, tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and trichloroethene. In 2019–21, concentrations for all VOCs were less than their respective maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for drinking water, except carbon tetrachloride in one well, trichloroethene in two wells, and vinyl chloride in one well.
During 2019–21, variability and bias were evaluated from 34 replicate and 14 blank quality-assurance samples. Results from replicate analyses were investigated to evaluate sample variability. Constituents with acceptable reproducibility were major ions, trace elements, nutrients, and VOCs. All radiochemical constituents including gross alpha- and beta- radioactivity, strontium-90, cesium-137, and tritium, had acceptable reproducibility. Bias from sample contamination was evaluated from equipment, field, and source-solution blanks. Chloride and sulfate were detected slightly above their respective method detection limits in equipment and field blanks, but at concentrations well below the co-collected sample for that well. These chloride and sulfate detections in the field and equipment blanks were inconsequential because they weren’t detected above the analysis-specific variability for those constituents as determined by replicate sample result evaluation. None of the detections of nutrients and trace inorganic constituents were high enough to indicate environmental sample or analytical procedure bias.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235128","collaboration":"DOE/ID-22261Director, Idaho Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
230 Collins Rd
Boise, Idaho 83702-4520
Martian geomorphology and surface features provide links to understanding past geologic processes such as fluid movement, local and regional tectonics, and feature formation mechanisms. Pitted cones are common features in the northern plains basins of Mars. They have been proposed to have formed from upwelling volatile-rich fluids, such as magma or water-sediment slurries. In this study, we map the spatial distributions of pitted cone features across the Utopia Planitia (UP) basin. Using the Average Nearest Neighbor technique, we find that pitted cone features appear to be clustered across the basin, occurring in a narrow band around the circumferential rim of UP. Additionally, we find that pitted cone features also appear to be aligned in chains that are sub-parallel with the basin margin. Parallel bands of cones generally follow elevation contours of the UP basin, which suggests elevation or a correlated factor plays a major role in pitted cone and cone chain formation. We propose that pitted cones and cone chains may be related to vertical fractures formed around the UP basin rim from subsidence of infilling basin material.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115825","usgsCitation":"Mills, M.M., McEwen, A.S., Hughes, A.N., Kim, J., and Okubo, C., 2024, Analyzing spatial distributions and alignments of pitted cone features in Utopia Planitia on Mars: Icarus, v. 408, 115825, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115825.","productDescription":"115825, 12 p.","ipdsId":"IP-156266","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":441139,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2023.115825","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":422723,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars, Utopia Planitia","volume":"408","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, Mackenzie M.","contributorId":331663,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mills","given":"Mackenzie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, Amanda N.","contributorId":331664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hughes","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kim, Ji-Eun 0000-0002-7668-5072","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7668-5072","contributorId":331665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"Ji-Eun","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":888399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Okubo, Chris 0000-0001-9776-8128 cokubo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-8128","contributorId":174209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"Chris","email":"cokubo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":888400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70250685,"text":"ofr20231088 - 2023 - Occurrence of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in groundwater and tapwater, town of Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-28T17:45:00.427851","indexId":"ofr20231088","displayToPublicDate":"2024-01-04T17:55:00","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2023-1088","displayTitle":"Occurrence of Mixed Organic and Inorganic Chemicals in Groundwater and Tapwater, Town of Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22","title":"Occurrence of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in groundwater and tapwater, town of Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22","docAbstract":"In response to previous reports of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in French Island’s (located in the Mississippi River within the town of Campbell, Wisconsin) primary source of drinking water, 11 locations were sampled by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in October 2021 to assess the potential presence of contaminant mixtures, including PFAS, in tapwater. Three locations were assessed seven times each over the course of three days. These samples were chosen to evaluate the water quality of the deeper Mount Simon bedrock aquifer and the water quality of the shallower sand and gravel (alluvial) aquifer at two locations. The other eight sample locations were spatially distributed within Campbell and were sampled once each. For each of these 11 sites, tapwater samples were analyzed for disinfection byproducts (DBP), pesticides, PFAS, pharmaceuticals, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), volatile organic compounds (VOC), cations, anions, trace elements, alkalinity, microbial indicators, as well as measurements of water temperature, specific conductance, and pH. Of the 506 organic compounds analyzed in each water-quality sample, 74 (14 percent) were detected at least one time in any of the samples collected. Of the 14 percent, detected analytes included 27 pesticides (5 percent), 14 PFAS (3 percent), 6 pharmaceuticals (1 percent), 7 SVOC (1 percent), and 20 VOC (4 percent). No DBP were detected. The total number of organic compounds detected per sample ranged from 0–20 (median of 10), with the sum of concentrations ranging from not detected (nd)–2.53 micrograms per liter (μg/L; median of 0.333 μg/L). Of the inorganic constituents measured, eight were not detected above their reporting limit in any of the samples. The inorganic constituents that were not detected were antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, and vanadium.
Along with the 11 sites sampled throughout Campbell, Wisconsin, beginning in October 2021, four more wells were sampled on the Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center (UMESC) campus for PFAS. Three of these sites withdraw water from the shallow alluvial aquifer (the same source water for tapwater site 002) and one from the Mount Simon aquifer (the same source of water for tapwater site 001). This sampling is ongoing with results from samples through December 2022 summarized in this report. Of the 33 PFAS analyzed in samples from the four UMESC locations, 15 individual PFAS were detected at least one time in any of the samples analyzed with the sum of PFAS concentrations ranging from nd–1.49 μg/L (median of 0.309 μg/L).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20231088","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Town of Campbell, Wisconsin","programNote":"Environmental Health Program","usgsCitation":"Romanok, K.M., Meppelink, S.M., Bradley, P.M., Breitmeyer, S.E., Donahue, L., Gaikowski, M.P., Hines, R.K., and Smalling, K.L., 2023, Occurrence of mixed organic and inorganic chemicals in groundwater and tapwater, town of Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2023–1088, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20231088.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 29 p.; 2 Data Releases","numberOfPages":"29","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-150739","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499196,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115939.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":423893,"rank":7,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9J6XKVS","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Quarterly sample results for perand polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for locations in Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021–22"},{"id":423892,"rank":6,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9EUBGUF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Target-chemical concentrations for assessment of mixed-organic/inorganic chemical and biological exposures in private-well tapwater at Campbell, Wisconsin, 2021"},{"id":423887,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1088/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":423888,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1088/ofr20231088.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.62 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2023-1088"},{"id":423889,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20231088/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"OFR 2023-1088"},{"id":423890,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1088/ofr20231088.XML"},{"id":423891,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2023/1088/images/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"La Crosse County","city":"Campbell","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.29371444024203,\n 43.904997377408506\n ],\n [\n -91.29371444024203,\n 43.84807720086516\n ],\n [\n -91.23878279961701,\n 43.84807720086516\n ],\n [\n -91.23878279961701,\n 43.904997377408506\n ],\n [\n -91.29371444024203,\n 43.904997377408506\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, New Jersey Water Science Center
3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110
Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
The soil and groundwater at the Central Chemical facility, Hagerstown, Maryland, are contaminated due to the blending and production of pesticides and fertilizers during much of the 20th century. Remedial investigations focus on two operable units (OU) consisting of the surface soils and waste disposal lagoon (OU-1) and the groundwater (OU-2). The contaminants of concern (COC) for groundwater include 41 compounds categorized within the subgroups of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), pesticides, and metals. The purpose of this report is to provide a conceptual site model of the hydrogeology and groundwater contaminant transport at and near the Central Chemical facility. The conceptual model was developed through review, synthesis, and interpretation of the results of hydrogeologic, soil, and other environmental investigations conducted at and in the vicinity of the facility in recent decades and is intended to support plans for environmental remediation of the groundwater in OU-2.
The extent and nature of the groundwater contaminant plume associated with the bedrock was characterized for OU-2 of the site. Lithologic and structural comparisons between shallow soil, weathered rock, and epikarst and deeper competent but bedded, dipping, fractured, and karstic limestones illustrate two connected flow systems—a surficial flow system consisting of the unconsolidated overburden and epikarst and a structurally dominant bedrock flow system below the epikarst. Uncertainties exist regarding the nature and transport of contaminants within the epikarst system particularly within voids and perched epikarst water tables. Karst dissolution features are observed within the site including sinkholes and dissolution voids within wells at the site. Of interest, one well in the northern part of the study area (MW-J-71) appears to have a dissolution void connected to an offsite well (OW-2-115) farther to the north. This connection is supported by groundwater level data and elevated concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and chlorobenzene in both wells. The high level of TSS supports the possibility of offsite transport of particle-bound contaminants within the conduit system. Episodically elevated concentrations of COC from different groups also were observed within select wells in the epikarst near the waste disposal lagoon (particularly MW-A-51). The variability observed between different COC within the same well may be the result of additional contaminated source materials unrelated to the disposal lagoon. Storage and episodic transport of contaminated material within the epikarst system has the potential to hinder remediation efforts if not considered in the remedial action.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20225011","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Needham, T.P., Fiore, A.R., Ator, S.W., Raffensperger, J.P., Smith, M.B., Bellmyer, N.M., Dugan, C.M., and Morel, C.J., 2023, Geology, hydrology, and groundwater contamination in the vicinity of Central Chemical facility, Hagerstown, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5011, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225011.","productDescription":"ix, 62 p.","numberOfPages":"62","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-127106","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500691,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_115410.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":420978,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5011/images/"},{"id":420977,"rank":4,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5011/sir20225011.XML"},{"id":420976,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/sir20225011/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2022-5011"},{"id":420975,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5011/sir20225011.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2022-5011"},{"id":420974,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5011/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","city":"Hagerstown","otherGeospatial":"Central Chemical Facility","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.7208,\n 39.6542\n ],\n [\n -77.7208,\n 39.6597\n ],\n [\n -77.726,\n 39.6597\n ],\n [\n -77.726,\n 39.6542\n ],\n [\n -77.7208,\n 39.6542\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
5522 Research Park Drive
Catonsville, MD 21228
Breadcrust bombs formed during Vulcanian eruptions are assumed to originate from the shallow plug or dome. Their rim to core texture reflects the competition between cooling and degassing timescales, which results in a dense crust with isolated vesicles contrasting with a highly vesicular vesicle network in the interior. Due to relatively fast quenching, the crust can shed light on pre- and syn-eruptive conditions prior to or during fragmentation, whereas the interior allows us to explore post-fragmentation vesiculation. Investigation of pre- to post-fragmentation processes in breadcrust bombs from the 1999 Vulcanian activity at Guagua Pichincha, Ecuador, via 2D and 3D textural analysis reveals a complex vesiculation history, with multiple, spatially localized nucleation and growth events. Large vesicles (Type 1), present in low number density in the crust, are interpreted as pre-eruptive bubbles formed by outgassing and collapse of a permeable bubble network during ascent or stalling in the plug. Haloes of small, syn-fragmentation vesicles (Type 2), distributed about large vesicles, are formed by pressurization and enrichment of volatiles in these haloes. The nature of the pressurization process in the plug is discussed in light of seismicity and ground deformation signals, and previous textural and chemical studies. A third population (Type 3) of post-fragmentation small vesicles appears in the interior of the bomb, and growth and coalescence of Type 2 and 3 vesicles causes the transition from isolated to interconnected bubble network in the interior. We model the evolution of viscosity, bubble growth rate, diffusion timescales, bubble radius and porosity during fragmentation and cooling. These models reveal that thermal quenching dominates in the crust whereas the interior undergoes a viscosity quench caused by degassing, and that the transition from crust to interior corresponds to the onset of percolation and development of permeability in the bubble network.
Mantle plumes originate at depths near the core−mantle boundary (~2,800 km). As such, they provide invaluable information about the composition of the deep mantle and insight into convection, crustal formation, and crustal recycling, as well as global heat and volatile budgets. In this Review, we discuss the effectiveness and challenges of using isotopic analyses of plume-generated rocks to infer mantle composition and to constrain geodynamic models. Isotopic analyses of plume-derived ocean island basalts, including radiogenic (Sr, Nd, Pb, Hf, W, noble gas) and stable isotopes (Li, C, O, S, Fe, Tl), permit determination of mantle plume composition, which in turn generate insight into mantle plume origins, dynamics, mantle heterogeneities, early-formed mantle reservoirs, crustal recycling processes, core−mantle interactions and mantle evolution. Nevertheless, the magmatic flux, temperature, tectonic environment and compositions of mantle plumes can vary. Consequently, plumes and their melts are best evaluated along a spectrum that acknowledges their different properties, particularly mantle flux, before making interpretations about the interior of the Earth. To provide insight into specific mantle and plume processes, future work should document correlations across elemental and isotopic data sets on the same sample powder, coordinate targeting sampling strategies, and refine stable isotopic fractionation factors through experiments. Such work will benefit from collaboration across geochemical laboratories, as well as among geochemists, mineral physicists, seismologists and geodynamicists.
In low-permeability rocks, ambient groundwater flow in open boreholes may go undetected using conventional borehole-flowmeter tools and alternative approaches may be needed to identify flow. Understanding ambient flow in open boreholes is important for tracking of cross contamination in groundwater. Chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) concentrations from three open boreholes set in a crystalline-rock aquifer (two of three open boreholes) and a siltstone aquifer (one of three open boreholes) were examined using a new approach and associated software program called the AFCE (Aqueous-Flow-Concentration-Estimator). The program allows comparison of coupled chemical datasets through a Monte-Carlo simulation and a chemical-budget approach to assess ambient groundwater flow in open boreholes. The coupled datasets required for the comparison include aqueous CVOC concentrations from groundwater samples from (1) discrete fractures, such as those measured from temporary deployment of straddle-borehole packer assemblies; and (2) the concentration of the open borehole (wellbore) water, as measured by a vertical profile of passive samplers from within the same open borehole. Because results from the passive samplers represent a composite mixture of the results from the discrete samples under ambient groundwater-flow conditions, potentially at unknown proportions, the comparison between coupled datasets affords the ability to discern likely water contributions of CVOC from discrete fractures (or fracture zones), and which fractures may be dominating the water chemistry of the open borehole.