Triggering mechanisms of large silicic eruptions remain a critical unsolved problem. We address this question for the ~2.08-Ma caldera-forming eruption of Cerro Galán volcano, Argentina, which produced distinct pumice populations of two colors: grey (5%) and white (95%) that we believe may hold clues to the onset of eruptive activity. We demonstrate that the color variations correspond to both textural and compositional variations between the clast types. Both pumice types have bulk compositions of high-K, high-silica dacite to low-silica rhyolite, but there are sufficient compositional differences (e.g., ~150 ppm lower Ba at equivalent SiO2 content and 0.03 wt.% higher TiO2 in white pumice than grey) to suggest that the two pumice populations are not related by simple fractionation. Trace element concentrations in crystals mimic bulk variations between clast types, with grey pumice containing elevated Ba, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in both bulk samples (average Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations are 27, 35, and 82 in grey pumice vs. 11, 19, and 60 in white pumice) and biotite phenocrysts and white pumice showing elevated Li concentrations in biotite and plagioclase phenocrysts. White and grey clasts are also texturally distinct: White pumice clasts contain abundant phenocrysts (44–57%), lack microlites, and have highly evolved groundmass glass compositions (76.4–79.6 wt.% SiO2), whereas grey pumice clasts contain a lower percentage of phenocrysts/microphenocrysts (35–49%), have abundant microlites, and have less evolved groundmass glass compositions (69.4–73.8 wt.% SiO2). There is also evidence for crystal transfer between magma producing white and grey pumice. Thin highly evolved melt rims surround some fragmental crystals in grey pumice clasts and appear to have come from magma that produced white pumice. Furthermore, based on crystal compositions, white bands within banded pumice contain crystals originating in grey magma. Finally, only grey pumice clasts form breadcrusted surface textures. We interpret these compositional and textural variations to indicate distinct magma batches, where grey pumice originated from an originally deeper, more volatile-rich dacite recharge magma that ascended through and mingled with the volumetrically dominant, more highly crystalline chamber that produced white pumice. Shortly before eruption, the grey pumice magma stalled within shallow fractures, forming a vanguard magma phase whose ascent may have provided a trigger for eruption of the highly crystalline rhyodacite magma. We suggest that in the case of the Cerro Galán eruption, grey pumice provides evidence not only for cryptic silicic recharge in a large caldera system but also a probable trigger for the eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-011-0525-5","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Wright, H.M., Folkes, C.B., Cas, R.A., and Cashman, K., 2011, Heterogeneous pumice populations in the 2.08-Ma Cerro Galán Ignimbrite: Implications for magma recharge and ascent preceding a large-volume silicic eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 73, no. 10, p. 1513-1533, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0525-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1513","endPage":"1533","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":241735,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214048,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0525-5"}],"country":"Argentina","otherGeospatial":"Cerro Galan Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.884765625,\n -27.527758206861897\n ],\n [\n -66.884765625,\n -25.005972656239177\n ],\n [\n -64.0283203125,\n -25.005972656239177\n ],\n [\n -64.0283203125,\n -27.527758206861897\n ],\n [\n -66.884765625,\n -27.527758206861897\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a308ee4b0c8380cd5d743","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Heather M. 0000-0001-9013-507X hwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9013-507X","contributorId":3949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Heather","email":"hwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":437566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Folkes, Christopher B.","contributorId":62032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folkes","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cas, Ray A.F.","contributorId":44361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cas","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cashman, Katharine V.","contributorId":40097,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katharine V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":437564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70035988,"text":"70035988 - 2011 - Magma at depth: A retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T09:43:42","indexId":"70035988","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magma at depth: A retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Mount Baker volcano displayed a short interval of seismically-quiescent thermal unrest in 1975, with high emissions of magmatic gas that slowly waned during the following three decades. The area of snow-free ground in the active crater has not returned to pre-unrest levels, and fumarole gas geochemistry shows a decreasing magmatic signature over that same interval. A relative microgravity survey revealed a substantial gravity increase in the ~30 years since the unrest, while deformation measurements suggest slight deflation of the edifice between 1981-83 and 2006-07. The volcano remains seismically quiet with regard to impulsive volcano-tectonic events, but experiences shallow (<3 km) low-frequency events likely related to glacier activity, as well as deep (>10 km) long-period earthquakes. Reviewing the observations from the 1975 unrest in combination with geophysical and geochemical data collected in the decades that followed, we infer that elevated gas and thermal emissions at Mount Baker in 1975 resulted from magmatic activity beneath the volcano: either the emplacement of magma at mid-crustal levels, or opening of a conduit to a deep existing source of magmatic volatiles. Decadal-timescale, multi-parameter observations were essential to this assessment of magmatic activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s00445-010-0441-0","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Crider, J.G., Frank, D., Malone, S.D., Poland, M., Werner, C., and Caplan-Auerbach, J., 2011, Magma at depth: A retrospective analysis of the 1975 unrest at Mount Baker, Washington, USA: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 73, no. 2, p. 175-189, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0441-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"189","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":157,"text":"Cascades Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216418,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-010-0441-0"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Mount Baker Volcano","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.0171,47.9503 ], [ -122.0171,49.0003 ], [ -120.6545,49.0003 ], [ -120.6545,47.9503 ], [ -122.0171,47.9503 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"73","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b2ee4b0c8380cd6934c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crider, Juliet G.","contributorId":78580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crider","given":"Juliet","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frank, David","contributorId":13969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malone, Stephen D.","contributorId":68135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malone","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":453485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Werner, Cynthia 0000-0003-3311-6694","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3311-6694","contributorId":11444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"Cynthia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Caplan-Auerbach, Jacqueline","contributorId":17848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caplan-Auerbach","given":"Jacqueline","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70035895,"text":"70035895 - 2011 - Origin of a rhyolite that intruded a geothermal well while drilling at the Krafla volcano, Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-02-08T20:10:39.612918","indexId":"70035895","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of a rhyolite that intruded a geothermal well while drilling at the Krafla volcano, Iceland","docAbstract":"Magma flowed into an exploratory geothermal well at 2.1 km depth being drilled in the Krafla central volcano in Iceland, creating a unique opportunity to study rhyolite magma in situ in a basaltic environment. The quenched magma is a partly vesicular, sparsely phyric, glass containing ∼1.8% of dissolved volatiles. Based on calculated H2O-CO2 saturation pressures, it degassed at a pressure intermediate between hydrostatic and lithostatic, and geothermometry indicates that the crystals in the melt formed at ∼900 °C. The glass shows no signs of hydrothermal alteration, but its hydrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios are much lower than those of typical mantle-derived magmas, indicating that this rhyolite originated by anhydrous mantle-derived magma assimilating partially melted hydrothermally altered basalts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G31393.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Elders, W., Fridleifsson, G., Zierenberg, R., Pope, E., Mortensen, A., Gudmundsson, A., Lowenstern, J.B., Marks, N., Owens, L., Bird, D., Reed, M., Olsen, N., and Schiffmant, P., 2011, Origin of a rhyolite that intruded a geothermal well while drilling at the Krafla volcano, Iceland: Geology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 231-234, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31393.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"231","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216325,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G31393.1"}],"country":"Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Krafla volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -17.05078125,\n 65.47650756256367\n ],\n [\n -15.831298828124998,\n 65.47650756256367\n ],\n [\n -15.831298828124998,\n 66.06263291952231\n ],\n [\n -17.05078125,\n 66.06263291952231\n ],\n [\n -17.05078125,\n 65.47650756256367\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70c5e4b0c8380cd7622b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elders, W.A.","contributorId":18110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elders","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fridleifsson, G.O.","contributorId":64480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridleifsson","given":"G.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zierenberg, R.A.","contributorId":8998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pope, E.C.","contributorId":30478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mortensen, A.K.","contributorId":107526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mortensen","given":"A.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gudmundsson, A.","contributorId":6690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gudmundsson","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lowenstern, Jacob B. 0000-0003-0464-7779 jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0464-7779","contributorId":2755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstern","given":"Jacob","email":"jlwnstrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":452982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Marks, N.E.","contributorId":48410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Owens, L.","contributorId":104731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owens","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Bird, D.K.","contributorId":24934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"D.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Reed, M.","contributorId":35153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Olsen, N.J.","contributorId":7529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":452989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70035979,"text":"70035979 - 2011 - Derivation of S and Pb in phanerozoic intrusion-related metal deposits from neoproterozoic sedimentary pyrite, Great Basin, United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-01T10:10:42","indexId":"70035979","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Derivation of S and Pb in phanerozoic intrusion-related metal deposits from neoproterozoic sedimentary pyrite, Great Basin, United States","docAbstract":"The thick (≤8 km), regionally extensive section of Neoproterozoic siliciclastic strata (terrigenous detrital succession, TDS) in the central and eastern Great Basin contains sedimentary pyrite characterized by mostly high δ34S values (−11.6 to 40.8‰, >70% exceed 10‰; 51 analyses) derived from reduction of seawater sulfate, and by markedly radiogenic Pb isotopes (207Pb/204Pb >19.2; 15 analyses) acquired from clastic detritus eroded from Precambrian cratonal rocks to the east-southeast. In the overlying Paleozoic section, Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag-Au deposits associated with Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary granitic intrusions (intrusion-related metal deposits) contain galena and other sulfide minerals with S and Pb isotope compositions similar to those of TDS sedimentary pyrite, consistent with derivation of deposit S and Pb from TDS pyrite. Minor element abundances in TDS pyrite (e.g., Pb, Zn, Cu, Ag, and Au) compared to sedimentary and hydrothermal pyrite elsewhere are not noticeably elevated, implying that enrichment in source minerals is not a precondition for intrusion-related metal deposits.
Three mechanisms for transferring components of TDS sedimentary pyrite to intrusion-related metal deposits are qualitatively evaluated. One mechanism involves (1) decomposition of TDS pyrite in thermal aureoles of intruding magmas, and (2) aqueous transport and precipitation in thermal or fluid mixing gradients of isotopically heavy S, radiogenic Pb, and possibly other sedimentary pyrite and detrital mineral components, as sulfide minerals in intrusion-related metal deposits. A second mechanism invokes mixing and S isotope exchange in thermal aureoles of Pb and S exsolved from magma and derived from decomposition of sedimentary pyrite. A third mechanism entails melting of TDS strata or assimilation of TDS strata by crustal or mantle magmas. TDS-derived or assimilated magmas ascend, decompress, and exsolve a mixture of TDS volatiles, including isotopically heavy S and radiogenic Pb from sedimentary pyrite, and volatiles acquired from deeper crustal or mantle sources.
In the central and eastern Great Basin, the wide distribution and high density of small to mid-sized vein, replacement, and skarn intrusion-related metal deposits in lower Paleozoic rocks that contain TDS sedimentary pyrite S and Pb reflect (1) prolific Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary magmatism, (2) a regional, substrate reservoir of S and Pb in permeable and homogeneous siliciclastic strata, and (3) relatively small scale concentration of substrate and magmatic components. Large intrusion-related metal deposits in the central and eastern Great Basin acquired S and most Pb from thicker lithospheric sections.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.106.5.883","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Vikre, P., Poulson, S., and Koenig, A.E., 2011, Derivation of S and Pb in phanerozoic intrusion-related metal deposits from neoproterozoic sedimentary pyrite, Great Basin, United States: Economic Geology, v. 106, no. 5, p. 883-912, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.106.5.883.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"912","numberOfPages":"30","ipdsId":"IP-021544","costCenters":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":244125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216264,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.106.5.883"}],"volume":"106","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fedce4b0c8380cd4ef6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vikre, Peter G. pvikre@usgs.gov","contributorId":1800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vikre","given":"Peter G.","email":"pvikre@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":453438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poulson, S.R.","contributorId":98859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poulson","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":453439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koenig, Alan E. 0000-0002-5230-0924 akoenig@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-0924","contributorId":1564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koenig","given":"Alan","email":"akoenig@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":453437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70036897,"text":"70036897 - 2011 - Volatile abundances and oxygen isotopes in basaltic to dacitic lavas on mid-ocean ridges: The role of assimilation at spreading centers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-05-28T10:36:53","indexId":"70036897","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volatile abundances and oxygen isotopes in basaltic to dacitic lavas on mid-ocean ridges: The role of assimilation at spreading centers","docAbstract":"Most geochemical variability in MOR basalts is consistent with low- to moderate-pressure fractional crystallization of various mantle-derived parental melts. However, our geochemical data from MOR high-silica glasses, including new volatile and oxygen isotope data, suggest that assimilation of altered crustal material plays a significant role in the petrogenesis of dacites and may be important in the formation of basaltic lavas at MOR in general. MOR high-silica andesites and dacites from diverse areas show remarkably similar major element trends, incompatible trace element enrichments, and isotopic signatures suggesting similar processes control their chemistry. In particular, very high Cl and elevated H2O concentrations and relatively light oxygen isotope ratios (~ 5.8‰ vs. expected values of ~ 6.8‰) in fresh dacite glasses can be explained by contamination of magmas from a component of ocean crust altered by hydrothermal fluids. Crystallization of silicate phases and Fe-oxides causes an increase in δ18O in residual magma, but assimilation of material initially altered at high temperatures results in lower δ18O values. The observed geochemical signatures can be explained by extreme fractional crystallization of a MOR basalt parent combined with partial melting and assimilation (AFC) of amphibole-bearing altered oceanic crust. The MOR dacitic lavas do not appear to be simply the extrusive equivalent of oceanic plagiogranites. The combination of partial melting and assimilation produces a distinct geochemical signature that includes higher incompatible trace element abundances and distinct trace element ratios relative to those observed in plagiogranites.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Wanless, V., Perfit, M., Ridley, W., Wallace, P., Grimes, C.B., and Klein, E., 2011, Volatile abundances and oxygen isotopes in basaltic to dacitic lavas on mid-ocean ridges: The role of assimilation at spreading centers: Chemical Geology, v. 287, no. 1-2, p. 54-65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017.","startPage":"54","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":548,"text":"Rocky Mountain Mapping Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487873,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10161/9357","text":"External Repository"},{"id":217801,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.05.017"},{"id":245773,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"287","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc2bee4b08c986b32ad23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wanless, V.D.","contributorId":30487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wanless","given":"V.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perfit, M.R.","contributorId":45467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perfit","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ridley, W.I.","contributorId":72122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridley","given":"W.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wallace, P.J.","contributorId":6606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grimes, Craig B.","contributorId":68261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grimes","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klein, E.M.","contributorId":20156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":458386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70036696,"text":"70036696 - 2011 - Pigeonholing pyroclasts: Insights from the 19 March 2008 explosive eruption of Kīlauea volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-23T19:02:35.694262","indexId":"70036696","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pigeonholing pyroclasts: Insights from the 19 March 2008 explosive eruption of Kīlauea volcano","docAbstract":"We think, conventionally, of volcanic explosive eruptions as being triggered in one of two ways: by release and expansion of volatiles dissolved in the ejected magma (magmatic explosions) or by transfer of heat from magma into an external source of water (phreatic or phreatomagmatic explosions). We document here an event where neither magma nor an external water source was involved in explosive activity at Kīlauea. Instead, the eruption was powered by the expansion of decoupled magmatic volatiles released from deeper magma, which was not ejected by the eruption, and the trigger was a collapse of near-surface wall rocks that then momentarily blocked that volatile flux. Mapping of the advected fall deposit a day after this eruption has highlighted the difficulty of constraining deposit edges from unobserved or prehistoric eruptions of all magnitudes. Our results suggest that the dispersal area of advected fall deposits could be miscalculated by up to 30% of the total, raising issues for accurate hazard zoning and assessment. Eruptions of this type challenge existing classification schemes for pyroclastic deposits and explosive eruptions and, in the past, have probably been interpreted as phreatic explosions, where the eruptive mechanism has been assumed to involve flashing of groundwater to steam.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G31509.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Houghton, B.F., Swanson, D., Carey, R., Rausch, J., and Sutton, A., 2011, Pigeonholing pyroclasts: Insights from the 19 March 2008 explosive eruption of Kīlauea volcano: Geology, v. 39, no. 3, p. 263-266, https://doi.org/10.1130/G31509.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"263","endPage":"266","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":245400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":217450,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G31509.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.3020477294922,\n 19.395039417313967\n ],\n [\n -155.3020477294922,\n 19.433733654546185\n ],\n [\n -155.23475646972656,\n 19.433733654546185\n ],\n [\n -155.23475646972656,\n 19.395039417313967\n ],\n [\n -155.3020477294922,\n 19.395039417313967\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b52e4b0c8380cd7939a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Houghton, Bruce F. 0000-0002-7532-9770","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-9770","contributorId":140077,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Houghton","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":6977,"text":"University of Hawai`i at Hilo","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":13351,"text":"University of Hawaii Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":457413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, Don 0000-0002-1680-3591 donswan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1680-3591","contributorId":168817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"Don","email":"donswan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carey, R.J.","contributorId":89749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rausch, J.","contributorId":7944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rausch","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":457410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sutton, Andrew ajsutton@usgs.gov","contributorId":156244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"Andrew","email":"ajsutton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":457411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70194902,"text":"70194902 - 2011 - Waste isolation and contaminant migration - Tools and techniques for monitoring the saturated zone-unsaturated zone-plant-atmosphere continuum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-27T11:31:43","indexId":"70194902","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesNumber":"NUREG/CP-0195","chapter":"3.5.1","title":"Waste isolation and contaminant migration - Tools and techniques for monitoring the saturated zone-unsaturated zone-plant-atmosphere continuum","docAbstract":"Columnar jointing is thought to occur primarily in lavas and welded pyroclastic flow deposits. However, the non-welded Cerro Galán Ignimbrite at Paycuqui, Argentina, contains well-developed columnar joints that are instead due to high-temperature vapor-phase alteration of the deposit, where devitrification and vapor-phase crystallization have increased the density and cohesion of the upper half of the section. Thermal remanent magnetization analyses of entrained lithic clasts indicate high emplacement temperatures, above 630°C, but the lack of welding textures indicates temperatures below the glass transition temperature. In order to remain below the glass transition at 630°C, the minimum cooling rate prior to deposition was 3.0 × 10−3–8.5 × 10−2°C/min (depending on the experimental data used for comparison). Alternatively, if the deposit was emplaced above the glass transition temperature, conductive cooling alone was insufficient to prevent welding. Crack patterns (average, 4.5 sides to each polygon) and column diameters (average, 75 cm) are consistent with relatively rapid cooling, where advective heat loss due to vapor fluxing increases cooling over simple conductive heat transfer. The presence of regularly spaced, complex radiating joint patterns is consistent with fumarolic gas rise, where volatiles originated in the valley-confined drainage system below. Joint spacing is a proxy for cooling rates and is controlled by depositional thickness/valley width. We suggest that the formation of joints in high-temperature, non-welded deposits is aided by the presence of underlying external water, where vapor transfer causes crystallization in pore spaces, densifies the deposit, and helps prevent welding.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00445-011-0524-6","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Wright, H.M., Lesti, C., Cas, R.A., Porreca, M., Viramonte, J.G., Folkes, C.B., and Giordano, G., 2011, Columnar jointing in vapor-phase-altered, non-welded Cerro Galán Ignimbrite, Paycuqui, Argentina: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 73, no. 10, p. 1567-1582, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0524-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1567","endPage":"1582","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487788,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11336/14542","text":"External Repository"},{"id":243910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":216068,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-011-0524-6"}],"country":"Argentina","otherGeospatial":"Cerro Galán","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.587890625,\n -26.017297563851734\n ],\n [\n -67.587890625,\n -25.22482017676502\n ],\n [\n -66.610107421875,\n -25.22482017676502\n ],\n [\n -66.610107421875,\n -26.017297563851734\n ],\n [\n -67.587890625,\n -26.017297563851734\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"73","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-09-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7d0e4b0c8380cd4ccfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Heather M. 0000-0001-9013-507X hwright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9013-507X","contributorId":3949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Heather","email":"hwright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":451358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lesti, Chiara","contributorId":24577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesti","given":"Chiara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cas, Ray A.F.","contributorId":44361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cas","given":"Ray","email":"","middleInitial":"A.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Porreca, Massimiliano","contributorId":17840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porreca","given":"Massimiliano","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Viramonte, Jose G.","contributorId":72211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viramonte","given":"Jose","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Folkes, Christopher B.","contributorId":62032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Folkes","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Giordano, Guido","contributorId":100202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giordano","given":"Guido","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":451361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70004560,"text":"70004560 - 2011 - 'Forensic' geochemical approaches to constrain the source of Au-Ag in low-sulfidation epithermal ores","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-08T14:39:56.226742","indexId":"70004560","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-14T09:31:37","publicationYear":"2011","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"displayTitle":"\"Forensic\" geochemical approaches to constrain the source of Au-Ag in low-sulfidation epithermal ores","title":"'Forensic' geochemical approaches to constrain the source of Au-Ag in low-sulfidation epithermal ores","docAbstract":"In order to better constrain genetic processes involved in forming mineral deposits (and ultimately exploration models), it helps to know from where the metals of interest are derived. How the metals arrived at their point of deposition, and why they were deposited there, are separate issues. We are using three different techniques in an attempt to better understand these processes for epithermal ores. All have some ambiguity inherent to them, but we think that based on our preliminary investigations, together they point to a new understanding of how some epithermal ores in the northern Great Basin form. These techniques include: 1) plotting the relative abundances of Au, Ag, Pb, As, Sb, Se, Te of the ores; 2) Pb-isotope abundances in Au-Ag minerals; and 3) Re-Os isotope analyses of Au-Ag minerals in the ores. Results to date suggest: 1) the “epithermal suite” geochemical association is likely related to the similar volatility of these metal(loid)s, and thus we conclude they are derived from the mantle as opposed to representing a shallow origin; and 2) Preliminary Pb and Re-Os isotopic analyses of Au-Ag minerals indicate that they are derived from the mafic that were part of the bimodal volcanic suite associated with the initial emergence of the Yellowstone Hotspot (YHS) in the northern Great Basin at about 16-15 Ma. Epithermal ore formation associated with the YHS which may suggest the source region of the mantle was rapidly depleted.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Basin evolution and metallogeny: 2010 symposium proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geological Society of Nevada 2010 Symposium","conferenceDate":"May 14-22, 2010","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"DEStech Publications, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Saunders, J., Kamenov, G., Hofstra, A.H., Unger, D.L., Creaser, R.A., and Barra, F., 2011, 'Forensic' geochemical approaches to constrain the source of Au-Ag in low-sulfidation epithermal ores, in Great Basin evolution and metallogeny: 2010 symposium proceedings, Reno, NV, May 14-22, 2010, p. 693-700.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"693","endPage":"700","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-029905","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390332,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390331,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.gsnv.org/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin, Yellowstone Hotspot","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -104.96337890625,\n 37.64903402157866\n ],\n [\n -104.96337890625,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 45.089035564831036\n ],\n [\n -121.37695312499999,\n 37.64903402157866\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Steininger, Roger","contributorId":148048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Steininger","given":"Roger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824881,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pennell, Bill","contributorId":148049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pennell","given":"Bill","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":824882,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Saunders, James A.","contributorId":116108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Saunders","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kamenov, G. D.","contributorId":121480,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kamenov","given":"G. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, Albert H. 0000-0002-2450-1593 ahofstra@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":1302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"Albert","email":"ahofstra@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":824880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Unger, D. L.","contributorId":119903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Unger","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Creaser, R. A.","contributorId":121003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Creaser","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barra, F.","contributorId":119603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barra","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":513134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70006089,"text":"sir20105206 - 2010 - Occurrence and distribution of organic chemicals and nutrients and comparison of water-quality data from public drinking-water supplies in the Columbia aquifer in Delaware, 2000-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T12:40:21.808021","indexId":"sir20105206","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5206","title":"Occurrence and distribution of organic chemicals and nutrients and comparison of water-quality data from public drinking-water supplies in the Columbia aquifer in Delaware, 2000-08","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control and the Delaware Geological Survey, conducted a groundwater-quality investigation to (a) describe the occurrence and distribution of selected contaminants, and (b) document any changes in groundwater quality in the Columbia aquifer public water-supply wells in the Coastal Plain in Delaware between 2000 and 2008. Thirty public water-supply wells located throughout the Columbia aquifer of the Delaware Coastal Plain were sampled from August through November of 2008. Twenty-two of the wells in the sampling network for this project were previously sampled in 2000. Eight new wells were selected to replace wells no longer in use. Groundwater collected from the wells was analyzed for the occurrence and distribution of selected pesticides, pesticide degradates, volatile organic compounds, nutrients, and major inorganic ions. Nine of the wells were analyzed for radioactive elements (radium-226, radium-228, and radon). Groundwater-quality data were compared for sites sampled in both 2000 and 2008 to document any changes in water quality. One or more pesticides were detected in samples from 29 of the 30 wells. There were no significant differences in pesticide and pesticide degradate concentrations and similar compounds were detected when comparing sampling results from 2000 and 2008. Pesticide and pesticide degradate concentrations were generally less than 1 microgram per liter. Twenty-four compounds, 14 pesticides, and 10 pesticide degradates were detected in at least one sample; the pesticide degradates, metolachlor ethanesulfonic acid, deethylatrazine, and alachlor ethanesulfonic acid were the most frequently detected compounds, each found in more than 50 percent of samples. Almost 80 percent of the detected pesticides were agricultural herbicides, which reflects the prevalence and wide distribution of agriculture in sampled areas, as well the dominance of agricultural pesticides among the target analytes for this study. No concentration of a pesticide or pesticide degradate exceeded any regulatory standard. Dieldrin, an insecticide that has been banned for several decades, was detected at a concentration that exceeded a non-regulatory health-based screening level of 0.002 micrograms per liter at nine sites. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were generally detected at concentrations of less than 1 microgram per liter, although 7 of the 31 detected VOCs had concentrations greater than 1 microgram per liter. There were no significant differences in VOC concentrations from 2000 to 2008; however, among the resampled wells, the mean number of VOCs detected per well was significantly different over the 8-year period. The number of VOCs detected per well decreased in 73 percent of the resampled wells; the decrease ranged from one to eight fewer detections in 2008 than in 2000. Chloroform and methyl tert-butyl ether were the most frequently detected VOCs, at 90 percent and 63 percent, respectively, among the 30 wells. Solvents were the most frequently detected class of VOCs. All measured concentrations of VOCs in groundwater were below established standards for drinking water and below other health-based guidelines. There were no significant differences in nutrient or major-ion concentrations between 2000 and 2008, however, the medians of two field measurements, pH and dissolved oxygen, were significantly higher in 2008 than in 2000 in the resampled wells. Although pH and dissolved oxygen were higher, water was still acidic and predominantly oxic. Nitrate was the predominant nutrient species in the Columbia aquifer, with a 90-percent detection frequency. The median nitrate concentration in groundwater was 4.88 milligrams per liter, which was slightly lower than, but not significantly different from, the median of 5.23 milligrams per liter for the 2000 samples. Concentrations of nitrate exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level or Federal drinking-water standard of 10 milligrams per liter as nitrogen in samples from two wells. Eight of the 30 wells sampled had iron or manganese concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level; nine samples exceeded the Health Advisory Limit set by the Delaware Division of Public Health of 20 milligrams per liter for sodium in drinking water. Two radiochemical isotopes, radium-226 and radon-222, were detected in all nine groundwater samples analyzed; five samples had detectable levels of radium-228 activity. None of the samples exceeded the U.S Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Level for radium or radon in drinking water. Although radioactive elements were more frequently detected in 2008 than in 2000, this increased detection frequency is more likely due to lower detection levels in 2008 than 2000. The average age of groundwater entering the screens of the production wells sampled in 2008 ranged from 6 to 35 years, with a median groundwater age of 22 years. Groundwater age was positively correlated with well depth and negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen. Data from the 22 resampled wells indicate a significant positive difference in the average modeled groundwater-sample-age results. The average groundwater age from samples collected in 2008 was generally 7 years older than the average groundwater age from samples collected in 2000.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105206","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control and the Delaware Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Reyes, B., 2010, Occurrence and distribution of organic chemicals and nutrients and comparison of water-quality data from public drinking-water supplies in the Columbia aquifer in Delaware, 2000-08: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5206, Report: vii, 37 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105206.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 37 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5206.gif"},{"id":110946,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5206/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76,38.46666666666667 ], [ -76,40 ], [ -74.83333333333333,40 ], [ -74.83333333333333,38.46666666666667 ], [ -76,38.46666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4799e4b07f02db48faba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reyes, Betzaida 0000-0002-1398-0824 breyes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1398-0824","contributorId":2250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reyes","given":"Betzaida","email":"breyes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70006086,"text":"sir20105086 - 2010 - Contamination movement around a permeable reactive barrier at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-17T10:36:55","indexId":"sir20105086","displayToPublicDate":"2011-11-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5086","title":"Contamination movement around a permeable reactive barrier at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina, 2009","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey and the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southeast investigated natural and engineered remediation of chlorinated volatile organic compound groundwater contamination at Solid Waste Management Unit 12 at the Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina, beginning in 2000. In early 2004, groundwater contaminants began moving around the southern end of a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) installed by a consultant in December 2002. The PRB is a 130-foot-long and 3-foot-wide barrier consisting of varying amounts of zero-valent iron with or without sand mixture. Contamination moving around the PRB probably has been transported at least 75 feet downgradient from the PRB at a rate of about 15 to 29 feet per year.\nThe diversion of contamination around the southern end of the PRB may be due to construction difficulties associated with the PRB installation or to reduced permeability in the PRB. An event that took place during installation of the PRB, which may have caused permeability loss, was the collapse and subsequent abandonment of a 110-foot-long trench originally designed to be the PRB on November 11, 2002, approximately 25 feet upgradient (west) from the final PRB. Guar gum with antimicrobial preservative in a polymer slurry had been used to stabilize the abandoned trench prior to collapse and was only partially recovered. Residual guar gum can cause permeability reduction in a PRB. It also is possible that permeability reduction took place within the PRB by slow degradation of the guar gum slurry or mineral precipitation. Despite the likely permeability reduction in and near the PRB immediately following installation, there is evidence that contaminants moved through the PRB and were degraded, consistent with the planned purpose of the PRB.\nVolatile organic compound contamination in groundwater downgradient from the PRB is subject to attenuation by phytovolatilization, sorption, and biodegradation. Pulses of contamination increases have been observed in some monitoring wells downgradient from the PRB. The pulses may reflect downgradient transport of contaminant pulses; however, lateral shifting of the plume is a more likely explanation for the concentration changes at well 12MW-12S.\nThe ability to monitor the fate and behavior of the plume in the forest is severely limited because the present axis of maximum contamination in that area bypasses all but one of the existing monitoring wells (12MW-12S). Moreover, the 2009 data indicate that there are no optimally placed sentinel wells in the probable path of contaminant transport. Thus the monitoring network is no longer adequate to monitor the groundwater contamination downgradient from the PRB.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105086","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Naval Facilities Engineering Command Southeast","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., Petkewich, M.D., and Conlon, K.J., 2010, Contamination movement around a permeable reactive barrier at Solid Waste Management Unit 12, Naval Weapons Station Charleston, North Charleston, South Carolina, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5086, vi, 30 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105086.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p.; Appendices","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116713,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5086.jpg"},{"id":110944,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5086/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"North Charleston","otherGeospatial":"Naval Weapons Station Charleston","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.05,32.86666666666667 ], [ -80.05,33.083333333333336 ], [ -79.88333333333334,33.083333333333336 ], [ -79.88333333333334,32.86666666666667 ], [ -80.05,32.86666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4799e4b07f02db48fbb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petkewich, Matthew D. 0000-0002-5749-6356 mdpetkew@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6356","contributorId":982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"Matthew","email":"mdpetkew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Kevin J. 0000-0003-0798-368X kjconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0798-368X","contributorId":2561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Kevin","email":"kjconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":353793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":99002,"text":"sir20095179 - 2010 - Hydrostratigraphy, soil/sediment chemistry, and water quality, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Puchack Well Field Superfund site and vicinity, Pennsauken Township, Camden County, New Jersey, 1997-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"sir20095179","displayToPublicDate":"2011-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5179","title":"Hydrostratigraphy, soil/sediment chemistry, and water quality, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Puchack Well Field Superfund site and vicinity, Pennsauken Township, Camden County, New Jersey, 1997-2001","docAbstract":"Drinking-water supplies from the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system at the Puchack well field in Pennsauken Township, Camden County, New Jersey, have been contaminated by hexavalent chromium-the most toxic and mobile form-at concentrations exceeding the New Jersey maximum contaminant level of 100 micrograms per liter. Also, scattered but widespread instances of volatile organic compounds (primarily trichloroethylene) at concentrations that exceed their respective maximum contaminant levels in the area's ground water have been reported. Because inorganic and organic contaminants are present in the ground water underlying the Puchack well field, no water from there has been withdrawn for public supply since 1998, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) added the area that contains the Puchack well field to the National Priorities List.\r\n\r\nAs part of the USEPA's investigation of the Puchack Well Field Superfund site, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a study during 1997-2001 to (1) refine previous interpretations of the hydrostratigraphic framework, hydraulic gradients, and local directions of ground-water flow; (2) describe the chemistry of soils and saturated aquifer sediments; and (3) document the quality of ground water in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in the area.\r\n\r\nThe four major water-bearing units of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system-the Upper aquifer (mostly unsaturated in the study area), the Middle aquifer, the Intermediate Sand (a local but important unit), and the Lower aquifer-are separated by confining units. The confining units contain areas of cut and fill, resulting in permeable zones that permit water to pass through them. Pumping from the Puchack well field during the past 3 decades resulted in downward hydraulic gradients that moved contaminants into the Lower aquifer, in which the production wells are finished, and caused ground water to flow northeast, locally. A comparison of current (1997-2001) water levels near the site of the former pumping center with data from previous investigations indicates that, since pumping at the Puchack well field ceased, the dominant local ground-water flow direction is to the southeast, aligned with regional flow.\r\n\r\nChromium concentrations were highest (8,010 micrograms per liter in 2000-01) in water from the Middle aquifer immediately downgradient from a possible source; the extent of this chromium plume is unknown but appears to be small. A second, unrelated, localized chromium plume also was identified in the Middle aquifer. The Intermediate Sand was found to contain an areally extensive plume of chromium-contaminated water, with concentrations up to 6,310 micrograms per liter in 2000-01, and another plume of about the same size, with concentrations up to 4,810 micrograms per liter in 2000-01, was identified in the Lower aquifer. The previous USGS investigation indicated the approximate extent of the combined plumes; the current delineation indicates that their locations have shifted slightly to the southeast since 1998.\r\n\r\nConcentrations of chromium in ground water decreased at some well locations by as much as 60 percent between sampling rounds in 1997-98 and 1999-2001. The decrease in chromium concentration at a given well could be the result of the chemical reduction of hexavalent chromium and precipitation of the resulting trivalent chromium, the sorption of hexavalent chromium to aquifer materials, or the physical movement of the plumes. Available data indicate that all three processes likely have affected concentrations. The distribution of hexavalent and total chromium in the soils and sediments of a possible source area indicates that some hexavalent chromium has undergone chemical reduction in the soils, but the degree to which this process takes place in the aquifer currently is not known. Nor is it known whether contaminated soils continue to contribute chromium to the aquifer system.\r\n\r\nContamination by vola","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20095179","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Barringer, J., Walker, R.L., Jacobsen, E., and Jankowski, P., 2010, Hydrostratigraphy, soil/sediment chemistry, and water quality, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, Puchack Well Field Superfund site and vicinity, Pennsauken Township, Camden County, New Jersey, 1997-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5179, xvi, 123 p.; Appendices; Plate 1: 36 inches x 48 inches; Plate 2: 36 inches x 48 inches; Plate 3: 36 inches x 48 inches;, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095179.","productDescription":"xvi, 123 p.; Appendices; Plate 1: 36 inches x 48 inches; Plate 2: 36 inches x 48 inches; Plate 3: 36 inches x 48 inches;","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1997-01-01","temporalEnd":"2001-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14439,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5179/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126073,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5179.bmp"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.11666666666666,39.884166666666665 ], [ -75.11666666666666,40.016666666666666 ], [ -74.91666666666667,40.016666666666666 ], [ -74.91666666666667,39.884166666666665 ], [ -75.11666666666666,39.884166666666665 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e8c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barringer, Julia L.","contributorId":59419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barringer","given":"Julia L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, Richard L.","contributorId":38961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jacobsen, Eric jacobsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"Eric","email":"jacobsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":307227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jankowski, Pamela","contributorId":50128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jankowski","given":"Pamela","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":98945,"text":"pp176916 - 2010 - Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98945,"text":"pp176916 - 2010 - Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp176916","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"16","title":"Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-29T13:30:07","indexId":"pp176916","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"16","title":"Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"The petrology and geochemistry of 2006 eruptive products of Augustine Volcano, Alaska, have been investigated through analyses of whole-rock samples, phenocrysts, silicate melt inclusions, and matrix glasses to constrain processes of magma evolution, eruption, and degassing. Particular attention was directed toward the concentrations and geochemical relationships involving the magmatic volatile components H2O, CO2, S, and Cl. The analytical results for 2006 samples have been integrated with data for samples of Pleistocene basalt, prehistoric andesites, and 1986 andesites from Augustine to provide a broad view of volatile behavior in Augustine magmas. The observation of generally similar geochemical features for this range of eruptions indicates that magmatic and volatile degassing processes have been relatively consistent during the past 2,100 years.
\nAugustine andesites range from low-silica to high-silica compositions and contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene, with lesser olivine, amphiboles, iron-titanium oxides, and apatite. The groundmass varies from strongly crystallized and/or oxidized to comparatively clear, microlite-poor vesicular glass. Coexisting iron-titanium oxides of 2006 rock samples, which are generally consistent with those of prior eruptive materials, indicate ƒO2 values of approximately NNO+1.5 to NNO+2.5 and oxide crystallization temperatures of 835 to 1,052°C.
\nThe compositions of matrix and melt-inclusion glasses range from rhyodacite to rhyolite and show relationships that reflect magma evolution involving fractional crystallization and multiple stages of mingling and/or mixing. In particular, melt inclusions of low-silica andesites express mixing of magmas with more widely varying compositions, than do melt inclusions of high-silica andesites and dacites. The melt inclusions of 2006, 1986, and prehistoric andesites contain moderate to high concentrations of H2O and Cl and lesser CO2 and SO2. Comparing the abundances of H2O, CO2, and Cl in these melt inclusions with experimentally established volatile solubilities for felsic melts indicates that the 2006 and prehistoric samples are most consistent with the ascent of fluid-saturated magmas containing 1 weight percent of H2O-enriched vapor under closed-system conditions and that pressures of volatile phase exsolution range from 150 to less than 20 MPa. This closed-system behavior was maintained to quite shallow depths prior to eruption, and this pressure range is consistent with constraints derived from 2006 geodetic measurements indicating magma storage and crystallization at 4 to 6 km and upwards to near-surface depths. The magmatic fluids were relatively oxidizing and included H2O-enriched and HCl-, H2S-, S2-, and SO2 ± CO2-bearing vapors; hydrosaline aqueous liquids largely enriched in Cl-, SO42-, alkalis, and H2O; and moderately saline, H2O-poor liquids containing Cl-, SO42-, and alkali elements.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp176916","usgsCitation":"Webster, J., Mandeville, C., Goldoff, B., Coombs, M.L., and Tappen, C., 2010, Augustine Volcano - The influence of volatile components in magmas erupted A.D. 2006 to 2,100 years before present: Chapter 16 in The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp176916.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"383","endPage":"423","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp176916.gif"},{"id":14369,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6680a4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":647321,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647322,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":96841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey T.","affiliations":[{"id":26875,"text":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":647323,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Webster, James D.","contributorId":100859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webster","given":"James D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goldoff, Beth","contributorId":94423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldoff","given":"Beth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":307016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tappen, Christine","contributorId":67203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappen","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":307017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98930,"text":"pp17691 - 2010 - Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":98930,"text":"pp17691 - 2010 - Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007","indexId":"pp17691","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"chapter":"1","title":"Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":98929,"text":"pp1769 - 2010 - The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska","indexId":"pp1769","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-01T21:11:20.060117","indexId":"pp17691","displayToPublicDate":"2010-12-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1769","chapter":"1","title":"Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007","docAbstract":"Seismicity at Augustine Volcano in south-central Alaska was monitored continuously between 1970 and 2007. Seismic instrumentation on the volcano has varied from one to two short-period instruments in the early 1970s to a complex network comprising 8 to 10 short-period, 6 broadband, and 1 strong-motion instrument in 2006. Since seismic monitoring began, the volcano has erupted four times; a relatively minor eruption in 1971 and three major eruptions in 1976, 1986, and 2006. Each of the major eruptions was preceded by 9 to 10 months of escalating volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquake activity that began near sea level. The major eruptions are characterized seismically by explosive eruptions, rock avalanches, lahars, and periods of small repetitive low-frequency seismic events often called drumbeats that are associated with periods of lava effusion, and they all followed a similar pattern, beginning with an explosive onset that was followed by several months of discontinuous effusive activity.
\nEarthquake hypocenters were observed to move upward from near sea level toward the volcano’s summit over a roughly 9-month period before the 1976 and 1986 eruptions. The 1976 eruption was preceded by a small number of earthquakes that ranged in depth from 2 to 5 km below sea level. Earthquakes in this depth range were also observed following the 2006 eruption. The evolution of earthquake hypocenters associated with the three major eruptions, in conjunction with other supporting geophysical and geological observations, suggests that the Augustine magmatic system consists of a deeper magma source area at about 3.5 to 5 km below sea level and a shallower system of cracks near sea level where volatiles and magma may temporally reside as they ascend to the surface. The strong similarity in seismicity and character of the 1976, 1986, and 2006 eruptions suggests that the processes responsible for magma generation, rise, and eruption at Augustine Volcano have been roughly constant since the early 1970s.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The 2006 eruption of Augustine Volcano, Alaska (Professional Paper 1769)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp17691","usgsCitation":"Power, J.A., and Lalla, D.J., 2010, Seismic observations of Augustine Volcano, 1970-2007: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1769, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp17691.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"40","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":115910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1769_1.jpg"},{"id":404604,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_94655.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":14353,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1769/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Augustine Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ],\n [\n -153.47625732421875,\n 59.41993301322722\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.39385986328125,\n 59.428315784042574\n ],\n [\n -153.36090087890622,\n 59.41574084934491\n ],\n [\n -153.34442138671875,\n 59.39477224351409\n ],\n [\n -153.31695556640625,\n 59.37658895163648\n ],\n [\n -153.32794189453125,\n 59.33599107056162\n ],\n [\n -153.37188720703125,\n 59.32338185310805\n ],\n [\n -153.446044921875,\n 59.31777625443006\n ],\n [\n -153.5394287109375,\n 59.31076795603884\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.32618430580267\n ],\n [\n -153.577880859375,\n 59.35139598294652\n ],\n [\n -153.60260009765625,\n 59.379387015928536\n ],\n [\n -153.59161376953125,\n 59.404559208021745\n ],\n [\n -153.55865478515625,\n 59.410150490100754\n ],\n [\n -153.51470947265625,\n 59.412945785071\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb77b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":647403,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":97458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647404,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":306968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lalla, Douglas J.","contributorId":12008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lalla","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70198324,"text":"70198324 - 2010 - The role of water in generating the calc-alkaline trend: New volatile data for aleutian magmas and a new tholeiitic index","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T09:48:10","indexId":"70198324","displayToPublicDate":"2010-11-18T10:50:54","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of water in generating the calc-alkaline trend: New volatile data for aleutian magmas and a new tholeiitic index","docAbstract":"The origin of tholeiitic (TH) versus calc-alkaline (CA) magmatic trends has long been debated. Part of the problem stems from the lack of a quantitative measure for the way in which a magma evolves. Recognizing that the salient feature in many TH–CA discrimination diagrams is enrichment in Fe during magma evolution, we have developed a quantitative index of Fe enrichment, the Tholeiitic Index (THI): THI = Fe4·0/Fe8·0, where Fe4·0 is the average FeO* concentration of samples with 4 ± 1 wt % MgO, and Fe8·0 is the average FeO* at 8 ± 1 wt % MgO. Magmas with THI > 1 have enriched in FeO* during differentiation from basalts to andesites and are tholeiitic; magmas with THI < 1 are calc-alkaline. Most subduction zone volcanism is CA, but to varying extents; the THI expresses the continuum of Fe enrichment observed in magmatic suites in all tectonic settings. To test various controls on the development of CA trends, we present new magmatic water measurements in melt inclusions from eight volcanoes from the Aleutian volcanic arc (Augustine, Emmons, Shishaldin, Akutan, Unalaska, Okmok, Seguam, and Korovin). Least degassed H2O contents vary from ∼2 wt % (Shishaldin) to >7 wt % (Augustine), spanning the global range in arc mafic magmas. Within the Aleutian data, H2O correlates negatively with THI, from strongly calc-alkaline (Augustine, THI = 0·65) to moderately tholeiitic (Shishaldin, THI = 1·16). The relationship between THI and magmatic water is maintained when data are included from additional arc volcanoes, back-arc basins, ocean islands, and mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), supporting a dominant role of magmatic water in generating CA trends. An effective break between TH and CA trends occurs at ∼2 wt % H2O. Both pMELTs calculations and laboratory experiments demonstrate that the observed co-variation of H2O and THI in arcs can be generated by the effect of H2O on the suppression of plagioclase and the relative enhancement of Fe-oxides on the liquid line of descent. The full THI–H2O array requires an increase in fO2 with H2O, from ≤FMQ (where FMQ is the fayalite–magnetite–quartz buffer) in MORB to ∼ΔFMQ +0·5 to +2 in arcs, consistent with inferences from measured Fe and S species in glasses and melt inclusions. A curve fit to the data, H2O (wt % ± 1·2) = exp[(1·26 – THI)/0·32], may provide a useful tool for estimating the H2O content of magmas that are inaccessible to melt inclusion study.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford ","doi":"10.1093/petrology/egq062","usgsCitation":"Zimmer, M.M., Plank, T., Hauri, E.H., Yogodzinski, G., Stelling, P.L., Larsen, J., Singer, B., Jicha, B.R., Mandeville, C., and Nye, C.J., 2010, The role of water in generating the calc-alkaline trend: New volatile data for aleutian magmas and a new tholeiitic index: Journal of Petrology, v. 51, no. 12, p. 2411-2444, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egq062.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"2411","endPage":"2444","costCenters":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"51","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b6b7e4b0702d0e844c70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmer, Mindy M.","contributorId":206549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zimmer","given":"Mindy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plank, Terry","contributorId":16743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plank","given":"Terry","affiliations":[{"id":7135,"text":"Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hauri, Erik H.","contributorId":199798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hauri","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":35612,"text":"Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington DC 20015","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":741046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yogodzinski, Gene","contributorId":193631,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yogodzinski","given":"Gene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stelling, Peter L.","contributorId":84414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stelling","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Larsen, Jessica","contributorId":62092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Singer, Brad","contributorId":121387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Brad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Jicha, Brian R.","contributorId":44062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jicha","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mandeville, Charlie 0000-0002-8485-3689 cmandeville@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-3689","contributorId":753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mandeville","given":"Charlie","email":"cmandeville@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nye, Christopher J.","contributorId":55418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":121,"text":"Alaska Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":741053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":98878,"text":"sir20105155 - 2010 - Surface-water quantity and quality, aquatic biology, stream geomorphology, and groundwater-flow simulation for National Guard Training Center at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, 2002-05","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-22T09:09:14","indexId":"sir20105155","displayToPublicDate":"2010-11-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5155","title":"Surface-water quantity and quality, aquatic biology, stream geomorphology, and groundwater-flow simulation for National Guard Training Center at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, 2002-05","docAbstract":"Base-line and long-term monitoring of water resources of the National Guard Training Center at Fort Indiantown Gap in south-central Pennsylvania began in 2002. Results of continuous monitoring of streamflow and turbidity and monthly and stormflow water-quality samples from two continuous-record long-term stream sites, periodic collection of water-quality samples from five miscellaneous stream sites, and annual collection of biological data from 2002 to 2005 at 27 sites are discussed. In addition, results from a stream-geomorphic analysis and classification and a regional groundwater-flow model are included. Streamflow at the facility was above normal for the 2003 through 2005 water years and extremely high-flow events occurred in 2003 and in 2004. Water-quality samples were analyzed for nutrients, sediments, metals, major ions, pesticides, volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds, and explosives. Results indicated no exceedances for any constituent (except iron) above the primary and secondary drinking-water standards or health-advisory levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Iron concentrations were naturally elevated in the groundwater within the watershed because of bedrock lithology. The majority of the constituents were at or below the method detection limit. Sediment loads were dominated by precipitation due to the remnants of Hurricane Ivan in September 2004. More than 60 percent of the sediment load measured during the entire study was transported past the streamgage in just 2 days during that event. Habitat and aquatic-invertebrate data were collected in the summers of 2002-05, and fish data were collected in 2004. Although 2002 was a drought year, 2003-05 were above-normal flow years. Results indicated a wide diversity in invertebrates, good numbers of taxa (distinct organisms), and on the basis of a combination of metrics, the majority of the 27 sites indicated no or slight impairment. Fish-metric data from 25 sites indicated results similar to the invertebrate data. Stream classification based on evolution of the stream channels indicates about 94 percent of the channels were considered to be in equilibrium (type B or C channels), neither aggrading nor eroding. A regional, uncalibrated groundwater-flow model indicated the surface-water and groundwater-flow divides coincided. Because of folding of rock layers, groundwater was under confined conditions and nearly all the water leaves the facility via the streams.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Military and Veterans Affairs","usgsCitation":"Langland, M.J., Cinotto, P.J., Chichester, D.C., Bilger, M.D., and Brightbill, R.A., 2010, Surface-water quantity and quality, aquatic biology, stream geomorphology, and groundwater-flow simulation for National Guard Training Center at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, 2002-05: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5155, viii, 48 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105155.","productDescription":"viii, 48 p.; Appendices","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2005-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126164,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2010_5155.jpg"},{"id":14295,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5155/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -76.78333333333333,40.36666666666667 ], [ -76.78333333333333,40.5 ], [ -76.46666666666667,40.5 ], [ -76.46666666666667,40.36666666666667 ], [ -76.78333333333333,40.36666666666667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langland, Michael J. 0000-0002-8350-8779 langland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8350-8779","contributorId":2347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langland","given":"Michael","email":"langland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cinotto, Peter J. pcinotto@usgs.gov","contributorId":451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cinotto","given":"Peter","email":"pcinotto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chichester, Douglas C.","contributorId":83883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chichester","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bilger, Michael D.","contributorId":13589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilger","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":306814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brightbill, Robin A. 0000-0003-4683-9656 rabright@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4683-9656","contributorId":618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brightbill","given":"Robin","email":"rabright@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":306812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70156623,"text":"70156623 - 2010 - Applying GORE-TEX technology for rapid contaminant assessments at Fort Gordon, Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T16:57:33.519473","indexId":"70156623","displayToPublicDate":"2010-10-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Applying GORE-TEX technology for rapid contaminant assessments at Fort Gordon, Georgia","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army at Fort Gordon, Georgia, deployed GORE1 adsorbent samplers along creeks and floodplains to rapidly assess potential contamination at abandoned facilities and in adjacent surface water. The samplers provide screening-level data to determine the presence or absence of volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and were deployed in saturated creek and floodplain sediments adjacent to four abandoned waste-disposal/warfare-training sites. Fuelrelated compounds, not solvents, are the most prevalent organic compounds detected along segments of McCoys Creek adjacent to the 19th Street landfill; South Prong Creek adjacent to the South Prong Creek waste-disposal area; an unnamed tributary to Butler Creek adjacent to the old hospital landfill; and the Brier Creek floodplain adjacent to the Patterson anti-tank range. All 37 samplers deployed in these assessments had detections of total petroleum hydrocarbons ranging from just above 3 (laboratory method detection level) to 344 micrograms per liter. Detections of octane that ranged from 1 to 7.6 micrograms per liter were common in all assessments, except for South Prong Creek. Calculated concentrations of benzene are at or just above the National Primary Drinking Water Standard maximum contaminant level for all samplers deployed in the floodplain at the Patterson anti-tank range. The highest calculated concentration of a specific fuel-related compound was for toluene collected at one sampling site on McCoys Creek adjacent to the 19th Street landfill, but the concentration was below the National Primary Drinking Water Standard. These results are being used by Fort Gordon environmental compliance personnel to decide if further assessments are needed at these abandoned waste-disposal/warfare-training sites
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